Core Glossary

Galatians — Core Glossary (Hmong Language Package)

This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term surfaced in analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md, organized by category. Terms marked [Reused — Romans TM] carry forward the exact baseline rendering and risk tier from assets/translation_memory.json / assets/bible_term_registry.json with no modification. Terms marked [NEW] are Galatians-specific candidates for formal TM-revision addition. All risk tiers follow the definitions in bible_term_registry.json’s registry_metadata.risk_tier_definitions. Chapters column uses Galatians chapter numbers (1-6) unless otherwise noted.

A. Divine Persons & Names

English Term	Hmong Rendering	Transliteration	Risk	Doctrine(s)	Chapters	Status
God	Vajtswv	theos	Low	General	all	Reused — Romans TM
Lord	tus Tswv	kyrios	Low	General	1, 6	Reused — Romans TM
Jesus Christ	Yexus Khetos	Iēsous Christos	Low	General	all	Reused — Romans TM
Father (God)	Leej Txiv	patēr	Low	Adoption and Sonship	1, 4	Reused — Romans TM
Holy Spirit	Vaj Ntsuj Plig	pneuma hagion	Critical	Flesh versus Spirit; Fruit of the Spirit; Adoption and Sonship	3, 4, 5, 6	Reused — Romans TM
Son of God	Leej Tub ntawm Vajtswv	huios theou	Low	Crucified with Christ; Adoption and Sonship	1, 2, 4	Reused — Romans TM

B. Gospel, Apostleship & Church

English Term	Hmong Rendering	Transliteration	Risk	Doctrine(s)	Chapters	Status
Gospel	Txoj Moo Zoo	euangelion	Low	True Gospel vs. False Gospels	1, 2, 4	Reused — Romans TM
Different/False Gospel	ib Txoj Moo Zoo uas tsis yog Txoj Moo Zoo tiag	heteron euangelion	Critical	True Gospel vs. False Gospels	1	NEW
Accursed / Anathema	cia nws raug muab cais pov tseg rau txoj kev puas tsuaj	anathema	Critical	True Gospel vs. False Gospels	1	NEW
Apostle	tus Tub Txib	apostolos	Medium	Paul’s Apostleship	1	Reused — Romans TM
Revelation	kev qhia tshwm los (ntawm Vajtswv)	apokalypsis	Low-Medium	Paul’s Apostleship	1	NEW
Church / Assembly	pawg ntseeg	ekklēsia	Low	General / Ecclesial	1	NEW
False brothers	cov kwvtij cuav	pseudadelphoi	Medium	True Gospel vs. False Gospels	2	NEW
Pillars	cov ncej	styloi	Low	Paul’s Apostleship	2	NEW
Hypocrisy	kev ua ntsej muag ncaj tiag tiam sis lub siab tsis ncaj	hypokrisis	Medium	Paul’s Apostleship	2	NEW

C. Justification, Law & Grace

English Term	Hmong Rendering	Transliteration	Risk	Doctrine(s)	Chapters	Status
Righteousness of God / Righteous	Vajtswv txoj kev ncaj ncees / tus ncaj ncees	dikaiosynē theou / dikaios	Critical	Justification by Faith	2, 3, 5	Reused — Romans TM
Justify / Reckon as righteous	ua kom ncaj ncees / raug suav tias ncaj ncees	dikaioō / logizomai	Critical	Justification by Faith	2, 3, 5	Reused — Romans TM
Reckon / Impute	suav / suav tias	logizomai	Critical	Justification by Faith	3	Reused — Romans TM
Works of the Law	tej haujlwm ntawm Txoj Kevcai (ntawm Vajtswv / Mauxes)	erga nomou	Critical	Justification by Faith; Law and Grace	2, 3	NEW
Law (Mosaic/Divine)	Txoj Kevcai (ntawm Vajtswv / Mauxes)	nomos	Critical	Law and Grace; The Law’s Purpose	2, 3, 4, 5, 6	Reused — Romans TM
Curse of the Law	kev raug foom tsis zoo (raws li Txoj Kevcai)	katara	Critical	The Law’s Purpose; Law and Grace	3	NEW
Grace	txiaj ntsim	charis	Critical	Law and Grace; Justification by Faith	1, 2, 5	Reused — Romans TM
Nullify/set aside grace	kuv tsis muab Vajtswv txoj txiaj ntsim pov tseg	atheteō	Critical	Justification by Faith	2	NEW
Fallen from grace	poob ntawm Vajtswv txoj txiaj ntsim lawm	ekpiptō (tēs charitos)	Critical	Law and Grace; Justification by Faith	5	NEW
Circumcision	kev txiav (raws li Txoj Kevcai Mauxes)	peritomē	Medium	Circumcision and the New Creation	2, 5, 6	Reused — Romans TM
Transgressor	tus tsis coj raws (Txoj Kevcai)	parabatēs	Medium	Law and Grace	2	NEW
Sin (act & condition)	txhaum / kev txhaum	hamartia	High	Justification by Faith	1, 2	Reused — Romans TM
Faith / Believe	kev ntseeg / ntseeg	pistis / pisteuō	Medium	Justification by Faith	all	Reused — Romans TM
Law as Guardian (paidagōgos)	tus zov saib xyuas coj mus (kawm ntawv)	paidagōgos	Medium-High	The Law’s Purpose	3	NEW
Mediator	tus nruab nrab	mesitēs	Low-Medium	The Law’s Purpose	3	NEW
”Certainly not!” / “God forbid!“	tsis yog li ntawd kiag li!	mē genoito	Low-Medium	Justification by Faith	2, 3	NEW

D. Abrahamic Covenant, Promise & Israel

English Term	Hmong Rendering	Transliteration	Risk	Doctrine(s)	Chapters	Status
Promise	lus cog tseg	epangelia	Low	Abrahamic Covenant and Promise	3, 4	Reused — Romans TM
Covenant	tsab ntawv cog lus (nrog Vajtswv)	diathēkē	High	Abrahamic Covenant and Promise	3, 4	NEW
Blessing of Abraham	tej koob hmoov ntawm Anplahas (los ntawm kev ntseeg, hauv Yexus Khetos)	eulogia	High	Abrahamic Covenant and Promise	3	NEW
Seed / Offspring (singular)	tus noob	sperma	Medium	Abrahamic Covenant and Promise	3	NEW
Jew	cov Yudas	Ioudaios	Low	Abrahamic Covenant; True Gospel	1, 2, 3	Reused — Romans TM
Greek	cov Kilis	Hellēn	Low	Abrahamic Covenant	2, 3	Reused — Romans TM
Nations / Gentiles	lwm Haiv Neeg	ethnē	Low	Abrahamic Covenant	1, 2, 3	Reused — Romans TM
Scripture	Vaj Lug Kub	graphē	Low	Abrahamic Covenant	3, 4	Reused — Romans TM
Israel of God	cov Yixalayees ntawm Vajtswv	Israēl tou theou	High	The Future of Israel (cross-reference)	6	NEW

E. Union with Christ, Crucifixion & Atonement

English Term	Hmong Rendering	Transliteration	Risk	Doctrine(s)	Chapters	Status
In Christ (union formula)	nyob hauv Khetos	en Christō	High	Crucified with Christ	1, 2, 3, 5	Reused — Romans TM
Christ lives in me	Khetos nyob hauv kuv	Christos en emoi	High	Crucified with Christ	2	NEW
Crucified with Christ	raug ntsia nrog Khetos rau tus Ntoo Khaublig	synestaurōmai	Critical	Crucified with Christ	2, 6	NEW
Cross	tus Ntoo Khaublig	stauros	Low	Crucified with Christ; True Gospel	2, 5, 6	NEW
Gave himself for me/us	muab nws tus kheej cob rau (kuv) txim	paradidōmi heauton	High	Crucified with Christ	1, 2	NEW
Death	txoj kev tuag	thanatos	Low	Crucified with Christ	2	Reused — Romans TM
Redemption	kev txhiv	apolytrōsis	Medium	The Law’s Purpose; Adoption and Sonship	3, 4	Reused — Romans TM
Baptism	kev cai raus dej	baptizō / baptisma	High	Circumcision and the New Creation	3	Reused — Romans TM
New Creation	tus tsim dua ua tus tshiab (hauv Khetos)	kainē ktisis	Critical	Circumcision and the New Creation	6	NEW
Creation	tej uas raug tsim los	ktisis	Low	Circumcision and the New Creation	6	Reused — Romans TM
Eternal life	txoj sia nyob mus ib txhis	zōē aiōnios	Low	Flesh versus Spirit	6	Reused — Romans TM

F. Adoption, Sonship & Inheritance

English Term	Hmong Rendering	Transliteration	Risk	Doctrine(s)	Chapters	Status
Adoption as sons	raug muab coj los ua me tub (ntawm Vajtswv)	huiothesia	Medium	Adoption and Sonship	4	Reused — Romans TM
Abba, Father	Abba, Leej Txiv	Abba ho patēr	Low-Medium	Adoption and Sonship	4	Reused — Romans TM
Heir	tus qub txeeg qub teg	klēronomos	Low	Adoption and Sonship	3, 4	Reused — Romans TM
Fullness of time	thaum lub sijhawm txog tag tiag tiag lawm	plērōma tou chronou	Low	Adoption and Sonship	4	NEW
Elemental spirits / elementary principles	tej yam pib xyaum ntawm lub ntiajteb no	stoicheia tou kosmou	Critical	The Law’s Purpose; Adoption and Sonship	4	NEW
Allegory	zaj lus piv txwv qhia ntxiv	allēgoreō	Medium	Abrahamic Covenant and Promise	4	NEW
Hagar/Sarah — two covenants	Haka (kev ua qhev) / Xala (kev ywj pheej)	(allēgoria)	Medium-High	Abrahamic Covenant; Freedom in Christ	4	NEW
Jerusalem above	lub nroog Yeluxalees saum ntuj ceeb tsheej	hē anō Ierousalēm	Low-Medium	Freedom in Christ	4	NEW
Glory	lub yeeb koob	doxa	Low	General	1	Reused — Romans TM

G. Freedom, Flesh & Spirit

English Term	Hmong Rendering	Transliteration	Risk	Doctrine(s)	Chapters	Status
Freedom in Christ / Liberty	kev ywj pheej (hauv Khetos)	eleutheria	Critical	Freedom in Christ	2, 3, 4, 5	NEW
Yoke of slavery	tug quab ntawm kev ua qhev	zygos douleias	Medium	Freedom in Christ	5	NEW
Servant / Slave (doulos)	qhev	doulos	High	Freedom in Christ; Bearing Burdens	1, 3, 4, 5, 6	Reused — Romans TM
Flesh (neutral: descent/body)	lub cev nqaij tawv	sarx (neutral)	Critical	Crucified with Christ	1, 2, 4	Reused — Romans TM
Flesh (moral: sinful nature)	kev xav/kev ua raws li lub cev nqaij tawv	sarx (moral)	Critical	Flesh versus Spirit	3, 4, 5, 6	Reused — Romans TM
Works of the Flesh	tej haujlwm/kev txhaum uas tawm ntawm kev xav/kev ua raws li lub cev nqaij tawv	erga tēs sarkos	Critical	Flesh versus Spirit	5	NEW
Sorcery	kev ua khawv koob yaig	pharmakeia	Critical	Flesh versus Spirit	5	NEW
Fruit of the Spirit	cov txiv ntawm Vaj Ntsuj Plig	karpos tou pneumatos	Critical	Fruit of the Spirit	5	NEW
Walk by / keep in step with the Spirit	taug kev raws li Vaj Ntsuj Plig coj	peripateō / stoicheō pneumati	Low-Medium	Flesh versus Spirit; Fruit of the Spirit	5	NEW
Kingdom of God	lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Vajtswv	basileia tou theou	Low	Flesh versus Spirit	5	Reused — Romans TM
Bewitched	raug ua khawv koob rau	baskainō	Critical	True Gospel vs. False Gospels	3	NEW

H. Faith, Love & Christian Living

English Term	Hmong Rendering	Transliteration	Risk	Doctrine(s)	Chapters	Status
Love	kev hlub	agapē	Low	Faith Working through Love; Fruit of the Spirit	5	Reused — Romans TM
Faith working through love	kev ntseeg uas ua haujlwm los ntawm kev hlub	pistis di’ agapēs energoumenē	Medium-High	Faith Working through Love	5	NEW
Hope	kev cia siab	elpis	Low	Justification by Faith	5	Reused — Romans TM
Bearing one another’s burdens	kwv lwm tus lub nra	bastazō ta barē	Low-Medium	Bearing One Another’s Burdens	6	NEW
Law of Christ	Txoj Kevcai ntawm Khetos	nomos tou Christou	High	Bearing One Another’s Burdens; Law and Grace	6	NEW
Sowing and reaping	tseb thiab hlais	speirō / therizō	Low	Bearing One Another’s Burdens	6	NEW
Boasting	kev khav theeb	kauchēsis	Low	True Gospel vs. False Gospels	6	Reused — Romans TM
Mercy	txoj kev khuv leej	eleos	Medium	The Future of Israel (cross-ref.)	6	Reused — Romans TM
World	lub ntiajteb	kosmos	Low	Crucified with Christ	6	Reused — Romans TM
Marks of Jesus (stigmata)	tej cim (raug ntaus mob rau) ntawm Yexus	stigmata tou Iēsou	Low-Medium	Paul’s Apostleship	6	NEW
Persecution	tsim txom	diōkō	Low-Medium	Paul’s Apostleship; True Gospel vs. False Gospels	1, 4, 5, 6	NEW
Will of God	Vajtswv lub siab nyiam	thelēma theou	Medium	Paul’s Apostleship	1	Reused — Romans TM
Peace	kev thaj yeeb	eirēnē	Low	General	1, 6	Reused — Romans TM
Truth (of the gospel)	qhov tseeb (ntawm Txoj Moo Zoo)	alētheia	Low	True Gospel vs. False Gospels	2	Reused — Romans TM

I. Baptismal Unity Formula (Galatians 3:28)

English Term	Hmong Rendering	Transliteration	Risk	Doctrine(s)	Chapters	Status
Neither Jew nor Greek, slave nor free, male nor female — all one in Christ	tsis muaj cov Yudas los sis cov Kilis, tsis muaj qhev los sis tus muaj kev ywj pheej, tsis muaj txiv neej thiab poj niam faib, rau qhov nej sawvdaws yog ib tug hauv Yexus Khetos	ouk eni Ioudaios oude Hellēn…	Medium-High	Freedom in Christ; Abrahamic Covenant	3	NEW

Full-Book Chapter Coverage Confirmation

Chapter	New Terms Contributed	Reused Baseline Terms	Coverage Status
1	False/different gospel, anathema, revelation, church, zealous, persecution, gave-himself-for-us	Apostle, grace, peace, will of God, glory	Reviewed — full coverage
2	Works of the law, “certainly not,” transgressor, crucified with Christ, cross, gave-himself-for-me, nullify grace, false brothers, pillars, hypocrisy	Justify/reckon righteous, law, circumcision, sin, faith, truth	Reviewed — core passage (2:15-21) given full verse-by-verse treatment in 07_semantic_analysis.md Part A
3	Bewitched, curse of the law, blessing of Abraham, covenant, seed/offspring, mediator, law-as-guardian, baptismal unity formula	Righteousness, reckon/impute, promise, jew, greek, nations, scripture, baptism, in-Christ formula	Reviewed — full coverage
4	Fullness of time, elemental spirits, allegory, Hagar/Sarah two covenants, Jerusalem above	Adoption, Abba Father, heir, holy spirit, son of God, redemption, flesh (neutral)	Reviewed — full coverage
5	Freedom in Christ, yoke of slavery, fallen from grace, faith working through love, works of the flesh, sorcery, fruit of the Spirit, walk by the Spirit	Flesh (moral), grace, circumcision, kingdom of God, love, hope, servant/slave	Reviewed — full coverage
6	Bearing one another’s burdens, law of Christ, sowing and reaping, new creation, Israel of God, marks of Jesus	Boasting, cross, crucified with Christ, world, mercy, creation, eternal life	Reviewed — full coverage

No chapter of Galatians was found to introduce zero new theological vocabulary; all six chapters are logged above per the full-book-coverage mandate.

Critical Risk Terms

Holy Spirit

Approved rendering: Vaj Ntsuj Plig
Transliteration: pneuma hagion / pneuma hagiōsynēs
Doctrine: Sanctification and Life in the Spirit
Rejected alternatives: bare ntsuj plig (no Vaj prefix) — rejected, denotes an animistic wandering human soul

Inherited from Romans package verbatim. The mandatory Vaj prefix is even more load-bearing in Galatians because the ch.5 Fruit-of-the-Spirit list is the direct counter-catalogue to sorcery and Works of the Flesh; a dropped prefix would let the fruit-list read as products of an animistic human soul. Reused in ch. 3, 4, 5, 6 for Flesh versus Spirit, Fruit of the Spirit, and Adoption and Sonship doctrines.

Grace

Approved rendering: txiaj ntsim
Transliteration: charis
Doctrine: Grace and Salvation by Faith Alone
Rejected alternatives: koob hmoov (fortune/blessing tied to fate and ritual correctness) — PERMANENTLY FORBIDDEN for this sense; would invert sola gratia

Inherited from Romans package verbatim. koob hmoov remains permanently forbidden for this sense in Galatians (chs.1, 2, 5). One narrow, fully-fenced exception is licensed elsewhere in this TM for the DISTINCT Greek lexeme eulogia — see blessing_of_abraham below — never for charis itself.

Flesh Neutral Descent Body

Approved rendering: lub cev nqaij tawv
Transliteration: sarx (neutral)
Doctrine: Original Sin and Universal Guilt
Rejected alternatives: bare nqaij used unmarked for both senses — rejected, collapses neutral and moral senses of flesh

Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Used for physical body/lineage in Galatians 1, 2, 4 (e.g. ‘born of a woman,’ Ishmael ‘born according to the flesh’). Must be kept lexically distinct from flesh_moral_sinful_nature, especially in ch.4’s Hagar/Sarah typology where both senses appear within a few verses of each other.

Flesh Moral Sinful Nature

Approved rendering: kev xav/kev ua raws li lub cev nqaij tawv
Transliteration: sarx (moral)
Doctrine: Sanctification and Life in the Spirit
Rejected alternatives: bare nqaij tawv reused unmarked from neutral sense — rejected, undermines the flesh/Spirit contrast

Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Dominant sense in Galatians ch.3-6, governing works_of_the_flesh (5:19-21) and the sowing_and_reaping warning (6:8). Never permit bare nqaij/nqaij tawv unqualified anywhere in Galatians content.

Righteousness Of God Righteous

Approved rendering: Vajtswv txoj kev ncaj ncees / tus ncaj ncees
Transliteration: dikaiosynē theou / dikaios
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: bare ‘kev ncaj ncees’ without the reckoning qualifier — rejected, reads as self-achieved moralism

Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Appears at maximum density in the Galatians core passage (2:15-21) and in ch.3, 5; must always be paired with justify_reckon_as_righteous.

Justify Reckon As Righteous

Approved rendering: ua kom ncaj ncees / raug suav tias ncaj ncees
Transliteration: dikaioō / logizomai
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: ‘ua zoo’ (do good) framing — rejected, reintroduces works-righteousness

Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Appears three times negated and once affirmed within Galatians 2:16 alone — the densest justification statement in either letter.

Law Mosaic Divine

Approved rendering: Txoj Kevcai (ntawm Vajtswv / Mauxes)
Transliteration: nomos
Doctrine: The Law and Its Purpose
Rejected alternatives: bare ‘Txoj Kevcai’ without qualifier — rejected, collapses into kev cai dab qhuas (ancestral spirit-worship customs), imported loanword for ‘law’ — rejected, doctrinally inert

Inherited from Romans package verbatim. The mandatory qualifier is even more critical in Galatians because the letter’s entire polemic depends on distinguishing this term from both ancestral custom-keeping AND the new ‘Txoj Kevcai ntawm Khetos’ (Law of Christ, ch.6) — the kevcai root now carries five distinct senses across this Language Package (see law_of_christ note).

Reckon Impute

Approved rendering: suav / suav tias
Transliteration: logizomai
Doctrine: Justification by Faith

Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Applied to Abraham’s faith in Galatians 3:6.

Different False Gospel

Approved rendering: ib Txoj Moo Zoo uas tsis yog Txoj Moo Zoo tiag
Transliteration: heteron euangelion
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Rejected alternatives: bare ‘lwm Txoj Moo Zoo’ (a different Good News) — rejected, reads as an alternative valid gospel rather than a counterfeit that is no gospel at all

NEW ENTRY (Galatians 1:6-7). Negates the fixed ‘Txoj Moo Zoo’ term rather than replacing it. Must never be shortened to bare ‘lwm Txoj Moo Zoo’ under any space constraint (headers, quiz options).

Anathema Accursed

Approved rendering: cia nws raug muab cais pov tseg rau txoj kev puas tsuaj
Transliteration: anathema estō
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Rejected alternatives: foom-family ritual-malediction vocabulary — forbidden, implies a reversible spirit-mediated curse rather than an irreversible divine judicial verdict, transliterated loanword — rejected, sidesteps the necessary contrast-teaching

NEW ENTRY (Galatians 1:8-9). [TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED: possible collision] — must be taught as God’s own judicial verdict on false teaching, never a magical curse-mechanism. Deliberately built without foom vocabulary because 5:20 elsewhere names and condemns the khawv koob practice-domain (see sorcery entry); using cursed-vocabulary here would blur that line.

Works Of The Law

Approved rendering: tej haujlwm ntawm Txoj Kevcai (ntawm Vajtswv / Mauxes)
Transliteration: erga nomou
Doctrine: Justification by Faith; Law and Grace

NEW ENTRY (Galatians 2:16 x3, 3:2, 3:5, 3:10). Must always carry the mandatory Law qualifier. Must never be confused with good works generally or with the Fruit of the Spirit (ch.5): the doctrinal point is that THIS specific category (law-observance) cannot justify, not that obedience is worthless.

Curse Of The Law

Approved rendering: kev raug foom tsis zoo (raws li Txoj Kevcai)
Transliteration: katara
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose; Law and Grace

NEW ENTRY (Galatians 3:10, 3:13). [TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED: possible collision] — a judicial, covenantal verdict pronounced by the Law for objective transgression, not a capricious spirit-curse remedied by ritual appeasement (the dominant Hmong folk category for foom tsis zoo). Must always be anchored to the mandatory Law qualifier and taught alongside redemption/Christ ‘became a curse for us’ to show the curse is judicially absorbed, not ritually deflected.

Nullify Grace

Approved rendering: kuv tsis muab Vajtswv txoj txiaj ntsim pov tseg
Transliteration: ouk athetō
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: shortened form dropping ‘Vajtswv txoj’ — rejected, would read as nullifying impersonal favor/luck rather than God’s specific saving grace

NEW ENTRY (Galatians 2:21). Inherits grace/txiaj ntsim’s Critical status; the verb phrase must never be shortened.

Fallen From Grace

Approved rendering: poob ntawm Vajtswv txoj txiaj ntsim lawm
Transliteration: tēs charitos exepesate
Doctrine: Law and Grace; Justification by Faith

NEW ENTRY (Galatians 5:4). [TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED: doctrinal scope] — describes the specific danger of seeking legal-righteousness as a justifying ground (5:2-4, circumcision-as-justification-strategy), not a general ‘losing salvation through sinning’ warning. Never taught detached from its immediate context.

Crucified With Christ

Approved rendering: raug ntsia nrog Khetos rau tus Ntoo Khaublig
Transliteration: Christō synestaurōmai
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Rejected alternatives: literal self-mortification/ascetic practice framing — forbidden, empties the term of its once-for-all participatory-union force, generic ‘ego-death’/transformation metaphor — forbidden, loses the specific historical Christ-event as the means

NEW ENTRY (Galatians 2:19-20, 5:24, 6:14). The doctrinal peer of in_christ_union_formula; must always be taught as a real, once-for-all participatory union — never a call to literal self-mortification, never softened into ‘trying to imitate Christ’s suffering.’ Requires human theologian review as the heart of the Crucified-with-Christ doctrine.

New Creation

Approved rendering: tus tsim dua ua tus tshiab (hauv Khetos)
Transliteration: kainē ktisis
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Rejected alternatives: ‘tsim dua tshiab’ alone — rejected, risks being heard as restoration of an existing thing rather than a wholly new identity

NEW ENTRY (Galatians 6:15). [TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED: possible collision] — must be distinguished from the Hmong ritual soul-restoration ceremony hu plig, which calls back and restores an EXISTING wandering soul; Paul’s ‘new creation’ inaugurates an entirely new spiritual identity through union with the crucified-and-risen Christ, not a restoration of something lost. Mandatory human theologian review; the climactic answer to the letter’s circumcision controversy.

Elemental Spirits

Approved rendering: tej yam pib xyaum ntawm lub ntiajteb no
Transliteration: ta stoicheia tou kosmou
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose; Adoption and Sonship
Rejected alternatives: dab-family vocabulary — forbidden, would imply these are legitimately potent spirit-beings worthy of residual respect, transliterated loanword — rejected, opaque, would forfeit the necessary contrast-teaching

NEW ENTRY (Galatians 4:3, 4:9). [TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED: possible collision] — sits directly atop Hmong traditional religion’s populated cosmos of nature-spirits and household/ancestor spirits (dab). Mandatory teaching note must state plainly these ‘elements’ are ‘not gods’ (4:8) and that both Gentile idol-worship and Jewish ritual-calendar legalism are equally ‘weak and worthless’ (4:9) alternatives to freedom in Christ. Mandatory human theologian review, one of the highest-priority terms in this Language Package.

Freedom In Christ

Approved rendering: kev ywj pheej (hauv Khetos)
Transliteration: eleutheria
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Rejected alternatives: bare ‘kev ywj pheej’ with no 5:13 qualification — forbidden, collapses into either antinomian license or a merely political/social-liberation reading disconnected from freedom-from-the-Law’s-curse

NEW ENTRY (Galatians 2:4, 5:1, 5:13). Named thesis of chapter 5; must always be taught with its immediate qualification (5:13). Bare ‘kev ywj pheej’ in contemporary Hmong usage most readily evokes political/social liberation (salient in Hmong refugee/diaspora historical memory), not freedom from legal condemnation and sin’s dominion. Mandatory human theologian review as a named curriculum doctrine.

Works Of The Flesh

Approved rendering: tej haujlwm/kev txhaum uas tawm ntawm kev xav/kev ua raws li lub cev nqaij tawv
Transliteration: ta erga tēs sarkos
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit

NEW ENTRY (Galatians 5:19-21). Reuses the fixed flesh_moral_sinful_nature periphrasis verbatim; the negative counterpart to the Fruit of the Spirit, structuring the ch.5 Flesh-versus-Spirit doctrine as a contrast between two catalogues.

Sorcery

Approved rendering: kev ua khawv koob yaig
Transliteration: pharmakeia
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Rejected alternatives: euphemistic ‘witchcraft in general’ term — rejected, blunts the letter’s direct address to converts from shamanic backgrounds, transliterated loanword — rejected, opaque, forfeits the needed direct naming of the practice

NEW ENTRY (Galatians 5:20). [TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED: direct collision] — names and condemns by name the exact category of magical/ritual practice associated with Hmong shamanism (khawv koob, ua neeb ua yaig). The single most direct doctrinal collision point in this entire Language Package (Romans + Galatians); must be taught as a clear apostolic prohibition of magical/spiritist practice as categorically incompatible with inheriting the Kingdom of God, addressed pastorally for converts from a shamanic background without gratuitously shaming Hmong cultural identity as a whole. Mandatory human theologian review, HIGHEST PRIORITY in this Language Package.

Fruit Of The Spirit

Approved rendering: cov txiv ntawm Vaj Ntsuj Plig
Transliteration: ho karpos tou pneumatos
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Rejected alternatives: dropped ‘Vaj’ prefix — forbidden, would suggest the virtue-list arises from an animistic human ntsuj plig rather than the divine Spirit’s exclusive work

NEW ENTRY (Galatians 5:22-23). Must retain the mandatory Vaj prefix at every occurrence. The ninth listed quality (pistis, 5:22) here means ‘faithfulness/reliability’ (character trait) rather than justifying ‘faith’ (trust, faith_believe); [TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED: sense-distinction] — recommend the distinct rendering ‘kev ncaj ncees rau lus cog tseg’ for this occurrence only, footnoted to distinguish it from justifying faith. Positioned as the direct positive counterpart to the sorcery-inclusive Works of the Flesh list.

Bewitched

Approved rendering: raug ua khawv koob rau, ua rau nej tsis pom qhov tseeb ntxiv lawm
Transliteration: ebaskanen
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Rejected alternatives: literal validation of curse/spell mechanics — forbidden, contradicts the letter’s own polemic against returning to weak and worthless elemental spirits

NEW ENTRY (Galatians 3:1). [TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED: possible collision] — directly invokes vocabulary from Hmong shamanic spell-casting (khawv koob, ua yeeb ua yaig). Must be taught explicitly as Paul’s rhetorical figure of speech for being deceived by false teaching, never as validating a literal spiritual mechanism of curses/spells. Must be taught jointly with the sorcery entry (5:20) to avoid internal inconsistency for a convert audience.

High Risk Terms

Servant Slave Doulos

Approved rendering: qhev
Transliteration: doulos
Doctrine: General / Ecclesial Office
Rejected alternatives: koom tes (co-worker/partner) — rejected softening found in some pulpit paraphrases, erases total-surrender force

Inherited from Romans package verbatim. In Galatians carries double duty: Paul’s honored self-designation (1:10) and the negative pole of the freedom/slavery antithesis governing chs.4-5 (yoke_of_slavery, baptismal_unity_formula); also reused positively in marks_of_jesus_stigmata (6:17). Both senses require the same catechetical note distinguishing voluntary honored bondservice from involuntary/legal-bondage slavery, applied to the correct referent in each context.

Sin Act And Condition

Approved rendering: txhaum / kev txhaum
Transliteration: hamartia
Doctrine: Original Sin and Universal Guilt

Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Reused in Galatians 1, 2 (gentile_sinners, servant_of_sin_ironic); same High-risk collision with Hmong reparable-social-fault framing applies.

Baptism

Approved rendering: kev cai raus dej
Transliteration: baptizō / baptisma
Doctrine: Union with Christ
Rejected alternatives: transliterated loanword — rejected, baptism-as-testimony-only catechesis — rejected, loses union-with-Christ doctrine

Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Central to Circumcision and the New Creation doctrine’s argument that ritual status (circumcision) is superseded by union with Christ (3:27, linked to clothed_with_christ below).

In Christ Union Formula

Approved rendering: nyob hauv Khetos
Transliteration: en Christō
Doctrine: Union with Christ
Rejected alternatives: bare spatial ‘hauv’ with no fixed co-text — rejected, misses the participatory, mystical-union sense

Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Load-bearing for Crucified with Christ and Freedom in Christ doctrines across Galatians 1, 2, 3, 5 (e.g. freedom ‘in Christ Jesus,’ 2:4; baptismal unity ‘in Christ Jesus,’ 3:28). Always co-textually anchored to union with Christ’s death/resurrection. Its reversed-direction companion, Christ living IN the believer, receives its own new entry below (christ_lives_in_me).

All Israel Will Be Saved

Approved rendering: tag nrho cov Yixalayees yuav dim
Transliteration: pas Israēl sōthēsetai
Doctrine: The Future of Israel
Rejected alternatives: flattening to generic clan/lineage-continuity language — rejected, loses covenant-salvation claim, leaving unanchored to irrevocable calling — rejected, risks supersessionist misreading

Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Referenced in Galatians only cross-referentially: the ambiguous ‘Israel of God’ (6:16, new entry israel_of_god below) must be held in careful tension with this Romans-baseline entry and its caution against supersessionist misreading.

Idol

Approved rendering: dab mlom
Transliteration: eidōlon
Doctrine: Original Sin and Universal Guilt
Rejected alternatives: generic ‘statue’ softening — rejected, must not soften the term

Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Underlies the teaching context of Galatians 4:8 (‘formerly… you were enslaved to those that by nature are not gods’), which grounds the elemental_spirits entry below; the two must be taught together.

Christ Died For Nothing

Approved rendering: Khetos tuag tsis muaj qab hau li lawm
Transliteration: Christos dōrean apethanen
Doctrine: Justification by Faith

NEW ENTRY (Galatians 2:21). [TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED: wordplay note] — the Greek pun with ‘freely’ (dōrean, same root as Romans 3:24’s ‘justified freely by his grace’) cannot be reproduced in Hmong; footnote should note the connection without altering the fixed rendering. The rhetorical climax and logical linchpin of Gal 2:15-21.

Died To The Law

Approved rendering: los ntawm Txoj Kevcai (ntawm Vajtswv / Mauxes), kuv tuag rau Txoj Kevcai lawm
Transliteration: dia nomou nomō apethanon
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose; Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: ‘the Law stopped applying to me’ simplification — rejected, antinomian misreading

NEW ENTRY (Galatians 2:19). Requires a dedicated teaching note: the Law itself, by pronouncing its curse, becomes the instrument by which the believer passes through its condemning verdict via union with the crucified Christ and emerges free.

Covenant

Approved rendering: tsab ntawv cog lus (nrog Vajtswv)
Transliteration: diathēkē
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise

NEW ENTRY (Galatians 3:15, 3:17, 4:24). No exact Hmong customary-law equivalent to a unilateral, irrevocable testamentary covenant; must be taught with explicit emphasis on irrevocability and divine unilateral initiative. Kept lexically distinct from ‘promise,’ which names the covenant’s content.

Blessing Of Abraham

Approved rendering: tej koob hmoov ntawm Anplahas (los ntawm kev ntseeg, hauv Yexus Khetos)
Transliteration: eulogia
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Rejected alternatives: bare ‘koob hmoov’ with no anchoring clause — forbidden, would re-infect a salvific referent with fate/ritual-correctness connotation

NEW ENTRY (Galatians 3:8-9, 3:14). eulogia is a distinct Greek lexeme from charis, so koob hmoov is lexically permissible ONLY inside this fixed, fully-qualified collocation — never standalone in a justification/grace context. The single, deliberate, narrowly fenced exception to the Romans baseline’s koob hmoov prohibition. Recommend human theologian review at first curriculum use.

Israel Of God

Approved rendering: cov Yixalayees ntawm Vajtswv
Transliteration: ton Israēl tou theou
Doctrine: The Future of Israel (cross-reference)
Rejected alternatives: unilateral resolution toward either ‘true/spiritual Israel = the church’ or ‘believing ethnic remnant’ reading — rejected, forecloses a genuine exegetical debate

NEW ENTRY (Galatians 6:16). [TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED: exegetical ambiguity] — must be held in careful tension with the Romans baseline’s all_israel_will_be_saved entry and its caution against supersessionist misreading. Teaching notes should present both scholarly positions rather than adjudicate.

Christ Lives In Me

Approved rendering: Khetos nyob hauv kuv
Transliteration: zē en emoi Christos
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ

NEW ENTRY (Galatians 2:20). Built on the fixed nyob hauv formula (in_christ_union_formula), direction reversed. Must always retain explicit co-text distinguishing this from a spatial/possession reading; kept lexically parallel to, and taught alongside, nyob hauv Khetos.

Gave Himself For Me

Approved rendering: muab nws tus kheej cob rau (kuv) txim
Transliteration: paradontos heauton hyper emou
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ

NEW ENTRY (Galatians 1:4, 2:20). Must be taught alongside love and the Romans propitiation_atoning_sacrifice entry as two complementary facets of the same atoning event — the personal (‘for me’) and the cultic/judicial (mercy-seat) — without collapsing either into the other.

Law Of Christ

Approved rendering: Txoj Kevcai ntawm Khetos
Transliteration: ton nomon tou Christou
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens; Law and Grace

NEW ENTRY (Galatians 6:2). [TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED: relationship to Txoj Kevcai ntawm Vajtswv/Mauxes] — deliberately reuses the word Txoj Kevcai (Law) a distinct third way in this letter (alongside Law of Moses and works of the Law), risking a reading that reinstates Mosaic-law-keeping as a justification requirement. Mandatory teaching note distinguishing ‘the Law of Christ’ (Spirit-fulfilled ethic of love) from ‘the Law of Moses’ (whose works cannot justify) is required at every occurrence.

Medium Risk Terms

Apostle

Approved rendering: tus Tub Txib
Transliteration: apostolos
Doctrine: General / Ecclesial Office

Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Central to Paul’s Apostleship doctrine (Gal 1-2); Gal 1:1 adds the crucial ‘not from man nor through man’ qualifier absent from Romans’ self-designation — see not_from_man_through_man entry below.

Deacon Servant

Approved rendering: tus pab tu pawg ntseeg
Transliteration: diakonos
Doctrine: Christian Living and Unity in the Church
Rejected alternatives: qhev — rejected, would confuse a recognized office of service with the total-ownership bondservant metaphor, generic ‘tus pab’ with no office-marking — rejected, under-recognizes formal ministry roles

Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Referenced in Galatians only as the term NOT to use for the ironic negative sense of diakonos in 2:17 (servant_of_sin_ironic below); the two must be kept lexically separate at every occurrence.

Faith Believe

Approved rendering: kev ntseeg / ntseeg
Transliteration: pistis / pisteuō
Doctrine: Justification by Faith

Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Must always be anchored explicitly to Christ as object throughout Galatians’ works-vs-faith argument (chs. 2, 3, 5). Kept distinct from the Fruit-of-the-Spirit ninth item’s ‘faithfulness’ sense — see fruit_of_the_spirit note below.

Circumcision

Approved rendering: kev txiav (raws li Txoj Kevcai Mauxes)
Transliteration: peritomē
Doctrine: The Law and Its Purpose

Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Central to Circumcision and the New Creation doctrine in Galatians (chs. 2, 5, 6); the stakes are higher than in Romans since circumcision-as-justification-requirement is the letter’s central controversy.

Adoption As Sons

Approved rendering: raug muab coj los ua me tub (ntawm Vajtswv)
Transliteration: huiothesia
Doctrine: Union with Christ

Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Central to Galatians’ Adoption and Sonship doctrine (4:1-7), explicitly tied to redemption from being ‘under the law’ (4:5). Strong positive bridge via real Hmong clan-adoption custom; risk is under-teaching the uniqueness of divine sonship, not collision.

Will Of God

Approved rendering: Vajtswv lub siab nyiam
Transliteration: thelēma theou
Doctrine: Election and the Sovereignty of God

Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Grounds Christ’s self-giving in Galatians 1:4.

Mercy

Approved rendering: txoj kev khuv leej
Transliteration: eleos
Doctrine: Election and the Sovereignty of God
Rejected alternatives: txiaj ntsim (grace) used interchangeably for mercy — rejected, theologically distinct emphases

Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Invoked in the closing blessing (Gal 6:16) on those who follow the rule of the new creation and on the Israel of God.

Redemption

Approved rendering: kev txhiv
Transliteration: apolytrōsis
Doctrine: Grace and Salvation by Faith Alone

Inherited from Romans package verbatim; Galatians uses the verb exagorazō (‘bought out of the marketplace,’ 3:13, 4:5) rather than Romans’ apolytrōsis noun-form, but the same economic-legal bridge via Hmong debt-redemption custom applies. Needs consistent anchoring to Christ as price-payer for both the Law’s curse (3:13) and adoption (4:5).

Revelation

Approved rendering: kev qhia tshwm los (ntawm Vajtswv)
Transliteration: apokalypsis / apekalypsen
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship

NEW ENTRY (Galatians 1:12, 1:16). Must be distinguished in teaching from shamanic spirit-revelation/divination (ua neeb saib); the parenthetical God-anchor should be retained wherever this term grounds an apostolic-authority claim.

False Brothers

Approved rendering: cov kwvtij cuav
Transliteration: pseudadelphoi
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels

NEW ENTRY (Galatians 2:4). Concrete kinship-fidelity vocabulary transfers well; identifies an internal (not merely external) threat to gospel purity.

Hypocrisy

Approved rendering: kev ua ntsej muag ncaj tiag tiam sis lub siab tsis ncaj
Transliteration: hypokrisis
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship

NEW ENTRY (Galatians 2:13). Comprehension-level idiom anchored in the siab (liver/heart) as seat of sincerity; describes Peter’s withdrawal from Gentile table-fellowship (2:11-14), the occasion precipitating the core passage.

Servant Of Sin Ironic

Approved rendering: tus pab txhaum kom loj hlob
Transliteration: hamartias diakonos
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: fixed office-title ‘tus pab tu pawg ntseeg’ (deacon_servant) — forbidden, would confuse Phoebe’s honored office with this ironic negative usage

NEW ENTRY (Galatians 2:17). Same Greek lexeme as the honored church office, here used pejoratively — the only Pauline instance of this negative sense; must use a full descriptive phrase, never the office term.

Transgressor

Approved rendering: tus tsis coj raws (Txoj Kevcai ntawm Vajtswv / Mauxes)
Transliteration: parabatēs
Doctrine: Law and Grace

NEW ENTRY (Galatians 2:18). Kept distinct from the broader txhaum (sin) term to preserve Paul’s specific legal-violation nuance.

Faith Of Jesus Christ Genitive

Approved rendering: kev ntseeg (rau Yexus Khetos)
Transliteration: pisteōs Iēsou Christou
Doctrine: Justification by Faith

NEW ENTRY (Galatians 2:16). [TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED: genitive ambiguity] — ambiguous between ‘faith IN Christ’ and ‘the faithfulness OF Christ’; Hmong lacks a case system to preserve this. Fixed rendering makes explicit the object of trust is Christ; footnote may note the alternate reading without changing the fixed rendering.

Seed Offspring

Approved rendering: tus noob (singular) / cov noob (plural)
Transliteration: sperma
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise

NEW ENTRY (Galatians 3:16, 3:19, 3:29). Strong cultural bridge via clan-descent; the singular/plural distinction Paul relies on is grammatically reproducible via classifier choice (tus vs. cov), which should be explicitly taught.

Allegory

Approved rendering: zaj lus piv txwv qhia ntxiv
Transliteration: allēgoroumena
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise

NEW ENTRY (Galatians 4:24). Comprehension-level; Hmong oral tradition’s folktale/parable conventions bridge reasonably well, but a teaching note is required to avoid the impression that Genesis is treated as non-historical fable rather than typological history.

Yoke Of Slavery

Approved rendering: tug quab ntawm kev ua qhev
Transliteration: zygō douleias
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ

NEW ENTRY (Galatians 5:1). Concrete agricultural yoke-imagery, culturally accessible; reuses servant_slave_doulos (qhev, High) inside an antithetical warning image.

Low Risk Terms

God

Approved rendering: Vajtswv
Transliteration: theos
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Rejected alternatives: Ntuj (impersonal sky/heaven) — rejected, lacks personal deity sense, dab (spirit) — rejected, denotes false/lesser spirit

Inherited from Romans package verbatim; unchanged rendering, risk tier, and alternatives_rejected. Reused throughout Galatians (all chapters). Original note: Established compound (king+lord).

Lord

Approved rendering: tus Tswv
Transliteration: kyrios
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting

Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Reused in Galatians 1, 6. Original note: Stable existing usage; applied to God and Christ.

Jesus Christ

Approved rendering: Yexus Khetos
Transliteration: Iēsous Christos
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting

Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Reused throughout Galatians. Original note: Standard transliteration baseline.

Father God

Approved rendering: Leej Txiv
Transliteration: patēr
Doctrine: Union with Christ

Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Reused in Galatians for Adoption and Sonship doctrine (ch.1, 4), paired with ‘Leej Tub’. Original note: Honorific already settled; pairs with Leej Tub for the Son.

Son Of God

Approved rendering: Leej Tub ntawm Vajtswv
Transliteration: huios theou
Doctrine: Union with Christ
Rejected alternatives: diminished-sonship renderings found in sectarian materials — rejected, must preserve full deity

Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Reused in Galatians 1, 2, 4 for Crucified with Christ and Adoption and Sonship doctrines.

Gospel

Approved rendering: Txoj Moo Zoo
Transliteration: euangelion
Doctrine: The Gospel as the Power of God for Salvation

Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Reused in Galatians 1, 2, 4; also the fixed positive term negated to form ‘different_false_gospel’ below.

Peace

Approved rendering: kev thaj yeeb
Transliteration: eirēnē
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting

Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Reused in Galatians 1 (greeting) and 5 (Fruit of the Spirit list) and 6.

Promise

Approved rendering: lus cog tseg
Transliteration: epangelia
Doctrine: Election and the Sovereignty of God

Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Central to the Abrahamic Covenant and Promise doctrine (chs. 3, 4); kept lexically distinct from the new ‘covenant’ entry below, which names the promise’s legal form.

Nations Gentiles

Approved rendering: lwm Haiv Neeg
Transliteration: ethnē
Doctrine: The Future of Israel

Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Reused in Galatians 1, 2, 3; part of the gentile_sinners compound below.

Jew

Approved rendering: cov Yudas
Transliteration: Ioudaios
Doctrine: The Future of Israel

Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Reused in Galatians 1, 2, 3.

Greek

Approved rendering: cov Kilis
Transliteration: Hellēn
Doctrine: The Future of Israel

Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Reused in Galatians 2, 3 (baptismal_unity_formula).

Death

Approved rendering: txoj kev tuag
Transliteration: thanatos
Doctrine: Original Sin and Universal Guilt

Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Used in Galatians 2 in view of the believer’s co-crucifixion with Christ (2:19-20) and of Christ’s own death (2:21).

Eternal Life

Approved rendering: txoj sia nyob mus ib txhis
Transliteration: zōē aiōnios
Doctrine: Union with Christ

Inherited from Romans package verbatim. The harvest of sowing to the Spirit in Galatians 6:8, contrasted with sowing to the flesh.

Heir

Approved rendering: tus qub txeeg qub teg
Transliteration: klēronomos
Doctrine: Union with Christ

Inherited from Romans package verbatim. ‘No longer a slave but a son, and if a son, then an heir through God’ (Gal 4:7); also 3:29.

Glory

Approved rendering: lub yeeb koob
Transliteration: doxa
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting

Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Closes the Galatians epistolary greeting (1:5).

Kingdom Of God

Approved rendering: lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Vajtswv
Transliteration: basileia tou theou
Doctrine: Christian Living and Unity in the Church

Inherited from Romans package verbatim. In Galatians 5:21, those who practice the Works of the Flesh (including sorcery) are said not to inherit it.

World

Approved rendering: lub ntiajteb
Transliteration: kosmos
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting

Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Galatians 6:14: ‘the world has been crucified to me, and I to the world.‘

Scripture

Approved rendering: Vaj Lug Kub
Transliteration: graphē
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting

Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Cited as authoritative proof-text for the Abrahamic-promise argument in Galatians 3, 4.

Love

Approved rendering: kev hlub
Transliteration: agapē
Doctrine: Christian Living and Unity in the Church

Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Central to Faith Working through Love (5:6) and first-listed in the Fruit of the Spirit (5:22); also the fulfillment of the whole Law (5:14).

Hope

Approved rendering: kev cia siab
Transliteration: elpis
Doctrine: Sanctification and Life in the Spirit

Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Galatians 5:5, ‘through the Spirit, by faith, we ourselves eagerly wait for the hope of righteousness.‘

Truth

Approved rendering: qhov tseeb
Transliteration: alētheia
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting

Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Compounded as ‘qhov tseeb ntawm Txoj Moo Zoo’ (truth of the gospel) in Galatians 2:5, 2:14, central to the confrontation preceding the core passage.

Boasting

Approved rendering: kev khav theeb
Transliteration: kauchēsis
Doctrine: Justification by Faith

Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Galatians 6:4, 6:13-14 redirects boasting exclusively toward the cross rather than eliminating it entirely — worth a brief teaching note on this nuance.

Creation

Approved rendering: tej uas raug tsim los
Transliteration: ktisis
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting

Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Baseline term underlying the new_creation entry below (Galatians 6:15).

Not From Man Through Man

Approved rendering: tsis yog los ntawm neeg, tsis yog dhau ntawm ib tug neeg
Transliteration: ouk ap’ anthrōpōn oude di’ anthrōpou
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship

NEW ENTRY (Galatians 1:1). Grounds Paul’s apostolic authority in direct divine commissioning; comprehension-level emphasis, no collision.

Church Assembly

Approved rendering: pawg ntseeg
Transliteration: ekklēsia
Doctrine: General / Ecclesial

NEW ENTRY (Galatians 1:2, 1:13, 1:22) — first standalone TM entry; already implicit in the Romans baseline’s deacon_servant gloss. No traditional-religion collision.

Zealous

Approved rendering: kub siab lug heev rau
Transliteration: zēlōtēs
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship

NEW ENTRY (Galatians 1:14). Stable descriptive idiom; no collision.

Persecution

Approved rendering: tsim txom
Transliteration: ediōkon / diōkō
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship; The True Gospel versus False Gospels

NEW ENTRY. Recurs at Galatians 1:13, 1:23, 4:29, 5:11, 6:12; concrete, non-colliding term.

Pillars

Approved rendering: cov ncej
Transliteration: styloi
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship

NEW ENTRY (Galatians 2:9). Concrete architectural metaphor for James, Peter, John; transfers cleanly.

Jews By Nature

Approved rendering: cov Yudas raws li keeb kwm yug los
Transliteration: Ioudaioi physei
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise; The True Gospel versus False Gospels

NEW ENTRY (Galatians 2:15). Ties conceptually to the neutral, descent-sense of flesh; no new collision.

Cross

Approved rendering: tus Ntoo Khaublig
Transliteration: stauros
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ; The True Gospel versus False Gospels; Circumcision and the New Creation

NEW ENTRY (Galatians 2:20 implied, 5:11, 6:12, 6:14) — first dedicated TM record; term already established in existing Hmong Christian usage. No traditional-religion collision.

Clothed With Christ

Approved rendering: hnav Khetos lawm ib yam li hnav ris tsho
Transliteration: enedysasthe
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation

NEW ENTRY (Galatians 3:27). Concrete garment-metaphor, culturally accessible; no collision. Reuses baptism as its immediate co-text.

Fullness Of Time

Approved rendering: thaum lub sijhawm txog tag tiag tiag lawm
Transliteration: to plērōma tou chronou
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship

NEW ENTRY (Galatians 4:4). Descriptive temporal phrase for the divinely appointed moment of Christ’s incarnation; no collision.

Sowing And Reaping

Approved rendering: tseb thiab hlais
Transliteration: speirē / therisei
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens; Flesh versus Spirit

NEW ENTRY (Galatians 6:7-8). Strong agrarian bridge, parallel to the Romans baseline firstfruits entry; ‘sowing to the flesh reaps corruption, sowing to the Spirit reaps eternal life’ reuses flesh_moral_sinful_nature and eternal_life.

Low-Medium Risk Terms

Abba Father

Approved rendering: Abba, Leej Txiv
Transliteration: Abba ho patēr
Doctrine: Union with Christ
Rejected alternatives: dropping ‘Abba’ entirely as untranslatable — rejected, flattens filial intimacy

Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Galatians 4:6 explicitly ties this cry to the indwelling Spirit (‘God sent the Spirit of his Son into our hearts, crying Abba, Father’).

Judaize

Approved rendering: ua neeg raws li tus Yudas cov kevcai
Transliteration: ioudaizein
Doctrine: The Law and Its Purpose; Circumcision and the New Creation

NEW ENTRY (Galatians 2:14). Descriptive phrase ties to established jew and circumcision baselines; no new collision.

Gentile Sinners

Approved rendering: lwm Haiv Neeg / tus txhaum
Transliteration: ex ethnōn hamartōloi
Doctrine: Justification by Faith

NEW ENTRY (Galatians 2:15). Compound of two baseline terms; must not let ‘sinner’ collapse to ‘ritually unclean outsider’ only — the universal sin-condition sense must be preserved.

Certainly Not

Approved rendering: tsis yog li ntawd kiag li!
Transliteration: mē genoito
Doctrine: Justification by Faith; Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: flat ‘no’ — rejected, loses Paul’s strongest rhetorical negation force

NEW ENTRY. Recurs Galatians 2:17, 3:21 (also throughout Romans). Must render identically at every occurrence across both Romans and Galatians curricula for consistency.

Mediator

Approved rendering: tus nruab nrab
Transliteration: mesitēs
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose

NEW ENTRY (Galatians 3:19-20). Refers to Moses as mediator of the Law; concrete go-between concept, comprehension-level only.

Jerusalem Above

Approved rendering: lub nroog Yeluxalees saum ntuj ceeb tsheej
Transliteration: hē anō Ierousalēm
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ

NEW ENTRY (Galatians 4:26). Eschatological-symbolic term; comprehension-level only, no collision.

Walk By The Spirit

Approved rendering: taug kev raws li Vaj Ntsuj Plig coj
Transliteration: pneumati peripateite / pneumati stoichōmen
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit; Fruit of the Spirit

NEW ENTRY (Galatians 5:16, 5:25). Reuses the fixed Vaj Ntsuj Plig term (Critical, unchanged prefix rule applies); the walking-metaphor itself is comprehension-level only.

Bearing One Anothers Burdens

Approved rendering: kwv lwm tus lub nra
Transliteration: allēlōn ta barē bastazete
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens

NEW ENTRY (Galatians 6:2). Strong, concrete cultural bridge via shared field-labor and load-carrying customs (kwv = to carry a heavy load on the back/shoulder); no collision. The practical outworking of faith_working_through_love within the pawg ntseeg.

Marks Of Jesus Stigmata

Approved rendering: tej cim (raug ntaus mob rau) ntawm Yexus
Transliteration: ta stigmata tou Iēsou
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship

NEW ENTRY (Galatians 6:17). Reasonable comprehension bridge via livestock/property branding concepts familiar in an agrarian Hmong context; should be taught alongside servant_slave_doulos (qhev, High) to reinforce the total-ownership-by-Christ theme rather than read merely as battle scars.

Medium-High Risk Terms

Law As Guardian Paidagogos

Approved rendering: tus zov saib xyuas coj mus (kawm ntawv)
Transliteration: paidagōgos
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Rejected alternatives: permanent ‘teacher’ framing — rejected, undercuts the ‘no longer under a guardian’ argument

NEW ENTRY (Galatians 3:24-25). No Hmong social institution exactly parallels the ancient household-slave-guardian role (custodial, temporary, disciplinary, non-teaching). Requires a dedicated teaching note.

Hagar Sarah Two Covenants

Approved rendering: Haka (kev ua qhev, lub roob Xinais) / Xala (lus cog tseg, kev ywj pheej)
Transliteration: Hagar / Sarra
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise; Freedom in Christ

NEW ENTRY (Galatians 4:21-31). Comprehension gap compounded by the doctrinal weight of the law/grace, slavery/freedom typology; requires a mandatory first-use footnote supplying the Genesis narrative before the allegory can be followed.

Baptismal Unity Formula

Approved rendering: tsis muaj cov Yudas los sis cov Kilis, tsis muaj qhev los sis tus muaj kev ywj pheej, tsis muaj txiv neej thiab poj niam faib, rau qhov nej sawvdaws yog ib tug hauv Yexus Khetos
Transliteration: ouk eni Ioudaios oude Hellēn, ouk eni doulos oude eleutheros, ouk eni arsen kai thēly
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ; The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Rejected alternatives: framing implying abolition of all social/gender/clan structure — rejected, the statement declares equal salvific standing, not dissolution of ordinary social roles

NEW ENTRY (Galatians 3:28). Reuses qhev (High) inside a positive equality-statement; must be taught carefully in a clan-based culture with defined gender/social roles. Recommend native-speaker + theologian review given social-structure sensitivity.

Faith Working Through Love

Approved rendering: kev ntseeg uas ua haujlwm los ntawm kev hlub
Transliteration: pistis di’ agapēs energoumenē
Doctrine: Faith Working through Love
Rejected alternatives: ‘faith plus loving deeds’ as joint ground of justification — forbidden, reopens the works-of-the-law error chs.2-3 dismantle

NEW ENTRY (Galatians 5:6). Must be taught carefully so ‘ua haujlwm’ is not heard as reintroducing works-righteousness through the back door; love is faith’s necessary fruit/expression, not an additional meritorious contribution to justification. Cross-reference justify_reckon_as_righteous to prevent doctrinal blending.

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