Core Glossary
Daniel — Core Glossary (Hmong)
Risk tier definitions (inherited unchanged from the Romans baseline assets/bible_term_registry.json):
- Critical — strong, specific collision with Hmong traditional religion that could invert/neutralize the doctrine if unaddressed.
- High — real potential for confusion with a specific traditional-religious concept/practice; manageable with a documented disambiguating strategy.
- Medium — partial semantic mismatch, register gap, or comprehension gap; no direct collision.
- Low — already-stable, safe rendering with minimal ambiguity.
Section A — Terms Reused Exactly from the Romans Baseline (translation_memory.json)
These renderings are permanent TM entries and MUST NOT be altered for the Daniel curriculum.
| English Term | Hmong Rendering | Risk | Doctrine(s) in Daniel | Chapters | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | Vajtswv | Low | Sovereignty; all | all | Inherited unchanged |
| Lord | tus Tswv | Low | Sovereignty | 1, 9 | Inherited unchanged |
| Holy Spirit (true, divine referent — none in Daniel; see §B for the pagan-idiom counterpart) | Vaj Ntsuj Plig | Critical | — | (not used as such in Daniel; reserved) | Must NOT be used for Dan 4:8-9,18; 5:11,14’s “spirit of the holy gods” — see §B |
| Son of God | Leej Tub ntawm Vajtswv | Low | Son of Man/Messianic Kingship (contrast term) | (cross-reference only) | Must NOT be used for Dan 3:25’s ambiguous “son of the gods” |
| Kingdom of God | lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Vajtswv | Low | Sovereignty; Son of Man; End Times | 2, 4, 7 | Extended for “everlasting kingdom” of 2:44, 7:14, 7:27 |
| Power | Vajtswv hwjchim (always qualified) | High | Sovereignty; Wisdom | 2, 4 | Mandatory qualifier enforced |
| Governing Authority | cov muaj hwjchim kav teb chaws | High | Sovereignty | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 | Kings of Babylon/Media-Persia |
| Worship/Serve (cultic) | pehawm / pab teev (object always stated) | High | Faithfulness under Persecution; Son of Man/Messianic Kingship | 3, 6, 7 | The book’s central pelach verb thread (idol / God / Son of Man) |
| Idol | dab mlom | High | Faithfulness under Persecution | 3 | Golden image |
| Mystery | zaj lus zais cia | Low-Medium | Wisdom and Discernment; End Times | 2 | Exact reuse — raz |
| Grace(-adjacent doctrinal cross-reference; not directly lexicalized in Daniel) | txiaj ntsim | Critical | (cross-reference) | — | No direct Danielic occurrence; retained for teaching cross-links to Rom |
| Mercy | txoj kev khuv leej | Medium | Prayer and Perseverance in Exile | 9 | Daniel’s prayer of confession |
| Glory | lub yeeb koob | Low | Son of Man/Messianic Kingship | 2, 7 | Investiture triad, 7:14 |
| Eternal Life | txoj sia nyob mus ib txhis | Low | End Times | 12 | Positive half of 12:2 |
| Truth | qhov tseeb | Low | Wisdom and Discernment | 8, 10 | Angelic revelation described as true |
| World | lub ntiajteb | Low | Sovereignty | 4 | ”the whole earth” |
| Thanksgiving | ua tsaug | Low | Prayer and Perseverance in Exile | 2, 6 | Daniel’s prayer life |
| Endurance | kev ua siab ntev | Low | Faithfulness under Persecution | 1, 3, 6 | Daniel’s perseverance pattern |
| Boasting | kev khav theeb | Low | Faithfulness under Persecution; Sovereignty | 4, 7 | Nebuchadnezzar’s pride; the little horn’s speech |
| Will of God | Vajtswv lub siab nyiam | Medium | Sovereignty | 4 | ”gives it to whom He will” |
| Scripture | Vaj Lug Kub | Low | Wisdom and Discernment | 9 | Daniel reading Jeremiah’s prophecy |
Section B — New Terms Introduced for the Daniel Curriculum
All entries below are proposed additions, following the register, script (RPA), and risk-tiering conventions of the Romans baseline. Per 12_ai_translation_requirements.md §2.4 (inherited convention), these MUST be logged for a formal TM-revision review before being treated as permanent; none may be silently altered once accepted.
| # | English Term | Original (Heb./Aram.) | Transliteration | Hmong Rendering | Risk | Doctrine(s) | Chapters | Translation Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| D1 | Son of Man | כְּבַר אֱנָשׁ (Aram.) | kevar enash | Leej Tub ntawm Neeg | Critical | Son of Man and Messianic Kingship | 7 (core: 7:13) | Parallel construction to baseline Leej Tub ntawm Vajtswv; must always be taught alongside it, never as a diminished-deity alternative. Central term of the core passage. |
| D2 | Ancient of Days | עַתִּיק יוֹמִין (Aram.) | Attiq Yomin | Tus Laug Ib Txhis (Vajtswv) | Critical | Sovereignty; Son of Man | 7 (core: 7:9,13,22) | Mandatory “(Vajtswv)” qualifier at every occurrence; risk of assimilation into ancestor/elder veneration categories. |
| D3 | Spirit of the holy gods (pagan royal idiom for Daniel’s insight) | רוּחַ אֱלָהִין קַדִּישִׁין | ruach elahin qaddishin | tus ntsuj plig ntawm tej vajtswv dawb huv (raws li tus vaj ntxwv hais) | Critical | Wisdom and Discernment from God | 4, 5 | MUST NOT be rendered Vaj Ntsuj Plig; framed explicitly as reported pagan-polytheistic speech, not narratorial doctrine. |
| D4 | Dominion (Son of Man’s investiture) | שָׁלְטָן (Aram.) | shaltan | txoj cai kav | High | Son of Man and Messianic Kingship; Sovereignty | 7 (core: 7:12,14) | Distinct from hwjchim (raw power/might) and from lub Nceeg Vaj (kingdom/realm); the specific “right to rule.” |
| D5 | Thrones | כָּרְסָוָן (Aram.) | korsavan | cov zwm txwv / lub zwm txwv | Low | Sovereignty | 7 (core: 7:9) | Stable kingship imagery. |
| D6 | Books of judgment opened | סִפְרִין פְּתִיחוּ (Aram.) | sifrin peticha | cov phau ntawv txiav txim tau qhib | Medium-High | End Times; Sovereignty | 7 (core: 7:10) | Risk of assimilation into East/SE-Asian folk-religious “books of life and death” underworld-ledger concepts; teach as God’s own righteous, final judgment record. |
| D7 | Court/judgment convened | דִּינָא יְתִב (Aram.) | dina yetiv | lub rooj txiav txim tau teeb tsa | Medium | End Times; Sovereignty | 7 (core: 7:10) | Village-court idiom, consistent with baseline no_condemnation legal-idiom strategy. |
| D8 | Coming with the clouds of heaven | עִם־עֲנָנֵי שְׁמַיָּא (Aram.) | im-ananei shemayya | tuaj nrog cov huab saum ntuj ceeb tsheej | High | Son of Man and Messianic Kingship; End Times | 7 (core: 7:13) | Theophanic, not meteorological; risk of the divine-identity claim being flattened to weather description. |
| D9 | All peoples, nations, languages shall worship/serve Him | עַמְמַיָּא אֻמַיָּא וְלִשָּׁנַיָּא…יִפְלְחוּן (Aram.) | ammaya ummaya velishanayya…yiflechun | txhua haiv neeg, txhua xeem, thiab txhua yam lus yuav pehawm nws | Critical | Son of Man and Messianic Kingship | 7 (core: 7:14) | Same cultic verb as idol-worship (ch.3) and true worship of God (ch.6); the single strongest textual affirmation of the Son of Man’s full deity. |
| D10 | Everlasting dominion/kingdom | שָׁלְטָן עָלַם…דִּי-לָא תִתְחַבַּל (Aram.) | shaltan alam…di-la titchabal | txoj cai kav mus ib txhis…lub nceeg vaj yuav tsis raug rhuav tshem | High | Son of Man and Messianic Kingship; End Times | 7 (core: 7:14), 2 | Extends baseline eternal_life/kingdom_of_god roots; contrast with the beasts’ bounded “season and a time” (7:12). |
| D11 | Exile / captivity | גָּלָה / הֶגְלָה | galah / hegla | kev raug ntes coj mus rau lwm lub tebchaws | Low-Medium | Prayer and Perseverance in Exile | 1 | Strong positive bridge to Hmong diaspora/refugee memory. |
| D12 | Defilement (food purity) | גָּאַל | ga’al | kev ua kom qias tsis huv | Medium-High | Faithfulness under Persecution | 1 | Shares dawb huv-adjacent purity vocabulary flagged in baseline sanctification. |
| D13 | Dream | חֵלֶם / חֶלְמָא | chelem / chelma | npau suav | Medium | Wisdom and Discernment from God | 2, 4, 7 | Must be anchored as God-given revelation, not ancestor-communication. |
| D14 | Babylonian occult class (magicians, enchanters, sorcerers, Chaldeans) | חַרְטֻמִּים, אַשָּׁפִים, מְכַשְּׁפִים, כַּשְׂדִּים | chartummim, ashaphim, mekashephim, kasdim | cov txiv neeb thiab cov saib yaig ntawm Npanpiloos | Critical | Wisdom and Discernment from God | 1, 2, 4, 5 | Deliberate, scoped use of shamanic vocabulary — the negative counter-example Daniel’s God-given wisdom exposes and surpasses. Mandatory contrast teaching. |
| D15 | The great image/statue (dream symbol) | צֶלֶם / צַלְמָא | tselem / tsalma | tus duab loj (npau suav) | Low | Sovereignty; End Times | 2 | Kept lexically distinct from the worship-idol of ch.3 despite sharing a root word. |
| D16 | Stone cut without hands | אֶבֶן דִּי-הִתְגְּזֶרֶת בְּלָא יְדַיִן | even di-hitgezeret bela yedayin | lub pob zeb uas tsis yog neeg txhais tes txaug | Medium | Son of Man and Messianic Kingship; End Times | 2 | Parallel image to 7:14’s everlasting kingdom. |
| D17 | Golden image / idol | צֶלֶם דַּהֲבָא | tselem dahava | dab mlom (baseline reuse) | High | Faithfulness under Persecution | 3 | See Section A. |
| D18 | ”A son of the gods” (furnace figure, pagan king’s idiom) | בַּר-אֱלָהִין | bar-elahin | ib tug zoo li leej tub ntawm tej vajtswv (raws li Vaj Ntxwv hais) | Critical | Faithfulness under Persecution; Son of Man and Messianic Kingship (contrast) | 3 | Must NOT reuse baseline Leej Tub ntawm Vajtswv; theological identity flagged for review. |
| D19 | Watcher, a holy one | עִיר וְקַדִּישׁ | ir veqaddish | tus zov tsom kwm dawb huv saum ntuj | High | Sovereignty | 4 | Risk of conflation with household guardian-spirits (dab tim tswv). |
| D20 | ”The Most High rules the kingdom of men” | שַׁלִּיט עִלָּיָא…וּלְמַן-דִּי יִצְבֵּא יִתְּנִנַּהּ | shallit illaya…ulman-di yitsbe yittenennah | Vajtswv Siab Tshaj Plaws yog tus kav tag nrho tej nceeg vaj ntawm neeg, thiab nws pub rau leej twg raws li nws lub siab nyiam | Critical | God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms | 4 (thesis: 4:17,25,32) | hmoov (fate) vocabulary PERMANENTLY FORBIDDEN here, exactly as baseline election_choose. |
| D21 | Most High (God) | עִלָּיָא / עֶלְיוֹן | illaya / elyon | Vajtswv Siab Tshaj Plaws | Low-Medium | Sovereignty | 4, 7 | Divine title emphasizing supremacy over all kings. |
| D22 | Holy vessels of the Temple | מָאנַיָּא דִּי־בֵית אֱלָהָא | ma’anayya di-veit elaha | cov twj dawb huv ntawm lub Tuam Tsev [ntawm Vajtswv] | Medium | Sovereignty; End Times | 5 | Sacrilege/desecration bridges via ancestral-altar taboo concepts. |
| D23 | Weighed in the balances and found wanting | תְּקִיל…וְהִשְׁתְּכַח חַסִּיר | teqil…vehishtekach chassir | raug luj hauv lub teev thiab pom tias tsawg dhau lawm | Low-Medium | Sovereignty | 5 | Marketplace weighing idiom transfers cleanly. |
| D24 | Prayer / petition | צְלוֹ / צְלֵא | tselo / tsele | kev thov Vajtswv (object always stated) | High | Prayer and Perseverance in Exile | 6, 9 | Same disambiguation strategy as baseline pehawm; thov also used for petitioning ancestor/household spirits. |
| D25 | Law of the Medes and Persians | דָּת מָדַי וּפָרַס | dat maday uparas | txoj cai ntawm cov Midis thiab Pawxias | High | Sovereignty; Faithfulness under Persecution | 6 | Deliberately avoids the Txoj Kevcai root reserved for God’s covenantal Law. |
| D26 | The living God | אֱלָהָא חַיָּא | elaha chayya | Vajtswv uas muaj txoj sia nyob | Low-Medium | Faithfulness under Persecution | 6 | Positive contrast with the lifeless idol of ch.3. |
| D27 | Royal decree / edict | טְעֵם | te’em | tsab lus samhwm | Medium | Sovereignty | 3, 6 | Avoids both the kevcai root and confusion with governing_authority. |
| D28 | The four beasts (kingdoms) | חֵיוָן | cheyvan | cov tsiaj txhu loj (sawv cev rau tej nceeg vaj) | Medium | Apocalyptic Prophecy and the End Times | 7 | Risk of assimilation into Hmong were-beast/spirit-animal folklore; teach as symbolic-political, not literal spirit-beasts. |
| D29 | The little horn (ch.7 and ch.8/11 parallels) | קֶרֶן זְעֵירָה / קֶרֶן | qeren ze’eira / qeren | tus kub yau me | Medium-High | Faithfulness under Persecution; End Times | 7, 8, 11 | Near-historical (Antiochus) and further eschatological referents; teach both. |
| D30 | The saints of the Most High | קַדִּישֵׁי עֶלְיוֹנִין | qaddishe elyonin | cov ntseeg dawb huv ntawm Vajtswv Siab Tshaj Plaws | Medium-High | Faithfulness under Persecution; Son of Man and Messianic Kingship | 7 | Must not be conflated with venerated deceased ancestors. |
| D31 | Time, times, and half a time | עִדָּן עִדָּנִין וּפְלַג עִדָּן | iddan iddanin ufelag iddan | ib lub caij, ob lub caij, thiab ib nrab lub caij | Medium | Apocalyptic Prophecy and the End Times | 7, 12 | Coded apocalyptic time unit; cf. Revelation 12:14. |
| D32 | Gabriel | גַּבְרִיאֵל | Gavri’el | Kanpis-es [pending standard transliteration] | Low | Wisdom and Discernment from God | 8, 9 | [TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED] for standard Hmong proper-name convention. |
| D33 | Time of the end | עֵת קֵץ | et qets | lub sijhawm kawg | Low-Medium | Apocalyptic Prophecy and the End Times | 8, 11, 12 | Standard eschatological phrase. |
| D34 | Covenant | בְּרִית | berith | kev cog lus (nrog Vajtswv) | Medium | Prayer and Perseverance in Exile | 9, 11 | Distinct from baseline promise (lus cog tseg, one-directional pledge); berith = binding mutual relationship. |
| D35 | Seventy weeks (of years) | שָׁבֻעִים שִׁבְעִים | shavu’im shiv’im | xya caum lub xya xyoo | Medium | Son of Man and Messianic Kingship; Apocalyptic Prophecy and the End Times | 9 | Requires dedicated interpretive teaching note. |
| D36 | Anointed One / Messiah | מָשִׁיחַ | mashiach | tus Mexiyas (tus uas raug tsa roj ua Vaj Ntxwv) | Critical | Son of Man and Messianic Kingship | 9 | Direct bridge to baseline Yexus Khetos (Khetos = “Anointed One”); must never be flattened to a political liberator. |
| D37 | Abomination that makes desolate | שִׁקּוּץ מְשֹׁמֵם | shiqquts meshomem | yam qias vuab tsuab uas ua rau (lub chaw dawb huv) nyob do cuas | Critical | Apocalyptic Prophecy and the End Times | 9, 11, 12 | Intersects Hmong ritual-purity/defilement categories; both historical (Antiochus) and future referents. |
| D38 | The man clothed in linen | אִישׁ־אֶחָד לָבוּשׁ בַּדִּים | ish-echad lavush baddim | tus txiv neej hnav ris tsho ntaub mag | High | Apocalyptic Prophecy and the End Times | 10, 12 | Identity (angel vs. Christophany) flagged for theologian review; must not default to jesus_christ/son_of_god fixed terms. |
| D39 | Michael, the prince | מִיכָאֵל הַשַּׂר | Mikha’el hassar | Mikhees, tus thawj coj (saum ntuj) | Medium | God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms | 10, 12 | Named defending angel. |
| D40 | ”The prince of the kingdom of Persia” (territorial spiritual opposition) | שַׂר מַלְכוּת פָּרַס | sar malkut paras | tus ‘thawj’ (ntsuj plig) uas tawm tsam kav lub tebchaws Pawxias | Critical | God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms; Apocalyptic Prophecy | 10 | High collision risk with Hmong territorial-spirit (dab teb/dab chaw) negotiation framework. Mandatory theologian review before publication. |
| D41 | Fasting | צוֹם | tsom | kev yaum mov | Medium | Prayer and Perseverance in Exile | 9, 10 | Distinguish from ritual food-taboo/spirit-appeasement practices. |
| D42 | Kings of the North and South | מֶלֶךְ הַצָּפוֹן / הַנֶּגֶב | melekh hatsafon / hannegev | tus vaj ntxwv sab qaum teb / sab qab teb | Low-Medium | God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms | 11 | Comprehension gap (historical background), not a collision. |
| D43 | The self-exalting king | וְהִתְרוֹמֵם וְהִתְגַּדֵּל עַל-כָּל-אֵל | vehitromem vehitgaddel al-kol-el | tus vaj ntxwv uas tsa nws tus kheej siab dua txhua tus vajtswv | Medium-High | Apocalyptic Prophecy and the End Times | 11 | Antichrist-type figure; anchor to book’s theme of God’s assured final victory. |
| D44 | Resurrection of the dead | וְרַבִּים…יָקִיצוּ | verabbim…yaqitsu | cov tuag yuav sawv rov qab hauv qhov tuag | Critical | Apocalyptic Prophecy and the End Times; Faithfulness under Persecution | 12 | Must be distinguished from Hmong ancestral-journey/reincarnation beliefs; bodily, historical, future event. |
| D45 | Everlasting contempt | לַחֲרָפוֹת לְדִרְאוֹן עוֹלָם | lacharafot ledir’on olam | kev txaj muag mus ib txhis | Low-Medium | Apocalyptic Prophecy and the End Times | 12 | Negative antonym-parallel to baseline eternal_life. |
| D46 | The wise shall shine like the stars | וְהַמַּשְׂכִּלִים יַזְהִרוּ…כַּכּוֹכָבִים | vehammaskilim yazhiru…kakokavim | cov uas muaj tswvyim ntawm Vajtswv yuav ci ntsa iab ib yam li tej hnub qub | Low | Wisdom and Discernment from God; Apocalyptic Prophecy | 12 | Positive closing image. |
| D47 | Seal the book until the time of the end | סְתֹם…וַחֲתֹם…עַד-עֵת קֵץ | setom…vachatom…ad-et qets | kaw cia phau ntawv no mus txog thaum lub sijhawm kawg | Low-Medium | Apocalyptic Prophecy and the End Times | 12 | Standard apocalyptic delayed-disclosure convention. |
| D48 | Purified, made white, refined (through trial) | יִתְבָּרְרוּ וְיִתְלַבְּנוּ וְיִצָּרְפוּ | yitbareru veyitlabbenu veyitsarefu | raug ntxuav kom huv, raug ua kom dawb, thiab raug ua kom zoo | Medium | Faithfulness under Persecution | 12 | Fruit of persevering faith under trial, not ritual purification. |
| D49 | Wisdom (God-given) | חָכְמָה | chokmah | kev txawj ntse los ntawm Vajtswv | High | Wisdom and Discernment from God | 1, 2, 5, 12 | Distinguished from the Babylonian occult class’s claimed technique-based insight (D14). |
| D50 | Vision | חָזוֹן / חֶזְוָא | chazon / chezva | yog toog | Medium | Wisdom and Discernment from God; Apocalyptic Prophecy | 2, 7, 8, 9, 10 | Distinguish from shamanic trance-vision/soul-journey. |
| D51 | Interpretation (of dreams/visions) | פֵּשֶׁר / פִּתְרוֹן | pesher / pithron | kev txhais tej npau suav | Medium | Wisdom and Discernment from God | 2, 4, 5, 7 | God-given, not technique-based. |
| D52 | Angel (general) | מַלְאָךְ | mal’akh | tus timtswv | Medium | Faithfulness under Persecution; Sovereignty | 3, 6 | Established Hmong Christian term; distinct from tus Tub Txib (human apostolic office). |
Full-book coverage confirmation: Terms are cited from all twelve chapters of Daniel (1 through 12). No chapter yielded zero load-bearing vocabulary; every chapter is represented in Section A and/or Section B above.
Critical Risk Terms
Holy Spirit Reserved
Approved rendering: Vaj Ntsuj Plig
Transliteration: pneuma hagion (Rom. cross-ref; no direct Hebrew/Aramaic lexeme in Daniel)
Doctrine: Wisdom and Discernment from God
Rejected alternatives: Applying this fixed collocation to Dan 4:8-9,18 or 5:11,14’s ‘spirit of the holy gods’ — PERMANENTLY FORBIDDEN
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Reserved entry: Daniel contains no direct narratorial reference to the Holy Spirit under this title. This entry exists solely to record what the fixed collocation must NEVER be used to translate — see spirit_of_the_holy_gods_pagan_idiom below.
Grace Cross Reference
Approved rendering: txiaj ntsim
Transliteration: charis (Rom. cross-ref; no direct Hebrew/Aramaic lexeme in Daniel)
Doctrine: Grace and Salvation (cross-reference only)
Rejected alternatives: koob hmoov (fortune/blessing tied to fate and ritual correctness) — PERMANENTLY FORBIDDEN
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. No direct Danielic occurrence; retained only for teaching cross-links between Daniel’s mercy/covenant vocabulary (9:9,18) and the Romans grace doctrine.
Election Choose Cross Reference
Approved rendering: kev xaiv (Vajtswv xaiv raws li nws lub siab nyiam)
Transliteration: eklogē (Rom. cross-ref)
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms
Rejected alternatives: hmoov (impersonal fate/fortune) vocabulary — PERMANENTLY FORBIDDEN
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Cited here as the direct structural precedent for the Daniel-specific sovereignty thesis (most_high_rules_kingdom_of_men, below), which carries the identical hmoov-prohibition.
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: Leej Tub ntawm Neeg
Transliteration: kevar enash (Aram.)
Doctrine: The Son of Man and Messianic Kingship
Rejected alternatives: a purely generic ‘a human being’ reading (NRSV-style) — rejected, severs the connection to Christ’s self-identification, an overcorrected reading treating this as a lesser, merely-human title in tension with Leej Tub ntawm Vajtswv — rejected
NEW ENTRY. Core-passage term (Dan 7:13). Parallel construction to the baseline’s Leej Tub ntawm Vajtswv (Son of God). Must always be taught alongside that fixed title, never as a diminished-deity alternative; this is the title Jesus applies to Himself throughout the Gospels, explicitly invoking Dan 7:13 at His trial (Mark 14:62).
Ancient Of Days
Approved rendering: Tus Laug Ib Txhis (Vajtswv)
Transliteration: Attiq Yomin (Aram.)
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms
Rejected alternatives: bare ‘Tus Laug Ib Txhis’ without the (Vajtswv) qualifier — FORBIDDEN, risks assimilation into ancestor/elder-veneration categories
NEW ENTRY. Core-passage term (Dan 7:9,13,22). Hmong clan culture venerates aged elders (laug) and deceased ancestors with ritual deference approaching worship (pehawm dab); the ‘(Vajtswv)’ qualifier is mandatory at every occurrence, structurally, exactly paralleling the baseline’s ‘Vajtswv hwjchim’ enforcement pattern.
Spirit Of The Holy Gods Pagan Idiom
Approved rendering: tus ntsuj plig ntawm tej vajtswv dawb huv (raws li tus vaj ntxwv hais)
Transliteration: ruach elahin qaddishin (Aram.)
Doctrine: Wisdom and Discernment from God
Rejected alternatives: silently correcting to Vaj Ntsuj Plig (Holy Spirit) — PERMANENTLY FORBIDDEN, would misrepresent both the pagan speaker’s actual polytheistic words and Trinitarian doctrine
NEW ENTRY. Dan 4:8-9,18; 5:11,14. The Babylonian royal court’s own polytheistic description (spoken by Nebuchadnezzar and the Queen) of the divine source of Daniel’s insight. Must always be frame-marked as reported pagan speech (‘raws li tus vaj ntxwv hais’), never presented as narratorial doctrine.
All Peoples Worship Son Of Man
Approved rendering: txhua haiv neeg, txhua xeem, thiab txhua yam lus yuav pehawm nws
Transliteration: ammaya ummaya velishanayya leh yiflechun (Aram.)
Doctrine: The Son of Man and Messianic Kingship
Rejected alternatives: leaving the object unanchored to the Son of Man’s shared divine identity — rejected, reads as mere political tribute or risks a ‘worship of a mere man’ misreading
NEW ENTRY. Core-passage climax term (Dan 7:14). Reuses the identical pehawm/pelach verb applied to idol-worship (ch.3) and worship of the true God (ch.6); the single strongest textual affirmation of the Son of Man’s full deity in the whole book. Ranked the highest-risk single ambiguity in the entire curriculum per analysis/06_linguistic_gap_analysis.md.
Babylonian Occult Class
Approved rendering: cov txiv neeb thiab cov saib yaig ntawm Npanpiloos
Transliteration: chartummim, ashaphim, mekashephim, kasdim (Heb./Aram.)
Doctrine: Wisdom and Discernment from God
Rejected alternatives: blurring Daniel’s own prophetic gift with their divinatory methods — PERMANENTLY FORBIDDEN
NEW ENTRY. Dan 1:20; 2:2,10,27; 4:7; 5:7,11. Deliberate, carefully-scoped use of shamanic vocabulary — the ONE place in this curriculum where txiv-neeb-type terms are appropriate, because the text itself names and rejects this exact category. Mandatory contrast-teaching note required at every occurrence: this is the pagan counterfeit class whom Daniel’s God-given wisdom surpasses and exposes as powerless.
Son Of The Gods Furnace Figure
Approved rendering: ib tug zoo li leej tub ntawm tej vajtswv (raws li Vaj Ntxwv hais)
Transliteration: bar-elahin (Aram.)
Doctrine: Faithfulness under Persecution
Rejected alternatives: rendering with the fixed Leej Tub ntawm Vajtswv (Son of God) collocation — PERMANENTLY FORBIDDEN, would assert a Christophany claim beyond what the Aramaic text states in the pagan king’s own mouth
NEW ENTRY. Dan 3:25 (cf. 3:28, ‘his angel’). Nebuchadnezzar’s own polytheistic description of the divine-appearing furnace-rescuer. Must be kept maximally distinct in surface form from the Son of Man/Son of God parallel-construction pair. [TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED: theological framing — Christophany vs. generic angel.]
Most High Rules Kingdom Of Men
Approved rendering: Vajtswv Siab Tshaj Plaws yog tus kav tag nrho tej nceeg vaj ntawm neeg, thiab nws pub rau leej twg raws li nws lub siab nyiam
Transliteration: shallit illaya bemalkut anasha, ulman-di yitsbe yittenennah (Aram.)
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms
Rejected alternatives: hmoov (impersonal fate/fortune) vocabulary — PERMANENTLY FORBIDDEN, exactly as for the Romans baseline’s election_choose entry, dropping the volitional clause ‘raws li nws lub siab nyiam’ — FORBIDDEN, this clause is structurally mandatory
NEW ENTRY. Book’s thesis statement, repeated three times (Dan 4:17,25,32). Functional Daniel-book equivalent of the Romans baseline’s Critical election_choose warning. hmoov vocabulary would collapse personal, morally-accountable sovereignty into fatalism and render Nebuchadnezzar’s repentance/restoration (4:34-37) theologically incoherent, since fate cannot be repented of.
Anointed One Messiah
Approved rendering: tus Mexiyas (tus uas raug tsa roj ua Vaj Ntxwv)
Transliteration: mashiach (Heb.)
Doctrine: The Son of Man and Messianic Kingship
Rejected alternatives: flattening into a merely political/military liberator figure via Hmong clan-leadership/kingship traditions — FORBIDDEN
NEW ENTRY. Dan 9:25,26. The Old Testament’s most explicit prophecy of the Messiah’s death. Must be explicitly taught as pointing forward to and fulfilled in Yexus Khetos (baseline jesus_christ, where ‘Khetos’ itself already means ‘Anointed One’) — the clearest Hmong-language teaching bridge in the entire book connecting Daniel’s prophecy to the fixed Christological title established in the Romans baseline.
Abomination That Makes Desolate
Approved rendering: yam qias vuab tsuab uas ua rau (lub chaw dawb huv) nyob do cuas
Transliteration: shiqquts meshomem (Heb.)
Doctrine: Apocalyptic Prophecy and the End Times
Rejected alternatives: generalizing into a vague taboo-violation concept — FORBIDDEN
NEW ENTRY. Dan 9:27; 11:31; 12:11. A specific act of sacrilege against God’s sanctuary, historically identified with Antiochus IV, with a further future fulfillment cited by Jesus (Matt 24:15). The ‘qias’ (unclean/detestable) vocabulary intersects Hmong ritual-purity/defilement categories; must be taught as specific historical-and-prophetic sacrilege, both past and future referents preserved. [TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED: coordinate rendering across all three occurrences for consistency.]
Prince Of The Kingdom Of Persia
Approved rendering: tus ‘thawj’ (ntsuj plig) uas tawm tsam kav lub tebchaws Pawxias
Transliteration: sar malkut paras (Heb.)
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms
Rejected alternatives: framing as ritual bargaining analogous to shamanic territorial-spirit negotiation — PERMANENTLY FORBIDDEN, must be taught as a genuine but wholly subordinate spiritual conflict under God’s unchallengeable sovereignty
NEW ENTRY. Dan 10:13,20. A spiritual, angelic-level opposing power tied to Persia’s earthly kingdom. Closest linguistic and conceptual parallel to Hmong territorial nature-spirit (dab teb/dab chaw) negotiation cosmology anywhere in the curriculum. MANDATORY human theologian review required before any curriculum content on Daniel 10 is finalized — no automated-review bypass permitted.
Resurrection Of The Dead
Approved rendering: cov tuag yuav sawv rov qab hauv qhov tuag
Transliteration: verabbim miyeshenei admat-afar yaqitsu (Heb.)
Doctrine: Apocalyptic Prophecy and the End Times
Rejected alternatives: assimilation into the qhuab ke funerary soul-journey tradition — FORBIDDEN, assimilation into reincarnation-belief streams — FORBIDDEN
NEW ENTRY. Dan 12:2. One of the Old Testament’s clearest statements of bodily resurrection. Hmong traditional funerary religion (the qhuab ke ‘showing the way’ funeral chant) guides the deceased soul’s journey to rejoin the ancestors; some streams add reincarnation beliefs. Bodily resurrection at a fixed future historical point is categorically distinct from both and must be carefully distinguished in every teaching context.
High Risk Terms
Power
Approved rendering: Vajtswv hwjchim
Transliteration: gevurta / cheyla (Aram.)
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms
Rejected alternatives: bare, unqualified hwjchim — FORBIDDEN, identical to a shaman’s (txiv neeb) ritual power
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Always qualified ‘Vajtswv hwjchim.’ Reinforced in Daniel’s doxology (2:20-23), where the immediate literary contrast with the Babylonian occult class makes the shamanic-power collision especially acute.
Governing Authority
Approved rendering: cov muaj hwjchim kav teb chaws
Transliteration: shalit / malku
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms
Rejected alternatives: unmarked hwjchim framing rulers’ authority as shamanic spiritual power — rejected
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Applied to kings of Babylon and Media-Persia (chs.1-6); must remain clearly marked as delegated, revocable, God-ordained civil authority, reinforced by the Babylon-to-Media-Persia transfer of ch.5.
Worship Serve Cultic
Approved rendering: pehawm / pab teev
Transliteration: segid / pelach (Aram.)
Doctrine: Faithfulness under Persecution
Rejected alternatives: bare, unanchored pehawm — FORBIDDEN, identical verb used for pehawm dab (ancestor/spirit veneration)
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Daniel is the single richest book for this collision: the identical Aramaic verb (pelach) spans bowing to the golden image (ch.3, negative pole), Daniel’s worship of the true God (ch.6, positive pole), and the nations’ worship of the Son of Man (7:14, climactic pole). Object must always be stated at every occurrence; all three occurrences must be taught together as a deliberate scriptural pattern.
Idol
Approved rendering: dab mlom
Transliteration: tselem dahava (Aram., ‘golden image’)
Doctrine: Faithfulness under Persecution
Rejected alternatives: generic ‘statue’ softening — rejected
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. The literal cultic object Nebuchadnezzar erects in ch.3, demanding worship. Must be kept lexically distinct from the neutral dream-image term of ch.2 (tus duab loj) despite sharing the same Aramaic root (tselem).
Dominion Shaltan
Approved rendering: txoj cai kav
Transliteration: shaltan (Aram.)
Doctrine: The Son of Man and Messianic Kingship
Rejected alternatives: merging into hwjchim (raw power/might) — rejected, collapses the specific ‘right to rule’ into shamanic-power-collision vocabulary, merging into lub Nceeg Vaj (kingdom/realm) — rejected, collapses the right-to-rule into the realm itself
NEW ENTRY. Core-passage term (Dan 7:12,14). The specific ‘right to rule’ conferred on the Son of Man by the Ancient of Days, distinct from raw might (hwjchim) and from the kingdom/realm (lub Nceeg Vaj); all three legs of the 7:14 investiture triad must remain separately nameable.
Coming With Clouds Of Heaven
Approved rendering: tuaj nrog cov huab saum ntuj ceeb tsheej
Transliteration: va’aru im-ananei shemayya (Aram.)
Doctrine: The Son of Man and Messianic Kingship
Rejected alternatives: flat, literal weather-description with no theophany teaching note — rejected, loses the divine-identity claim
NEW ENTRY. Core-passage term (Dan 7:13). Theophanic cloud-riding, elsewhere reserved exclusively as a mode of divine transport/appearing (Isa 19:1; Ps 104:3); mandatory teaching note connecting it to the Son of Man’s divine identity and prophesied return (Matt 24:30; Rev 1:7).
Everlasting Dominion Kingdom
Approved rendering: nws txoj cai kav yog txoj cai kav mus ib txhis uas yuav tsis dhau mus, thiab nws lub nceeg vaj yuav tsis raug rhuav tshem
Transliteration: shaltaneh shaltan alam di-la ye’deh, umalkuteh di-la titchabal (Aram.)
Doctrine: The Son of Man and Messianic Kingship
Rejected alternatives: presenting this only as a greater-duration dominion rather than a qualitatively distinct one — rejected
NEW ENTRY. Core-passage term (Dan 7:14, 2:44). Extends baseline eternal_life/kingdom_of_god roots. Must be consistently distinguished from the beasts’ bounded ‘season and a time’ (7:12) so hearers grasp the qualitative uniqueness, not merely the greater duration, of the Son of Man’s reign.
Watcher Holy One
Approved rendering: tus zov tsom kwm dawb huv saum ntuj
Transliteration: ir veqaddish (Aram.)
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms
Rejected alternatives: softened to ‘a messenger’ losing the distinct watching/observing nuance — rejected
NEW ENTRY. Dan 4:13,17,23. A class of heavenly being announcing the decree humbling Nebuchadnezzar. Hmong household/ancestral religion includes guardian/watching spirits (dab tim tswv); must be taught as a holy angelic servant of the one true God, categorically distinct from ancestral guardian-spirits.
Prayer Petition
Approved rendering: kev thov Vajtswv
Transliteration: tselo / tsele (Aram.)
Doctrine: Prayer and Perseverance in Exile
Rejected alternatives: bare thov with no stated object — FORBIDDEN, thov is the identical verb used for petitioning ancestor/household spirits (thov dab)
NEW ENTRY. Dan 6:10-11,13; 9:3-19. Daniel’s unwavering three-times-daily prayer despite the death-decree; the paradigm text for Prayer and Perseverance in Exile. Object must always be stated explicitly, exactly paralleling the baseline’s pehawm disambiguation strategy.
Law Of Medes And Persians
Approved rendering: txoj cai ntawm cov Midis thiab Pawxias
Transliteration: dat maday uparas (Aram.)
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms
Rejected alternatives: Txoj Kevcai root (reserved exclusively for God’s covenantal Law) applied to this pagan legal decree — PERMANENTLY FORBIDDEN
NEW ENTRY. Dan 6:8,12,15. An unalterable royal legal decree that traps Darius and endangers Daniel. Deliberately uses ‘txoj cai’ rather than the baseline’s reserved ‘Txoj Kevcai’ root, protecting the distinction the baseline is designed to guard.
Man Clothed In Linen
Approved rendering: tus txiv neej hnav ris tsho ntaub mag
Transliteration: ish-echad lavush baddim (Heb.)
Doctrine: Apocalyptic Prophecy and the End Times
Rejected alternatives: silently equating with the fixed jesus_christ/son_of_god baseline terms — FORBIDDEN pending theological resolution
NEW ENTRY. Dan 10:5-6; 12:6-7. A dazzling heavenly figure, possibly an angel, possibly (per some devotional traditions) a Christophany. [TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED: theological framing of identity — angel vs. Christophany.]
Wisdom From God
Approved rendering: kev txawj ntse los ntawm Vajtswv
Transliteration: chokmah (Heb.)
Doctrine: Wisdom and Discernment from God
Rejected alternatives: blending with the Babylonian occult class’s technique-based insight — FORBIDDEN
NEW ENTRY. Dan 1:17,20; 2:20-23; 5:11-14; 12:3. God-given skill, insight, and understanding. Must be consistently distinguished from babylonian_occult_class’s claimed technique-based insight; the source (God, not ritual technique) is the doctrinally load-bearing distinction.
Medium Risk Terms
Mercy
Approved rendering: txoj kev khuv leej
Transliteration: rachamim (Heb.)
Doctrine: Prayer and Perseverance in Exile
Rejected alternatives: txiaj ntsim (grace) used interchangeably — rejected, mercy and grace are theologically distinct
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Daniel 9:18’s ‘not on the ground of our righteousness, but on the ground of your great mercy’ is a direct Old Testament anchor for the baseline’s grace/mercy distinction; strong cross-reference to Romans 9, 11.
Will Of God
Approved rendering: Vajtswv lub siab nyiam
Transliteration: tsava (Aram., ‘to will/desire’)
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Underlies the giving of kingdoms ‘to whom He will’ (4:17,25,32); mandatory companion clause to the sovereignty thesis (most_high_rules_kingdom_of_men below).
Court Judgment Convened
Approved rendering: lub rooj txiav txim tau teeb tsa
Transliteration: dina yetiv (Aram.)
Doctrine: Apocalyptic Prophecy and the End Times
NEW ENTRY. Core-passage term (Dan 7:10). Village-court judgment idiom, consistent with the baseline’s no_condemnation legal-idiom strategy (Rom 8:1); reinforces a forensic, non-ritual reading of divine judgment.
Dream
Approved rendering: npau suav
Transliteration: chelem / chelma (Heb./Aram.)
Doctrine: Wisdom and Discernment from God
NEW ENTRY. Dan 2:1ff; 4:5ff; 7:1. Dreams carry strong significance in Hmong traditional belief (ancestor-communication, omens); must be taught as revelatory specifically because the true God discloses it, not because dreams are inherently a channel to ancestor spirits.
Stone Cut Without Hands
Approved rendering: lub pob zeb uas tsis yog neeg txhais tes txaug
Transliteration: even di-hitgezeret bela yedayin (Aram.)
Doctrine: The Son of Man and Messianic Kingship
NEW ENTRY. Dan 2:34,44-45. A divinely-originated kingdom growing to fill the whole earth, destroying all prior empires. Teaching note required linking it explicitly to the Kingdom of God baseline term and to Dan 7:14 as an alternate image of the same reality.
Holy Vessels Of The Temple
Approved rendering: cov twj dawb huv ntawm lub Tuam Tsev [ntawm Vajtswv]
Transliteration: ma’anayya di-veit elaha (Aram.)
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms
NEW ENTRY. Dan 5:2-4,23. Sacred vessels looted and sacrilegiously used by Belshazzar. Sacrilege/desecration bridges via Hmong ancestral-altar desecration taboos, a positive teaching bridge if carefully anchored to the true God’s Temple.
Royal Decree Edict
Approved rendering: tsab lus samhwm
Transliteration: te’em (Aram.)
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms
Rejected alternatives: reuse of the kevcai root — rejected, reserved for God’s Law, reuse of governing_authority’s civil-authority phrase without distinction — rejected
NEW ENTRY. Dan 3:29; 6:26. A king’s formal, binding proclamation. Deliberately avoids both the kevcai root and confusion with governing_authority; kept as its own fixed compound.
Four Beasts Kingdoms
Approved rendering: cov tsiaj txhu loj (sawv cev rau tej nceeg vaj hauv ntiajteb)
Transliteration: cheyvan (Aram.)
Doctrine: Apocalyptic Prophecy and the End Times
NEW ENTRY. Dan 7:3ff. Symbolic representations of successive world empires. Hmong folklore includes spirit-animals and shape-shifting were-beasts associated with sorcery; the imagery must be explicitly taught as representing political kingdoms, not literal spirit-animals or omens. The text’s own explicit interpretive key (7:17) substantially self-mitigates this risk.
Time Times Half A Time
Approved rendering: ib lub caij, ob lub caij, thiab ib nrab lub caij
Transliteration: iddan iddanin ufelag iddan (Aram.)
Doctrine: Apocalyptic Prophecy and the End Times
NEW ENTRY. Dan 7:25; 12:7. A coded apocalyptic time-period (3.5 units), echoed in Revelation 12:14. Comprehension gap requiring numerical-symbolic decoding, not a religious collision.
Covenant
Approved rendering: kev cog lus (nrog Vajtswv)
Transliteration: berith (Heb.)
Doctrine: Prayer and Perseverance in Exile
NEW ENTRY. Dan 9:4,27; 11:22,28,30,32. A solemn binding relational agreement, distinct from the baseline’s promise (lus cog tseg, a one-directional pledge). Should be taught alongside ‘promise’ with the distinction named explicitly: covenant is the binding relational-legal bond itself; promise is specific pledged content within it.
Seventy Weeks
Approved rendering: xya caum lub xya xyoo
Transliteration: shavu’im shiv’im (Heb.)
Doctrine: The Son of Man and Messianic Kingship
NEW ENTRY. Dan 9:24-27. A symbolic-numeric prophetic timetable culminating in the Messiah’s coming and being ‘cut off.’ Requires a dedicated, doctrinally humble teaching note given multiple faithful interpretive traditions.
Michael The Prince
Approved rendering: Mikhees, tus thawj coj (saum ntuj)
Transliteration: Mikha’el hassar (Heb.)
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms
NEW ENTRY. Dan 10:13,21; 12:1. A named, high-ranking angelic being who defends God’s covenant people. Proper name plus functional role-title (not a name).
Fasting
Approved rendering: kev yaum mov
Transliteration: tsom (Heb.)
Doctrine: Prayer and Perseverance in Exile
NEW ENTRY. Dan 9:3; 10:2-3. Voluntary self-denial in seeking God’s favor and revelation. Must be explicitly distinguished from ritual food-taboo/spirit-appeasement fasting practices in Hmong folk custom.
Purified Made White Refined
Approved rendering: raug ntxuav kom huv, raug ua kom dawb, thiab raug ua kom zoo
Transliteration: yitbareru veyitlabbenu veyitsarefu (Heb.)
Doctrine: Faithfulness under Persecution
NEW ENTRY. Dan 12:10. The refining effect of persevering faith under trial. Reuses dawb huv-adjacent vocabulary; must be taught as the fruit of persevering faith, not ritual purification.
Vision
Approved rendering: yog toog
Transliteration: chazon / chezva (Heb./Aram.)
Doctrine: Wisdom and Discernment from God
NEW ENTRY. Dan 2:19; 7:1ff; 8:1ff; 9:21; 10:1ff. A divinely-given revelatory experience. Must be distinguished from shamanic trance-vision/soul-journey vocabulary; Daniel is a passive recipient of disclosed truth, not an active occult-technique seeker.
Interpretation Of Dreams
Approved rendering: kev txhais tej npau suav
Transliteration: pesher / pithron (Heb./Aram.)
Doctrine: Wisdom and Discernment from God
NEW ENTRY. Dan 2:4ff; 4:6ff; 5:12ff; 7:16ff. God-given explanation of dream/vision meaning; must be taught as God-given, not ritual-technique-based, paralleling wisdom_from_god.
Angel General
Approved rendering: tus timtswv
Transliteration: mal’akh (Heb.)
Doctrine: Faithfulness under Persecution
NEW ENTRY. Dan 3:28; 6:22. A general divine messenger; established Hmong Christian term, kept distinct from the baseline’s tus Tub Txib (apostle, a human office).
Humbled Pride Brought Low
Approved rendering: raug txo hwjchim
Transliteration: shephel (Aram., verb ‘to humble’)
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms
NEW ENTRY. Dan 4:37. Nebuchadnezzar’s humbling and restoration. Reinforces both the Sovereignty doctrine and the Wisdom doctrine (true wisdom includes recognizing God’s sovereignty, 4:34-37).
Chaldeans Ethnic Sense
Approved rendering: cov Kadees
Transliteration: kasdim (Heb., ethnic/political sense)
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms
Rejected alternatives: reusing the babylonian_occult_class rendering for the ethnic/political sense — rejected, would blur a real textual distinction between the ethnic group and the professional diviner-guild sense of the same English word ‘Chaldean’
NEW ENTRY. Dan 5:30 and other ethnic/political occurrences of ‘Chaldean’ (distinct from the occupational-guild sense already covered by babylonian_occult_class). [TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED: confirm cov Kadees as the ethnic-sense rendering before adoption as permanent TM.]
Low Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: Vajtswv
Transliteration: elaha / elohim
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Rejected alternatives: Ntuj (impersonal sky/heaven) — rejected, lacks personal deity sense, dab (spirit) — rejected, denotes false/lesser spirit
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. The supreme, personal deity who rules over Babylon, Media-Persia, and all kingdoms throughout Daniel.
Lord
Approved rendering: tus Tswv
Transliteration: adonai
Doctrine: Prayer and Perseverance in Exile
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Used in Daniel’s prayer of confession (9:4ff) and ch.1.
Son Of God Cross Reference
Approved rendering: Leej Tub ntawm Vajtswv
Transliteration: huios theou (Rom. cross-ref)
Doctrine: The Son of Man and Messianic Kingship
Rejected alternatives: Applying this fixed title to Dan 3:25’s ambiguous ‘son of the gods’ figure — PERMANENTLY FORBIDDEN
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Cited here only to anchor the mandatory contrast-teaching with ‘Leej Tub ntawm Neeg’ (Son of Man) and to forbid its use for Dan 3:25.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Vajtswv
Transliteration: malku / malkut
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms
Inherited from Romans package, extended. Direct thematic parallel between Dan 2:44 (stone-kingdom) and Dan 7:14,27 (Son of Man’s kingdom); strengthens cross-chapter coherence.
Glory
Approved rendering: lub yeeb koob
Transliteration: yeqar / hadar (Aram./Heb.)
Doctrine: The Son of Man and Messianic Kingship
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Part of the three-fold investiture formula conferred on the Son of Man (7:14: dominion, glory, kingdom); also Nebuchadnezzar’s restored royal splendor (4:36).
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: txoj sia nyob mus ib txhis
Transliteration: chayei olam (Heb.)
Doctrine: Apocalyptic Prophecy and the End Times
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse. Positive pole of the resurrection destiny statement (Dan 12:2).
Truth
Approved rendering: qhov tseeb
Transliteration: emet / qeshot (Heb./Aram.)
Doctrine: Wisdom and Discernment from God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. The reliable content of angelic revelation (8:26; 10:1,21).
World
Approved rendering: lub ntiajteb
Transliteration: ar’a (Aram., ‘the earth’)
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. The whole earth over which the Most High’s rule extends (4:1,22,35).
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: ua tsaug
Transliteration: hodayah / yeda (Heb./Aram.)
Doctrine: Prayer and Perseverance in Exile
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Part of Daniel’s prayer life (2:23; 6:10).
Endurance
Approved rendering: kev ua siab ntev
Transliteration: n/a (conceptual)
Doctrine: Faithfulness under Persecution
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Daniel’s pattern of perseverance across decades of pagan rule (chs.1,3,6).
Boasting Pride
Approved rendering: kev khav theeb
Transliteration: gevah (Aram.)
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Nebuchadnezzar’s pride and fall (4:30,37); the little horn’s blasphemous speech (7:8,11,20).
Scripture
Approved rendering: Vaj Lug Kub
Transliteration: hassefarim (Heb.)
Doctrine: Wisdom and Discernment from God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Daniel’s reading of Jeremiah’s prophecy concerning the seventy years, prompting his prayer (9:2).
Thrones
Approved rendering: cov zwm txwv / lub zwm txwv
Transliteration: korsavan (Aram.)
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms
NEW ENTRY. Core-passage term (Dan 7:9). Multiple thrones set before the judgment scene for the Ancient of Days and His heavenly court/council. Kingship/throne imagery is well understood via Hmong clan-chief and kingship folklore; no competing referent.
Great Image Statue Dream Symbol
Approved rendering: tus duab loj (npau suav)
Transliteration: tselem / tsalma (Heb./Aram.)
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms
NEW ENTRY. Dan 2:31-35. A symbolic dream-image representing successive world empires. Kept lexically distinct from the worship-idol of ch.3 (dab mlom) despite sharing the same Aramaic root (tselem); the dream-statue is not an object of worship.
Gabriel Name
Approved rendering: Kanpis-es
Transliteration: Gavri’el (Heb.)
Doctrine: Wisdom and Discernment from God
NEW ENTRY. Dan 8:16; 9:21. Proper name, first named angel in Scripture. [TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED: confirm standard Hmong transliteration convention against any existing published Hmong OT tradition before treating as permanent.]
Wise Shall Shine Like Stars
Approved rendering: cov uas muaj tswvyim ntawm Vajtswv yuav ci ntsa iab ib yam li tej hnub qub
Transliteration: vehammaskilim yazhiru…kakokavim (Heb.)
Doctrine: Wisdom and Discernment from God
NEW ENTRY. Dan 12:3. Closing celebratory image tying enduring wisdom to the final resurrection hope; positive, no collision.
Daniel Name
Approved rendering: Daniyees
Transliteration: Daniyyel (Heb.)
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
NEW ENTRY. Proper name of the protagonist. [TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED: confirm against existing published Hmong Old Testament tradition, if any, before treating as permanent.]
Nebuchadnezzar Name
Approved rendering: Nenpukhanexales
Transliteration: Nevukhadnetstsar (Heb.)
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
NEW ENTRY. Proper name, king of Babylon, chs.1-4. [TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED: confirm standard rendering.]
Belshazzar Name
Approved rendering: Npesaxaj
Transliteration: Belshatstsar (Heb.)
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
NEW ENTRY. Proper name, king of Babylon, ch.5. [TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED: confirm standard rendering.]
Shadrach Meshach Abednego Names
Approved rendering: Sadalaj, Mesake, thiab Anpeexes-Nes
Transliteration: Shadrakh, Meshakh, Aved-Nego (Heb., Babylonian court-names)
Doctrine: Faithfulness under Persecution
Rejected alternatives: substituting Hmong-style names for the Babylonian court-names — FORBIDDEN, would erase the textually significant contrast with their original Hebrew names given in 1:6-7
NEW ENTRY. Proper names, Daniel’s three companions, ch.1,3. Preserve as transliterated Babylonian court-names, distinct from their Hebrew names (Hananiah, Mishael, Azariah), per the text’s own point in 1:7. [TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED: confirm full name set including Hebrew originals for teaching notes.]
Darius Name
Approved rendering: Dali-us
Transliteration: Daryavesh (Heb.)
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
NEW ENTRY. Proper name, king of the Medes, chs.6,9. [TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED: confirm standard rendering.]
Cyrus Name
Approved rendering: Xailauj
Transliteration: Koresh (Heb.)
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
NEW ENTRY. Proper name, king of Persia, chs.1,6,10. [TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED: confirm standard rendering, ideally cross-checked against Hmong Ezra/Isaiah renderings if extant.]
Babylon Name
Approved rendering: Npanpiloos
Transliteration: Bavel (Heb.)
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
NEW ENTRY. Place name, already established in use within babylonian_occult_class; retained as fixed.
Medes And Persians Name
Approved rendering: Midis, Pawxias
Transliteration: Maday, Paras (Aram.)
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
NEW ENTRY. Ethnonyms, already established in use within law_of_medes_and_persians; retained as fixed.
Low-Medium Risk Terms
Mystery
Approved rendering: zaj lus zais cia
Transliteration: raz (Aram.)
Doctrine: Wisdom and Discernment from God
Inherited from Romans package, exact reuse. A previously hidden divine plan disclosed by God alone (Dan 2:18,19,27-30,47); theologically continuous with the Pauline mystērion of Romans 11 and 16.
Exile Captivity
Approved rendering: kev raug ntes coj mus rau lwm lub tebchaws
Transliteration: galah / hegla (Heb.)
Doctrine: Prayer and Perseverance in Exile
NEW ENTRY. Dan 1:1-2. Forced deportation setting the entire book’s frame. Strong positive cultural bridge to the Hmong community’s own 20th-century refugee/exile experience (post-1975 diaspora); primary risk is comprehension-level nuance, not collision.
Most High God
Approved rendering: Vajtswv Siab Tshaj Plaws
Transliteration: illaya / elyon (Aram./Heb.)
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms
NEW ENTRY. Dan 4, 7. Divine title emphasizing supremacy over all kings. Must always be read as the same personal God as Vajtswv, never a separate high-god distinct from lesser spirits, as some animist hierarchies posit; always co-refer explicitly to Vajtswv in the same paragraph on first use per lesson.
Weighed In The Balances
Approved rendering: raug luj hauv lub teev thiab pom tias tsawg dhau lawm
Transliteration: teqil bemoznaya vehishtekach chassir (Aram.)
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms
NEW ENTRY. Dan 5:27 (handwriting-on-the-wall oracle). Marketplace weighing-scale imagery transfers cleanly; comprehension-level nuance only.
The Living God
Approved rendering: Vajtswv uas muaj txoj sia nyob
Transliteration: elaha chayya (Aram.)
Doctrine: Faithfulness under Persecution
NEW ENTRY. Dan 6:20,26. Darius’s confession of Daniel’s God, in implicit contrast to the lifeless idol of ch.3. Positive, apologetically useful phrase.
Time Of The End
Approved rendering: lub sijhawm kawg
Transliteration: et qets (Heb.)
Doctrine: Apocalyptic Prophecy and the End Times
NEW ENTRY. Dan 8:17,19; 11:35,40; 12:4,9. Standard eschatological phrase; comprehension-level only.
Kings Of North And South
Approved rendering: tus vaj ntxwv sab qaum teb / tus vaj ntxwv sab qab teb
Transliteration: melekh hatsafon / melekh hannegev (Heb.)
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms
NEW ENTRY. Dan 11:5ff. An extraordinarily detailed historical-apocalyptic prophecy (Ptolemaic/Seleucid conflicts). Comprehension gap requiring historical-background teaching, not a religious collision.
Everlasting Contempt
Approved rendering: kev txaj muag mus ib txhis
Transliteration: lacharafot ledir’on olam (Heb.)
Doctrine: Apocalyptic Prophecy and the End Times
NEW ENTRY. Dan 12:2. Negative destiny of the resurrected wicked; straightforward antonym-parallel to the baseline eternal_life term.
Seal The Book
Approved rendering: kaw cia phau ntawv no mus txog thaum lub sijhawm kawg
Transliteration: setom haddevarim vachatom hassefer ad-et qets (Heb.)
Doctrine: Apocalyptic Prophecy and the End Times
NEW ENTRY. Dan 12:4,9. Standard apocalyptic-genre delayed-disclosure convention; comprehension-level only.
Medium-High Risk Terms
Books Of Judgment Opened
Approved rendering: cov phau ntawv txiav txim tau qhib
Transliteration: sifrin peticha (Aram.)
Doctrine: Apocalyptic Prophecy and the End Times
NEW ENTRY. Core-passage term (Dan 7:10). Risk of assimilation into East/Southeast-Asian folk-religious ‘books of life and death’ underworld-ledger concepts kept by underworld judges and alterable by ritual offering. Must be taught as God’s own righteous, historical, once-for-all final judgment record, never a manipulable fate-ledger.
Defilement Food Purity
Approved rendering: kev ua kom qias tsis huv
Transliteration: ga’al (Heb.)
Doctrine: Faithfulness under Persecution
NEW ENTRY. Dan 1:8. Ritual/moral contamination through forbidden food or idolatrous association; shares dawb huv-adjacent purity vocabulary already flagged in the Romans baseline’s sanctification entry. Must be taught as covenantal faithfulness and separation from idolatrous association, never a magical contamination-avoidance ritual.
Little Horn
Approved rendering: tus kub yau me
Transliteration: qeren ze’eira / qeren (Aram./Heb.)
Doctrine: Apocalyptic Prophecy and the End Times
NEW ENTRY. Dan 7:8,20-25; 8:9-12,23-25; 11:36ff. A boastful, persecuting ruler; near-historical referent (Antiochus IV) and further eschatological referent must both be taught. Same fixed term reused across chs.7, 8, 11 for consistency.
Saints Of The Most High
Approved rendering: cov ntseeg dawb huv ntawm Vajtswv Siab Tshaj Plaws
Transliteration: qaddishe elyonin (Aram.)
Doctrine: Faithfulness under Persecution
Rejected alternatives: conflation with venerated deceased ancestors — FORBIDDEN
NEW ENTRY. Dan 7:18,22,25,27. The faithful people of God who receive the everlasting kingdom with the Son of Man. Must be taught as living and future faithful believers who reign with Christ, never conflated with venerated ancestors.
Self Exalting King
Approved rendering: tus vaj ntxwv uas tsa nws tus kheej siab dua txhua tus vajtswv
Transliteration: vehitromem vehitgaddel al-kol-el (Heb.)
Doctrine: Apocalyptic Prophecy and the End Times
NEW ENTRY. Dan 11:36. A climactic Antichrist-type figure. Doctrinally dense eschatological figure requiring teaching continuity with the ‘little horn’ figures; must be anchored to the book’s theme of God’s assured final victory to prevent sensationalized end-times teaching.