Core Glossary
2 Chronicles — Core Glossary (Hmong Language Package)
0. Legend
- Origin: Inherited = term and rendering copied verbatim from the Romans baseline
translation_memory.json; permanent, no re-gloss permitted. - Origin: New (2 Chr) = term surfaced in this book with no prior TM entry; rendering proposed here is provisional pending formal TM-revision review, per
12_ai_translation_requirements.md§2.4 and §9. - Risk tiers (Critical/High/Medium/Low) follow the exact definitions in
assets/doctrine_risk_registry.json.
1. Inherited Terms (reused exactly from the Romans TM baseline)
| # | English Term | Hebrew/LXX Cross-Reference | Hmong Rendering (fixed) | Risk | Doctrine(s) in this curriculum | Chapters | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | God | אֱלֹהִים / theos | Vajtswv | Low | Temple Worship; all | all | Reused exactly. |
| 2 | Lord (title, non-Name) | אֲדֹנָי / kyrios | tus Tswv | Low | General | all | Reused exactly; distinct from “Yawmsaub” (the Name). |
| 3 | Glory | כָּבוֹד / doxa | lub yeeb koob | Low | Temple Worship and God’s Presence | 5, 7, 9 | Reused exactly. |
| 4 | Law (Mosaic/Divine) | תּוֹרָה / nomos | Txoj Kevcai (ntawm Vajtswv / Mauxes) | Critical | Faithful/Unfaithful Kings; Reform | 6,7,8,9,12,14,15,17,19,25,31,33,34,35 | Mandatory qualifier retained without exception. |
| 5 | Idol | אֱלִיל / eidōlon | dab mlom | High | Faithful/Unfaithful Kings; Exile | 1,7,11,12,13,15,17,21,23,24,25,28,33,34 | Reused exactly. |
| 6 | Worship/Serve (cultic) | עָבַד/הִשְׁתַּחֲוָה / latreuō | pehawm | High | Temple Worship; Faithful/Unfaithful Kings | throughout | Object always stated: “pehawm Yawmsaub” vs. “pehawm dab mlom.” |
| 7 | Wrath of God | חֲרוֹן אַף / orgē theou | kev npau taws ntawm Vajtswv | High | Exile as Covenant Consequence | 12, 28, 36 | Reused exactly. |
| 8 | Power | חַיִל / dynamis | hwjchim (always “Vajtswv hwjchim”) | High | Faithful Kings’ deliverance narratives | 13,14,20,32 | Reused exactly with mandatory qualifier. |
| 9 | Salvation/Save | יָשַׁע / sōzō | kev cawm dim | High | Restoration; deliverance narratives | 20, 32 | Anchored to Yawmsaub as agent (OT typological anchoring; see §3 note below). |
| 10 | Mercy | רַחֲמִים / eleos | txoj kev khuv leej | Medium | Election/Sovereignty-adjacent; Restoration | 30 | Kept distinct from chesed (see new term #24) and grace. |
| 11 | Grace | חֵן / charis | txiaj ntsim | Critical | Restoration; Cyrus’s favor | 36 | koob hmoov permanently forbidden, per baseline. |
| 12 | Promise | הַבְטָחָה / epangelia | lus cog tseg | Low | Davidic covenant content | 6, 7, 9 | Distinct from berit/covenant (new term #12 below). |
| 13 | Kingdom of God (typological root) | מַלְכוּת / basileia tou theou | lub Nceeg Vaj (ntawm Vajtswv) | Low-Medium | Faithful/Unfaithful Kings (Davidic typology) | 7, 9, 13, 36 | Political Davidic kingdom must be distinguished from, while pointing toward, the NT referent. |
| 14 | Remnant | שְׁאָר / hypoleimma | cov seem | Low | Hope of Restoration | 22, 30, 36 | Reused exactly. |
| 15 | Faith/Believe | אָמַן / pistis, pisteuō | kev ntseeg / ntseeg | Medium | National trust narratives | 20 | Object-anchoring convention retained. |
| 16 | World/Nations | גּוֹיִם / ethnē, kosmos | lwm Haiv Neeg / lub ntiajteb | Low | Temple’s openness to foreigners | 6, 7:21-22 | Reused exactly. |
| 17 | Human spirit/soul (anthropological) | רוּחַ (human) / pneuma | ntsuj plig (never “Vaj”-prefixed) | High | Hope of Restoration (Cyrus) | 36 | Must never be confused with the divine Holy Spirit entry. |
| 18 | Thanksgiving | הוֹדָה / eucharistō | ua tsaug | Low | Temple Worship | 5, 7, 20 | Reused exactly. |
2. New Terms Surfaced in 2 Chronicles (provisional — pending TM-revision review)
| # | English Term | Hebrew | Transliteration | Hmong Rendering (provisional) | Risk | Doctrine(s) | Chapters | Rationale Summary |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | LORD (divine covenant Name, YHWH) | יְהוָה | YHWH | Yawmsaub | Critical | Temple Worship and God’s Presence; all | all (500+ occurrences) | Established Hmong Bible tradition rendering, built on the pre-Christian Hmong high-deity figure Saub; must be taught as referring exclusively to the true covenant God, never conflated with the animist Saub figure or with generic Vajtswv when the Hebrew text specifically marks the Name. |
| 2 | Prophet | נָבִיא | navi | yaj saub | Critical | Faithful/Unfaithful Kings; Reform | 18, 21, 24, 25, 33, 34, 35, 36 | Shares the Saub root; collides with the shamanic (txiv neeb) spirit-communication role. Mandatory contrast-teaching using the book’s own true/false-prophet narratives (esp. ch. 18). |
| 3 | Covenant | בְּרִית | berit | kev cog lus (qualify “ntawm Yawmsaub” when divine) | High | Faithful/Unfaithful Kings; Exile; Restoration | 6,7,15,21,23,29,34 | Kept lexically distinct from the inherited promise (lus cog tseg) entry to preserve the conditional-reign/unconditional-dynasty nuance of the Davidic covenant. |
| 4 | Temple/House of the LORD | בֵּית יְהוָה | beit YHWH | lub Tuam Tsev ntawm Yawmsaub | High | Temple Worship and God’s Presence | 2-9, 23, 24, 29-31, 34, 36 | Shares register with Buddhist/Chinese temple structures in the diaspora context; must always carry the divine-Name anchor. |
| 5 | Humble oneself | כָּנַע | kana | txo hwv siab | Medium | Conditional Blessing and National Repentance | 7 (core), 12, 32, 33 | Deliberately distinct coinage from hwjchim (power) to avoid the divine-power qualifier collision; denotes the people’s/king’s own posture. |
| 6 | Turn/Repent | שׁוּב | shuv | tig rov qab ntawm txoj kev phem | High | Conditional Blessing and National Repentance | 7 (core), 15, 30 | Must be distinguished from Hmong ritual-correction “turning back” (returning to proper ancestral appeasement custom), the functional opposite direction. |
| 7 | Forgive | סָלַח | salach | zam txim | Medium | Conditional Blessing and National Repentance | 7 (core), 30 | Established Hmong Christian term; deliberately not merged with the Critical Romans TM justification entry (different doctrinal category — national/covenantal forgiveness vs. NT forensic imputation). |
| 8 | Heal (the land) | רָפָא | rapha | kho (lub tebchaws) kom zoo | Critical | Conditional Blessing and National Repentance | 7 (core), 30 | Direct collision with the shaman’s (txiv neeb) central healing function; must be explicitly anchored to prior forgiveness of sin and scoped to national/agricultural restoration, not individual ritual cure. |
| 9 | Exile/Captivity | גָּלָה | galah | raug ntes coj mus rau lwm tebchaws | High | The Exile as Covenant Consequence | 36 (also 28, 33 partial) | Strong positive comprehension-resonance with Hmong refugee history is a double-edged risk; must be taught as covenantal judgment for a specific cause, not generalized displacement or fate. |
| 10 | Forsake/Abandon | עָזַב | azav | tso Yawmsaub tseg | Medium-High | Faithful and Unfaithful Kings | 7 (core),12,21,24,28,29,33,36 | Central diagnostic term for unfaithful reigns; God-ward object-marking mandatory. |
| 11 | Trespass/Treacherous Unfaithfulness | מַעַל | ma’al | kev fav xeeb rau Yawmsaub | High | Faithful and Unfaithful Kings | 24, 26, 28, 33, 36 | Distinct from generic sin (txhaum); denotes betrayal of a sacred trust/office — must not be flattened into ordinary wrongdoing. |
| 12 | Steadfast/Covenant Love | חֶסֶד | chesed | txoj kev hlub ruaj khov (ntawm Vajtswv) | Medium-High | Temple Worship; Hope of Restoration | 5, 7, 20 | Must be kept distinct from both inherited grace and mercy entries — a third, covenant-loyalty-specific emphasis. |
| 13 | Sorcery/Mediums/Necromancers | עוֹנֵן, נַחֵשׁ, כָּשַׁף, אוֹב, יִדְּעוֹנִי | onen, nachesh, kashaf, ov, yidde’oni | kev ua neeb ua yaig thiab nrog cov dab tham | Critical (highest sensitivity in book) | Faithful and Unfaithful Kings; Reform | 33 | Names and condemns practices functionally overlapping with Hmong txiv neeb/shamanic mediumship; mandatory theologian + native-speaker pastoral review; must be paired with Manasseh’s own restoration narrative to frame as invitation to repentance, not condemnation of persons. |
| 14 | Child sacrifice (“pass through the fire”) | הֶעֱבִיר בָּאֵשׁ | he’evir ba’esh | hlawv (nws tus tub) ua khoom fij rau dab mlom | Critical | Faithful and Unfaithful Kings | 28, 33 | Most severe apostasy narrated in the book; must not be sensationalized or used to caricature Hmong ancestral religion broadly. |
| 15 | Priest | כֹּהֵן | kohen | pov thawj | Medium | Temple Worship and God’s Presence | 11,13,15,19,23,24,26,29-31,34,35 | Established Hmong Christian term; distinct from Romans TM’s metaphorical priestly_minister. |
| 16 | High Place | בָּמָה | bamah | chaw siab | Medium-High | Reform under Hezekiah and Josiah | 1 (legitimate), 14,15,17,21,28,33,34 (idolatrous) | Context-dependent valence: legitimate only pre-temple (ch.1); idolatrous thereafter — flag at every later occurrence. |
| 17 | Fear of the LORD | יִרְאַת יְהוָה | yirat YHWH | kev hwm thiab ntshai Yawmsaub | High | Faithful and Unfaithful Kings | 19 | Risks assimilation into fear-driven spirit-appeasement logic; must be taught as reverent, love-grounded awe. |
| 18 | Ark of the Covenant | אֲרוֹן הַבְּרִית | aron haberit | Lub Phij Xab ntawm Kev Cog Lus | Medium | Temple Worship and God’s Presence | 5 | [TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED] — confirm existing Hmong Bible tradition term before permanent entry. |
| 19 | Most Holy Place | קֹדֶשׁ הַקֳּדָשִׁים | qodesh haqqodashim | chav dawb huv tshaj plaws | Medium | Temple Worship and God’s Presence | 3 | Reuses inherited dawb huv (holiness) root. |
| 20 | Name (dwelling) theology | שֵׁם | shem | qhov chaw rau Yawmsaub lub npe nyob | High | Temple Worship and God’s Presence | 2, 6, 7 (core) | Risks resonance with Hmong soul-calling/naming ritual (hu plig); teach as covenant-belonging/presence, not ritual name-binding. |
| 21 | Passover | פֶּסַח | pesach | Kevcai Hla Dhau | Medium | Reform under Hezekiah and Josiah | 30, 35 | Reuses flagged kevcai root shared with baptism/circumcision collision pattern; comprehension gap, not doctrinal collision. |
| 22 | Cleanse (ritual) | טָהֵר | taher | ntxuav kom huv | Medium | Reform under Hezekiah and Josiah | 29 | Distinct preparatory nuance from dawb huv (holy/consecrated state); keep both terms distinct. |
| 23 | Davidic Throne | כִּסֵּא | kisse (malkhut) | lub zwm txwv (ntawm koj lub Nceeg Vaj) | Medium | Faithful and Unfaithful Kings; Hope of Restoration | 7 (core), 9 | Under-teaching typological connection to ultimate messianic kingship is the risk, not lexical collision. |
| 24 | Trust/Rely | בָּטַח | batach | kev tso siab rau Yawmsaub | Medium-Low | Faithful and Unfaithful Kings | 13, 14, 16, 20, 32 | Related to but narrower than inherited faith_believe; crisis-specific reliance. |
| 25 | Restoration/Return | שׁוּב (הָעֹלִים) | shuv / ha’olim | kev rov qab los | Medium | Hope of Restoration | 36 | Positive bridge to Hmong diaspora return-longing; must be taught as covenant fulfillment, not mere repatriation. |
| 26 | Anoint | מָשַׁח | mashach | pleev roj tsw qab | Medium | Faithful and Unfaithful Kings | 23 | Forward-pointing to the ultimate Anointed One (cf. inherited jesus_christ = Khetos, “Anointed”). |
| 27 | Prayer (general noun) | תְּפִלָּה | tefillah | kev thov Vajtswv | Low | Temple Worship and God’s Presence | 6, 7 (core), 20, 32 | New term, stable, no collision; logged for TM-revision review. |
| 28 | Seed/Offspring of the royal house | זֶרַע הַמַּמְלָכָה | zera hamamlakhah | cov me nyuam ntawm huabtais tsev neeg | Medium | Faithful and Unfaithful Kings; Hope of Restoration | 22 | Cross-reference to Davidic covenant (7:18) and inherited remnant entry. |
| 29 | Skin disease (“leprosy”) | צָרַעַת | tsara’at | mob ruas | Medium | Faithful and Unfaithful Kings (Uzziah) | 26 | Established Hmong term for the disease; doctrinal weight (holiness-boundary violation) requires teaching note. |
| 30 | Oath-swearing (covenant renewal) | שָׁבַע / אָלָה | shava / alah | twv lus | Medium | Reform under Hezekiah and Josiah | 15, 23, 29, 34 | Comprehension-level; positive resonance with Hmong customary oath-taking. |
3. Deliberate Non-Reuse Notes (doctrinal boundary decisions)
| Romans TM Entry NOT Reused Here | Where It Might Seem Applicable | Reason for Non-Reuse |
|---|---|---|
righteousness_of_god_righteous / justify_reckon_as_righteous (Critical, forensic imputation) | Chronicles’ recurring regnal formula “did right/evil in the eyes of the LORD,” “walked before me” | Chronicles’ king-by-king ethical evaluation is a covenant-faithfulness narrative category, not the New Testament forensic doctrine of imputed righteousness by faith apart from works; lexically merging them would import a Pauline soteriological claim into a historical-narrative genre that does not make it, risking exactly the kind of doctrinal flattening the baseline package works to prevent elsewhere. Rendered instead as a plain descriptive formula: “ua raws li Yawmsaub pom zoo” (did what was pleasing in the LORD’s sight) / “ua phem rau Yawmsaub pom” (did evil in the LORD’s sight) — Medium risk, comprehension-level only. |
election_choose (Critical, personal/relational, anti-hmoov) | God’s “choosing” of the temple site, Jerusalem, David, Solomon | Reused WITH its full volitional qualifier intact (see 7:12 note in the semantic analysis) — not a non-reuse, but flagged here to confirm the qualifier discipline transfers correctly to a new referent-class (a place, not only a people/person). |
sanctification (kev raug ua kom dawb huv) | Temple consecration (ch. 3, 7, 29) | Reused for the holiness aspect, but deliberately supplemented with the new taher (cleanse) entry to preserve the cleanse-then-consecrate two-stage sequence present in the Hebrew that the Romans package (dealing with individual sanctification, not architectural ritual sequence) did not need to distinguish. |
4. Doctrine-to-Term Cross-Index
| Doctrine | Primary Terms (Inherited + New) |
|---|---|
| Temple Worship and God’s Presence | Vajtswv, Yawmsaub, lub yeeb koob (glory), lub Tuam Tsev ntawm Yawmsaub, qhov chaw rau Yawmsaub lub npe nyob, Lub Phij Xab ntawm Kev Cog Lus, chav dawb huv tshaj plaws, pov thawj, kev thov Vajtswv, txoj kev hlub ruaj khov |
| Conditional Blessing and National Repentance (7:14) | txo hwv siab, tig rov qab ntawm txoj kev phem, zam txim, kho (lub tebchaws) kom zoo, nrhiav Yawmsaub lub ntsej muag, kev cog lus |
| Faithful and Unfaithful Kings | tso Yawmsaub tseg, kev fav xeeb (ma’al), dab mlom, pehawm, ua raws li Yawmsaub pom zoo / ua phem, yaj saub, kev hwm thiab ntshai Yawmsaub, kev tso siab rau Yawmsaub, lub zwm txwv |
| Reform under Hezekiah and Josiah | ntxuav kom huv, kev raug ua kom dawb huv, Kevcai Hla Dhau, chaw siab, phau Ntawv Txoj Kevcai, twv lus |
| The Exile as Covenant Consequence | kev npau taws ntawm Vajtswv, raug ntes coj mus rau lwm tebchaws, kev fav xeeb, tso Yawmsaub tseg |
| Hope of Restoration | cov seem, kev rov qab los, ntsuj plig (Cyrus, anthropological — never Vaj-prefixed), txiaj ntsim, lub Nceeg Vaj |
5. Full-Book Coverage Confirmation
Terms above cite chapters spanning the entire book (1-36). Chapters contributing no new load-bearing vocabulary (4, 8, 11, 17, 21, 25, 27, 35) are explicitly logged in analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md §2 as reviewed rather than omitted, consistent with the full-book-coverage mandate.
Critical Risk Terms
Law Mosaic Divine
Approved rendering: Txoj Kevcai (ntawm Vajtswv / Mauxes)
Transliteration: torah / nomos
Doctrine: Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
Rejected alternatives: bare ‘Txoj Kevcai’ without qualifier — rejected, collapses into kev cai dab qhuas (ancestral spirit-worship customs), imported loanword — rejected, doctrinally inert
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly (‘law_mosaic_divine’). Mandatory qualifier retained without exception across every regnal-evaluation and reform narrative (chs. 6-9,12,14,15,17,19,25,31,33,34,35); also compounds with ‘scripture’ vocabulary in the new entry book_of_the_law (34:14-21).
Grace
Approved rendering: txiaj ntsim
Transliteration: chen / charis
Doctrine: Hope of Restoration
Rejected alternatives: koob hmoov (fortune/blessing tied to fate and ritual correctness) — PERMANENTLY FORBIDDEN
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly (‘grace’). Climactic occurrence at 36:22-23 (Cyrus’s decree, God’s unmerited favor toward the exiles). koob hmoov remains permanently forbidden per the Romans-baseline Critical entry.
Election Choose
Approved rendering: kev xaiv (Vajtswv xaiv raws li nws lub siab nyiam)
Transliteration: bachar / eklogē, eklegomai
Doctrine: Temple Worship and God’s Presence
Rejected alternatives: hmoov (impersonal fate/fortune) vocabulary — PERMANENTLY FORBIDDEN
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly (‘election_choose’). Extended in this book to God’s sovereign choice of a place (the temple site, 7:12,16) rather than only a person/people; the volitional qualifier phrase is mandatory in this extended application exactly as in Romans, confirming the discipline transfers to a new referent-class.
Yahweh Covenant Name
Approved rendering: Yawmsaub
Transliteration: YHWH
Doctrine: Temple Worship and God’s Presence
Rejected alternatives: phonetic transliteration (‘Yehauvas’-style) — FORBIDDEN, sectarian NWT divine-name-substitution pattern, collapsing into generic ‘Vajtswv’ — rejected, erases the deliberate Name/title distinction Chronicles makes (7:12,14,16)
NEW ENTRY. The existing Hmong Bible tradition’s rendering of the Tetragrammaton, built on the pre-Christian Hmong mythological high-deity figure Saub; occurs 500+ times in this book. Must always be taught as referring exclusively to the true covenant God, never conflated with the animist Saub figure. Mandatory human theologian + native-speaker review before permanent TM-revision confirmation.
Sorcery Mediums Necromancers
Approved rendering: kev ua neeb ua yaig thiab nrog cov dab tham
Transliteration: onen, nachesh, kashaf, ov, yidde’oni
Doctrine: Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
Rejected alternatives: softened/generalized ‘superstition’ framing — rejected, obscures the text’s explicit, unequivocal condemnation
NEW ENTRY (33:6, Manasseh). The single most direct textual overlap in the book with contemporary Hmong shamanic practice (ua neeb, txiv neeb, saib yaig). MANDATORY human theologian AND native-speaker pastoral review before any publication; must always be paired with Manasseh’s own restoration (33:12-13,19,23) so the doctrinal point functions as invitation to repentance, never condemnation or shaming of persons.
Child Sacrifice
Approved rendering: hlawv (nws tus tub) ua khoom fij rau dab mlom
Transliteration: he’evir ba’esh
Doctrine: Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
Rejected alternatives: generalized caricature of Hmong ancestral religion — rejected, no equivalent practice exists in Hmong tradition and must not be implied
NEW ENTRY (28:3 Ahaz; 33:6 Manasseh). The single most severe apostasy in the book. MANDATORY human theologian review; must be framed precisely as a specific, historically located act, contrasted explicitly with legitimate sacrifice_burnt_offering vocabulary.
Heal The Land
Approved rendering: kho (lub tebchaws) kom zoo
Transliteration: rapha
Doctrine: Conditional Blessing and National Repentance (2 Chronicles 7:14)
Rejected alternatives: unqualified healing language with no forgiveness-anchor or scope-limit — rejected, reads as ‘God performs the txiv neeb’s function, only more powerfully’
NEW ENTRY. Highest-severity term in the book (7:14 core; 30:18-20 echo). Direct collision with the shaman’s (txiv neeb) central healing function. Mandatory dual anchor at every occurrence: (a) grounded explicitly in prior forgiveness of sin, never an independent ritual act; (b) scoped explicitly to national/agricultural restoration, never individual therapeutic cure. Mandatory human theologian review without exception.
Prophet
Approved rendering: yaj saub
Transliteration: navi
Doctrine: Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
Rejected alternatives: fresh transliterated loanword for ‘navi’ — rejected, would sever this book from the wider existing Hmong Bible corpus’s prophetic vocabulary, a worse outcome than the managed collision risk
NEW ENTRY (18,21,24,25,33,34,35,36). Shares the Saub mythological root with the divine Name itself; collides with the shamanic (txiv neeb) spirit-communication role. Ch. 18 (Micaiah vs. the 400 court prophets) is the mandated pedagogical anchor for the true/false-prophet contrast. MANDATORY human theologian + native-speaker review.
High Risk Terms
Idol
Approved rendering: dab mlom
Transliteration: elil / eidōlon
Doctrine: Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
Rejected alternatives: generic ‘statue’ softening — rejected
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly (‘idol’). Recurring object of unfaithful kings’ worship across the book (1,7,11-13,15,17,21,23-25,28,33,34); reused unmodified per the doctrine_risk_registry’s Faithful/Unfaithful Kings entry.
Worship Serve Cultic
Approved rendering: pehawm / pab teev
Transliteration: avad / hishtachavah / latreuō
Doctrine: Temple Worship and God’s Presence
Rejected alternatives: bare, unanchored pehawm — FORBIDDEN, identical verb used for pehawm dab (ancestor/spirit veneration)
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly (‘worship_serve_cultic’). Object must always be stated: ‘pehawm Yawmsaub’ vs. ‘pehawm dab mlom’ (7:19, 33:6).
Wrath Of God
Approved rendering: kev npau taws ntawm Vajtswv
Transliteration: charon aph / orgē theou
Doctrine: The Exile as Covenant Consequence
Rejected alternatives: unqualified ‘npau taws’ associated only with capricious spirit/ancestor anger
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly (‘wrath_of_god’). Recurs at 12,19,24,28,29,36; must be taught as righteous, judicial, not appeasable by ritual, unlike traditional spirit-anger remedied by sacrifice.
Power
Approved rendering: hwjchim
Transliteration: chayil / dynamis
Doctrine: Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
Rejected alternatives: bare, unqualified hwjchim — FORBIDDEN, identical to a shaman’s (txiv neeb) ritual power
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly (‘power’). Always qualified ‘Vajtswv hwjchim’ in deliverance narratives (13,14,20,32).
Salvation Save
Approved rendering: kev cawm dim / cawm
Transliteration: yasha / sōtēria, sōzō
Doctrine: Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
Rejected alternatives: unanchored ‘dim’ (escape) parallel to shamanic ua neeb soul-rescue
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly (‘salvation_save’). Anchored explicitly to Yawmsaub as sole deliverer in national-crisis narratives (20:20-24; 32:20-22).
Human Spirit Soul
Approved rendering: ntsuj plig
Transliteration: ruach (human) / pneuma (anthropological)
Doctrine: Hope of Restoration
Rejected alternatives: Vaj Ntsuj Plig — forbidden for this referent, reserved exclusively for the Holy Spirit
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly (‘human_spirit_soul’). Critical disambiguation point at 36:22: God ‘stirred’ the pagan king Cyrus’s own human spirit; must never receive the ‘Vaj’ prefix, which would falsely imply the Holy Spirit’s saving indwelling of a non-covenant Gentile ruler.
Sin Act And Condition
Approved rendering: txhaum / kev txhaum
Transliteration: chattah, chet / hamartia
Doctrine: Conditional Blessing and National Repentance (2 Chronicles 7:14)
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly (‘sin_act_and_condition’). Central to 7:14’s forgiveness clause; here carries an added national/corporate dimension (the sin of ‘my people’) not present in the individual-focused Romans usage; kept lexically distinct from the new ma’al (treacherous unfaithfulness) entry.
Temple House Of The Lord
Approved rendering: lub Tuam Tsev ntawm Yawmsaub
Transliteration: beit YHWH
Doctrine: Temple Worship and God’s Presence
Rejected alternatives: bare ‘lub Tuam Tsev’ with no divine-Name anchor — rejected, generic-temple/Buddhist-shrine reading risk
NEW ENTRY. Mandatory qualifier ‘ntawm Yawmsaub’ at every occurrence (chs. 2-9,23,24,29-31,34,36), parallel discipline to Txoj Kevcai’s qualifier.
Name Dwelling Theology
Approved rendering: qhov chaw rau Yawmsaub lub npe nyob (mus ib txhis)
Transliteration: shemi sham ad-olam
Doctrine: Temple Worship and God’s Presence
Rejected alternatives: ritual name-binding/soul-calling framing (hu plig-adjacent) — rejected, inverts divine initiative into human ritual technique
NEW ENTRY. Core-passage term (2:5-6; 6:5-6,20; 7:16). Risks resonance with hu plig (soul-calling ritual) and the household xwm kab ancestor-altar; must be taught as God’s own sovereign self-disclosure, never a technique humans perform to bind or localize divine power. Mandatory first-occurrence footnote at 7:16.
Consecrate A Place
Approved rendering: muab…cai ua kom dawb huv
Transliteration: qadash / hiqdashti
Doctrine: Temple Worship and God’s Presence
NEW ENTRY. Adapted reuse of the Romans TM sanctification root, applied here to a building (3, 7) rather than a person; must be kept structurally distinct from the new cleanse_ritual_preparatory entry to preserve the cleanse-then-consecrate two-stage sequence (29:15-19).
Sacrifice Burnt Offering
Approved rendering: kev hlawv xyeem / khoom fij
Transliteration: zevach / olah
Doctrine: Temple Worship and God’s Presence
Rejected alternatives: unqualified ‘fij’ left ambiguous between legitimate sacrifice, child sacrifice, and spirit-appeasement fij dab — rejected, every occurrence must be explicitly marked as one of the three categories
NEW ENTRY (1,7,29,30,35). Reuses the Romans TM fij sacrificial domain; must be taught as pointing forward to Christ’s once-for-all atonement, explicitly distinguished from fij dab (spirit-appeasement) and from child_sacrifice.
Covenant
Approved rendering: kev cog lus
Transliteration: berit
Doctrine: Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
Rejected alternatives: merging with ‘promise’ (lus cog tseg) — rejected, erases the Davidic covenant’s dual conditional-reign/unconditional-dynasty structure
NEW ENTRY (6,7,15,21,23,29,34). Denotes the relational bond/compact itself, kept lexically distinct from ‘promise’ (specific pledged content within it); qualify ‘ntawm Yawmsaub’ when divine.
Book Of The Law
Approved rendering: phau Ntawv Txoj Kevcai
Transliteration: sefer hatorah
Doctrine: Reform under Hezekiah and Josiah
Rejected alternatives: abbreviating to bare ‘phau ntawv’ or bare ‘Txoj Kevcai’ — rejected, drops one of two mandatory qualifiers
NEW ENTRY (34:14-21). Compound of law_mosaic_divine and the inherited Romans scripture register; both mandatory qualifiers must co-occur without exception, even in headers/quiz options.
Ma’al Treacherous Unfaithfulness
Approved rendering: kev fav xeeb rau Yawmsaub
Transliteration: ma’al
Doctrine: Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
Rejected alternatives: generic txhaum (sin) substituted for this term — rejected, flattens the book’s most severe charge of sacred-trust betrayal into ordinary wrongdoing
NEW ENTRY (24:20-22 Joash/Zechariah; 26:16 Uzziah’s incense; 28,33,36:14). Must be kept lexically distinct from sin_act_and_condition.
Exile Captivity
Approved rendering: raug ntes coj mus rau lwm tebchaws
Transliteration: galah
Doctrine: The Exile as Covenant Consequence
Rejected alternatives: generalizing to ‘any displaced people’s suffering’ — rejected, erases the doctrine’s causal, covenantal specificity, collapsing into impersonal hmoov (fate) — rejected, same collision class as wrath_of_god
NEW ENTRY (36:17-21; also 28, 33 partial). Strong positive comprehension-resonance with the historical Hmong refugee/displacement experience is a double-edged asset requiring careful, explicit anchoring to a specific, named covenantal cause.
Turn Repent
Approved rendering: tig rov qab ntawm txoj kev phem / tig ncaim ntawm Yawmsaub
Transliteration: shuv
Doctrine: Conditional Blessing and National Repentance (2 Chronicles 7:14)
Rejected alternatives: single unqualified rendering of the bidirectional root — rejected, must always pair the positive (7:14) and negative (7:19) senses contrastively
NEW ENTRY (7:14,19 core; 15; 30). Hmong ritual-correction ‘turning back’ (returning to proper ancestral appeasement custom) is the functional opposite of turning toward Yawmsaub and away from ritual religion; mandatory contrastive-pair teaching.
Fear Of The Lord
Approved rendering: kev hwm thiab ntshai Yawmsaub
Transliteration: yirat YHWH
Doctrine: Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
NEW ENTRY (19:7,9, Jehoshaphat’s judicial reform). Risks assimilation into fear-driven spirit-appeasement logic dominant in Hmong traditional religion; mandatory contrast-teaching: reverent, love-grounded awe of a God who does not need to be placated.
Medium Risk Terms
Mercy
Approved rendering: txoj kev khuv leej
Transliteration: rachamim / eleos
Doctrine: Hope of Restoration
Rejected alternatives: txiaj ntsim (grace) used interchangeably — rejected, distinct emphasis
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly (‘mercy’). Kept lexically distinct from grace and from the new chesed entry (compassion toward the miserable, 30:9, vs. unmerited favor toward the guilty vs. covenant-loyalty love).
Faith Believe
Approved rendering: kev ntseeg / ntseeg
Transliteration: aman / pistis, pisteuō
Doctrine: Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly (‘faith_believe’). Object-anchoring convention retained (‘ntseeg rau Yawmsaub’); extended here to a corporate/national register (20:20).
Will Of God
Approved rendering: Vajtswv lub siab nyiam
Transliteration: thelēma theou
Doctrine: Conditional Blessing and National Repentance (2 Chronicles 7:14)
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly (‘will_of_god’). Relevant to teaching the genuinely conditional ‘if…then’ structure of 7:14, which is a corporate, temporal, land-scoped covenant conditionality distinct from the Romans package’s individual, unconditional New Testament grace emphasis; must not be taught as the same soteriological mechanism.
Ark Of The Covenant
Approved rendering: Lub Phij Xab ntawm Kev Cog Lus
Transliteration: aron haberit
Doctrine: Temple Worship and God’s Presence
NEW ENTRY. [TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED: confirm against any pre-existing Hmong Bible tradition rendering before this becomes a permanently fixed entry.] Comprehension gap only, no traditional-religion collision.
Most Holy Place
Approved rendering: chav dawb huv tshaj plaws
Transliteration: qodesh haqqodashim
Doctrine: Temple Worship and God’s Presence
NEW ENTRY. Reuses the dawb huv (holiness) root; must be taught alongside skin_disease_leprosy (ch. 26) to preserve the architecture of graduated holiness the book enforces.
Cleanse Ritual Preparatory
Approved rendering: ntxuav kom huv
Transliteration: taher
Doctrine: Reform under Hezekiah and Josiah
NEW ENTRY. Denotes removal of defilement, a preparatory act distinct from the resulting dawb huv (holy) state; must never be collapsed with consecrate_a_place.
Fire From Heaven
Approved rendering: cua taws saum ntuj los
Transliteration: esh min-hashamayim
Doctrine: Temple Worship and God’s Presence
NEW ENTRY (7:1). Must be distinguished from any shamanic fire-divination or omen-reading practice.
Feast Of Booths
Approved rendering: Kevcai Tsev Ntaub
Transliteration: chag hasukkot
Doctrine: Temple Worship and God’s Presence
Rejected alternatives: transliterated loanword — rejected, cuts term from existing Hmong Christian ritual-vocabulary usage
NEW ENTRY (7:8-10). Reuses the kevcai root shared with the Romans baptism/circumcision collision pattern; comprehension gap only, since the feast is a genuinely divinely-commanded rite.
Passover
Approved rendering: Kevcai Hla Dhau
Transliteration: pesach
Doctrine: Reform under Hezekiah and Josiah
NEW ENTRY (30, 35). Reuses the flagged kevcai root; comprehension gap, not a doctrinal collision, since Passover is a divinely-commanded rite.
Oath Swearing
Approved rendering: twv lus
Transliteration: shava / alah
Doctrine: Reform under Hezekiah and Josiah
NEW ENTRY (15,23,29,34). Formal covenant-renewal ceremony; positive cultural resonance with Hmong customary oath-taking, no collision identified.
Davidic Throne
Approved rendering: lub zwm txwv (ntawm koj lub Nceeg Vaj)
Transliteration: kisse malkhutekha
Doctrine: Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
NEW ENTRY (7:18; 9). Reuses the kingdom_of_god phrase-root for the political Davidic kingdom; risk is under-teaching the typological link to ultimate messianic kingship, not lexical collision.
Anoint
Approved rendering: pleev roj tsw qab
Transliteration: mashach
Doctrine: Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
NEW ENTRY (23:11, Joash’s coronation). Recommend a forward-pointing teaching note connecting royal anointing to the ultimate Anointed One (Khetos).
Seed Offspring Royal House
Approved rendering: cov me nyuam ntawm huabtais tsev neeg
Transliteration: zera hamamlakhah
Doctrine: Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
NEW ENTRY (22, Athaliah’s purge; Joash’s preservation). Cross-reference to the Davidic-covenant note at 7:18 and the inherited remnant entry.
Regnal Evaluation Formula
Approved rendering: ua raws li Yawmsaub pom zoo / ua phem rau Yawmsaub pom
Transliteration: asah hatov/hara be’einei YHWH
Doctrine: Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
Rejected alternatives: reuse of Romans TM ‘righteousness_of_god_righteous’ / ‘justify_reckon_as_righteous’ — DELIBERATELY REJECTED, would import Pauline forensic-imputation soteriology into a historical-narrative covenant-faithfulness evaluation, a distinct doctrinal category
NEW ENTRY (recurring king-by-king evaluation, chs. 12,14,20,21,24-29,33,34,36). Rendered as a plain descriptive clause, deliberately not compressed into a single compound noun, to remain visibly distinct in form from the Critical Romans justification vocabulary.
Skin Disease Leprosy
Approved rendering: mob ruas
Transliteration: tsara’at
Doctrine: Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
NEW ENTRY (26:19-21, Uzziah). Established Hmong term for the disease; the doctrinal weight (ritual holiness-boundary violation, not mere illness) requires a teaching note, since Hmong culture has no equivalent purity-law category.
Humble Oneself
Approved rendering: txo hwv siab
Transliteration: kana (yikkane’u)
Doctrine: Conditional Blessing and National Repentance (2 Chronicles 7:14)
NEW ENTRY (7:14 core; 12:6-7,12; 32:26; 33:12,19,23). Deliberately coined distinct from hwjchim (power) to avoid triggering the mandatory divine-power qualifier discipline; this humility is the people’s/king’s own posture.
Seek The Lord His Face
Approved rendering: nrhiav Yawmsaub / nrhiav Yawmsaub lub ntsej muag
Transliteration: darash / bikkeshu panai
Doctrine: Conditional Blessing and National Repentance (2 Chronicles 7:14)
NEW ENTRY (7:14 core; 14,15,17,20,34). Reuses ‘ntsej muag’ from the Romans impartiality-of-God idiom; brief teaching gloss required at first occurrence to prevent a mere-patron-audience reading.
Forgive
Approved rendering: zam txim
Transliteration: salach
Doctrine: Conditional Blessing and National Repentance (2 Chronicles 7:14)
Rejected alternatives: merging with Romans TM justify_reckon_as_righteous — DELIBERATELY REJECTED, distinct doctrinal category (national/covenantal forgiveness vs. NT forensic imputation)
NEW ENTRY (7:14 core; 30:18-20). Established Hmong Christian term for forgiveness of sin.
Restoration Return
Approved rendering: kev rov qab los
Transliteration: shuv (ha’olim)
Doctrine: Hope of Restoration
NEW ENTRY (36:22-23, closing verses). Positive bridge to Hmong diaspora homeland-longing; must be taught as covenant fulfillment of a specific prophetic word (Jeremiah, 36:21-22), not mere political repatriation, paralleling the ‘heir’/‘adoption_as_sons’ under-teaching-risk pattern from the Romans baseline.
Priest
Approved rendering: pov thawj
Transliteration: kohen
Doctrine: Temple Worship and God’s Presence
NEW ENTRY (11,13,15,19,23,24,26,29-31,34,35). Established Hmong Christian term for the ordained hereditary cultic office; distinct from the Romans TM’s metaphorical priestly_minister (leitourgos). Existing usage already distinguishes it from the shamanic txiv neeb office.
God Of Their Fathers
Approved rendering: Yawmsaub, cov npawg thaum ub tus Vajtswv
Transliteration: elohei avotam
Doctrine: The Exile as Covenant Consequence
NEW ENTRY (7:22 core passage close). Covenant-continuity formula; explicitly names YHWH (not generic ancestor-spirits) as referent, providing a natural contrast-point with Hmong ancestor-veneration, which venerates the ancestors themselves rather than the ancestors’ God.
Walk Before The Lord
Approved rendering: taug kev ncaj ncees rau ntawm Vajtswv xub ntiag
Transliteration: halakh lefanai
Doctrine: Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
Rejected alternatives: merging with Romans TM righteousness_of_god_righteous / justify_reckon_as_righteous — DELIBERATELY REJECTED, denotes covenant-faithful royal conduct (ethical-relational), not New Testament forensic imputation
NEW ENTRY (7:17-18 core passage). Reuses ‘ncaj ncees’ root cautiously; must be explicitly taught as distinct from the Critical Romans forensic-justification doctrine in any teaching note.
Low Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: Vajtswv
Transliteration: Elohim / theos
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Rejected alternatives: Ntuj (impersonal sky/heaven) — rejected, lacks personal deity sense, dab (spirit) — rejected, denotes false/lesser spirit
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly (‘god’). Used throughout for the generic divine title Elohim, distinct from the covenant Name Yawmsaub (see new entry) and from dab mlom (idol).
Lord
Approved rendering: tus Tswv
Transliteration: Adonai / kyrios
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly (‘lord’). Generic master/sovereign title, kept lexically distinct at every occurrence from the covenant Name Yawmsaub.
Glory
Approved rendering: lub yeeb koob
Transliteration: kevod YHWH / doxa
Doctrine: Temple Worship and God’s Presence
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly (‘glory’). Denotes the visible, weighty manifestation of God’s presence filling the temple (5:13-14; 7:1-3); stable, no collision.
Promise
Approved rendering: lus cog tseg
Transliteration: havtachah / epangelia
Doctrine: Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly (‘promise’). Kept lexically distinct from the new ‘covenant’ entry (kev cog lus): promise denotes the specific pledged content (e.g., the Davidic throne, 6:16, 7:18), covenant denotes the relational bond itself.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Vajtswv
Transliteration: malkhut / basileia tou theou
Doctrine: Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly (‘kingdom_of_god’). Extended in this book to the political Davidic kingdom as typological forerunner (7:18; 9; 13; 36); risk of under-teaching the typological connection is addressed by the new davidic_throne entry, not by altering this exact rendering.
Remnant
Approved rendering: cov seem
Transliteration: she’ar / hypoleimma, leimma
Doctrine: Hope of Restoration
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly (‘remnant’). Applies to the preserved royal seed (ch. 22) and the surviving exiles (ch. 30, 36).
Nations Gentiles
Approved rendering: lwm Haiv Neeg
Transliteration: goyim / ethnē
Doctrine: Temple Worship and God’s Presence
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly (‘nations_gentiles’). Used of the foreigner anticipated praying toward the temple (6:32-33) and the Queen of Sheba (9).
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: ua tsaug
Transliteration: hodah / eucharistō
Doctrine: Temple Worship and God’s Presence
Inherited from Romans package, copied exactly (‘thanksgiving’). Used in temple-worship contexts (5, 7, 20).
Wisdom
Approved rendering: tswvyim
Transliteration: chokmah
Doctrine: Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
NEW ENTRY (1, 9, Solomon at Gibeon). Established Hmong term; no collision.
Prayer General
Approved rendering: kev thov Vajtswv
Transliteration: tefillah
Doctrine: Temple Worship and God’s Presence
NEW ENTRY (6, 7 core, 20, 32). Stable, no collision.
Low-Medium Risk Terms
Cherubim
Approved rendering: cov Khelunpees
Transliteration: keruvim
Doctrine: Temple Worship and God’s Presence
NEW ENTRY. Transliteration; comprehension gap only, no collision identified (ch. 3, 5).
Incense
Approved rendering: hmoov tshuaj tsw qab
Transliteration: qetoret
Doctrine: Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
NEW ENTRY (26:16-19, Uzziah). Possible surface resonance with folk incense-burning in ancestor-veneration practice; anchor teaching to the priestly-office boundary Uzziah violated, not to incense per se.
Tithe
Approved rendering: kev muab ib feem kaum
Transliteration: ma’aser
Doctrine: Reform under Hezekiah and Josiah
NEW ENTRY (31). Comprehension-level only; sustains restored temple ministry as ongoing covenant faithfulness.
Sabbath Of The Land
Approved rendering: kev so (ntawm lub tebchaws)
Transliteration: shabbat
Doctrine: The Exile as Covenant Consequence
NEW ENTRY (36:21). Reinforces that even the exile’s duration operates within God’s ordered covenant purposes, not arbitrary or fated length.
Medium-High Risk Terms
High Place
Approved rendering: chaw siab
Transliteration: bamah
Doctrine: Reform under Hezekiah and Josiah
NEW ENTRY. Context-dependent moral valence: legitimate only at 1:3-13 (pre-temple Gibeon); idolatrous at every later occurrence (14,15,17,21,28,33,34). Every post-temple occurrence requires a [TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED: context-dependent valence] flag in generated content until a fixed disambiguating qualifier convention is adopted.
Forsake Abandon
Approved rendering: tso Yawmsaub tseg
Transliteration: azav
Doctrine: Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
NEW ENTRY. Central diagnostic term for unfaithful reigns (7:19(neg. warning),12,21,24,28,29,33,36); God-ward object-marking is structurally mandatory.
Chesed Steadfast Covenant Love
Approved rendering: txoj kev hlub ruaj khov (ntawm Vajtswv)
Transliteration: chesed
Doctrine: Temple Worship and God’s Presence
Rejected alternatives: merging with grace (txiaj ntsim) — rejected, distinct: unmerited favor toward the guilty, merging with mercy (txoj kev khuv leej) — rejected, distinct: compassion toward the miserable
NEW ENTRY. Liturgical refrain at worship-climax moments (5:13; 7:3; 20:21): ‘he is good, his steadfast love endures forever.’ A third, covenant-loyalty-specific emphasis distinct from both grace and mercy; risk is doctrinal blending, not traditional-religion collision.
Medium-Low Risk Terms
Trust Rely
Approved rendering: kev tso siab rau Yawmsaub
Transliteration: batach
Doctrine: Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
NEW ENTRY (13,14,16,20,32). Narrower than faith_believe; crisis-specific reliance rather than general believing relationship.