Core Glossary
2 Timothy — Phase 1 Core Glossary (Hmong Language Package)
This glossary is organized in four sections:
- Section A lists every term from the Romans baseline
translation_memory.jsonthat recurs in 2 Timothy. These renderings are fixed and non-negotiable; they are reused character-for-character per the governing rule inanalysis/12_ai_translation_requirements.md§2. - Section B lists every new theological term surfaced by the full-book semantic analysis (
analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md) that has no prior Romans TM entry. All renderings here are candidates only, pending the formal TM-revision review process described in the governing AI requirements document (§9, Escalation Rules). Critical- and High-risk new terms are explicitly flagged[TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED]. - Section C lists proper names encountered, per the transliteration-only convention (not treated as theological vocabulary).
- Section D gives risk-tier summary counts for this book.
Risk tier definitions (reused verbatim from the Romans baseline registry): Critical = strong, specific collision with Hmong traditional religion risking doctrine inversion; High = real collision risk manageable with a documented strategy; Medium = comprehension/register gap, no direct collision; Low = stable, minimal ambiguity.
Section A — Terms Inherited from the Romans Baseline TM (reuse exactly, no modification permitted)
| # | English Term | Greek / Transliteration | Hmong Rendering (fixed) | Risk Level (baseline) | Doctrine Link(s) in 2 Timothy | 2 Timothy Occurrences (chapters) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A1 | God | θεός / theos | Vajtswv | Low | General / cross-cutting | 1, 2, 4 |
| A2 | Lord | κύριος / kyrios | tus Tswv | Low | General / cross-cutting | all |
| A3 | Jesus Christ | Ἰησοῦς Χριστός / Iēsous Christos | Yexus Khetos | Low | General / cross-cutting | all |
| A4 | Father (God) | πατήρ / patēr | Leej Txiv | Low | General / cross-cutting | 1 |
| A5 | Holy Spirit | πνεῦμα ἅγιον / pneuma hagion | Vaj Ntsuj Plig | Critical | Guarding Sound Doctrine | 1 |
| A6 | human spirit/soul (anthropological) | πνεῦμα / pneuma | ntsuj plig | High | General | 4 (4:22) |
| A7 | Apostle | ἀπόστολος / apostolos | tus Tub Txib | Medium | The Charge to Preach the Word | 1 |
| A8 | Servant/Slave (doulos) | δοῦλος / doulos | qhev | High | Faithful Transmission of the Gospel | 2 (2:24, “servant of the Lord”) |
| A9 | Gospel | εὐαγγέλιον / euangelion | Txoj Moo Zoo | Low | Faithful Transmission; The Charge to Preach | 1, 2 |
| A10 | Grace | χάρις / charis | txiaj ntsim | Critical | Faithful Transmission; general | 1, 2, 4 |
| A11 | Mercy | ἔλεος / eleos | txoj kev khuv leej | Medium | General (salutation) | 1 |
| A12 | Peace | εἰρήνη / eirēnē | kev thaj yeeb | Low | General | 1, 2 |
| A13 | Faith/Believe | πίστις / πιστεύω, pistis/pisteuō | kev ntseeg / ntseeg | Medium | All seven doctrines touch this term | all |
| A14 | Promise | ἐπαγγελία / epangelia | lus cog tseg | Low | General | 1 |
| A15 | Power | δύναμις / dynamis | hwjchim (must be qualified “Vajtswv hwjchim”) | High | Inspiration/Sufficiency of Scripture; Apostasy (morphōsis eusebeias) | 1, 3 |
| A16 | Salvation/Save | σωτηρία / σῴζω, sōtēria/sōzō | kev cawm dim / cawm | High | Inspiration/Sufficiency of Scripture; Assurance of Reward | 3, 4 |
| A17 | Scripture | γραφή / graphē | Vaj Lug Kub | Low | Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture | 3 |
| A18 | Love | ἀγάπη / agapē | kev hlub | Low | Assurance of Reward; general | 1, 2, 3, 4 |
| A19 | Kingdom of God | βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ / basileia tou theou | lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Vajtswv | Low | The Charge to Preach the Word; Assurance of Reward | 4 |
| A20 | Glory | δόξα / doxa | lub yeeb koob | Low | Assurance of Reward | 2, 4 |
| A21 | Truth | ἀλήθεια / alētheia | qhov tseeb | Low | Guarding Sound Doctrine; Apostasy | 2, 3, 4 |
| A22 | Witness | μάρτυς / martys | tus timkhawv | Low | The Charge to Preach the Word (root) | 1, 2 |
| A23 | Election/Choose | ἐκλογή / ἐκλεκτός, eklogē/eklektos | kev xaiv (Vajtswv xaiv raws li nws lub siab nyiam) | Critical | Perseverance under Suffering | 2 |
| A24 | Righteousness of God/Righteous | δικαιοσύνη θεοῦ / dikaiosynē theou | Vajtswv txoj kev ncaj ncees / tus ncaj ncees | Critical | Inspiration/Sufficiency of Scripture; Assurance of Reward | 2, 3, 4 |
| A25 | Endurance | ὑπομονή / hypomonē | kev ua siab ntev | Low | Perseverance under Suffering | 2, 3 |
| A26 | Eternal Life / Life | ζωὴ αἰώνιος / zōē aiōnios | txoj sia nyob mus ib txhis | Low | General | 1 |
| A27 | In Christ (union formula) | ἐν Χριστῷ / en Christō | nyob hauv Khetos | High | Perseverance under Suffering; Apostasy | 1, 2, 3 |
| A28 | Thanksgiving | εὐχαριστῶ / eucharistō | ua tsaug | Low | General | 1 |
| A29 | Worship/Serve (cultic) | λατρεύω / latreuō | pehawm / pab teev | High | General | 1 |
| A30 | Spiritual Gift | χάρισμα πνευματικόν / charisma pneumatikon | ib yam khoom plig ntawm Vaj Ntsuj Plig | Medium | Guarding Sound Doctrine | 1 |
| A31 | Ashamed | ἐπαισχύνομαι / epaischynomai | txaj muag | Low | The Charge to Preach the Word | 1 |
| A32 | Sanctification | ἁγιασμός / hagiasmos | kev raug ua kom dawb huv | High | Guarding Sound Doctrine | 2 |
| A33 | Conscience | συνείδησις / syneidēsis | tej kev paub zoo paub phem hauv lub siab | Medium | Faithful Transmission (Paul’s integrity) | 1 |
| A34 | Death | θάνατος / thanatos | txoj kev tuag | Low | General | 1 |
| A35 | Nations/Gentiles | ἔθνη / ethnē | lwm Haiv Neeg | Low | The Charge to Preach the Word | 1 |
| A36 | Vessel (of mercy/wrath, extended sense) | σκεῦος / skeuos | lub yias (qualify “rau txoj kev hwm / rau txoj kev txaj muag” in this context) | Medium | Guarding Sound Doctrine | 2 |
| A37 | Boasting | καύχησις / kauchēsis | kev khav theeb | Low | Apostasy (vice list, contextual reuse) | 3 |
Section B — New Terms Surfaced in 2 Timothy (candidate renderings, pending TM-revision review)
| # | English Term | Greek / Transliteration | Literal Meaning | Hmong Candidate Rendering | Risk Level | Doctrine | Chapters | Status / Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B1 | God-breathed / Inspiration of Scripture | θεόπνευστος / theopneustos | God + breathed-out | ”yog Vajtswv ua kom muaj los, thiab nws lus tseeb tshaj plaws” (periphrastic; avoids the verb tshuab, “blow,” to prevent collision with shamanic ritual blowing/foom) | Critical | Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture | 3 | [TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED] — collides with shamanic breath/blowing ritual vocabulary if rendered literally; mandatory theologian + native-speaker review before TM lock. |
| B2 | Sacred writings (childhood-learned OT) | ἱερὰ γράμματα / hiera grammata | sacred letters/writings | reuse Vaj Lug Kub with first-occurrence footnote distinguishing from graphē (v.16) | Medium | Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture | 3 | Distinct Greek phrase from v.16’s graphē; risk is silent collapse of the two if no footnote is added. |
| B3 | Man of God / Complete, Fully Equipped | ὁ τοῦ θεοῦ ἄνθρωπος; ἄρτιος; ἐξαρτίζω | the God-belonging person; adequate; fully outfitted | ”tus neeg ntawm Vajtswv…txaus, tiav, npaj txhij kom muaj peev xwm ua tau” | Medium | Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture | 3 | Comprehension gap only; must not be read as sinless-perfection claim. |
| B4 | The Deposit (guard the good deposit) | παραθήκη / paratheke | a valuable item entrusted for safekeeping | ”qhov uas kuv/koj raug muab cev rau saib xyuas” / “tej kev ntseeg uas raug muab khaws cia” | High | Guarding Sound Doctrine | 1, 4 | Positive cultural bridge (heirloom-keeping, qub txeeg qub teg) risks reducing an actively-transmitted body of doctrine to an inert stored object; mandatory teaching note required. |
| B5 | Sound Doctrine / Pattern of Sound Words | ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία; ὑποτύπωσις ὑγιαινόντων λόγων | health-giving teaching; pattern of healthy words | ”tej lus qhia tseeb uas raug cai” / “tus qauv ntawm tej lus qhia tseeb uas raug cai” | Critical | Guarding Sound Doctrine | 1, 4 | Greek health/sickness body-metaphor (paired with 2:17’s gangrene) is lost in this gloss; mandatory first-occurrence teaching note required to preserve the doctrine’s own internal metaphor-logic. |
| B6 | Entrust to Faithful Men (transmission chain) | παρατίθημι / paratithēmi (2:2) | deposit/hand over for safekeeping and further teaching | ”muab tej no cev rau cov neeg ncaj ncees uas yuav muaj peev xwm qhia lwm tus tau thiab” | High | Faithful Transmission of the Gospel | 2 | [TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED] — the doctrine-defining verse of the letter; Hmong oral-tradition culture is a positive structural bridge but is characteristically adaptive, whereas Paul’s chain requires transmission of fixed content; requires theologian review. |
| B7 | The Word of God Is Not Bound | ὁ λόγος τοῦ θεοῦ οὐ δέδεται | God’s word is not chained/fettered | ”Vajtswv Txoj Lus tsis raug khi” | High | Faithful Transmission of the Gospel | 2 | Must be anchored to God as active guarantor of the Word’s spread, to avoid an animistic “powerful autonomous word-charm” misreading. |
| B8 | The Devil | διάβολος / diabolos | slanderer/accuser (proper title for Satan) | “dab Ntxwg Nyoog” (mandatory: proper name “Ntxwg Nyoog” must always accompany “dab” for this referent, never bare “dab”) | Critical | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | 2 | [TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED] — direct collision with generic, undifferentiated animistic dab (spirit) vocabulary; structurally parallel to the mandatory “Vaj” prefix rule for the Holy Spirit. |
| B9 | Repentance (granted by God) | μετάνοια / metanoia (2:25) | change of mind/heart, granted by God | ”kev hloov siab lees txim uas Vajtswv pub” | Medium-High | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | 2 | Parallels the Critical Grace-doctrine collision (koob hmoov): repentance framed as a divine gift, not a self-generated human achievement (contrast with Hmong thov txim, apology-initiated-by-offender custom). |
| B10 | Last Days | ἐν ἐσχάταις ἡμέραις / en eschatais hēmerais | in the final [days] | “nyob rau lub sijhawm kawg” | High | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | 3 | Risk of conflation with indigenous Hmong messianic/millenarian folk-expectation traditions (coming national deliverer figure); requires explicit contrast-teaching. |
| B11 | Form of Godliness, Denying Its Power | μόρφωσιν εὐσεβείας ἔχοντες, τὴν δύναμιν ἠρνημένοι | having an outward shape of godliness, having denied its power | ”muaj tsw qauv hwm Vajtswv, tab sis tsis lees yuav Vajtswv hwjchim uas nyob hauv qhov kev hwm ntawd” | High | Apostasy; Guarding Sound Doctrine | 3 | Reuses flagged hwjchim/power term; introduces new eusebeia/“kev hwm Vajtswv” root (mirrors baseline asebēs/“tus tsis hwm Vajtswv”); must not be weaponized against Hmong traditional religion generally — targets outward-only religiosity within the church. |
| B12 | Evil Men and Impostors (sorcerers) | πονηροὶ ἄνθρωποι καὶ γόητες / ponēroi anthrōpoi kai goētes | evil men and magicians/sorcerer-impostors | ”cov neeg phem uas ua khawv koob dag ntxias” | High | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | 3 | Lexically accurate to Paul’s intent (goēs = sorcerer/impostor) but risks broad-brush application to traditional Hmong folk-magic practice generally if not explicitly scoped to deceptive false teachers. |
| B13 | Deceiving and Being Deceived | πλανῶντες καὶ πλανώμενοι / planōntes kai planōmenoi | leading astray and being led astray | ”ntxias lwm tus thiab raug ntxias lawv tus kheej thiab” | High | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | 3 | Core recurring Apostasy-vocabulary verb; track consistently alongside apostrephō (turn away). |
| B14 | Turn Away / Turned Unto Fables | ἀποστρέφω; ἐκτρέπομαι εἰς μύθους | turn back/away; be diverted toward myths/legendary tales | ”tig plhis tawm ntawm…tig mus ntseeg tej dab neeg qhia tsis muaj tseeb” | High | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | 1, 4 | Natural Hmong word for “fable/legend” (dab neeg) contains the dab (spirit) morpheme; parallel handling strategy to the baseline’s retained dab mlom (idol) — accurate but requires explicit teaching that this is not a blanket condemnation of Hmong oral literature. |
| B15 | This Present Age (vs. “the world”) | ὁ νῦν αἰών / ho nyn aiōn | this current age/era | ”lub sijhawm/tiam neej tam sim no” — kept distinct from lub ntiajteb (kosmos) | Medium | Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days | 4 | Risk of silently collapsing aiōn (“age,” temporal) into kosmos (“world,” already-fixed baseline term) and losing the eschatological this-age/age-to-come contrast. |
| B16 | Charge (solemnly) | διαμαρτύρομαι / diamartyromai | give a formal, weighty charge before witnesses | ”kub siab txib thiab ceeb toom” | Low-Medium | The Charge to Preach the Word | 4 | Shares root with [INHERITED] tus timkhawv (witness). |
| B17 | Preach / Proclaim / Herald | κηρύσσω, κῆρυξ, κήρυγμα / kēryssō, kēryx, kērygma | to publicly announce as an authorized herald; the herald; the proclaimed message | ”tshaj tawm” / “tus tshaj tawm” | Medium | The Charge to Preach the Word | 1, 4 | Comprehension-level office gap (no exact royal-herald analogue); same bridging strategy as baseline apostle. |
| B18 | The Word (as fixed doctrinal object) | ὁ λόγος / ho logos | the message/word | ”Txoj Lus” (capitalized as title, distinct from ordinary “lus”) | Low-Medium | The Charge to Preach the Word; Faithful Transmission | 2, 4 | Must be visually/stylistically distinguished from ordinary speech by title-treatment. |
| B19 | Do the Work of an Evangelist | ἔργον ποίησον εὐαγγελιστοῦ / ergon poiēson euangelistou | do the work of a good-news-proclaimer | ”tus tshaj tawm Txoj Moo Zoo” | Low-Medium | The Charge to Preach the Word | 4 | New ministry-office term, kept distinct from apostle/deacon_servant. |
| B20 | Sober / Watchful | νήφω / nēphō | be free from intoxication; clear-headed vigilance | ”ceev faj, nyob tos tsis pw tsaug zog” | Low-Medium | Guarding Sound Doctrine | 4 | No collision identified. |
| B21 | Suffer Hardship / Endure Affliction | κακοπαθέω / kakopatheō | bear up under suffering | ”ua siab ntev thev kev txom nyem” | Medium | Perseverance under Suffering | 1, 2, 4 | Recurring backbone verb (1:8, 2:3, 2:9, 4:5); render identically at every occurrence. |
| B22 | Rekindle the Gift | ἀναζωπυρέω / anazōpyreō | fan a smoldering fire back to flame | ”tshoov/rhu kom cig rov qab” | Low-Medium | Guarding Sound Doctrine | 1 | Positive hearth-fire image; no collision. |
| B23 | Laying on of Hands | ἐπίθεσις τῶν χειρῶν / epithesis tōn cheirōn | ordination/commissioning gesture | ”tsa tes rau saum koj lub taubhau” | Medium | Faithful Transmission of the Gospel | 1 | Distinguish from folk hand-blessing/hu plig gestures via teaching note, out of caution. |
| B24 | Spirit of Fear vs. Power, Love, Sound Mind | πνεῦμα δειλίας…δυνάμεως, ἀγάπης, σωφρονισμοῦ | spirit of cowardice vs. power, love, self-mastery | ”kev ntshai…hwjchim, kev hlub, thiab kev ruaj siab tswj tau lub siab” | Low-Medium | Perseverance under Suffering | 1 | σωφρονισμός (sound-mindedness) is new; hwjchim/kev hlub inherited. |
| B25 | Holy Calling | κλῆσις ἁγία / klēsis hagia | a calling that is holy | ”kev hu uas dawb huv” | Medium | Guarding Sound Doctrine; Faithful Transmission | 1 | Built on dawb huv (sanctification) root; must anchor to God as caller. |
| B26 | Before Times Eternal | πρὸ χρόνων αἰωνίων / pro chronōn aiōniōn | before the ages began | ”ua ntej lub ntiajteb yug los” | Medium | (adjacent to Election/Sovereignty; supports Assurance of Reward’s certainty) | 1 | Cross-reference baseline Critical foreknow_predestine anti-hmoov framing. |
| B27 | Life and Immortality/Incorruption | ζωὴ καὶ ἀφθαρσία / zōē kai aphtharsia | life and incorruptibility | ”txoj sia uas yuav tsis lwj tsis puas” | Medium | Inspiration/Sufficiency (Gospel content); Assurance of Reward | 1 | Comprehension-level; may be merged conceptually with eternal_life but retain incorruptibility nuance where possible. |
| B28 | Appearing / Manifestation (epiphaneia) | ἐπιφάνεια / epiphaneia | visible manifestation | ”nws lub sijhawm tshwm plaws los” | Medium-High | Assurance of Reward; The Charge to Preach the Word | 1, 4 | Occurs 1:10, 4:1, 4:8 (inclusio) — must be rendered identically at all three; risk of resonance with folk spirit-manifestation (dab tshwm) motifs; always anchor to Christ’s visible, glorious, judicial return. |
| B29 | Good Soldier / Athlete / Farmer (ministry metaphors) | στρατιώτης, ἀθλέω, γεωργός / stratiōtēs, athleō, geōrgos | soldier; compete athletically; farmer | ”tub rog…sib tw ua raws li kevcai…kws ua liaj ua teb” | Low | Perseverance under Suffering | 2 | kevcai here is the neutral sports-rule sense, not the Critical Mosaic-Law term; must be clearly contextualized. |
| B30 | Crowned / Crown of Righteousness | στεφανοῦται (2:5); στέφανος τῆς δικαιοσύνης (4:8) | is crowned; crown of righteousness | ”tau txais lub mom kub” / “lub mom kub ntawm txoj kev ncaj ncees” | Medium | Assurance of Reward | 2, 4 | No native laurel-wreath tradition; recommend illustrative teaching note (parallel to baseline’s olive-tree grafting handling). Must be taught as post-salvation reward, not justification-ground. |
| B31 | Rightly Handling the Word of Truth | ὀρθοτομέω / orthotomeō | cut straight; handle correctly | ”qhia Txoj Lus tseeb kom raug thiab ncaj, tsis muab ntxias” | High | Guarding Sound Doctrine | 2 | Explore Hmong furrow-plowing analogy (laim kab ncaj) as potential positive bridge; flagged for translator review. |
| B32 | Profane Babblings…Spread Like Gangrene | βέβηλοι κενοφωνίαι…ὡς γάγγραινα νομήν ἕξει | worthless empty talk…will spread like gangrene | ”tej lus qhuab qhia dawb qhwv tsis muaj qab hau…yuav sib kis mus li tus mob ua tsw lwj” | Low-Medium | Guarding Sound Doctrine; Apostasy | 2 | Disease-spread image transfers well; link explicitly to the “sound/healthy doctrine” metaphor-family (B5). |
| B33 | Foundation of God Stands; Having This Seal | θεμέλιος…ἕστηκεν; σφραγίς / themelios…hestēken; sphragis | foundation stands firm; having this seal | ”lub taw tsev…sawv ruaj nrees…muaj lub cim uas sau tseg” | Medium | Assurance of Reward (God’s unshakable purpose) | 2 | Ancient signet-seal custom comprehension gap; bridge via Hmong clan-seal/stamp document customs. |
| B34 | Vessel Unto Honor / Dishonor (extended sense) | σκεῦος εἰς τιμήν…εἰς ἀτιμίαν | vessel unto honor…unto dishonor | see A36 above | Medium | Guarding Sound Doctrine | 2 | Flag explicitly as a distinct application from the Romans 9 mercy/wrath usage. |
| B35 | If We Died/Live/Deny With Him; He Remains Faithful | συναποθνήσκω, συζάω, ἀρνέομαι, μένει πιστός | co-death/co-life with Christ; deny; remains faithful | ”yog peb tuag nrog nws, peb yuav nyob nrog nws…tsis lees yuav…tus Tswv yeej tseem ntseeg tau” | Medium-High | Perseverance under Suffering; Apostasy | 2 | Union-with-Christ formula applied to apostasy-danger; God’s faithfulness is not contingent on human faithfulness, but does not excuse apostasy. |
| B36 | Poured Out as a Libation | σπένδομαι / spendomai | poured out as a cultic drink-offering | ”kuv txoj sia twb yuav raug muab nchuav/hliv ua khoom fij lawm” | Critical | Assurance of Reward; Perseverance under Suffering | 4 | [TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED] — direct, specific collision with actual Hmong ancestral libation practice (nchuav cawv, pouring liquor for ancestors/spirits); mandatory teaching note distinguishing Paul’s self-giving martyrdom metaphor from any repeatable ritual offering. |
| B37 | Departure (euphemism for death) | ἀνάλυσις / analysis | an unloosing (ship from moorings / tent struck) | “lub sijhawm kuv yuav ncaim lub ntiajteb no” | Low-Medium | Perseverance under Suffering; Assurance of Reward | 4 | Comprehension-level periphrasis; “departure not defeat” sense retained. |
| B38 | Fought the Good Fight, Finished the Race, Kept the Faith | τὸν καλὸν ἀγῶνα ἠγώνισμαι, τὸν δρόμον τετέλεκα, τὴν πίστιν τετήρηκα | competed well; finished the race; guarded the faith | ”kuv twb sib tw zoo…dhia tas kuv txoj kev…tau tsom kwm kuv txoj kev ntseeg” | Low-Medium | Assurance of Reward; Guarding Sound Doctrine | 4 | ”Kept the faith” should echo the paratheke (B4) guard-vocabulary for doctrinal consistency. |
| B39 | The Righteous Judge Will Award | ὁ δίκαιος κριτὴς ἀποδώσει / apodidōmi, kritēs | the righteous Judge will repay/give back what is due | ”tus Tswv, uas yog tus txiav txim ncaj ncees, yuav muab pub rau kuv” | Medium | Assurance of Reward | 4 | Must be taught alongside Critical Justification doctrine so reward-language does not undermine grace-alone salvation. |
| B40 | The Lord Will Deliver / Rescue | ῥύομαι / rhyomai | rescue, pluck out of danger (distinct from sōzō) | reuse cawm + qualifying phrase “cawm…tawm ntawm” | High | Perseverance under Suffering; Assurance of Reward | 3, 4 | Risk of semantic blending with the already-Critical sōzō/kev cawm dim; flag for TM-revision review on whether a distinct qualifier is warranted. |
Section C — Proper Names (transliteration convention; not theological vocabulary)
| Name | Greek | Note |
|---|---|---|
| Timothy | Τιμόθεος | Addressee of the letter; standard existing Hmong transliteration to be confirmed against current published Hmong NT usage. |
| Paul | Παῦλος | Established transliteration “Povlauj” per baseline citation conventions. |
| Lois, Eunice | Λωΐς, Εὐνίκη | Timothy’s grandmother and mother; named as the first links in the Faithful Transmission chain (1:5). |
| Onesiphorus | Ὀνησίφορος | 1:16-18; positive example of faithful service. |
| Phygellus, Hermogenes | Φύγελος, Ἑρμογένης | 1:15; named among those who “turned away.” |
| Hymenaeus, Philetus | Ὑμέναιος, Φίλητος | 2:17-18; named false teachers, “resurrection already past” heresy. |
| Jannes, Jambres | Ἰάννης, Ἰαμβρῆς | 3:8; typological OT reference (Pharaoh’s magicians); flag for verification against existing Hmong OT Exodus material. |
| Demas, Crescens, Titus, Luke, Mark, Tychicus | Δημᾶς, Κρήσκης, Τίτος, Λουκᾶς, Μᾶρκος, Τυχικός | 4:9-12; Demas specifically named as an apostasy case-study (4:10). |
| Alexander (the coppersmith) | Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ χαλκεύς | 4:14; negative example, Assurance-of-Reward counterpoint. |
| Carpus, Prisca/Priscilla, Aquila, Erastus, Trophimus, Eubulus, Pudens, Linus, Claudia | (various) | 4:13-21; incidental personal/travel references, no theological load. |
Section D — Risk Tier Summary Counts (2 Timothy, this document)
| Risk Tier | Inherited Terms (Section A) | New Terms (Section B) | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Critical | 3 (Holy Spirit, Grace, Righteousness) | 5 (theopneustos, sound doctrine, diabolos, transmission chain, spendomai) | 8 |
| High | 5 (human spirit, servant/slave, power, salvation, in-Christ union, worship) — note: 6 items, human_spirit_soul and worship/serve both High | 9 (deposit, word-not-bound, last days, form-of-godliness, evil-men-impostors, deceiving/deceived, turn-away/fables, epiphaneia, rhyomai) | ~15 |
| Medium | remaining Section A entries not listed above | remaining Section B entries not listed above | majority of table |
| Low | stable existing entries | comprehension-level-only entries | remainder |
Escalation note: Per analysis/12_ai_translation_requirements.md §9, every Critical-tier term above (B1, B4/B5 family, B6, B8, B36, plus inherited A5/A10/A24) requires mandatory human theologian review before any Phase 2 publication; every High-tier new term (B10, B11, B12, B13/B14, B28, B31, B40) requires at minimum native-speaker review with theologian escalation given the specific, named collision risks documented in 07_semantic_analysis.md. No term in this glossary has been silently resolved; all Critical/High new terms carry explicit [TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED] flags in Section B or their originating analysis entries.
Critical Risk Terms
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Vaj Ntsuj Plig
Transliteration: pneuma hagion / pneuma hagiōsynēs
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Rejected alternatives: bare ntsuj plig (no Vaj prefix) — rejected, denotes an animistic wandering human soul
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reused exactly, mandatory ‘Vaj’ prefix retained at every occurrence.] 2 Timothy 1:14: the Spirit is the enabling agent of guarding the entrusted deposit, making the mandatory prefix directly load-bearing for the Guarding Sound Doctrine doctrine in this letter.
Grace
Approved rendering: txiaj ntsim
Transliteration: charis
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Rejected alternatives: koob hmoov (fortune/blessing tied to fate and ritual correctness) — PERMANENTLY FORBIDDEN for this sense; would invert sola gratia
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reused exactly.] 2 Timothy 1:9 (‘not according to our works but according to His own purpose and grace’) directly echoes the Romans Critical grace doctrine; 2:1 grace as ministry-empowerment.
Election Choose
Approved rendering: kev xaiv (Vajtswv xaiv raws li nws lub siab nyiam)
Transliteration: eklogē / eklegomai / eklektoi
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Rejected alternatives: hmoov (impersonal fate/fortune) vocabulary — PERMANENTLY FORBIDDEN, collapses personal divine choice into fatalism and erases human moral responsibility
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reused exactly, mandatory volitional-clause qualifier retained.] 2 Timothy 2:10, ‘I endure all things for the sake of the elect’ — applied within a suffering/perseverance context.
Righteousness Of God Righteous
Approved rendering: Vajtswv txoj kev ncaj ncees / tus ncaj ncees
Transliteration: dikaiosynē theou / dikaios
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: bare ‘kev ncaj ncees’ without the reckoning qualifier — rejected, reads as self-achieved moralism
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reused exactly.] 2 Timothy 3:16 (Scripture’s instructive purpose), 4:8 (‘the righteous Judge’; ‘crown of righteousness’). Must always co-occur with the reckoning/imputation qualifier so the Assurance of Reward doctrine’s crown-language is never misread as merit-based re-earning of salvation.
Justify Reckon As Righteous
Approved rendering: ua kom ncaj ncees / raug suav tias ncaj ncees
Transliteration: dikaioō / logizomai
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Rejected alternatives: ‘ua zoo’ (do good) framing — rejected, reintroduces works-righteousness
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reused exactly.] Not used verbatim in 2 Timothy’s Greek text but mandatorily cross-referenced whenever 4:8’s crown-of-righteousness reward-language is taught, to preserve the forensic/imputed ground of standing before the reward-for-service is introduced.
Reckon Impute
Approved rendering: suav / suav tias
Transliteration: logizomai
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reused exactly.] Cross-referenced alongside justify_reckon_as_righteous for the same 4:8 anti-merit teaching requirement.
Propitiation Atoning Sacrifice
Approved rendering: qhov theej txhoj kev txhaum
Transliteration: hilastērion
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Rejected alternatives: transliterated loanword — rejected, would be opaque and prevent needed contrast-teaching, bare ‘qhov theej’ without a ‘once for all, sufficient’ qualifying clause — rejected
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — cross-reference only, not directly used in 2 Timothy’s Greek text.] Cross-referenced alongside living_sacrifice as the other member of the fij-domain family that poured_out_as_a_libation (4:6) must be explicitly distinguished from: Christ’s atonement is once-for-all and unrepeatable; Paul’s ‘pouring out’ is a personal martyrdom metaphor, not a repeatable cultic sacrifice of any kind.
Law Mosaic Divine
Approved rendering: Txoj Kevcai (ntawm Vajtswv / Mauxes)
Transliteration: nomos
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Rejected alternatives: bare ‘Txoj Kevcai’ without qualifier — rejected, collapses into kev cai dab qhuas (ancestral spirit-worship customs), imported loanword for ‘law’ — rejected
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — cross-reference/contrast only.] 2 Timothy 2:5 uses ‘kevcai’ in a wholly neutral athletic-contest-rule sense (‘competes according to the rules,’ athlē nomimōs) — see the new soldier_athlete_farmer_metaphors term. This neutral sports-rule sense must NEVER be abbreviated to bare ‘Txoj Kevcai,’ which remains reserved exclusively for the Mosaic Law referent per the Romans-baseline mandatory qualifier rule.
Theopneustos God Breathed
Approved rendering: yog Vajtswv ua kom muaj los, thiab nws lus tseeb tshaj plaws
Transliteration: theopneustos
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: raug Vajtswv tshuab pa rau (God blew/breathed [this] into being) — rejected as primary candidate: ‘tshuab’ is the identical verb used for shamanic ritual blowing (tshuab, foom) performed by a txiv neeb to bless, heal, or curse; would assimilate Scripture’s divine origin into a shamanic breath-ritual category
NEW — CRITICAL — TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED. 2 Timothy 3:16, the doctrinal linchpin of Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture and the theological anchor of this curriculum’s core passage. The periphrastic rendering preserves divine origination while sidestepping the tshuab collision, at the cost of the vivid breath-imagery. Mandatory theologian + native-speaker review required before any TM lock.
Sound Doctrine Pattern Of Sound Words
Approved rendering: tej lus qhia tseeb uas raug cai / tus qauv ntawm tej lus qhia tseeb uas raug cai
Transliteration: hygiainousa didaskalia; hypotypōsis hygiainontōn logōn
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Rejected alternatives: a varied ad hoc gloss at each occurrence — rejected, would destroy the recognizable recurring health/disease metaphor-family spanning 1:13, 2:17, 4:3
NEW — CRITICAL. 2 Timothy 1:13, 4:3 (sister phrase to 2:17’s gangrene metaphor). Greek health/sickness body-metaphor is lost in this gloss; mandatory first-occurrence teaching note required linking 1:13, 2:17, and 4:3 as one metaphor-family. Must be rendered identically at every occurrence — this is one of the highest-risk items in the book (see analysis/06_linguistic_gap_analysis.md §5 rank 4).
The Devil Diabolos
Approved rendering: dab Ntxwg Nyoog
Transliteration: diabolos
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Rejected alternatives: bare, unqualified ‘dab’ — PERMANENTLY FORBIDDEN for this referent; collapses the singular archenemy into one more spirit among the countless undifferentiated ancestral/nature/household dab of Hmong animism, inviting an appeasement response rather than the repentance/resistance response of 2:25-26
NEW — CRITICAL — TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED. 2 Timothy 2:26. The proper name ‘Ntxwg Nyoog’ must always accompany ‘dab’ for this referent, structurally parallel to the mandatory ‘Vaj’ prefix rule on the Holy Spirit. Must be kept lexically distinct from the plural adjective diaboloi (‘slanderers,’ 3:3) describing ordinary sinful people — see the vice-list handling in analysis/06_linguistic_gap_analysis.md §3.
Poured Out As A Libation
Approved rendering: kuv txoj sia twb yuav raug muab nchuav/hliv ua khoom fij lawm
Transliteration: spendomai
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Rejected alternatives: leaving ‘poured out’ unanchored as if describing a repeatable ritual offering — PERMANENTLY FORBIDDEN, would be assimilated into the still-practiced Hmong libation ritual (nchuav cawv) offered to ancestors/spirits at funerals and New Year
NEW — CRITICAL — TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED. 2 Timothy 4:6. The single highest-risk lexical item in this Language Package (see analysis/06_linguistic_gap_analysis.md §5 rank 2). Mandatory teaching note required: Paul’s ‘pouring out’ is a metaphor for his own faithful, once-only life of gospel-suffering culminating in martyrdom — never a repeatable ritual offering to any spirit, ancestor, or even to God in a cultic-appeasement sense. Cross-reference the inherited living_sacrifice and propitiation_atoning_sacrifice entries and handle with at least equal, likely greater, caution.
High Risk Terms
Human Spirit Soul
Approved rendering: ntsuj plig
Transliteration: pneuma (anthropological)
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Rejected alternatives: Vaj Ntsuj Plig — forbidden for this referent, reserved exclusively for the Holy Spirit
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reused exactly.] 2 Timothy 4:22 closing benediction (‘the Lord be with your spirit’) — must never carry the ‘Vaj’ prefix; 2 Timothy is the first curriculum placing both referents (this term and Holy Spirit) so close together within one short letter (1:14 vs. 4:22).
Servant Slave Doulos
Approved rendering: qhev
Transliteration: doulos
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Rejected alternatives: koom tes (co-worker/partner) — rejected softening found in some pulpit paraphrases, erases total-surrender force
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reused exactly.] 2 Timothy 2:24, ‘the servant of the Lord must not quarrel’; same catechetical note distinguishing honored voluntary bondservice from involuntary slavery applies.
Power
Approved rendering: hwjchim
Transliteration: dynamis
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Rejected alternatives: bare, unqualified hwjchim — FORBIDDEN, identical to a shaman’s (txiv neeb) ritual power
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reused exactly, mandatory ‘Vajtswv hwjchim’ qualifier never dropped.] 2 Timothy 1:7-8 (Spirit of power vs. fear); 3:5 is the single highest-stakes occurrence in either book, since the verse’s entire diagnostic point is the ABSENCE of qualified divine power behind an outward form of godliness — dropping the qualifier there would erase the verse’s argument entirely.
Salvation Save
Approved rendering: kev cawm dim / cawm
Transliteration: sōtēria / sōzō
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: unanchored ‘dim’ (escape) parallel to shamanic ua neeb soul-rescue — rejected without explicit Christ-anchoring
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reused exactly.] 2 Timothy 3:15 (‘able to make you wise unto salvation through faith which is in Christ Jesus’) satisfies the mandatory Christ-anchor via its own following clause. Must be kept distinct in teaching from the new rhyomai (this-worldly rescue) term at 4:17-18 — see lord_will_deliver_rescue_rhyomai below.
In Christ Union Formula
Approved rendering: nyob hauv Khetos
Transliteration: en Christō
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Rejected alternatives: bare spatial ‘hauv’ with no fixed co-text — rejected, carries only literal physical-location sense
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reused exactly.] 2 Timothy 1:9 (grace given), 2:10 (salvation with eternal glory), 3:12 (godly living, persecution). Must remain co-textually anchored per the Romans baseline rule at every occurrence.
Worship Serve Cultic
Approved rendering: pehawm / pab teev
Transliteration: latreuō
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Rejected alternatives: bare, unanchored pehawm — FORBIDDEN, identical verb used for pehawm dab (ancestor/spirit veneration)
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reused exactly.] 2 Timothy 1:3, Paul’s cultic service to God from his forefathers; object must always be stated (‘pehawm Vajtswv’).
Sanctification
Approved rendering: kev raug ua kom dawb huv
Transliteration: hagiasmos / hagiazō
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Rejected alternatives: treating dawb huv as a repeatable ritual-cleansing state — rejected
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reused exactly.] 2 Timothy 2:21, the vessel ‘sanctified, useful to the Master’ — concrete-object imagery requires reaffirming the progressive, Spirit-wrought (not one-time ritual) teaching note.
Foreknow Predestine
Approved rendering: twb paub ua ntej lawm / twm chaw ua ntej lawm
Transliteration: proginōskō / proorizō
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Rejected alternatives: hmoov (fate) vocabulary — rejected, same collision risk as election_choose
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reused exactly, cross-reference only.] 2 Timothy does not use the identical Greek eklogē/proorizō vocabulary, but 1:9’s ‘before times eternal’ (see before_times_eternal below) is conceptually adjacent and must be taught with the same mandatory anti-hmoov (fate) framing.
Living Sacrifice
Approved rendering: khoom fij uas muaj txoj sia nyob
Transliteration: thysia zōsa
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Rejected alternatives: unqualified ‘fij’ identical to offering language for ancestors/spirits (fij dab, fij xwm kab) — rejected without explicit ethical-devotion framing
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — cross-reference only, not directly used in 2 Timothy’s Greek text.] Mandatory cross-reference point for the new poured_out_as_a_libation term (4:6, spendomai), which extends this same fij/sacrifice domain into Paul’s climactic personal martyrdom application and requires at least equal, likely greater, caution.
The Deposit Paratheke
Approved rendering: qhov uas kuv/koj raug muab cev rau saib xyuas / tej kev ntseeg uas raug muab khaws cia
Transliteration: paratheke
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Rejected alternatives: inert heirloom-storage language alone, with no active-transmission verb present — rejected, undercuts 2:2’s demand for active further-teaching, not mere preservation
NEW — HIGH — TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED. 2 Timothy 1:12, 1:14; cross-referenced at 4:7 (‘kept the faith,’ see fought_good_fight_finished_race_kept_faith). Positive bridge via qub txeeg qub teg (lineage heirloom custom) risks reducing a living, actively-taught body of doctrine to a passively stored object; mandatory teaching note required.
Entrust To Faithful Men Transmission Chain
Approved rendering: muab tej no cev rau cov neeg ncaj ncees uas yuav muaj peev xwm qhia lwm tus tau thiab
Transliteration: paratithēmi
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Rejected alternatives: framing as open-ended, adaptable oral-tradition-style retelling — rejected, Paul’s chain requires transmission of fixed, unchanging apostolic content, unlike the adaptive character of Hmong oral tradition
NEW — HIGH — TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED. 2 Timothy 2:2, the single most doctrine-defining verse in the letter for Faithful Transmission of the Gospel, establishing a four-generation chain (Paul → Timothy → faithful men → others). Mandatory theologian review given its doctrine-defining weight.
Word Of God Not Bound
Approved rendering: Vajtswv Txoj Lus tsis raug khi
Transliteration: ho logos tou theou ou dedetai
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
Rejected alternatives: framing the Word itself as an autonomous powerful object/word-charm apart from God as active agent — rejected, risks an animistic misreading analogous to the caution already applied to unqualified hwjchim
NEW — HIGH. 2 Timothy 2:9. Must always keep ‘Vajtswv’ grammatically fronted as the Word’s active guarantor in the clause.
Last Days
Approved rendering: nyob rau lub sijhawm kawg
Transliteration: en eschatais hēmerais
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Rejected alternatives: leaving unanchored to Christ-centered, church-internal apostasy warning — rejected, risks conflation with documented indigenous Hmong messianic/millenarian folk-expectation traditions (a coming national deliverer figure)
NEW — HIGH. 2 Timothy 3:1, the temporal-eschatological anchor of the Apostasy doctrine. Requires explicit contrast-teaching distinguishing biblical last-days doctrine from folk-messianic national-deliverer expectation.
Form Of Godliness Denying Power
Approved rendering: muaj tsw qauv hwm Vajtswv, tab sis tsis lees yuav Vajtswv hwjchim uas nyob hauv qhov kev hwm ntawd
Transliteration: morphōsin eusebeias echontes, tēn de dynamin autēs ērnēmenoi
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Rejected alternatives: weaponizing this verse as blanket commentary on Hmong traditional ancestor-honor practice generally — rejected, the diagnostic is specifically against merely external, ritually-correct religiosity within the church
NEW — HIGH. 2 Timothy 3:5. Reuses the flagged Vajtswv hwjchim (power) term at the exact verse where its absence is the argument; introduces the new eusebeia/godliness root ‘kev hwm Vajtswv,’ mirroring the Romans baseline’s ‘tus tsis hwm Vajtswv’ (ungodly) for a clean positive/negative pair across both books.
Evil Men And Impostors Sorcerers
Approved rendering: cov neeg phem uas ua khawv koob dag ntxias
Transliteration: ponēroi anthrōpoi kai goētes
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Rejected alternatives: a vaguer, less accurate substitute avoiding khawv koob vocabulary altogether — rejected; following the Romans baseline’s dab mlom (idol) precedent, the lexically accurate term is retained since it is doctrinally correct to what Paul condemns
NEW — HIGH. 2 Timothy 3:13. Requires explicit teaching scoping this to deceptive false teachers’ method, not a blanket statement about traditional Hmong folk-magic practice generally.
Deceiving And Being Deceived
Approved rendering: ntxias lwm tus thiab raug ntxias lawv tus kheej thiab
Transliteration: planōntes kai planōmenoi
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
NEW — HIGH. 2 Timothy 3:13. Core recurring Apostasy-vocabulary verb; track consistently alongside turn_away_turned_unto_fables (apostrephō).
Turn Away Turned Unto Fables
Approved rendering: tig plhis tawm ntawm…tig mus ntseeg tej dab neeg qhia tsis muaj tseeb
Transliteration: apostrephō; epi tous mythous ektrapēsontai
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Rejected alternatives: avoiding dab neeg (legend/fable) altogether and inventing an artificial substitute — rejected, dab neeg is lexically correct and accurate to mythos; the risk is addressed by teaching, not lexical avoidance
NEW — HIGH. 2 Timothy 1:15, 4:4. Must be rendered identically at both occurrences so the pattern is visible as one recurring motif, not unrelated events. Mandatory teaching that Paul condemns displacement of apostolic truth by falsehood, not Hmong oral literature as a genre.
Rightly Handling Word Of Truth
Approved rendering: qhia Txoj Lus tseeb kom raug thiab ncaj, tsis muab ntxias lossis fee meem
Transliteration: orthotomeō
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
NEW — HIGH — flagged for translator review. 2 Timothy 2:15. Recommend exploring the Hmong furrow-plowing analogy (laim/nqai kab ncaj) as a positive cultural bridge; field-test with native speakers before TM lock.
Lord Will Deliver Rescue Rhyomai
Approved rendering: cawm…tawm ntawm [specific danger] (qualified reuse of the inherited cawm verb)
Transliteration: rhyomai
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Rejected alternatives: reusing the bare inherited cawm/kev cawm dim verb with no distinguishing qualifier — rejected, risks blending this-worldly historical rescue with the already-Critical full soteriological salvation doctrine
NEW — HIGH — flagged for TM-revision review. 2 Timothy 4:17-18 (‘delivered out of the lion’s mouth’; ‘will deliver me from every evil work’). Must always carry the qualifying phrase ‘tawm ntawm [danger]’ in immediate co-text; the ‘lion’ image risks assimilation into Hmong oral-narrative genres of rescue from wild-animal/spirit-attack unless anchored explicitly as God’s specific historical intervention for Paul. Also load-bearing for Assurance of Reward.
Medium Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: tus Tub Txib
Transliteration: apostolos
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reused exactly.] 2 Timothy 1:1, 1:11, source of Paul’s authority behind the letter’s charge.
Mercy
Approved rendering: txoj kev khuv leej
Transliteration: eleos
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Rejected alternatives: txiaj ntsim (grace) used interchangeably for mercy — rejected, mercy and grace are theologically distinct
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reused exactly.] 2 Timothy 1:2 salutation triad, 1:16/1:18 shown to Onesiphorus.
Faith Believe
Approved rendering: kev ntseeg / ntseeg
Transliteration: pistis / pisteuō
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reused exactly.] Underlies every one of 2 Timothy’s seven doctrines to some degree; central at 3:14-15 and 4:7.
Spiritual Gift
Approved rendering: ib yam khoom plig ntawm Vaj Ntsuj Plig
Transliteration: charisma pneumatikon / charisma
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reused exactly.] 2 Timothy 1:6, the God-given ministry gift Timothy must rekindle.
Conscience
Approved rendering: tej kev paub zoo paub phem hauv lub siab
Transliteration: syneidēsis
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reused exactly.] 2 Timothy 1:3, grounding Paul’s integrity/testimony.
Vessel Of Mercy Wrath
Approved rendering: lub yias uas tau txais txiaj ntsim / kev npau taws
Transliteration: skeuos
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — extended context.] 2 Timothy 2:20-21 reapplies this base container-metaphor to personal moral self-purification (‘unto honor’/‘unto dishonor,’ qualified ‘rau txoj kev hwm’/‘rau txoj kev txaj muag’ rather than the Romans-specific mercy/wrath qualifiers). Must be flagged explicitly as a distinct application from the Romans 9:21-23 usage so readers do not conflate the two.
Sacred Writings Hiera Grammata
Approved rendering: Vaj Lug Kub (with mandatory first-occurrence footnote distinguishing from v.16’s graphē)
Transliteration: hiera grammata
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: silent merge with graphē (v.16), no footnote — rejected, loses Paul’s move from Timothy’s personal childhood formation to a universal canon-wide claim
NEW. 2 Timothy 3:15. Reuses the inherited ‘scripture’ Hmong rendering for a distinct Greek phrase; requires the footnote at first occurrence in any lesson touching this passage.
Man Of God Complete Equipped
Approved rendering: tus neeg ntawm Vajtswv…txaus, tiav, npaj txhij kom muaj peev xwm ua tau
Transliteration: ho tou theou anthrōpos; artios; exērtismenos
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: ‘txaus, tiav’ standing alone without the exartizō ‘fully equipped’ clause — rejected, risks a sinless-moral-perfection reading colliding with the Critical justification/sanctification distinction
NEW. 2 Timothy 3:17, the goal-clause closing the Sufficiency doctrine’s logical chain; must always co-occur the two Greek terms’ senses (adequate + fully outfitted) so the meaning stays functional-adequacy, not moral perfection.
This Present Age
Approved rendering: lub sijhawm/tiam neej tam sim no
Transliteration: ho nyn aiōn
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Rejected alternatives: collapsing aiōn into the already-fixed baseline term lub ntiajteb (kosmos, ‘world’) — rejected, loses Paul’s deliberate this-age/age-to-come eschatological contrast
NEW. 2 Timothy 4:10 (Demas). Logged for TM-revision review as this-age/kosmos distinction recurs conceptually across the NT.
Preach Herald Proclaim
Approved rendering: tshaj tawm / tus tshaj tawm
Transliteration: kēryssō / kēryx / kērygma
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
NEW. 2 Timothy 1:11, 4:2, 4:17. No exact royal-herald office exists in traditional Hmong village structure; comprehension gap parallel to the Romans baseline’s apostle gap; requires a bridging teaching note, not a lexical fix.
Suffer Hardship Endure Affliction
Approved rendering: ua siab ntev thev kev txom nyem
Transliteration: kakopatheō
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
NEW. Recurring backbone-verb at 1:8, 2:3, 2:9, 4:5; must be rendered identically at every occurrence to preserve the recurring-motif structure for Perseverance under Suffering.
Laying On Of Hands
Approved rendering: tsa tes rau saum koj lub taubhau
Transliteration: epithesis tōn cheirōn
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
NEW. 2 Timothy 1:6. Comprehension gap only; recommend a brief teaching note distinguishing apostolic ordination from folk hand-blessing/hu plig gestures, out of caution, though no direct lexical collision exists.
Holy Calling
Approved rendering: kev hu uas dawb huv
Transliteration: klēsis hagia
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
Rejected alternatives: framing ‘hu’ (calling) so it could be paraphrased toward hu plig ritual soul-calling-back language — rejected
NEW. 2 Timothy 1:9. Built on the inherited dawb huv (sanctification) root; must anchor to God as the caller, never ordinary occupational ‘calling’ language.
Before Times Eternal
Approved rendering: ua ntej lub ntiajteb yug los
Transliteration: pro chronōn aiōniōn
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Rejected alternatives: hmoov (fate) vocabulary — rejected, same collision risk documented for the Romans baseline’s Critical foreknow_predestine entry
NEW. 2 Timothy 1:9. Cross-reference the inherited foreknow_predestine entry and its mandatory anti-hmoov framing, even though 2 Timothy does not use the identical Greek eklogē vocabulary here.
Life And Immortality Incorruption
Approved rendering: txoj sia uas yuav tsis lwj tsis puas
Transliteration: zōē kai aphtharsia
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
NEW. 2 Timothy 1:10. May be merged conceptually with the inherited eternal_life term but should retain the ‘incorruptibility’ nuance where possible.
Crowned Athletic Victory
Approved rendering: tau txais lub mom kub/lub koob meej
Transliteration: stephanoutai
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
NEW. 2 Timothy 2:5. No native laurel-wreath victory tradition in Hmong culture; recommend illustrative teaching note (parallel to the Romans baseline’s olive-tree grafting handling). First occurrence of the crown/reward motif; see also crown_of_righteousness (4:8).
Foundation Stands Seal
Approved rendering: lub taw tsev ntawm Vajtswv uas ruaj khov yeej sawv ruaj nrees…muaj lub cim uas sau tseg
Transliteration: themelios…hestēken; sphragis
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
NEW. 2 Timothy 2:19. Ancient signet-seal custom is a comprehension gap; bridge via modern Hmong clan-seal/document-stamp customs, flagged as a partial bridge only.
Crown Of Righteousness
Approved rendering: lub mom kub ntawm txoj kev ncaj ncees
Transliteration: ho tēs dikaiosynēs stephanos
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Rejected alternatives: reward-language framed as the ground of justification rather than a post-salvation reward for faithful service — rejected, would threaten the Critical Justification-by-Faith/sola gratia doctrine inherited from the Romans baseline
NEW. 2 Timothy 4:8. No native laurel-wreath tradition; must be taught alongside the inherited righteousness_of_god_righteous, justify_reckon_as_righteous, and reckon_impute Critical entries so this reward-language is never misread as contradicting salvation-by-grace-not-works.
Righteous Judge Will Award
Approved rendering: tus Tswv, uas yog tus txiav txim ncaj ncees, yuav muab pub rau kuv nyob rau hnub ntawd
Transliteration: hon apodōsei moi ho kyrios en ekeinē tē hēmera, ho dikaios kritēs
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
NEW. 2 Timothy 4:8. Reuses the inherited tus Tswv (Lord) and ncaj ncees (righteous) roots; same justification/reward-distinction caution as crown_of_righteousness applies.
Judge Of The Living And The Dead
Approved rendering: tus yuav txiav txim rau cov tseem ciaj sia thiab cov tuag
Transliteration: tou mellontos krinein zōntas kai nekrous
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
NEW. 2 Timothy 4:1. Reuses the inherited death (txoj kev tuag) root; the krinō/kritēs judge-family should be rendered consistently with 4:8’s righteous_judge_will_award.
Low Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: Vajtswv
Transliteration: theos
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Rejected alternatives: Ntuj (impersonal sky/heaven) — rejected, lacks personal deity sense, dab (spirit) — rejected, denotes false/lesser spirit
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reused exactly, no modification permitted.] Stable throughout 2 Timothy’s salutations, doxologies, and doctrinal statements (chapters 1, 2, 4).
Lord
Approved rendering: tus Tswv
Transliteration: kyrios
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reused exactly.] Applied to God and Christ throughout, including as eschatological Judge (4:1, 4:8).
Jesus Christ
Approved rendering: Yexus Khetos
Transliteration: Iēsous Christos
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reused exactly.]
Father God
Approved rendering: Leej Txiv
Transliteration: patēr
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reused exactly.] 2 Timothy 1:2 salutation.
Gospel
Approved rendering: Txoj Moo Zoo
Transliteration: euangelion
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reused exactly.] 2 Timothy 1:8-11, 2:8. Root for the new compound ‘work_of_an_evangelist’ term.
Peace
Approved rendering: kev thaj yeeb
Transliteration: eirēnē
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reused exactly.] 2 Timothy 1:2, 2:22.
Promise
Approved rendering: lus cog tseg
Transliteration: epangelia
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reused exactly.] 2 Timothy 1:1, ‘the promise of life in Christ Jesus’.
Scripture
Approved rendering: Vaj Lug Kub
Transliteration: graphē
Doctrine: Inspiration and Sufficiency of Scripture
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reused exactly.] 2 Timothy 3:16, ‘all Scripture is God-breathed’; must carry a first-occurrence footnote distinguishing it from v.15’s hiera grammata (see sacred_writings_hiera_grammata below), which reuses this same Hmong term for a distinct Greek phrase.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Vajtswv
Transliteration: basileia tou theou
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reused exactly.] 2 Timothy 4:1, 4:18 (qualified there with ‘saum ntuj ceeb tsheej,’ heavenly, for epouranios).
Glory
Approved rendering: lub yeeb koob
Transliteration: doxa
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reused exactly.] 2 Timothy 2:10 (eternal glory with salvation), 4:18 (closing doxology).
Truth
Approved rendering: qhov tseeb
Transliteration: alētheia
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reused exactly.] 2 Timothy 2:15, 2:18, 2:25, 3:7-8, 4:4 (object abandoned in apostasy).
Witness
Approved rendering: tus timkhawv
Transliteration: martys
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reused exactly.] 2 Timothy 1:8 (‘testimony of our Lord’); root underlying the new solemn_charge_diamartyromai term at 4:1.
Endurance
Approved rendering: kev ua siab ntev
Transliteration: hypomonē
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reused exactly.] 2 Timothy 2:10, 3:10.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: txoj sia nyob mus ib txhis
Transliteration: zōē aiōnios
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reused exactly.] 2 Timothy 1:1, 1:10. May be conceptually paired with the new life_and_immortality_incorruption term.
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: ua tsaug
Transliteration: eucharistō
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reused exactly.] 2 Timothy 1:3.
Ashamed
Approved rendering: txaj muag
Transliteration: epaischynomai
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reused exactly.] 2 Timothy 1:8, 1:12, 1:16 — strong intertextual link to Romans 1:16’s thesis statement.
Death
Approved rendering: txoj kev tuag
Transliteration: thanatos
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reused exactly.] 2 Timothy 1:10, abolished by Christ’s first appearing; also underlies the new judge_of_the_living_and_the_dead term (4:1).
Nations Gentiles
Approved rendering: lwm Haiv Neeg
Transliteration: ethnē
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reused exactly.] 2 Timothy 1:11, Paul’s appointment as preacher/apostle to the Gentiles.
Boasting
Approved rendering: kev khav theeb
Transliteration: kauchēsis
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
[INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reused exactly.] 2 Timothy 3:2, reused contextually within the last-days vice list (alazones/hyperēphanoi).
Soldier Athlete Farmer Metaphors
Approved rendering: tub rog…sib tw ua raws li kevcai…kws ua liaj ua teb
Transliteration: stratiōtēs, athleō, geōrgos
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Rejected alternatives: bare, unqualified ‘Txoj Kevcai’ for the athletic contest-rule sense — FORBIDDEN, reserved exclusively for the Mosaic Law referent
NEW. 2 Timothy 2:3-6. ‘Kevcai’ here is the neutral sports-rule sense (athlē nomimōs), not the Critical, qualifier-mandatory Txoj Kevcai (ntawm Vajtswv/Mauxes) baseline term — must always carry an explicit sporting/contest frame in the same clause.
Teacher Didaskalos
Approved rendering: xibhwb
Transliteration: didaskalos
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
NEW. 2 Timothy 1:11. Existing general Hmong term for teacher/instructor; no collision. Kept distinct from apostle, preach_herald_proclaim, and work_of_an_evangelist.
Medium-High Risk Terms
Repentance Granted By God
Approved rendering: kev hloov siab lees txim uas Vajtswv pub
Transliteration: metanoia
Doctrine: Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days
Rejected alternatives: framing repentance as a self-initiated human achievement analogous to thov txim (customary apology to an offended party) — rejected, Paul frames repentance as God’s own gift (2:25), paralleling the Critical Grace doctrine’s anti-merit framing
NEW — MEDIUM-HIGH. 2 Timothy 2:25. Requires the same anti-merit teaching-note pattern already established for the Romans baseline’s Critical Grace doctrine.
Epiphaneia Appearing
Approved rendering: nws lub sijhawm tshwm plaws los
Transliteration: epiphaneia
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
Rejected alternatives: bare ‘tshwm plaws los’ with no Christ-glory/judgment anchor in the same clause — rejected, risks resonance with dab tshwm (folk spirit-apparition) motifs
NEW — MEDIUM-HIGH. Forms a three-point inclusio at 1:10, 4:1, 4:8 spanning the whole letter; must be rendered identically at all three occurrences, always anchored to Christ’s visible, glorious, judicial return in the same clause. Also load-bearing for The Charge to Preach the Word (4:1).
Died Live Deny With Him God Remains Faithful
Approved rendering: yog peb tuag nrog nws, peb yuav nyob nrog nws…tsis lees yuav…tus Tswv yeej tseem ntseeg tau
Transliteration: synapethanomen…syzēsomen…arnēsometha…ekeinos pistos menei
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
Rejected alternatives: teaching ‘he remains faithful’ in isolation from the surrounding warning clauses — rejected, risks cheapening apostasy’s seriousness
NEW — MEDIUM-HIGH. 2 Timothy 2:11-13 hymn-fragment. Built on the inherited in_christ_union_formula family; the ‘deny Christ’ language must be kept doctrinally distinct from ordinary interpersonal denial and explicitly tied to apostasy under persecution. Also load-bearing for Apostasy and False Teachers in the Last Days.
Low-Medium Risk Terms
Solemn Charge Diamartyromai
Approved rendering: kub siab txib thiab ceeb toom
Transliteration: diamartyromai
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
NEW. 2 Timothy 4:1, opening the letter’s climactic imperative. Shares root with the inherited ‘witness’ (tus timkhawv) term.
The Word Fixed Doctrinal Object
Approved rendering: Txoj Lus
Transliteration: ho logos
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
Rejected alternatives: lowercase/uncapitalized generic ‘lus’ with no title-treatment — rejected, fails to distinguish this fixed doctrinal object from ordinary speech
NEW. 2 Timothy 2:9, 4:2. Capitalized as a title, parallel in construction to Vaj Lug Kub (Scripture) and Txoj Moo Zoo (Gospel).
Work Of An Evangelist
Approved rendering: tus tshaj tawm Txoj Moo Zoo
Transliteration: ergon poiēson euangelistou
Doctrine: The Charge to Preach the Word
NEW. 2 Timothy 4:5. New ministry-office term, built on the inherited ‘gospel’ root; kept distinct from apostle/deacon_servant/teacher_didaskalos.
Sober Watchful
Approved rendering: ceev faj, nyob tos tsis pw tsaug zog
Transliteration: nēphō
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
NEW. 2 Timothy 4:5. No collision identified.
Rekindle The Gift
Approved rendering: tshoov/rhu kom cig rov qab
Transliteration: anazōpyrein
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
NEW. 2 Timothy 1:6. Hearth-fire image transfers well since domestic fire-tending is a familiar Hmong image; no collision.
Spirit Of Fear Vs Power Love Sound Mind
Approved rendering: kev ntshai…hwjchim, kev hlub, thiab kev ruaj siab tswj tau lub siab
Transliteration: pneuma deilias…dynameōs kai agapēs kai sōphronismou
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
NEW/INHERITED composite. 2 Timothy 1:7. hwjchim (mandatory Vajtswv-qualified) and kev hlub are inherited; sōphronismos (‘sound-mindedness’) is new vocabulary with no collision identified.
Profane Babblings Gangrene
Approved rendering: tej lus qhuab qhia dawb qhwv tsis muaj qab hau…yuav sib kis mus li tus mob ua tsw lwj
Transliteration: bebēloi kenophōniai…hōs gaggraina nomēn hexei
Doctrine: Guarding Sound Doctrine
NEW. 2 Timothy 2:16-17 (Hymenaeus/Philetus). Disease-spreading image transfers well cross-culturally; should be explicitly linked to sound_doctrine_pattern_of_sound_words for full doctrinal coherence.
Departure Euphemism For Death
Approved rendering: lub sijhawm kuv yuav ncaim lub ntiajteb no twb los ze lawm
Transliteration: ho kairos tēs emēs analyseōs
Doctrine: Perseverance under Suffering
NEW. 2 Timothy 4:6. Comprehension-level periphrasis; the ship/tent-striking imagery is not preserved literally but the ‘departure, not defeat’ sense is retained, reinforcing Perseverance’s positive framing of ministry’s cost.
Fought Good Fight Finished Race Kept Faith
Approved rendering: kuv twb sib tw/ntaus tsov rog zoo lawm…kuv twb dhia tas kuv txoj kev sib tw lawm…kuv tau tsom kwm/khaws cia kuv txoj kev ntseeg
Transliteration: ton kalon agōna ēgōnismai, ton dromon teteleka, tēn pistin tetērēka
Doctrine: Assurance of Reward
NEW. 2 Timothy 4:7, the letter’s climactic three-clause summary-of-life statement. ‘Kept the faith’ deliberately echoes the paratheke-family guard-vocabulary from 1:12, 1:14, and 2:2 (the_deposit_paratheke, entrust_to_faithful_men_transmission_chain) for doctrinal consistency across the letter.
Unfeigned Faith
Approved rendering: kev ntseeg tseeb, tsis yog dag
Transliteration: anypokritos pistis
Doctrine: Faithful Transmission of the Gospel
NEW. 2 Timothy 1:5 (Lois/Eunice) — first link in the Faithful Transmission chain. Built on the inherited faith_believe root.