Core Glossary

1 Kings — Core Glossary (Hmong Language Package)

This glossary lists every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, spanning the entire book (chapters 1–22) and giving special depth to the core passage (1 Kings 8:22–53). Terms already fixed in the Romans baseline translation_memory.json are marked [INHERITED — REUSE EXACTLY] and must never receive an alternate Hmong rendering. Terms newly required by 1 Kings’ distinct subject matter are marked [NEW] and are proposed here for formal TM-revision review before permanent adoption, per the Romans baseline’s extension protocol (12_ai_translation_requirements.md §2.4).

Risk tier definitions (inherited verbatim from the Romans baseline registry):

Critical — doctrinally load-bearing term with a strong, specific collision with Hmong traditional religion that could invert or neutralize the doctrine if unaddressed.
High — real potential for confusion with a specific traditional-religious concept/practice; manageable with a documented disambiguating strategy.
Medium — partial semantic mismatch, register gap, or comprehension gap with no direct collision with a competing religious system.
Low — already-stable, safe rendering with minimal ambiguity.

A. Inherited Terms (Reused Exactly from Romans Baseline TM)

#	English Term	Hmong Rendering (verbatim from TM)	Risk	Doctrine(s) Touched in 1 Kings	Chapters
A1	God	`Vajtswv`	Low	All	all
A2	Lord	`tus Tswv`	Low	All	all
A3	Glory	`lub yeeb koob`	Low	Temple as God’s Dwelling	8, 10, 11
A4	Peace	`kev thaj yeeb`	Low	General	2, 4, 5
A5	Idol	`dab mlom`	High	Idolatry and Its Consequences	11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 21
A6	Law (Mosaic/Divine)	`Txoj Kevcai (ntawm Vajtswv / Mauxes)`	Critical	Covenant Unfaithfulness; Temple	2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 11
A7	Wrath of God	`kev npau taws ntawm Vajtswv`	High	Idolatry; Divided Kingdom	9, 11, 14, 16, 22
A8	Sin (act & condition)	`txhaum / kev txhaum`	High	Covenant Unfaithfulness; core passage	8, 9, 13, 14
A9	Worship/Serve (cultic)	`pehawm / pab teev`	High	Elijah/Baal; Idolatry	11, 16, 18
A10	Power	`hwjchim` (always `Vajtswv hwjchim`)	High	Elijah/Baal contest; Solomon’s Wisdom	3, 13, 17, 18
A11	Election/Choose	`kev xaiv (Vajtswv xaiv raws li nws lub siab nyiam)`	Critical	Temple; Solomon’s Wisdom; Divided Kingdom	3, 8, 11
A12	Promise	`lus cog tseg`	Low	Temple; Divided Kingdom	1, 2, 8, 9
A13	Witness	`tus timkhawv`	Low (Medium in negative-use contexts, see #23 below)	Prophetic Confrontation of Kings	21
A14	Righteous / Justify-Reckon	`tus ncaj ncees` / `ua kom ncaj ncees / raug suav tias ncaj ncees`	Critical	Temple (judicial vindication); cross-Testament bridge	8
A15	Nations/Gentiles	`lwm Haiv Neeg`	Low	Temple (foreigner inclusion)	8, 17
A16	Salvation/Save	`kev cawm dim / cawm`	High	(background — not primary in 1 Kings, but relevant for deliverance-from-enemies language)	8, 20
A17	Ungodly	`tus tsis hwm Vajtswv`	Medium	Solomon’s Wisdom (fear of the LORD contrast)	8
A18	Kingdom of God	`lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Vajtswv`	Low	Divided Kingdom (contrast term — NOT to be used for the earthly kingdom)	11, 12 (contrast use)
A19	Hope	`kev cia siab`	Low	(background)	—
A20	Love	`kev hlub`	Low	(kept distinct from `chesed`, see B2)	8
A21	Mercy	`txoj kev khuv leej`	Medium	Temple (exile compassion)	8
A22	Servant/Slave (doulos)	`qhev`	High	Contrast with OT honorific “servant of the LORD,” see B22	1, 2, 8 (contrast)
A23	Apostle	`tus Tub Txib`	Medium	(background structural parallel to prophet’s sent-messenger role)	—
A24	Holy Spirit	`Vaj Ntsuj Plig`	Critical	Contrast term for “lying spirit,” ch.22 — see B29	22 (contrast)
A25	Human spirit/soul	`ntsuj plig`	High	Core passage (nephesh)	8
A26	Hardening	`lub siab tawv`	Medium	Divided Kingdom (Rehoboam’s stubbornness, extension of Romans usage)	12
A27	Scripture	`Vaj Lug Kub`	Low	Prophetic word formula (background)	13
A28	Sanctification	`kev raug ua kom dawb huv`	High	Contrast term — NEVER used for ch.14’s qadesh referent, see B21	6, 14 (contrast)
A29	Baptism	`kev cai raus dej`	High	Contrast/continuity for bronze-Sea purification imagery	7 (background)
A30	Heir	`tus qub txeeg qub teg`	Low	Core passage (inheritance/nachalah extension)	8
A31	Grace	`txiaj ntsim`	Critical	Kept distinct from `chesed`, see B2	8 (contrast)

B. New Terms Required for 1 Kings

#	English Term	Hebrew (Transliteration)	Definition	Proposed Hmong Rendering	Risk	Doctrine(s)	Chapters	Grounded Risk Rationale
B1	Covenant	בְּרִית (berith)	A solemn, binding compact; here God’s unilateral, sustained bond with Israel/David	`kev sib cog lus (ntawm Vajtswv thiab nws haiv neeg)`	Critical	Divided Kingdom & Covenant Unfaithfulness; Temple	1, 2, 5, 8, 9, 11	Collides with Hmong clan/marriage mutual-oath culture and spirit-enforced pacts, which assume peer bargaining and ritual-leverage enforcement; must be taught as sovereignly initiated and sustained by God’s own character, not negotiated or spirit-enforced.
B2	Steadfast Love / Covenant Loyalty	חֶסֶד (chesed)	God’s loyal, covenant-faithful love/kindness	`txoj kev hlub ruaj khov`	High	Temple (core passage 8:23)	8	Risks collapsing into either generic `kev hlub` (agapē) or reciprocal, revocable clan-obligation logic; must be kept distinct from grace (`txiaj ntsim`) and mercy (`txoj kev khuv leej`) per existing baseline discipline distinguishing these three related-but-distinct divine dispositions.
B3	The LORD’s Name (dwelling in the Temple)	שֵׁם (shem)	God’s revealed character/covenant presence, distinct from His uncontained essence	`Vajtswv lub npe` + mandatory clause `nws lub npe nyob ntawm no`	Critical	Temple as God’s Dwelling	8, 18	Collides with Hmong name-based spirit invocation/soul-recall practice (hu plig); risks being heard as a name-invocation formula that compels divine presence rather than a statement of gracious covenant accessibility. Must always pair with B4’s “cannot be contained” clause.
B4	God’s Transcendent, Uncontained Presence	יָשַׁב (yashab)	God is not confined to, dependent on, or localized within the Temple	`Vajtswv yeej tsis raug kaw rau hauv ib lub tsev`	Critical	Temple as God’s Dwelling	8	Collides with the household/nature-spirit residence model of Hmong animism, in which spirits genuinely inhabit and are bound to specific structures/sites requiring ritual feeding; without this explicit qualifier, hearers default to a house-spirit model.
B5	Temple/House of the LORD	בַּיִת / הֵיכָל (bayit / heikal)	The Jerusalem Temple, God’s chosen dwelling-place for His Name	`Lub Tuam Tsev ntawm Vajtswv`	High	Temple as God’s Dwelling	5, 6, 7, 8, 9	Shares “house/tsev” with household spirit-shrines (tsev dab); mandatory `ntawm Vajtswv` qualifier prevents the Temple being understood as one spirit-house among many.
B6	Ark of the Covenant	אֲרוֹן הַבְּרִית (aron haberith)	The covenant chest containing the tablets, God’s throne-symbol	`Lub Thawv Sib Cog Lus`	High	Temple as God’s Dwelling	8	Risk of talismanic/amulet veneration (paralleling Hmong protective-charm practice); must be taught as a covenant-sign deriving all its significance from God’s presence and promise, never as an independently powerful object.
B7	Prayer / Supplication	תְּפִלָּה / תְּחִנָּה (tephillah / techinnah)	Petition and plea directed to God	`kev thov Vajtswv` / `kev thov txiaj ntsim`	Medium	Temple as God’s Dwelling	8, 18	The verb `thov` is shared with pleading toward spirits/shamanic intermediaries (thov dab, thov neeb); object must always be stated, extending the existing `pehawm` discipline.
B8	Forgive	סָלַח (salach)	God’s sovereign judicial pardon of sin	`zam txim`	Medium-High	Temple; Covenant Unfaithfulness	8	Risk of being understood as ritual-restitution-achieved pollution-removal rather than God’s sovereign judicial pardon; extends the Original-Sin collision already flagged in the Romans baseline.
B9	Repent / Return	שׁוּב (shuv)	Wholehearted covenant reorientation back to God (also literally “return from exile”)	`tig rov qab los rau Vajtswv`	High	Covenant Unfaithfulness; Temple	8, 13, 21	Hmong ritual-restitution culture treats wrongdoing as fixable via correct ritual performance; shuv must be taught as genuine wholehearted reorientation, not a technique — direct extension of the Romans baseline’s Original Sin collision.
B10	Wisdom	חָכְמָה (chokmah)	God-given practical/moral discernment for righteous governance; conditionally granted, not self-sustaining	`tswvyim`	Critical	Solomon’s Wisdom and Its Limits	3, 4, 10	Collides with fortune-linked (“hmoov”) notions of innate cleverness; must be taught as personally, conditionally granted by God’s will (never hmoov-vocabulary) and as not guaranteeing continued covenant faithfulness — Solomon’s own apostasy (ch.11) is the doctrine’s “limits” half.
B11	Prophet	נָבִיא (nabi)	An authorized messenger who speaks the LORD’s word on His commission	`tus cev Vajtswv Txoj Lus` (short form `tus cev lus`)	Critical	Elijah/Baal; Prophetic Confrontation of Kings	1, 13, 14, 17–22	The most readily available cultural bridge is the txiv neeb (shaman/spirit-medium) who receives trance-messages from spirits for hire; must be explicitly distinguished as commissioned by the one true God, morally/covenantally accountable, never operating via trance-possession or paid divination, and subject to verifiable textual tests of truthfulness.
B12	Word of the LORD (prophetic formula)	דְּבַר־יְהוָה (devar-YHWH)	The event of a specific, binding prophetic message from God	`tus Tswv Txojlus tuaj rau...`	High	Prophetic Confrontation of Kings	13, 17, 20	Must be distinguished from shamanic trance-message reception; carries binding, testable, non-negotiable authority unlike client-serving shamanic consultation.
B13	Anoint	מָשַׁח (mashach)	Ritual oil-consecration marking divine designation to royal/priestly office	`muab roj laum (tsa ua vaj ntxwv)`	Medium	(background — kingship)	1	Comprehension gap (no native anointing-for-kingship practice); must be distinguished from ritual substance-application for spirit-protection in folk practice — marks divine designation, not magical potency transfer.
B14	Altar	מִזְבֵּח (mizbeach)	A sacrificial platform, legitimate (LORD’s) or illegitimate (false gods’)	`lub thaj (rau Vajtswv)` / `lub thaj (rau lwm tus vajtswv)`	High	Idolatry and Its Consequences; Temple	3, 8, 12, 13, 18	Direct collision with literal Hmong household/clan spirit-altars (thaj dab); every occurrence must be marked for its object or hearers default to their own household-altar image.
B15	Sacrifice / Burnt Offering	זֶבַח / עוֹלָה (zebach / olah)	Ritual cultic offering, extending the Romans-baseline `fij` discipline into the Mosaic sacrificial system	`khoom fij (rau Vajtswv)` / `khoom fij kev hlawv huvsit`	Critical	Elijah/Baal contest; Idolatry and Its Consequences	3, 8, 12, 13, 18	The single highest-stakes collision in the book: Hmong traditional religion centers on literal animal sacrifice to appease spirits; the entire Elijah-Baal narrative is structured as sacrifice-versus-sacrifice, so recipient (`Vajtswv` vs. `lwm tus vajtswv`) must always be marked, extending rather than merely reusing the Romans baseline’s `fij` discipline (`living_sacrifice`, `propitiation_atoning_sacrifice`) into this new OT cultic context, which itself foreshadows and is historically superseded by Christ’s once-for-all sacrifice.
B16	High Place	בָּמָה (bamah)	An elevated worship site; neutral before the Temple’s construction, illegitimate afterward	`tej chaw siab` (context-marked: neutral at Gibeon ch.3; `... uas teev lwm tus vajtswv` when idolatrous, ch.11+)	High	Idolatry and Its Consequences	3, 11, 14, 15	Direct collision with actual Hmong elevated-site nature/spirit worship practice (sacred groves, mountain shrines); the neutral-vs.-condemned contrast within the book itself (Gibeon vs. Bethel) must be preserved, not flattened into a single uniformly negative rendering.
B17	Baal / Other Foreign Gods	בַּעַל / אֱלֹהִים אֲחֵרִים (Ba’al / elohim acherim)	The Canaanite storm/fertility deity; generic term for any rival deity	`Npa-as` (transliteration) / `lwm tus vajtswv`	Critical	Elijah and the Contest with Baal; Idolatry and Its Consequences	11, 16, 18	Baal’s rain/fertility portfolio functionally parallels roles Hmong tradition assigns to nature/ancestor spirits, making this the most culturally resonant and theologically dangerous term in the book; the sharp, rigorously maintained distinction between `Vajtswv` and `lwm tus vajtswv`/`dab` must never blur, or the book’s central argument collapses into acceptable spirit-pluralism. Carmel’s fire-contest must be taught as proving Baal (and all rival spirits) has no independent power at all, not merely that the LORD is the stronger of several real powers.
B18	Golden Calf	עֵגְלֵי זָהָב (egle zahav)	Jeroboam’s idols at Dan and Bethel, extending the baseline `idol` entry	`dab mlom sawv cev ua tus nyuj kub`	High	Idolatry and Its Consequences; Divided Kingdom	12	Extends baseline `dab mlom` (idol); Jeroboam’s convenience-based rationale mirrors a live syncretistic-accommodation temptation that must be named unflinchingly as covenant-breaking idolatry.
B19	Divided Kingdom	קָרַע / מַמְלָכָה (qara / mamlakah)	God’s judicial tearing of the united kingdom into two, as covenant judgment	`lub Nceeg Vaj Yixalayees raug muab dua/rhuav`	High	The Divided Kingdom and Covenant Unfaithfulness	11, 12	Must be kept distinct from baseline `kingdom_of_god` (`lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Vajtswv`) — a this-worldly political kingdom under historical judgment, not the NT eschatological Kingdom; conflating the two blends judgment-narrative with eschatological hope confusingly.
B20	Cherubim / Holy of Holies	כְּרוּבִים / קֹדֶשׁ הַקֳּדָשִׁים (keruvim / qodesh haqodashim)	Guardian figures flanking the Ark; the innermost sanctuary	`cov npua tsov muaj tis` / `Lub Chaw Dawb Huv Tshaj Plaws`	Medium-Critical	Temple as God’s Dwelling	6	Cherubim risk confusion with protective totemic guardian-spirit imagery; Holy of Holies must be taught as the place of uniquely concentrated divine presence under strict covenant access-conditions, not a shrine-room for an idol/spirit-object.
B21	Cultic Prostitute (qadesh)	קָדֵשׁ (qadesh)	A male cult-prostitute serving fertility-deity shrines; ironically shares the root for “holy”	descriptive circumlocution: `tus ua kev nkauj nraug rau kev pe hawm mlom` (explicitly NOT built on `dawb huv` root)	Critical	Idolatry and Its Consequences	14	A cross-linguistic trap: the Hebrew root is identical to the positive sanctification vocabulary; translators must never use `dawb huv` for this referent, or the rendering would visually link cultic prostitution to the sanctification doctrine’s positive holiness language, inverting Scripture’s own ironic/critical use of the term.
B22	Servant of the LORD (honorific)	עֶבֶד (ebed)	An honorific royal/prophetic title (“my servant David,” “my servant Elijah”) — distinct register from Paul’s self-abasing doulos usage	`tus qhev ntawm Vajtswv` + mandatory honorific framing note	Medium-High	(cross-cutting)	1, 2, 8, 11, 14	Applying baseline `qhev` (already flagged High-risk for chattel-slavery connotation in Romans) to revered kings and prophets without added honorific framing risks unintentionally demeaning figures Hmong culture would never call literal slaves (clan elders/leaders); requires its own teaching note extending, not contradicting, the Romans baseline entry.
B23	False Witness (contrast use)	עֵד שֶׁקֶר (ed shaqer, implied)	Suborned false testimony leading to judicial murder (Naboth)	reuse `tus timkhawv` + explicit `(tus timkhawv cuav / tus timkhawv dag)` contrast marker	Medium	Prophetic Confrontation of Kings	21	The baseline `witness` entry assumes a positive/legal-testimonial register; this ironic negative use (false, bought testimony) requires an explicit contrast marker so the two senses are not conflated.
B24	Jealousy/Zeal of God	קָנָא (qana)	God’s (or a prophet’s) righteous, covenant-exclusive zeal	`Vajtswv/Elis txoj kev khib siab rau tus Tswv`	Medium	Elijah and the Contest with Baal	19	Hmong khib most readily connotes petty interpersonal/marital jealousy; must be taught as righteous covenant-exclusive zeal, not possessiveness — while remaining a potentially useful covenant-as-marriage bridge if carefully framed.
B25	Still Small Voice	קוֹל דְּמָמָה דַקָּה (qol demamah daqqah)	God’s quiet self-revelation, contrasted with dramatic power-displays	`lub suab me me ntsiag to`	Low-Medium	Elijah and the Contest with Baal	19	Comprehension-level; corrects any assumption that divine presence is always tied to dramatic power-displays like Carmel’s fire.
B26	Devoted to Destruction (cherem)	חֵרֶם (cherem)	A person/thing specifically consigned by God to judgment	`tus neeg uas Vajtswv twb muab cob rau kev puas tsuaj lawm`	Medium-High	Prophetic Confrontation of Kings	20	Complex holy-war concept without a clean Hmong analogue; requires a specific-historical-judgment framing to avoid trivialization or improper generalization.
B27	Regnal Evaluation Formula	עָשָׂה הָרַע/הַיָּשָׁר בְּעֵינֵי יְהוָה (asah hara/hayashar be’einei YHWH)	“Did evil/right in the eyes of the LORD” — the book’s central covenant-fidelity-only evaluation standard	`ua tej uas phem/ncaj ncees tab meeg Vajtswv lub qhov muag`	Medium-High	Divided Kingdom and Covenant Unfaithfulness	14–22 (recurring)	Must never be softened into worldly political/material success evaluation; several “evil” kings prospered, several “good” kings suffered — the standard is exclusively covenant fidelity, requiring explicit correction of a natural prosperity-based reading tendency.
B28	Heavenly Council/Host	חֵיל הַשָּׁמַיִם (cheil hashamayim)	God’s sovereign heavenly court/attendants	`Vajtswv cov tub teg tub taws saum ntuj`	Medium-High	Prophetic Confrontation of Kings	22	Risk of ambiguous resonance with animistic spirit-hierarchy/pantheon cosmologies; must be framed explicitly as God’s own unrivaled sovereign court, not a council of independent negotiating spirit-powers.
B29	Lying/Deceiving Spirit	רוּחַ שֶׁקֶר (ruach shaqer)	A deceiving spirit sent under God’s sovereign permission to entice Ahab	`dab tso plob / dab dag ntxias` — NEVER `Vaj Ntsuj Plig`; NEVER bare `ntsuj plig` in a way suggesting parity with Vajtswv	Critical	Prophetic Confrontation of Kings; extends Election/Sovereignty doctrine	22	Direct extension of the baseline `Vaj Ntsuj Plig` discipline into delicate new territory: must never be confused with the Holy Spirit, and must never be read as evidence of an independent rival spirit-power on par with God rather than an instrument strictly operating under, and permitted by, God’s own sovereign judicial control.
B30	Foreigner/Stranger (contextual valence)	נָכְרִי (nokri)	Ethnically non-Israelite person; morally neutral term whose valence (inclusion vs. compromise) is entirely contextual	`lwm haiv neeg / tus neeg txawv tebchaws` (positive, ch.8, 17) vs. same term flagged for compromise context (ch.11)	Medium	Temple as God’s Dwelling (positive); Covenant Unfaithfulness (negative)	8, 11, 17	The identical Hebrew word carries opposite moral valence in 8:41-43/17 (gracious inclusion) versus 11:1 (covenant compromise); curriculum must flag this contrast explicitly rather than silently harmonizing or applying a single fixed connotation.
B31	Fire from Heaven	אֵש (esh)	Miraculous fire authenticating the true God’s power	`hluavtaws saum ntuj los`	Medium	Elijah and the Contest with Baal	18	Fire is also a marker of supernatural-power display in shamanic folk narrative; must be explicitly anchored to `Vajtswv hwjchim` alone, not treated as generic supernatural spectacle available to any spirit-practitioner.
B32	Byword/Proverb of Scorn	מָשָׁל וּשְׁנִינָה (mashal u-shninah)	The covenant-broken Temple becoming an object of derision among the nations	`zaj lus piv txwv thiab kev thuam`	Medium	Temple as God’s Dwelling; Covenant Unfaithfulness	9	Comprehension-level; reinforces the core passage’s conditional-covenant nuance against a purely unconditional reading of the Davidic promise.
B33	Justice/Judgment	מִשְׁפָּט (mishpat)	Legal judgment, justice, a legal cause to be vindicated	`kev txiav txim ncaj ncees`	Medium	Solomon’s Wisdom; Temple	3, 8	Comprehension-level; bridges well to Hmong village-court judgment concepts already noted in the Romans baseline’s `no_condemnation` entry.
B34	Inheritance/Heritage (of the people/land)	נַחֲלָה (nachalah)	Israel/the land as God’s given heritage, extending baseline `heir` collectively	`qhov uas Vajtswv muab ua qub txeeg qub teg`	Medium	Temple as God’s Dwelling	8	Extends baseline `heir` (positive lineage-inheritance resonance); must be kept theologically anchored to covenant conditionality here, unlike unconditional individual-inheritance imagery elsewhere.
B35	Fear of the LORD	יָרֵא (yare)	Covenantal reverence and trust, not servile terror; foundational to wisdom	`kev hwm thiab ntshai Vajtswv`	Medium	Solomon’s Wisdom; Temple	8	Must be distinguished from fear of capricious, unpredictable ancestral/nature spirits requiring appeasement; covenantal fear is reverent trust in a righteous, known covenant partner.
B36	Set Apart/Separated (election, corporate)	הִבְדִּיל (hivdil)	Israel set apart from all peoples as God’s own heritage	`raug cais tawm ntawm lwm haiv neeg huv tibsi los ua Vajtswv haiv neeg tshwj xeeb`	High	Temple as God’s Dwelling	8	Must not be taught as ethnic superiority or ritual-purity-based exclusion (a live temptation given Hmong clan in-group/out-group and ritual-purity concerns); separation is for covenantal purpose and mission, balanced by the foreigner-inclusion counterpoint (8:41-43).
B37	Forced Labor / Levy	מַס (mas)	State labor-conscription, including of non-Israelites, later criticized by the text itself	`kev raug yuam ua num`	Medium	Divided Kingdom (background cause)	5, 9, 12	Must be kept distinct from baseline `servant_slave_doulos` (`qhev`) — this is oppressive state conscription the text itself later condemns (12:4), not the voluntary-bondservant metaphor Paul redeems positively.
B38	Bloodguilt	דָּם (dam)	Guilt incurred for unavenged or unjust killing	`ntshav (raug rau txim vim tua neeg)`	Medium	(background — Solomon’s succession)	2	Comprehension-level; connects to but is distinct from baseline `no_condemnation`; workable, non-colliding bridge via Hmong clan blood-debt concepts.
B39	Illegitimate Priesthood	כֹּהֲנִים (kohanim, non-Levitical)	Jeroboam’s self-appointed, non-Levitical priests	`cov txiv nyeem uas tsis raug Vajtswv tsa`	Medium-High	Divided Kingdom; Idolatry	12	Contrasts with baseline `priestly_minister` entry; must be flagged as an explicitly condemned illegitimate substitute for the God-ordained order, structurally paralleling the false-prophet material later in the book.
B40	Sackcloth and Fasting (partial repentance)	שַׂק וְתַעֲנִית (saq veta’anit)	Ahab’s genuine but partial repentance-ritual	`hnav khaub ncaws tsaus dub thiab yoo mov`	Medium	Prophetic Confrontation of Kings; Covenant Unfaithfulness	21	Must be taught as genuine but limited: it delays but does not cancel judgment, correcting any purely mechanical “ritual repentance reverses consequences” reading.
B41	Standing Stones / Asherah	מַצֵּבוֹת / אֲשֵׁרִים (matstsevot / asherim)	Sacred pillars and cult-poles associated with fertility-goddess worship	`tej pas zeb dawb huv (rau lwm tus vajtswv)` / `Asela` (transliteration)	High	Idolatry and Its Consequences	14, 15	Direct collision with actual standing-stone/sacred-object veneration in Hmong and regional folk religion; must always be marked as illegitimate cultic paraphernalia.
B42	Bronze Sea (laver)	יָם (yam)	Large priestly-ablution basin	`lub Hiav Txwv Tooj Liab`	Medium	Temple as God’s Dwelling (background)	7	Connects to purification themes already disciplined in the Romans baseline’s `baptism` entry; risk that ritual washing be read as repeatable magical cleansing rather than the provisional, superseded priestly system’s function.
B43	True vs. False Prophet	(contrast term, no single Hebrew lexeme)	The book’s climactic test of authentic divine commission vs. counterfeit claims	`tus cev lus tseeb ntawm Vajtswv` vs. `cov cev lus cuav`	Critical	Prophetic Confrontation of Kings	22 (climactic; recurring theme from ch.13)	The single most practically urgent hermeneutical issue for a Hmong audience, given shamanic spirit-mediums’ parallel claims to authoritative spirit-revelation; this chapter models the biblical test of alignment with the LORD’s previously revealed character and covenant word.

C. Cross-Reference Notes for Curriculum Writers

Sacrifice/altar/high-place vocabulary (B14–B16) is the single densest collision cluster in the book. Every occurrence must be explicitly marked for its object (the LORD vs. a false god) — no exceptions — extending the Romans baseline’s fij discipline established for living_sacrifice and propitiation_atoning_sacrifice.
Name theology (B3) and the Election/Choose entry (A11) must always travel together wherever the “city/Name I have chosen” formula occurs (8:16, 8:29, 8:44, 11:13, 11:32, 11:36), preserving the personal-volition discipline already Critical in the Romans baseline.
B11 (Prophet) and B29 (Lying Spirit) must be visually and doctrinally kept apart from A24 (Holy Spirit / Vaj Ntsuj Plig) at every occurrence — this is the most sensitive lexical-discipline requirement in the entire glossary, given how much of the book’s supernatural narrative content (true prophecy, false prophecy, a literal deceiving spirit) could otherwise bleed into the “Vaj Ntsuj Plig” register if translators are not vigilant.
B10 (Wisdom) is the doctrinal hinge of “Solomon’s Wisdom and Its Limits”; curriculum content must always pair Solomon’s initial wisdom-request (ch.3) with his later apostasy (ch.11) to preserve the “Limits” half of the doctrine — never present ch.3 in isolation as a self-contained success story.
All ten new/inherited terms touching Idolatry and Its Consequences and Elijah and the Contest with Baal (A5, A6, A9, A10, B14–B18, B21, B31, B41) are assessed Critical or High and will require mandatory human-theologian review at Phase 2/3, consistent with the Romans baseline’s routing convention for any Critical/High doctrinal-risk term.

This glossary is a Phase 1 analytical deliverable. All Hmong renderings proposed under Section B are provisional pending formal TM-revision review and native-speaker/theologian confirmation before becoming permanent, enforceable translation-memory entries for future 1 Kings curricula, per the governing protocol established in the Romans baseline’s 12_ai_translation_requirements.md.

Critical Risk Terms

Holy Spirit

Approved rendering: Vaj Ntsuj Plig
Transliteration: ruach haqodesh (concept)
Doctrine: Prophetic Confrontation of Kings
Rejected alternatives: bare ntsuj plig — forbidden for this referent

Inherited from Romans package. Cited in 1 Kings as the mandatory contrast anchor: never applied to the ‘lying/deceiving spirit’ of 22:22-23 nor to the anthropological nephesh of 8:48. The ‘Vaj’ prefix remains reserved exclusively for the divine Person.

Grace

Approved rendering: txiaj ntsim
Transliteration: chen (Hebrew background continuity)
Doctrine: The Temple as God’s Dwelling among His People
Rejected alternatives: koob hmoov — PERMANENTLY FORBIDDEN

Inherited from Romans package. Cited in 8:23-53 as the fixed anchor against which chesed (steadfast_love_covenant_loyalty) and rachamim (mercy) must remain lexically distinct.

Righteousness Of God Righteous

Approved rendering: Vajtswv txoj kev ncaj ncees / tus ncaj ncees
Transliteration: tsadiq (Hebrew) / dikaiosynē theou (LXX continuity)
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Rejected alternatives: bare ‘kev ncaj ncees’ without reckoning qualifier — rejected

Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly for 8:32’s forensic-judicial ‘justifying the righteous’ — the historical-linguistic seedbed for Paul’s later soteriological usage; must be taught as related to, but distinct in register from, Romans 4:5’s justification-of-the-guilty.

Justify Reckon As Righteous

Approved rendering: ua kom ncaj ncees / raug suav tias ncaj ncees
Transliteration: hitsdiq (Hebrew) / dikaioō (LXX continuity)
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Rejected alternatives: ‘ua zoo’ (do good) framing — rejected

Inherited from Romans package. Applied to 8:32’s judicial vindication of the innocent party; the same Hebrew root (tsadaq) underlying Paul’s justification doctrine, requiring an explicit teaching note distinguishing the OT’s this-worldly vindication sense from the NT’s soteriological imputation sense.

Reckon Impute

Approved rendering: suav / suav tias
Transliteration: hitsdiq (accounting sense)
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting

Inherited from Romans package. Cited alongside justify_reckon_as_righteous for 8:32’s forensic-accounting sense; kept distinct from moral-transformation vocabulary.

Election Choose

Approved rendering: kev xaiv (Vajtswv xaiv raws li nws lub siab nyiam)
Transliteration: bachar
Doctrine: The Temple as God’s Dwelling among His People
Rejected alternatives: hmoov (fate) vocabulary — PERMANENTLY FORBIDDEN

Inherited from Romans package. Extended to God’s sovereign choice of Jerusalem/Zion and the Davidic line (8:16, 44; 11:13, 32, 36); must always co-occur with the volitional clause wherever the ‘city/Name I have chosen’ formula recurs.

Covenant

Approved rendering: kev sib cog lus (ntawm Vajtswv thiab nws haiv neeg)
Transliteration: berith
Doctrine: The Divided Kingdom and Covenant Unfaithfulness
Rejected alternatives: treating berith as peer-negotiated mutual oath (Hmong cog lus norm) — rejected, erases divine sovereign initiative

NEW ENTRY. Collides with Hmong clan/marriage mutual-oath culture and spirit-invoked pacts assuming peer-to-peer bargaining and ritual-leverage enforcement; must be taught as God’s own sovereign initiative sustained by His character, not negotiated reciprocity. Chapters 1, 2, 5, 8, 9, 11.

Name Of The Lord Dwelling

Approved rendering: Vajtswv lub npe (mandatory clause: nws lub npe nyob ntawm no)
Transliteration: shem
Doctrine: The Temple as God’s Dwelling among His People
Rejected alternatives: name theology presented without the transcendence clause — rejected, permits magical-invocation reading

NEW ENTRY. The hinge term of the whole Temple doctrine. Collides with Hmong name-based spirit invocation/soul-recall practice (hu plig); must always be paired, in the same unit, with divine_transcendent_uncontained_presence. 8:16, 29, 44; echoed 18.

Divine Transcendent Uncontained Presence

Approved rendering: Vajtswv yeej tsis raug kaw rau hauv ib lub tsev
Transliteration: yashab
Doctrine: The Temple as God’s Dwelling among His People
Rejected alternatives: Temple presence taught without the ‘cannot be contained’ denial — rejected

NEW ENTRY. Collides with the household/nature-spirit residence model of Hmong animism (tsev dab, spirit-shrines) in which spirits genuinely inhabit and are ritually fed within specific structures; must always travel with name_of_the_lord_dwelling as a single atomic doctrinal unit. 8:27.

Holy Of Holies

Approved rendering: Lub Chaw Dawb Huv Tshaj Plaws
Transliteration: qodesh haqodashim
Doctrine: The Temple as God’s Dwelling among His People
Rejected alternatives: shrine-room housing an idol/spirit-object framing — rejected

NEW ENTRY. Built on the baseline sanctification (dawb huv) root; must be taught as the place of uniquely concentrated divine presence approached only under strict covenant conditions, never a repeatable-access ritual space. Ch. 6, 8.

Sacrifice Burnt Offering

Approved rendering: khoom fij (rau Vajtswv) / khoom fij kev hlawv huvsit
Transliteration: zebach / olah
Doctrine: Idolatry and Its Consequences
Rejected alternatives: unmarked ‘khoom fij’ with no object — FORBIDDEN

NEW ENTRY. The single highest-stakes collision in the book; extends the Romans baseline’s fij discipline (living_sacrifice, propitiation_atoning_sacrifice) into the OT cultic system, where it appears far more literally. Every occurrence requires object-marking, no exceptions. Chapters 3, 8, 12, 13, 18.

Cultic Prostitute Qadesh

Approved rendering: tus ua kev nkauj nraug rau kev pe hawm mlom
Transliteration: qadesh
Doctrine: Idolatry and Its Consequences
Rejected alternatives: any rendering sharing a morpheme with dawb huv — PERMANENTLY FORBIDDEN

NEW ENTRY. A cross-linguistic trap: the Hebrew root (qadash, ‘holy/set apart’) is identical to the positive sanctification vocabulary; must NEVER use the dawb huv root, or the rendering fuses cultic prostitution with the sanctification doctrine’s positive holiness language. 14:24.

Prophet

Approved rendering: tus cev Vajtswv Txoj Lus (short form: tus cev lus)
Transliteration: nabi
Doctrine: Prophetic Confrontation of Kings
Rejected alternatives: any txiv neeb / neeb-root vocabulary — PERMANENTLY FORBIDDEN

NEW ENTRY. The most readily available cultural bridge is the txiv neeb (shaman/spirit-medium); biblical prophets must be explicitly distinguished as commissioned by the one true God, morally/covenantally accountable, never trance-possessed or paid-for, and subject to verifiable textual tests of truthfulness. Chapters 1, 13, 14, 17-22.

True Vs False Prophet

Approved rendering: tus cev lus tseeb ntawm Vajtswv / cov cev lus cuav
Transliteration: (contrast construction, no single lexeme)
Doctrine: Prophetic Confrontation of Kings
Rejected alternatives: efficacy/trance-vividness as the test of legitimacy — rejected

NEW ENTRY. The single most practically urgent hermeneutical issue for a Hmong audience, given shamanic spirit-mediums’ parallel claims to authoritative spirit-revelation; models the biblical test (alignment with the LORD’s previously revealed character/word, cf. Deut 13, 18). Climactic at ch. 22.

Other Foreign Gods

Approved rendering: lwm tus vajtswv
Transliteration: elohim acherim
Doctrine: Idolatry and Its Consequences
Rejected alternatives: capitalization/compound-status extended to any rival referent — FORBIDDEN, shortening to bare ‘tus vajtswv’ — FORBIDDEN, implies a second legitimate deity

NEW ENTRY. The entire book’s argument depends on this sharp, rigorously maintained lexical/orthographic distinction from Vajtswv; any blurring collapses the book’s exclusive-covenant-loyalty argument into consonance with Hmong spirit-pluralism. Chapters 11, 12, 14.

Baal

Approved rendering: Npa-as
Transliteration: Ba’al
Doctrine: Elijah and the Contest with Baal
Rejected alternatives: generalized ‘storm god’ paraphrase — rejected, weakens the text’s insistence on naming a specific rival cult

NEW ENTRY. Transliterated per established convention for retained proper nouns (cf. baseline Abba). Baal’s rain/fertility portfolio functionally parallels roles Hmong tradition assigns to nature/ancestor spirits; Carmel must be taught as proving Baal has NO independent reality or power at all, not merely that the LORD is stronger. Chapters 11, 16, 18.

Abomination

Approved rendering: qhov kev ua uas Vajtswv ntxub heev
Transliteration: tow’evah
Doctrine: Idolatry and Its Consequences
Rejected alternatives: softened ‘inappropriate practice’ framing — rejected

NEW ENTRY. Must not be softened; used of child-sacrifice-associated deities (Molech/Chemosh, 11:5-7); needs explicit, unflinching treatment given the Idolatry doctrine’s stakes.

Wisdom

Approved rendering: tswvyim uas Vajtswv pub rau [name]
Transliteration: chokmah
Doctrine: Solomon’s Wisdom and Its Limits
Rejected alternatives: hmoov-family vocabulary (innate fated cleverness) — PERMANENTLY FORBIDDEN, bare ‘tswvyim’ with no conditional-grant marker — rejected

NEW ENTRY. Doctrinal hinge of ‘Solomon’s Wisdom and Its Limits’. Collides with fortune-linked (muaj hmoov ntse) notions of innate cleverness; must always carry the conditional-grant collocation and be structurally paired in curriculum with ch.11’s apostasy. Chapters 3, 4, 10, 11.

Lying Deceiving Spirit

Approved rendering: dab tso plob / dab dag ntxias
Transliteration: ruach shaqer
Doctrine: Prophetic Confrontation of Kings
Rejected alternatives: Vaj Ntsuj Plig — PERMANENTLY FORBIDDEN for this referent, autonomous rival-power-negotiating-with-God framing — FORBIDDEN

NEW ENTRY. Must NEVER borrow the Vaj-prefixed divine-Spirit compound reserved exclusively for the Holy Spirit, and must never be read as an independent rival power on par with Vajtswv — the text insists this spirit operates strictly under, and permitted by, God’s own sovereign judicial control. 22:19-23.

High Risk Terms

Human Spirit Soul

Approved rendering: ntsuj plig
Transliteration: nephesh
Doctrine: The Temple as God’s Dwelling among His People
Rejected alternatives: Vaj Ntsuj Plig — forbidden for this referent

Inherited from Romans package. Used for 8:48’s nephesh (‘with all their heart and with all their soul’); never Vaj-prefixed.

Servant Slave Doulos

Approved rendering: qhev
Transliteration: ebed / doulos
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Rejected alternatives: koom tes (co-worker/partner) — rejected

Inherited from Romans package. Must never be applied unqualified to David, Solomon, or Elijah as ‘ebed YHWH’ — see new entry servant_of_the_lord_honorific for the required disambiguation.

Sin Act And Condition

Approved rendering: txhaum / kev txhaum
Transliteration: chata
Doctrine: The Divided Kingdom and Covenant Unfaithfulness

Inherited from Romans package. Same collision documented in Romans baseline (Hmong custom frames wrongdoing as reparable social/ritual fault); extended here into the core passage’s confession vocabulary (8:33-51) and the recurring regnal-evaluation refrain.

Wrath Of God

Approved rendering: kev npau taws ntawm Vajtswv
Transliteration: aph / charon
Doctrine: Idolatry and Its Consequences
Rejected alternatives: unqualified npau taws (capricious spirit/ancestor anger) — rejected without contrast teaching

Inherited from Romans package. Applied to God’s judicial anger at apostasy (9:1-9, 11:9, 14:9-10, 16:33, 22).

Idol

Approved rendering: dab mlom
Transliteration: gillulim / pesel
Doctrine: Idolatry and Its Consequences
Rejected alternatives: generic ‘statue’ softening — rejected

Inherited from Romans package. The actual, currently-practiced Hmong term for spirit-images; extended into the densest collision cluster in 1 Kings (chs. 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 21).

Sanctification

Approved rendering: kev raug ua kom dawb huv
Transliteration: qadash (positive sense)
Doctrine: The Temple as God’s Dwelling among His People
Rejected alternatives: treating dawb huv as repeatable ritual-cleansing — rejected

Inherited from Romans package. Underlies ‘Lub Chaw Dawb Huv Tshaj Plaws’ (Holy of Holies, ch.6). MUST NEVER be extended to the qadesh (cultic prostitute) referent of 14:24 — see cultic_prostitute_qadesh entry’s explicit prohibition.

Baptism

Approved rendering: kev cai raus dej
Transliteration: typological continuity term
Doctrine: The Temple as God’s Dwelling among His People

Inherited from Romans package. Cited for typological continuity with the bronze Sea’s priestly-ablution imagery (ch.7); the OT image is background only and must not be conflated as the same rite as Christian baptism.

Power

Approved rendering: hwjchim
Transliteration: dynamis-parallel; hwjchim used for miraculous acts and Baal contest
Doctrine: Elijah and the Contest with Baal
Rejected alternatives: bare, unqualified hwjchim — FORBIDDEN

Inherited from Romans package. Always ‘Vajtswv hwjchim’ (never bare); governs Solomon’s ch.3 wisdom-adjacent power, the miraculous provision/resurrection of ch.17, and above all the Carmel fire-contest of ch.18, where it must carry explicit ‘no other god exists’ framing, not merely comparative-strength framing.

Salvation Save

Approved rendering: kev cawm dim / cawm
Transliteration: yasha
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Rejected alternatives: unanchored ‘dim’ parallel to shamanic soul-rescue — rejected

Inherited from Romans package. Used in the narrower this-worldly-deliverance sense (8:44 battle context, ch.20) rather than the full Romans soteriological sense; must remain anchored to the LORD as sole deliverer to avoid later confusion when the fuller sense is taught.

Worship Serve Cultic

Approved rendering: pehawm / pab teev
Transliteration: avad
Doctrine: Elijah and the Contest with Baal
Rejected alternatives: bare, unanchored pehawm — FORBIDDEN

Inherited from Romans package. Object must always be stated; Ahab ‘served Baal and worshiped him’ (16:31, ‘pehawm Npa-as’) itself models the exact forbidden pattern the Romans baseline warns against.

Steadfast Love Covenant Loyalty

Approved rendering: txoj kev hlub ruaj khov
Transliteration: chesed
Doctrine: The Temple as God’s Dwelling among His People
Rejected alternatives: kev hlub (general love) used interchangeably — rejected, txiaj ntsim (grace) used interchangeably — rejected, txoj kev khuv leej (mercy) used interchangeably — rejected

NEW ENTRY. Risks collapsing into generic affection or the reciprocal, revocable kin-obligation logic of Hmong clan loyalty; must be kept lexically distinct from love, grace, and mercy per the Romans baseline’s existing three-way discipline, now a four-way fence. Core passage 8:23.

Set Apart Separated

Approved rendering: raug cais tawm ntawm lwm haiv neeg huv tibsi los ua Vajtswv haiv neeg tshwj xeeb
Transliteration: hivdil
Doctrine: The Temple as God’s Dwelling among His People
Rejected alternatives: ethnic-superiority or ritual-purity-exclusion framing — rejected

NEW ENTRY. Must not be taught as ethnic superiority or ritual-purity-based exclusion, a live temptation given Hmong clan in-group/out-group categories; separation is for covenantal purpose and mission, balanced by the foreigner-inclusion counterpoint (8:41-43). 8:53.

Temple House Of The Lord

Approved rendering: Lub Tuam Tsev ntawm Vajtswv
Transliteration: bayit / heikal
Doctrine: The Temple as God’s Dwelling among His People
Rejected alternatives: bare ‘lub tsev’ (house) with no qualifier — rejected, defaults to spirit-house model

NEW ENTRY. Shares ‘tsev’ (house) with household spirit-shrines (tsev dab); the ‘ntawm Vajtswv’ qualifier is mandatory at every occurrence. Chapters 5-9.

Ark Of The Covenant

Approved rendering: Lub Thawv Sib Cog Lus
Transliteration: aron haberith
Doctrine: The Temple as God’s Dwelling among His People
Rejected alternatives: Ark presented as an independently powerful talisman/amulet — rejected

NEW ENTRY. Risk of talismanic/amulet veneration paralleling Hmong protective-charm practice; must be taught as a covenant-sign deriving all significance from God’s presence and promise. 8:1-11.

Altar

Approved rendering: lub thaj (rau Vajtswv) / lub thaj (rau lwm tus vajtswv)
Transliteration: mizbeach
Doctrine: Idolatry and Its Consequences
Rejected alternatives: unmarked ‘lub thaj’ with no object — FORBIDDEN

NEW ENTRY. Direct collision with literal Hmong household/clan spirit-altars (thaj dab, thaj xwm kab); every occurrence must be object-marked, no exceptions, including headers/footnotes/quiz options. Chapters 3, 8, 12, 13, 18.

High Place

Approved rendering: tej chaw siab (context-marked: neutral at Gibeon ch.3; ’… uas teev lwm tus vajtswv’ when idolatrous, ch.11+)
Transliteration: bamah
Doctrine: Idolatry and Its Consequences
Rejected alternatives: flattening to a single uniformly negative rendering — rejected, loses Gibeon/Bethel narrative contrast

NEW ENTRY. Direct collision with actual Hmong elevated-site nature/spirit worship (sacred groves, mountain shrines); the neutral-vs-condemned contrast within the book (Gibeon vs. Bethel/Chemosh) must be preserved. Chapters 3, 11, 14, 15.

Standing Stones Asherah

Approved rendering: tej pas zeb dawb huv (rau lwm tus vajtswv) / Asela
Transliteration: matstsevot / asherim
Doctrine: Idolatry and Its Consequences
Rejected alternatives: neutral memorial-stone framing — rejected

NEW ENTRY. Direct collision with actual standing-stone/sacred-object veneration in Hmong and regional folk religion; deity-name transliterated as ‘Asela’, physical object described functionally. Chapters 14, 15.

Word Of The Lord Formula

Approved rendering: tus Tswv Txojlus tuaj rau…
Transliteration: devar-YHWH
Doctrine: Prophetic Confrontation of Kings
Rejected alternatives: shaman’s trance-received-message framing — rejected

NEW ENTRY. Built on the existing baseline Vajtswv Txoj Lus/Vaj Lug Kub scripture vocabulary but distinguished as the event of a specific prophetic word arriving, not the closed canon; carries binding, testable, non-negotiable authority unlike negotiable shamanic consultation. Chapters 13, 17, 20.

Calling On The Name

Approved rendering: hu rau tus Tswv lub npe
Transliteration: qara beshem
Doctrine: Elijah and the Contest with Baal
Rejected alternatives: unmarked hu paralleling hu plig / hu dab ritual soul-calling — FORBIDDEN

NEW ENTRY. Extends the name_of_the_lord_dwelling discipline into the Carmel refrain (18:24-26) and the core passage’s climactic petition (8:52); must always specify the object being called upon with disambiguating co-text.

Divided Kingdom

Approved rendering: lub Nceeg Vaj Yixalayees raug muab dua/rhuav
Transliteration: qara / mamlakah
Doctrine: The Divided Kingdom and Covenant Unfaithfulness
Rejected alternatives: identical rendering to lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Vajtswv — FORBIDDEN

NEW ENTRY. Must be kept lexically and conceptually distinct from baseline kingdom_of_god — a this-worldly political kingdom under historical judgment, never the NT eschatological Kingdom. Chapters 11, 12.

Golden Calf

Approved rendering: dab mlom sawv cev ua tus nyuj kub
Transliteration: egle zahav
Doctrine: Idolatry and Its Consequences
Rejected alternatives: harmless-local-adaptation framing of Jeroboam’s convenience rationale — rejected

NEW ENTRY. Extends baseline idol entry; Jeroboam’s pragmatic-convenience rationale mirrors a live syncretistic-accommodation temptation that must be named unflinchingly as covenant-breaking idolatry. Ch. 12.

Repent Return

Approved rendering: tig rov qab los rau Vajtswv
Transliteration: shuv
Doctrine: The Divided Kingdom and Covenant Unfaithfulness
Rejected alternatives: ritual-technique/correct-performance framing of repentance — rejected

NEW ENTRY. Hmong ritual-restitution culture treats wrongdoing as fixable via correct ritual performance; shuv must be taught as genuine, wholehearted covenant reorientation, doing double duty as ‘repent’ and ‘return from exile’. Chapters 8, 13, 21.

Medium Risk Terms

Hardening

Approved rendering: lub siab tawv
Transliteration: kabed lev
Doctrine: The Divided Kingdom and Covenant Unfaithfulness

Inherited from Romans package. Extended from Israel’s future hardening (Romans 11) to Rehoboam’s individual stubbornness (12:1-15).

Mercy

Approved rendering: txoj kev khuv leej
Transliteration: rachamim
Doctrine: The Temple as God’s Dwelling among His People
Rejected alternatives: txiaj ntsim used interchangeably for mercy — rejected

Inherited from Romans package. Applied to 8:50’s compassion toward the exiled/afflicted; must remain distinct from txiaj ntsim (grace).

Ungodly

Approved rendering: tus tsis hwm Vajtswv
Transliteration: asebes-parallel (background)
Doctrine: Solomon’s Wisdom and Its Limits

Inherited from Romans package. Cited as the negative pole against which covenantal fear of the LORD (fear_of_the_lord) is contrasted at 8:40.

Apostle

Approved rendering: tus Tub Txib
Transliteration: apostolos (NT background)
Doctrine: Prophetic Confrontation of Kings

Inherited from Romans package. Cited only as a background structural parallel to the prophet’s sent-messenger role; not independently load-bearing in 1 Kings.

Oath

Approved rendering: lus twv cog lus
Transliteration: alah
Doctrine: The Temple as God’s Dwelling among His People

NEW ENTRY. Hmong oath-curse practice (foom/twv) is a real cultural bridge but assumes ritual-formula self-enforcement rather than the LORD’s own character as guarantor and judge; needs explicit reframing. 8:31.

Inheritance Heritage Corporate

Approved rendering: qhov uas Vajtswv muab ua qub txeeg qub teg
Transliteration: nachalah
Doctrine: The Temple as God’s Dwelling among His People

NEW ENTRY. Extends baseline heir vocabulary collectively to Israel/the land; must be kept anchored to covenant conditionality here, unlike unconditional individual-inheritance imagery in Romans 8. 8:36.

Fear Of The Lord

Approved rendering: kev hwm thiab ntshai Vajtswv
Transliteration: yare
Doctrine: Solomon’s Wisdom and Its Limits
Rejected alternatives: fear framed as anxious placation of unpredictable spirits — rejected

NEW ENTRY. Must be distinguished from fear of capricious ancestral/nature spirits requiring appeasement; covenantal fear is reverent trust in a righteous, known covenant partner, foundational to wisdom. 8:40.

Jealousy Zeal Of God

Approved rendering: txoj kev khib siab rau tus Tswv
Transliteration: qana
Doctrine: Elijah and the Contest with Baal
Rejected alternatives: khib framed as petty interpersonal/marital jealousy alone — rejected without reframing

NEW ENTRY. Hmong khib most readily connotes petty possessiveness; must be taught as righteous, covenant-exclusive zeal — while remaining a potentially useful covenant-as-marriage bridge if carefully framed. 19:10, 14.

Cherubim

Approved rendering: cov npua tsov muaj tis
Transliteration: keruvim
Doctrine: The Temple as God’s Dwelling among His People
Rejected alternatives: protective totemic guardian-spirit figure framing — rejected

NEW ENTRY. Comprehension gap; risk of confusion with protective totemic/guardian-spirit imagery in Hmong folk religion; must be taught as symbolic representations of God’s heavenly court. Ch. 6, 8.

Bronze Sea Laver

Approved rendering: lub Hiav Txwv Tooj Liab
Transliteration: yam
Doctrine: The Temple as God’s Dwelling among His People
Rejected alternatives: repeatable magical-cleansing framing — rejected

NEW ENTRY. Connects to purification themes disciplined in the baseline baptism entry; risk that ritual washing be understood as repeatable magical cleansing rather than the provisional, later-superseded priestly system’s function. Ch. 7.

Prayer Supplication

Approved rendering: kev thov Vajtswv / kev thov txiaj ntsim
Transliteration: tephillah / techinnah / rinnah
Doctrine: The Temple as God’s Dwelling among His People
Rejected alternatives: unmarked ‘thov’ with no stated object — rejected, collides with thov dab / thov neeb

NEW ENTRY. The verb thov is shared with pleading toward spirits/shamanic intermediaries; object must always be stated. Chapters 8, 18.

Anoint

Approved rendering: muab roj laum (tsa ua vaj ntxwv)
Transliteration: mashach
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Rejected alternatives: ritual substance-application for spirit-protection framing — rejected

NEW ENTRY. Comprehension gap (no native Hmong oil-anointing-for-kingship practice); marks divine designation to covenant office, not magical potency transfer. Ch. 1.

Sackcloth And Fasting

Approved rendering: hnav khaub ncaws tsaus dub thiab yoo mov
Transliteration: saq veta’anit
Doctrine: Prophetic Confrontation of Kings
Rejected alternatives: mechanical ‘ritual repentance cancels judgment’ framing — rejected

NEW ENTRY. Ahab’s genuine but partial repentance-ritual (21:27); must be taught as delaying but not cancelling covenant judgment (21:29).

Man Of God

Approved rendering: tus neeg ntawm Vajtswv
Transliteration: ish ha’elohim
Doctrine: Prophetic Confrontation of Kings

NEW ENTRY. A title for an often-unnamed prophet; comprehension-level, kept in the same disambiguating orbit as ‘prophet’, distinct from the shamanic religious-specialist figure. Chapters 13, 20.

Fire From Heaven

Approved rendering: hluavtaws saum ntuj los
Transliteration: esh
Doctrine: Elijah and the Contest with Baal
Rejected alternatives: generic supernatural-spectacle framing available to any spirit-practitioner — rejected

NEW ENTRY. Fire is also a marker of supernatural-power display in shamanic folk narrative; must be explicitly anchored as evidence of Vajtswv hwjchim alone. Ch. 18.

Wavering Between Two Opinions

Approved rendering: taug ob txoj kev ntxeev npau ntxeev qaij
Transliteration: pisach
Doctrine: Elijah and the Contest with Baal

NEW ENTRY. Good rhetorical bridge-idiom for syncretism; central to the Idolatry doctrine’s diagnostic force against maintaining dual religious loyalties for social convenience. 18:21.

Forced Labor Levy

Approved rendering: kev raug yuam ua num
Transliteration: mas
Doctrine: The Divided Kingdom and Covenant Unfaithfulness
Rejected alternatives: qhev (bondservant) vocabulary applied to state conscription — rejected

NEW ENTRY. Must be kept distinct from baseline servant_slave_doulos — this is oppressive state conscription the text itself later condemns (12:4), not the voluntary-bondservant metaphor Paul redeems positively. Chapters 5, 9, 12.

Bloodguilt

Approved rendering: ntshav (raug rau txim vim tua neeg)
Transliteration: dam
Doctrine: The Divided Kingdom and Covenant Unfaithfulness

NEW ENTRY. Comprehension-level; connects to but is distinct from baseline katakrima/no_condemnation; Hmong clan blood-debt concepts offer a workable, non-colliding bridge. Ch. 2 (Joab, Shimei).

Threefold Confession

Approved rendering: peb tau ua txhaum, ua yuam kev, thiab ua limhiam
Transliteration: chata, avah, rasha
Doctrine: The Temple as God’s Dwelling among His People
Rejected alternatives: three separate categories of offense framing — rejected

NEW ENTRY. Must be taught as three intensifying facets of the single txhaum reality already established in the Romans baseline, not three separate categories of offense. 8:47.

Byword Proverb Of Scorn

Approved rendering: zaj lus piv txwv thiab kev thuam
Transliteration: mashal u-shninah
Doctrine: The Divided Kingdom and Covenant Unfaithfulness

NEW ENTRY. Reinforces the core passage’s conditional-covenant nuance against a purely unconditional reading of the Davidic promise. 9:7.

Justice Judgment

Approved rendering: kev txiav txim ncaj ncees
Transliteration: mishpat
Doctrine: Solomon’s Wisdom and Its Limits

NEW ENTRY. Comprehension-level; bridges well to Hmong village-court judgment concepts already noted in the Romans baseline’s no_condemnation entry. Chapters 3, 8.

False Witness Contrast

Approved rendering: tus timkhawv cuav / tus timkhawv dag
Transliteration: ed shaqer (implied)
Doctrine: Prophetic Confrontation of Kings
Rejected alternatives: conflating with baseline positive ‘witness’ sense without contrast marker — rejected

NEW ENTRY. Extends baseline witness with an explicit contrast marker for Jezebel’s suborned false testimony against Naboth, leading to judicial murder; directly relevant to the ch.22 true-vs-false-prophet theme. Ch. 21.

Foreigner Stranger Contextual

Approved rendering: lwm haiv neeg / tus neeg txawv tebchaws
Transliteration: nokri
Doctrine: The Temple as God’s Dwelling among His People
Rejected alternatives: fixed single connotation applied to all occurrences — rejected

NEW ENTRY. Morally neutral term whose valence (gracious inclusion, 8:41-43/ch.17, vs. covenant compromise, 11:1) is entirely contextual; curriculum must flag the contrast explicitly rather than silently harmonizing. Chapters 8, 11, 17.

Low Risk Terms

God

Approved rendering: Vajtswv
Transliteration: Elohim
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting

Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly throughout 1 Kings; no collision.

Lord

Approved rendering: tus Tswv
Transliteration: YHWH / Adonai
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting

Inherited from Romans package. Combines with Vajtswv for the doubled title ‘tus Tswv Vajtswv’ (Adonai YHWH, 8:53) — see new entry lord_god_combined_title.

Peace

Approved rendering: kev thaj yeeb
Transliteration: shalom
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting

Inherited from Romans package. Used of Solomon’s peaceful reign (4:25, ‘every man under his vine and fig tree’).

Promise

Approved rendering: lus cog tseg
Transliteration: dabar (as pledge)
Doctrine: The Divided Kingdom and Covenant Unfaithfulness

Inherited from Romans package. The Davidic promise (2 Sam 7 background), fulfilled visibly in the Temple’s completion (8:24) and reiterated conditionally at 2:4, 9:4-9.

Nations Gentiles

Approved rendering: lwm Haiv Neeg
Transliteration: goyim
Doctrine: The Temple as God’s Dwelling among His People

Inherited from Romans package. Doctrinal continuity term for the foreigner-inclusion theme of 8:41-43 and ch.17.

Heir

Approved rendering: tus qub txeeg qub teg
Transliteration: nachalah (individual sense)
Doctrine: The Temple as God’s Dwelling among His People

Inherited from Romans package. Strong positive resonance with Hmong lineage-inheritance custom; extended collectively in new entry inheritance_heritage_corporate.

Glory

Approved rendering: lub yeeb koob
Transliteration: kavod
Doctrine: The Temple as God’s Dwelling among His People

Inherited from Romans package. First sustained OT appearance at 8:10-11 (glory-cloud filling the Temple); must be taught distinct from Solomon’s own derivative royal splendor (ch.10).

Witness

Approved rendering: tus timkhawv
Transliteration: ed
Doctrine: Prophetic Confrontation of Kings

Inherited from Romans package. Positive/legal-testimonial register; see new entry false_witness_contrast for the ironic negative use against Naboth (ch.21).

Kingdom Of God

Approved rendering: lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Vajtswv
Transliteration: basileia tou theou (NT contrast concept)
Doctrine: The Divided Kingdom and Covenant Unfaithfulness

Inherited from Romans package. Cited strictly as the CONTRAST term that must NEVER be used for Israel’s/Judah’s this-worldly political kingdoms — see new entry divided_kingdom for the required distinct rendering.

Love

Approved rendering: kev hlub
Transliteration: ahavah
Doctrine: The Temple as God’s Dwelling among His People

Inherited from Romans package. General warm affection; kept distinct from chesed (steadfast_love_covenant_loyalty) in 8:23.

Hope

Approved rendering: kev cia siab
Transliteration: background continuity term
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting

Inherited from Romans package. Background continuity term; no dedicated 1 Kings collision surfaced.

Scripture

Approved rendering: Vaj Lug Kub
Transliteration: kathub (background continuity)
Doctrine: Prophetic Confrontation of Kings

Inherited from Romans package. Cited to distinguish the closed body of sacred writing from the specific-event ‘word of the LORD came’ formula (see word_of_the_lord_formula).

Lord God Combined Title

Approved rendering: tus Tswv Vajtswv
Transliteration: Adonai YHWH
Doctrine: The Temple as God’s Dwelling among His People

NEW ENTRY. Doubled divine title used in solemn address (8:53); stable combination of two already-fixed baseline terms (tus Tswv + Vajtswv); flag consistent ordering/capitalization for future combined-title entries.

King

Approved rendering: vaj ntxwv
Transliteration: melek
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting

NEW ENTRY. Stable existing Hmong term for the ruling monarch; no collision. All chapters.

Iron Furnace

Approved rendering: lub qhov cub hlau uas kub heev
Transliteration: kur habarzel
Doctrine: The Temple as God’s Dwelling among His People

NEW ENTRY. Figurative idiom for the Egyptian bondage; useful typological echo of slavery and later sanctifying testing. 8:51.

Low-Medium Risk Terms

Still Small Voice

Approved rendering: lub suab me me ntsiag to
Transliteration: qol demamah daqqah
Doctrine: Elijah and the Contest with Baal

NEW ENTRY. Comprehension-level; deliberately subverts the preceding wind/earthquake/fire sequence, teaching that God’s presence is not always tied to dramatic power-displays like Carmel’s fire. Ch. 19.

Throne

Approved rendering: lub zwm txwv
Transliteration: kisse
Doctrine: The Divided Kingdom and Covenant Unfaithfulness

NEW ENTRY. Comprehension-level; the conditional clause attached to the Davidic throne-promise (8:25, 9:4-9) is the doctrinally load-bearing element, not the noun itself. Chapters 1, 2, 8.

Wicked Condemn

Approved rendering: tus limhiam / rau txim rau
Transliteration: rasha / hirshi’a
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting

NEW ENTRY. Building on the baseline txhaum family; comprehension-level, no direct religious-vocabulary collision. 8:32.

Exile Captivity

Approved rendering: raug ntes coj mus rau lwm tebchaws
Transliteration: golah / shevi
Doctrine: The Temple as God’s Dwelling among His People

NEW ENTRY. Descriptive; no collision, comprehension-level only. 8:46-50.

Assembly Congregation

Approved rendering: cov pejxeem Yixalayees tuaj sib sau ua ke
Transliteration: qahal
Doctrine: The Temple as God’s Dwelling among His People

NEW ENTRY. The whole worshiping nation gathered at the Temple dedication; a conceptual ancestor of NT ekklēsia, comprehension-level only. 8:14, 22, 55.

Heaven Shut Drought

Approved rendering: saum ntuj raug kaw, tsis muaj nag los
Transliteration: atsar hashamayim
Doctrine: The Divided Kingdom and Covenant Unfaithfulness

NEW ENTRY. Covenant-curse drought (8:35), narratively fulfilled under Ahab (chs.17-18) — an explicit intertextual payoff worth flagging for curriculum sequencing.

Medium-High Risk Terms

Heavenly Council Host

Approved rendering: Vajtswv cov tub teg tub taws saum ntuj
Transliteration: cheil hashamayim
Doctrine: Prophetic Confrontation of Kings
Rejected alternatives: pantheon of independently negotiating spirit-powers framing — rejected

NEW ENTRY. Risk of ambiguous resonance with animistic spirit-hierarchy/pantheon cosmologies; must be explicitly framed as the LORD’s own unrivaled sovereign court. Ch. 22.

Regnal Evaluation Formula

Approved rendering: ua tej uas phem/ncaj ncees tab meeg Vajtswv lub qhov muag
Transliteration: asah hara / hayashar be’einei YHWH
Doctrine: The Divided Kingdom and Covenant Unfaithfulness
Rejected alternatives: prosperity/political-success-based evaluation — rejected

NEW ENTRY. The book’s central covenant-fidelity-only evaluation refrain; must never be softened into worldly success evaluation — several ‘evil’ kings prospered, several ‘good’ kings suffered militarily. Chapters 14-22, recurring.

Servant Of The Lord Honorific

Approved rendering: tus qhev ntawm Vajtswv
Transliteration: ebed (honorific)
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Rejected alternatives: bare qhev with no honorific framing applied to kings/prophets — rejected, risks unintended demeaning

NEW ENTRY. Applying baseline qhev (chattel-slavery connotation) to revered kings and prophets without added honorific framing risks demeaning figures Hmong culture would never call literal slaves. Chapters 1, 2, 8, 11, 14.

Devoted To Destruction Cherem

Approved rendering: tus neeg uas Vajtswv twb muab cob rau kev puas tsuaj lawm
Transliteration: cherem
Doctrine: Prophetic Confrontation of Kings
Rejected alternatives: generalized holy-war principle framing — rejected

NEW ENTRY. A theologically complex holy-war concept without a clean Hmong analogue; requires specific-historical-judgment framing, never a general principle. Ch. 20:42.

Illegitimate Priesthood

Approved rendering: cov txiv nyeem uas tsis raug Vajtswv tsa
Transliteration: kohanim (non-Levitical)
Doctrine: Idolatry and Its Consequences

NEW ENTRY. Contrasts with baseline priestly_minister entry; flagged as an explicitly condemned illegitimate substitute for the God-ordained order, structurally paralleling the false-prophet material of chs. 13, 18, 22. Ch. 12:31.

Forgive

Approved rendering: zam txim
Transliteration: salach
Doctrine: The Temple as God’s Dwelling among His People
Rejected alternatives: ritual-pollution-removal-by-correct-performance framing — rejected

NEW ENTRY. Must be taught as God’s sovereign judicial pardon, not ritual-restitution-achieved pollution removal; extends the Original-Sin/Universal-Guilt collision from the Romans baseline into this OT setting. 8:30, 34, 36, 39, 50.

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