Core Glossary
1 Corinthians — Core Glossary (Hmong Language Package)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md, drawn from every chapter of 1 Corinthians. Terms already fixed in the Romans-baseline assets/translation_memory.json are marked Inherited and reused verbatim, per the hard rule that established renderings must never be altered. Terms newly surfaced by 1 Corinthians are marked New and are candidates for a future formal TM-revision cycle; until that review occurs, they carry the same enforcement weight as any Critical/High baseline term within this curriculum’s own generated content (no alternate gloss permitted without a documented review).
Risk tier definitions (unchanged from the Romans baseline): Critical = strong, specific collision with Hmong traditional religion that could invert/neutralize doctrine; High = real collision potential, manageable with a documented disambiguating strategy; Medium = comprehension/register gap, no direct collision; Low = stable, safe, minimal ambiguity.
Table 1 — Terms Inherited Verbatim from the Romans Baseline TM
| # | English Term | Hmong Rendering | Risk | Doctrine(s) in 1 Corinthians | 1 Cor. Chapters | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I-1 | God | Vajtswv | Low | All | all | Reused exactly. |
| I-2 | Lord | tus Tswv | Low | All | all | Reused exactly; also underlies “Lord’s Supper” and “Lord’s table” compounds. |
| I-3 | Jesus Christ | Yexus Khetos | Low | All | all | Reused exactly. |
| I-4 | Father (God) | Leej Txiv | Low | Resurrection; Christian Living | 1, 8, 15 | Reused exactly. |
| I-5 | Holy Spirit | Vaj Ntsuj Plig | Critical | Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ; Cross as Wisdom and Power | 2, 3, 6, 12, 14 | ”Vaj” prefix mandatory at every occurrence; foundational to distinguishing tongues/prophecy/discernment gifts from shamanic phenomena. |
| I-6 | human spirit/soul (anthropological) | ntsuj plig | High | Resurrection body (contrast term) | 2, 15 | Must never be used for the “psychikos” (natural/soul-ish) contrast terms in chs. 2 and 15 — see New Table entries. |
| I-7 | Son of God | Leej Tub ntawm Vajtswv | Low | Resurrection | 15 | Reused exactly. |
| I-8 | Gospel | Txoj Moo Zoo | Low | Resurrection; Cross as Wisdom and Power | 1, 9, 15 | Reused exactly; core passage 15:1-11 hinges on this term. |
| I-9 | Apostle | tus Tub Txib | Medium | Christian Unity; Resurrection | 1, 4, 9, 12, 15 | Reused exactly. |
| I-10 | Servant/Slave (of Christ) | qhev | High | Christian Unity; Church Discipline | 1, 4, 7, 9 | Reused exactly; Paul’s self-designation and marriage-as-service imagery in ch.7. |
| I-11 | Grace | txiaj ntsim | Critical | Resurrection (15:10); Cross as Wisdom and Power | 1, 3, 15, 16 | Permanently forbidden alternate: koob hmoov. Triple repetition in 15:10 makes this the passage’s strongest grace-alone statement. |
| I-12 | Peace | kev thaj yeeb | Low | Order in Worship | 1, 7, 14 | Reused exactly (“God is not a God of confusion but of peace,” 14:33). |
| I-13 | Faith / Believe | kev ntseeg / ntseeg | Medium | Resurrection; all | all | Must remain anchored to the specific historical gospel content of 15:3-4. |
| I-14 | Righteousness of God / Righteous | Vajtswv txoj kev ncaj ncees / tus ncaj ncees | Critical | Church Discipline and Holiness | 1, 6 | Reused exactly (1:30, 6:11 “washed, sanctified, justified”). |
| I-15 | Justify / Reckon as righteous | ua kom ncaj ncees / raug suav tias ncaj ncees | Critical | Church Discipline and Holiness | 6 | Reused exactly; must co-occur with reckoning qualifier. |
| I-16 | Law (Mosaic/Divine) | Txoj Kevcai (ntawm Vajtswv / Mauxes) | Critical | Christian Liberty; Order in Worship | 7, 9, 14, 15 | Qualifier mandatory at every occurrence without exception. |
| I-17 | Conscience | tej kev paub zoo paub phem hauv lub siab | Medium | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | 8, 10 | Reused exactly; central pastoral concern of chs. 8-10. |
| I-18 | Idol | dab mlom | High | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | 8, 10, 12 | Reused exactly; base term for “eidōlothyta” and “eidōlolatria” compounds. |
| I-19 | Sin (act & condition) | txhaum / kev txhaum | High | Resurrection (15:3); Church Discipline | 5, 6, 15 | Reused exactly. |
| I-20 | Redemption | kev txhiv | Medium | Church Discipline and Holiness | 6, 7 | Reused exactly (“bought with a price,” 6:20, 7:23). |
| I-21 | Death | txoj kev tuag | Low | Resurrection | 15 | Reused exactly; base for “sting of death” compound. |
| I-22 | Baptism | kev cai raus dej | High | Christian Unity; Spiritual Gifts | 1, 10, 12 | Reused exactly (“baptized into one body,” 12:13). |
| I-23 | Sanctification | kev raug ua kom dawb huv | High | Church Discipline and Holiness | 1, 6 | Reused exactly; root shared with new “saints/dawb huv” and “virgin/parthenos” terms — see New Table. |
| I-24 | Eternal life | txoj sia nyob mus ib txhis | Low | Resurrection | 15 | Reused exactly. |
| I-25 | Heir | tus qub txeeg qub teg | Low | Resurrection (kingdom inheritance, 15:50) | 6, 15 | Reused exactly. |
| I-26 | Glory | lub yeeb koob | Low | Church Discipline and Holiness | 6, 10, 11, 15 | Reused exactly. |
| I-27 | Power | hwjchim | High | Cross as Wisdom and Power; Resurrection | 1, 2, 4, 6, 15 | Always qualified Vajtswv hwjchim; sharpened paradox at 1:18-25 (power displayed in an execution). |
| I-28 | Salvation / Save | kev cawm dim / cawm | High | Resurrection; Cross as Wisdom and Power | 1, 15 | Always anchored to Yexus Khetos; anchored specifically to the historical gospel content of 15:3-4. |
| I-29 | Body of Christ | lub cev ntawm Khetos | Low | Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ | 12 | Reused exactly; central unity metaphor, chs. 12:12-27. |
| I-30 | Kingdom of God | lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Vajtswv | Low | Resurrection; Church Discipline | 4, 6, 15 | Reused exactly (“flesh and blood cannot inherit the kingdom,” 15:50). |
| I-31 | Worship/Serve (cultic) | pehawm / pab teev | High | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | 10 | Object mandatory (pehawm Vajtswv); explicit contrast with pehawm dab mlom in ch.10 is doctrinally central. |
| I-32 | Thanksgiving | ua tsaug | Low | General | 1, 14, 15 | Reused exactly. |
| I-33 | World | lub ntiajteb | Low | Cross as Wisdom and Power | 1, 3 | Reused exactly (“wisdom of the world,” 1:20, 3:19). |
| I-34 | Will of God | Vajtswv lub siab nyiam | Medium | General | 1 | Reused exactly. |
| I-35 | Spiritual gift | ib yam khoom plig ntawm Vaj Ntsuj Plig | Medium | Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ | 1, 12 | Reused exactly; ch.12 is this term’s fullest development in the whole biblical corpus. |
| I-36 | Scripture | Vaj Lug Kub | Low | Resurrection | 15 | Reused exactly (“according to the Scriptures,” 15:3-4). |
| I-37 | Love | kev hlub | Low | Love as the Greater Way | 8, 13, 14, 16 | Reused exactly; ch.13 introduces no alternate rendering. |
| I-38 | Hope | kev cia siab | Low | Resurrection | 13, 15 | Reused exactly. |
| I-39 | Firstfruits | thawj phaus qoob loo / cov ua ntej | Low-Medium | Resurrection | 15, 16 | Reused exactly (15:20,23; 16:15 Stephanas’ household). |
| I-40 | Promise | lus cog tseg | Low | The Lord’s Supper (new covenant) | 11 | Reused exactly as the root for the new “New Covenant” compound — see New Table. |
| I-41 | Reckon / Impute | suav / suav tias | Critical | Church Discipline and Holiness | 4 | Reused exactly (“what do you have that you did not receive,” conceptually related to 4:7). |
| I-42 | Boasting | kev khav theeb | Low | Christian Unity versus Factionalism | 1, 3, 4, 5 | Reused exactly. |
Table 2 — New Terms Surfaced by 1 Corinthians (Candidates for Future TM-Revision)
| # | English Term | Greek | Transliteration | Hmong Rendering | Risk | Doctrine(s) | Chapters | Grounded Risk Reason |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N-1 | church (of God) | ἐκκλησία (τοῦ θεοῦ) | ekklēsia (tou theou) | pawg ntseeg ntawm Vajtswv | Low | Christian Unity versus Factionalism | 1, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16 | Already stable in existing Hmong Christian usage (presupposed by the baseline deacon entry); low risk, but the ntawm Vajtswv qualifier should be retained at first use per lesson to keep the God-owned sense clear, since factionalism (chs.1-4) is precisely a failure to treat the church as God’s, not a human faction’s. |
| N-2 | called / calling | κλητός / κλῆσις | klētos / klēsis | raug hu (los ntawm Vajtswv) | Medium-High | Christian Unity; Election (cross-reference to Romans) | 1, 7 | Must never be rendered with hmoov (fate) vocabulary, per the Romans baseline’s permanent prohibition on fate-vocabulary for God’s personal calling/election. |
| N-3 | saints / holy ones | ἅγιοι | hagioi | cov dawb huv | High | Church Discipline and Holiness | 1 | Shares the dawb huv root already flagged High in the Romans baseline sanctification entry for its folk ritual-purity collision (dawb huv = ritual purity from spirit-contamination in folk practice); must be taught as a status conferred by God’s call, not ritually achieved. |
| N-4 | fellowship / participation | κοινωνία | koinōnia | kev sib koom (nrog Yexus Khetos) | Medium (ch.1) escalating to High (ch.10, 11) | Christian Unity; The Lord’s Supper | 1, 10 | Escalates from a general “shared bond” sense (Medium, ch.1) to a sacramental “participation in Christ’s body/blood” sense (High, ch.10) that must be kept distinct and explicitly contrasted with parallel “participation” in pagan sacrifices (10:20-21). |
| N-5 | wisdom | σοφία | sophia | tswvyim | Critical | The Cross as Wisdom and Power | 1, 2, 3 | Hmong culture prizes elder/ancestral wisdom (tswvyim laus) and shamanic spiritual insight; if God’s cross-wisdom is heard as a superior version of this same prized category, the scandal of the cross (wisdom hidden in weakness/shame) is lost. Mandatory contrast-teaching at every occurrence. |
| N-6 | foolishness | μωρία | mōria | kev ruam | Medium | The Cross as Wisdom and Power | 1, 4 | Paired term to wisdom; no direct collision, but the paradox (folly = actual saving power) must not be softened. |
| N-7 | the cross | σταυρός | stauros | Ntoo Khaub Lig | Low-Medium | The Cross as Wisdom and Power | 1 | Stable existing Hmong Christian compound; doctrinal paradox (shame-instrument = power) requires teaching, not a lexical fix. |
| N-8 | temple of God (church/body) | ναός θεοῦ | naos theou | lub tuam tsev ntawm Vajtswv | Critical | Church Discipline and Holiness | 3, 6 | Collides with Hmong household/clan spirit-shrine concepts (qhov cim, thaj teev dab) as dwelling-places for household/ancestor spirits; must be taught as the Holy Spirit’s exclusive indwelling, not a spirit-house, at both the corporate (ch.3) and individual-body (ch.6) applications. |
| N-9 | natural man / spiritual man; natural body / spiritual body | ψυχικός / πνευματικός (ἄνθρωπος, σῶμα) | psychikos / pneumatikos (anthrōpos, sōma) | tus neeg / lub cev tsis muaj Vaj Ntsuj Plig nyob hauv nws / tus neeg / lub cev raug hloov los ntawm Vaj Ntsuj Plig | Critical | The Cross as Wisdom and Power (ch.2); The Resurrection of Christ and Believers (ch.15) | 2, 15 | The Greek root (psychē, soul) must NEVER be rendered with the baseline ntsuj plig (human soul) term in these contrasts, since that would (a) wrongly imply the “unspiritual” person lacks a soul, and (b) suggest the resurrection hope is merely “becoming a soul/spirit,” aligning disastrously with folk beliefs about the dead becoming ancestor-spirits rather than receiving a real, transformed, imperishable body. |
| N-10 | mind of Christ | νοῦς Χριστοῦ | nous Christou | tus kheej thiab kev xav ntawm Yexus Khetos | Low-Medium | The Cross as Wisdom and Power | 2 | Comprehension-level only. |
| N-11 | steward (of God’s mysteries) | οἰκονόμος | oikonomos | tus saib xyuas (uas Vajtswv cob rau lub luag haujlwm) | Medium | Christian Unity versus Factionalism | 4 | Bridges reasonably to Hmong household-manager roles; comprehension gap only. |
| N-12 | sexual immorality | πορνεία | porneia | kev deev luag / kev sib deev tsis raws li Vajtswv Txoj Kevcai | Critical | Church Discipline and Holiness; Marriage and Singleness | 5, 6, 7 | Must be broad enough to cover all extramarital/unlawful unions across chs. 5-7 while distinguished from mere customary clan-law violation, preserving the holiness-of-the-church stakes Paul raises; overlaps only partially with Hmong customary prohibited-degree marriage rules. |
| N-13 | leaven | ζύμη | zymē | keeb tsuas | Medium | Church Discipline and Holiness | 5 | Comprehension gap (leavened-bread imagery); illustrative note recommended in a rice-based culinary context; no collision. |
| N-14 | deliver/hand over to Satan | παραδοῦναι τῷ Σατανᾷ | paradounai tō Satana | muab tso rau … dab Ntxwg Nyoog (kev cai rho tawm ntawm pawg ntseeg) | High | Church Discipline and Holiness | 5 | Risks assimilation into traditional invoked-curse practice (foob); must be taught as removal from protective church fellowship for restorative purposes, never as an invoked curse. |
| N-15 | body as temple of the Holy Spirit (individual) | τὸ σῶμα ναὸς τοῦ Ἁγίου Πνεύματος | to sōma naos tou Hagiou Pneumatos | lub tuam tsev ntawm Vajtswv (rau tus kheej) | Critical | Church Discipline and Holiness | 6 | Individual-body application of N-8, sharpening collision risk with animistic body/spirit-indwelling and multi-soul/possession concepts; requires explicit uniqueness/exclusivity teaching. |
| N-16 | marriage | γάμος | gamos | kev sib yuav | Medium | Marriage and Singleness | 7 | Hmong bride-price/clan-arranged marriage customs differ from Paul’s mutual-consent, one-flesh ethic; requires teaching notes, especially re: mutual conjugal obligation (7:3-5). |
| N-17 | unmarried / virgin | ἄγαμος / παρθένος | agamos / parthenos | tus tsis tau yuav txiv/poj niam / tus ntxhais dawb huv tsis tau yuav txiv | High | Marriage and Singleness | 7 | dawb huv qualifier again invokes the ritual-purity collision (see N-3); additionally, unmarried adult status can carry social stigma in Hmong clan structure, nearly opposite Paul’s positive framing — requires countercultural teaching. |
| N-18 | divorce/separation | χωρίζω / ἀπολύω | chōrizō / apolyō | kev sib nrauj | Medium | Marriage and Singleness | 7 | Comprehension-level divergence from Hmong customary divorce/remarriage practice; no direct collision. |
| N-19 | food offered to idols | εἰδωλόθυτα | eidōlothyta | nqaij fij rau dab mlom | Critical | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | 8, 10 | The single most direct concrete cultural collision in the book: corresponds exactly to the ongoing Hmong practice of offering meat to household/ancestor spirits (fij dab, fij xwm kab) and eating it afterward. Mandatory human theologian + native-speaker review for any lesson content. |
| N-20 | knowledge | γνῶσις | gnōsis | kev paub | Medium | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | 8 | Must be paired with kev hlub (love) per Paul’s own contrast (8:1-3); comprehension-level otherwise. |
| N-21 | liberty / right (personal) | ἐξουσία | exousia | txoj cai (los sis kev ywj pheej) | Medium | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | 6, 7, 8, 9 | Must be kept lexically distinct from the Romans baseline’s civil-authority rendering (cov muaj hwjchim kav teb chaws) of the same Greek word, to avoid confusing personal liberty with delegated governmental power. |
| N-22 | idolatry | εἰδωλολατρία | eidōlolatria | kev pehawm dab mlom | High | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | 10 | Reuses the flagged baseline pehawm term with its mandatory-object rule; the explicit Pauline contrast (cannot pehawm Vajtswv and pehawm dab at once) is doctrinally central and must be preserved exactly. |
| N-23 | the Lord’s table / the table of demons | τράπεζα κυρίου / τράπεζα δαιμονίων | trapeza kyriou / trapeza daimoniōn | rooj mov ntawm tus Tswv / rooj mov ntawm dab | Critical | The Lord’s Supper; Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | 10 | Paul’s own built-in safeguard against the ancestor/household-spirit offering-meal collision; must be translated/taught with maximal fixed consistency as the passage’s strongest resource for teaching worship-exclusivity. |
| N-24 | demons | δαιμόνια | daimonia | dab | High | Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | 10 | Doctrinally accurate identification of the spirits behind idol-sacrifice as real evil spirits, but risks being heard as blanket denigration of ancestor veneration generally; requires careful scoping in teaching. |
| N-25 | head covering | κατακαλύπτω / περιβόλαιον | katakalyptō / peribolaion | ntaub npog taubhau | Medium | Order in Worship | 11 | Comprehension gap regarding 1st-century Corinthian cultural signal; Hmong turban customs (phuam) carry different social meaning — illustrative note needed, not equivalence claim. |
| N-26 | head (headship/authority) | κεφαλή | kephalē | taub hau | Medium | Order in Worship | 11 | Metaphor comprehension gap; requires careful, non-overstated/non-flattened teaching of the authority-order chain in 11:3. |
| N-27 | the Lord’s Supper | κυριακὸν δεῖπνον | kyriakon deipnon | Rooj Mov Nco Txog tus Tswv | Critical | The Lord’s Supper | 11 | Must be sharply distinguished from Hmong ancestor-memorial/spirit-feeding meals (noj tsiab, nqe tuag); taught as a unique, once-instituted commemoration of Christ’s unrepeatable death, not an ongoing spirit-feeding/relationship-maintenance rite. Cross-reference N-23. |
| N-28 | bread / cup (sacramental elements) | ἄρτος / ποτήριον | artos / potērion | khoom noj mov / khob | Low | The Lord’s Supper | 11 | Concrete, comprehension-level only. |
| N-29 | remembrance | ἀνάμνησις | anamnēsis | kev nco txog (Yexus Khetos txoj kev tuag) | Medium-High | The Lord’s Supper | 11 | Must be explicitly anchored to Christ’s death; unanchored “remembrance of the dead” language risks merging with ancestor-remembrance ritual obligation. |
| N-30 | discern the body | διακρίνων τὸ σῶμα | diakrinōn to sōma | paub cais lub cev (ntawm tus Tswv thiab ntawm pawg ntseeg) | High | The Lord’s Supper; Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ | 11 | Dense double-reference term (elements + church unity) requiring dedicated teaching note; must not be resolved to only one sense. |
| N-31 | new covenant | καινὴ διαθήκη | kainē diathēkē | Lus Cog Tseg Tshiab | Medium-High | The Lord’s Supper | 11 | Built on the baseline lus cog tseg (promise) root but denser legal-theological weight; needs a dedicated teaching note distinguishing “covenant” from mere “promise.” |
| N-32 | speaking in tongues | γλώσσαις λαλεῖν | glōssais lalein | hais lus dawb (los ntawm Vaj Ntsuj Plig) | Critical | Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ; Order in Worship | 12, 13, 14 | Direct collision risk with shamanic trance-speech (txiv neeb ua neeb); must always be anchored to Vaj Ntsuj Plig as source and taught with explicit, repeated contrast to trance/spirit-medium phenomena. |
| N-33 | prophecy | προφητεία | prophēteia | kev cev Vajtswv Lus | Critical | Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ; Order in Worship | 12, 13, 14 | Direct collision risk with the shamanic spirit-medium role (txiv neeb) speaking on behalf of spirits; must be distinguished by source, Scripture-consistent content, and edificatory purpose (not divination). |
| N-34 | discerning of spirits | διάκρισις πνευμάτων | diakrisis pneumatōn | kev txawj paub seb yog Vaj Ntsuj Plig los sis lwm tus dab | Critical | Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ | 12 | Directly addresses the exact discernment problem underlying this whole Language Package; a key positive teaching resource, requires prominent, careful rendering. |
| N-35 | interpretation of tongues | ἑρμηνεία γλωσσῶν | hermēneia glōssōn | kev txhais lus (uas hais los ntawm Vaj Ntsuj Plig) | Medium | Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ; Order in Worship | 12, 14 | Comprehension-level regulatory-pairing term; reinforces mandatory edification/order framing. |
| N-36 | edification / building up | οἰκοδομή / οἰκοδομέω | oikodomē / oikodomeō | kev txhim kho pawg ntseeg | Medium | Order in Worship | 14 | Controlling purpose-criterion for all gifts/worship practice in ch.14; comprehension-level, no collision. |
| N-37 | order | τάξις | taxis | kev cai raws qab raws theem | Low-Medium | Order in Worship | 14 | Stable descriptive phrase; summary principle of ch.14. |
| N-38 | women should be silent (14:34-35) | γυναῖκες … σιγάτωσαν | gynaikes … sigatōsan | [TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED: interpretive scope] | Medium-High (interpretive, not collision-based) | Order in Worship | 14 | Textually/denominationally debated scope; flagged per escalation rules for human theologian review rather than unilateral resolution. |
| N-39 | resurrection (of the dead) | ἀνάστασις (νεκρῶν) | anastasis (nekrōn) | kev sawv hauv qhov tuag rov qab los | Critical | The Resurrection of Christ and Believers | 15 | The book’s highest-density Critical term; must be kept categorically distinct from soul-calling (hu plig) and ancestor-spirit-persistence beliefs. Anchors the entire Resurrection doctrine. |
| N-40 | he was raised (perfect tense) | ἐγήγερται | egēgertai | raug tsa sawv hauv qhov tuag rov qab los | Critical | The Resurrection of Christ and Believers | 15 | See N-39; perfect tense signals abiding present significance, not a one-off past ritual event. |
| N-41 | he appeared (resurrection appearances) | ὤφθη | ōphthē | tshwm los rau … pom | High | The Resurrection of Christ and Believers | 15 | Must be distinguished from ghost-sighting/ancestor-spirit-visitation folk beliefs (dab tuag tshwm); insists on real bodily encounter with a living, resurrected man. |
| N-42 | fallen asleep (euphemism for death) | κεκοίμηνται | kekoimēntai | tau tas sim neej / pw tsaug zog tos txoj kev sawv rov qab los | Medium-High | The Resurrection of Christ and Believers | 15 | Must be anchored to resurrection hope; must not merge with ongoing ancestor-spirit-status/ritual-feeding concepts. |
| N-43 | as one untimely born | ὡσπερεὶ τῷ ἐκτρώματι | hōsperei tō ektrōmati | zoo li tus me nyuam yug ua ntej caij | Medium | The Resurrection of Christ and Believers | 15 | Vivid self-deprecating image; flag for native-speaker sensitivity review given cultural weight of miscarriage/stillbirth associations — not a doctrinal collision. |
| N-44 | received / delivered (tradition-transmission pair) | παρέλαβον / παρέδωκα | parelabon / paredōka | tau txais / muab cev rau | Medium | The Resurrection of Christ and Believers | 15 | Technical formulaic pair marking vv.3-7 as authoritative pre-Pauline creed; must not be rendered with ordinary “tell/give” verbs. |
| N-45 | spiritual body / natural body | σῶμα πνευματικόν / σῶμα ψυχικόν | sōma pneumatikon / sōma psychikon | lub cev tshiab uas raug hloov los ntawm Vaj Ntsuj Plig / lub cev ntawm ntiajteb no (nqaij tawv, yuav lwj tag) | Critical | The Resurrection of Christ and Believers | 15 | See N-9; must not imply the resurrection hope is “becoming a soul/spirit” rather than receiving a real transformed, imperishable body. |
| N-46 | imperishable / incorruption | ἀφθαρσία | aphtharsia | tsis lwj tag mus li | Medium | The Resurrection of Christ and Believers | 15 | Comprehension-level, no collision. |
| N-47 | victory / sting of death | νῖκος / κέντρον τοῦ θανάτου | nikos / kentron tou thanatou | kev yeej / tus xub ntawm txoj kev tuag | Low-Medium | The Resurrection of Christ and Believers | 15 | Vivid imagery, illustrative note recommended; no collision. |
| N-48 | the collection (for the saints) | λογεία | logeia | kev sau nyiaj pab cov ntseeg (uas raug txom nyem) | Low-Medium | Christian Unity versus Factionalism | 16 | Comprehension-level; existing Hmong church offering practices provide a ready bridge. |
| N-49 | Maranatha | Μαρανα θα | Marana tha | Maranatha (“Tus Tswv, thov koj los!”) | Low-Medium | The Resurrection of Christ and Believers (eschatological hope) | 16 | Retained Aramaic loanword with mandatory first-use gloss, paralleling the baseline Abba, Leej Txiv convention. |
| N-50 | holy kiss | φίλημα ἅγιον | philēma hagion | kev sib hnia dawb huv | Medium | Christian Unity versus Factionalism | 16 | Cultural-adaptation gap (no native kissing-greeting custom); dawb huv qualifier must anchor to sanctified familial affection, not ritual cleansing. |
| N-51 | anathema (let him be accursed) | ἀνάθεμα | anathema | [TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED] raug muab cais tawm thiab poob rau txim | High | Christian Unity versus Factionalism; Church Discipline and Holiness | 16 | Same collision danger as N-14 (deliver to Satan): risks assimilation into traditional invoked-curse practice; requires identical disambiguating teaching. |
Table 3 — Doctrine-to-Term Cross-Reference (Summary)
| Doctrine | Primary Terms (Table 1 + Table 2 IDs) |
|---|---|
| The Resurrection of Christ and Believers | I-8, I-13, I-21, I-24, I-25, I-30, I-36, I-38, I-39, N-39, N-40, N-41, N-42, N-43, N-44, N-45, N-46, N-47 |
| Christian Unity versus Factionalism | I-9, I-10, I-42, N-1, N-2, N-4, N-11, N-48, N-50, N-51 |
| The Cross as Wisdom and Power | I-8, I-27, I-28, I-33, N-5, N-6, N-7, N-9, N-10 |
| Church Discipline and Holiness | I-14, I-15, I-19, I-20, I-23, I-26, I-30, I-41, N-3, N-8, N-12, N-13, N-14, N-15, N-51 |
| Marriage and Singleness | I-10, N-16, N-17, N-18, N-21 |
| Christian Liberty and Idol Meat | I-17, I-18, I-31, N-4, N-19, N-20, N-21, N-22, N-23, N-24 |
| The Lord’s Supper | I-2, I-40, N-4, N-23, N-27, N-28, N-29, N-30, N-31 |
| Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ | I-5, I-29, I-35, N-9, N-30, N-32, N-33, N-34, N-35 |
| Love as the Greater Way | I-37 (no new terms; see 07_semantic_analysis.md ch.13 note) |
| Order in Worship | I-12, N-25, N-26, N-32, N-33, N-35, N-36, N-37, N-38 |
Table 4 — Highest-Priority Escalation Terms for Human Theologian Review
Per the inherited escalation rules (12_ai_translation_requirements.md §9), the following newly-surfaced terms carry Critical risk and/or direct, specific collision with Hmong traditional religion, and MUST be routed to human theologian review before any Phase 2 content using them is published:
- N-19 — food offered to idols (
nqaij fij rau dab mlom) — direct collision with ongoing household spirit-offering practice. - N-23 — the Lord’s table / table of demons (
rooj mov ntawm tus Tswv / rooj mov ntawm dab) — Paul’s own contrast term, must be preserved with maximal fidelity. - N-27 — the Lord’s Supper (
Rooj Mov Nco Txog tus Tswv) — collision with ancestor-memorial/spirit-feeding meals. - N-32 / N-33 / N-34 — tongues, prophecy, discerning of spirits — direct collision with shamanic trance-speech, spirit-medium divination, and (positively) the church’s own discernment gift.
- N-39 / N-40 / N-45 — resurrection, “he was raised,” spiritual/natural body — collision with soul-calling and ancestor-spirit-persistence beliefs; highest-density Critical cluster in the book.
- N-8 / N-15 — temple of God (corporate and individual body) — collision with household/clan spirit-shrine concepts.
- N-14 / N-51 — deliver to Satan / anathema — collision with traditional invoked-curse practice.
This glossary, together with analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md, constitutes the complete Phase 1 Step 1 deliverable for the Hmong 1 Corinthians Language Package and must not be silently overridden by later Phase 2/3 generation; any deviation requires a formal TM-revision review consistent with the governing Romans baseline.
Critical Risk Terms
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Vaj Ntsuj Plig
Transliteration: pneuma hagion / pneuma hagiōsynēs
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ; The Cross as Wisdom and Power; Church Discipline and Holiness
Rejected alternatives: bare ntsuj plig (no Vaj prefix) — rejected, denotes an animistic wandering human soul
Inherited from Romans package. ‘Vaj’ prefix mandatory at every occurrence. Foundational in 1 Corinthians to distinguishing tongues (ch.12,14), prophecy (ch.12,14), and discerning of spirits (ch.12) from shamanic trance/spirit-medium phenomena, and to distinguishing the church/body-as-temple (ch.3,6) from an animistic spirit-shrine.
Grace
Approved rendering: txiaj ntsim
Transliteration: charis
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers; The Cross as Wisdom and Power
Rejected alternatives: koob hmoov (fortune/blessing tied to fate and ritual correctness) — PERMANENTLY FORBIDDEN for this sense
Inherited from Romans package. The triple repetition at 15:10 (‘by the grace of God I am what I am… his grace… the grace of God that is with me’) makes this the core passage’s single strongest grace-alone statement; the fixed rendering must never be relaxed even under space constraints.
Righteousness Of God Righteous
Approved rendering: Vajtswv txoj kev ncaj ncees / tus ncaj ncees
Transliteration: dikaiosynē theou / dikaios
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Holiness
Rejected alternatives: bare ‘kev ncaj ncees’ without the reckoning qualifier — rejected, reads as self-achieved moralism
Inherited from Romans package. Reused at 1:30 and 6:11 (‘washed, sanctified, justified’).
Justify Reckon As Righteous
Approved rendering: ua kom ncaj ncees / raug suav tias ncaj ncees
Transliteration: dikaioō / logizomai
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Holiness
Rejected alternatives: ‘ua zoo’ (do good) framing — rejected, reintroduces works-righteousness
Inherited from Romans package. Applied to former sinners at 6:11 (‘you were justified’); must co-occur with the reckoning qualifier without exception.
Law Mosaic Divine
Approved rendering: Txoj Kevcai (ntawm Vajtswv / Mauxes)
Transliteration: nomos
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat; Order in Worship
Rejected alternatives: bare ‘Txoj Kevcai’ without qualifier — rejected, collapses into kev cai dab qhuas (ancestral spirit-worship customs)
Inherited from Romans package. Qualifier mandatory at every occurrence; reused chs. 7 (marriage ‘in the Lord’), 9, 14, 15.
Reckon Impute
Approved rendering: suav / suav tias
Transliteration: logizomai
Doctrine: Christian Unity versus Factionalism
Inherited from Romans package. Conceptually related to 4:7 (‘what do you have that you did not receive’).
Wisdom Sophia
Approved rendering: tswvyim
Transliteration: sophia
Doctrine: The Cross as Wisdom and Power
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Collides with two prized Hmong categories: elder/ancestral wisdom (tswvyim laus) and the shaman’s specialized spiritual insight. Must be paired at every occurrence with explicit contrast-teaching against both worldly rhetorical wisdom and shamanic spiritual insight, preserving Paul’s paradox (wisdom hidden in weakness/shame, 1:18-2:16, 3:18-20).
Temple Of God Corporate
Approved rendering: lub tuam tsev ntawm Vajtswv
Transliteration: naos theou
Doctrine: Christian Unity versus Factionalism; Church Discipline and Holiness
Rejected alternatives: txiv neeb (shaman) spirit-shrine equivalence claims — rejected
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Collides directly with Hmong household/clan spirit-shrine concepts (qhov cim, thaj teev dab) as dwelling-places for household/ancestor spirits (3:16-17). Must be taught with explicit exclusivity language: the Holy Spirit alone dwells here, not a spirit-house among others.
Natural Spiritual Man Psychikos Pneumatikos
Approved rendering: tus neeg tsis muaj Vaj Ntsuj Plig nyob hauv nws / tus neeg muaj Vaj Ntsuj Plig nyob hauv nws
Transliteration: psychikos anthrōpos / pneumatikos anthrōpos
Doctrine: The Cross as Wisdom and Power
Rejected alternatives: ntsuj plig (human soul) contrast — PERMANENTLY FORBIDDEN for this pairing, would wrongly imply the unregenerate lack a soul
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. The distinction (2:14-15) must be built entirely on the presence/absence of the Vaj Ntsuj Plig (Holy Spirit), never on a bare ‘soul’ contrast. See spiritual_natural_body for the ch.15 parallel.
Sexual Immorality Porneia
Approved rendering: kev deev luag / kev sib deev tsis raws li Vajtswv Txoj Kevcai
Transliteration: porneia
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Holiness; Marriage and Singleness
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Must be broad enough to cover all extramarital/unlawful sexual unions across chs. 5-7 (specifically incest in ch.5) while distinguished from mere customary clan-law violation, preserving the holiness-of-the-church stakes Paul raises.
Body As Temple Individual
Approved rendering: lub tuam tsev ntawm Vajtswv (rau tus kheej)
Transliteration: to sōma naos tou Hagiou Pneumatos
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Holiness
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Individual-body application of temple_of_god_corporate (6:19), sharpening the collision risk with animistic multi-soul/spirit-possession concepts; requires explicit uniqueness/exclusivity teaching.
Food Offered To Idols
Approved rendering: nqaij fij rau dab mlom
Transliteration: eidōlothyta
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
Rejected alternatives: blanket permission framing — rejected, erases 10:14-22, blanket prohibition framing — rejected, erases 8:4, 10:25-27
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. The single most direct, concrete cultural collision point in the book: corresponds exactly to the ongoing Hmong practice of offering meat to household/ancestor spirits (fij dab, fij xwm kab) and eating it afterward. Mandatory human theologian + native-speaker review for any lesson touching this term (chs. 8, 10).
Lords Table Table Of Demons
Approved rendering: rooj mov ntawm tus Tswv / rooj mov ntawm dab
Transliteration: trapeza kyriou / trapeza daimoniōn
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat; The Lord’s Supper
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Paul’s own explicit binary contrast (10:21) — the passage’s strongest built-in safeguard against the ancestor/household-spirit offering-meal collision; must be translated/taught with maximal fixed consistency.
Lords Supper
Approved rendering: Rooj Mov Nco Txog tus Tswv
Transliteration: kyriakon deipnon
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper
Rejected alternatives: transliterated loanword — rejected, framing as ongoing spirit-feeding rite — FORBIDDEN
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Must be sharply distinguished from Hmong ancestor-memorial/spirit-feeding meals (noj tsiab, nqe tuag); taught as a unique, once-instituted commemoration of Christ’s unrepeatable death (11:17-34). Cross-reference lords_table_table_of_demons.
Speaking In Tongues
Approved rendering: hais lus dawb (los ntawm Vaj Ntsuj Plig)
Transliteration: glōssais lalein
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ; Order in Worship
Rejected alternatives: unanchored ecstatic-speech phrasing without Vaj Ntsuj Plig source — FORBIDDEN
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Direct collision risk with shamanic trance-speech (txiv neeb ua neeb); must always be anchored to Vaj Ntsuj Plig as source and taught with explicit, repeated contrast to trance/spirit-medium phenomena, occurring under ordered self-control (14:27-28,32), chs. 12-14.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: kev cev Vajtswv Lus
Transliteration: prophēteia
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ; Order in Worship
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Direct collision risk with the shamanic spirit-medium role (txiv neeb) channeling spirit messages; must be distinguished by source (Vaj Ntsuj Plig), Scripture-consistent testable content (14:29), and edificatory (not divinatory) purpose, chs. 12-14.
Discerning Of Spirits
Approved rendering: kev txawj paub seb yog Vaj Ntsuj Plig los sis lwm tus dab
Transliteration: diakrisis pneumatōn
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. The key positive teaching resource of the whole Language Package (12:10): equips believers with the discernment framework needed for every other Critical-risk term touching spirit-world collision (tongues, prophecy, idol meat, temple, resurrection). Requires prominent, careful rendering.
Resurrection Of The Dead
Approved rendering: kev sawv hauv qhov tuag rov qab los
Transliteration: anastasis (nekrōn)
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Rejected alternatives: hu plig (soul-calling) framing — FORBIDDEN, generic ‘tuag rov qab’ shortened phrasing without ‘hauv qhov tuag rov qab los’ — rejected, loses the bodily-from-the-grave sense
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. The book’s highest-density Critical term, governing the entire ch.15 argument (if Christ is not raised, faith is futile, 15:14,17). Must be kept categorically distinct from soul-calling (hu plig) and ancestor-spirit-persistence (dab qhuas) beliefs.
He Was Raised
Approved rendering: raug tsa sawv hauv qhov tuag rov qab los
Transliteration: egēgertai
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Perfect-tense verb (15:4,20) signaling abiding present significance, not a one-off past ritual event; same fencing requirement as resurrection_of_the_dead.
Spiritual Natural Body
Approved rendering: lub cev tshiab uas raug hloov los ntawm Vaj Ntsuj Plig / lub cev ntawm ntiajteb no (nqaij tawv, yuav lwj tag)
Transliteration: sōma pneumatikon / sōma psychikon
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Rejected alternatives: ntsuj plig (human soul) contrast — PERMANENTLY FORBIDDEN, would imply the resurrection hope is ‘becoming a soul/spirit’
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. The transformed, imperishable resurrection body contrasted with the present perishable body (15:35-49) — both genuinely bodily. See natural_spiritual_man_psychikos_pneumatikos for the ch.2 parallel; this is the single highest-priority anthropological fence in the whole Language Package since it sits inside the core-passage chapter.
High Risk Terms
Human Spirit Soul
Approved rendering: ntsuj plig
Transliteration: pneuma / psychē (anthropological)
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers; The Cross as Wisdom and Power
Rejected alternatives: Vaj Ntsuj Plig — forbidden for this referent, reserved exclusively for the Holy Spirit
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL EXTENSION FOR THIS BOOK: this term must NEVER be used to render ‘psychikos’ (natural/soul-ish) in the ch.2 (natural man/spiritual man) and ch.15 (natural body/spiritual body) contrasts, since doing so would (a) wrongly imply the unregenerate person lacks a soul, and (b) suggest the resurrection hope is merely ‘becoming a soul/spirit,’ aligning disastrously with Hmong folk belief in ancestor-spirit persistence rather than bodily resurrection. See natural_spiritual_man_psychikos_pneumatikos and spiritual_natural_body entries below.
Servant Slave Doulos
Approved rendering: qhev
Transliteration: doulos
Doctrine: Christian Unity versus Factionalism; Church Discipline and Holiness; Marriage and Singleness
Rejected alternatives: koom tes (co-worker/partner) — rejected softening found in some pulpit paraphrases, erases total-surrender force
Inherited from Romans package. Reused chs. 1, 4, 7, 9; extended in ch.7 to the servant/freedman social imagery of marriage-as-service.
Idol
Approved rendering: dab mlom
Transliteration: eidōlon
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
Rejected alternatives: generic ‘statue’ softening — rejected
Inherited from Romans package. Base term underlying the new ‘eidōlothyta’ and ‘eidōlolatria’ compounds of chs. 8, 10, 12 — see food_offered_to_idols and idolatry_eidololatria entries below.
Sin Act And Condition
Approved rendering: txhaum / kev txhaum
Transliteration: hamartia
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers; Church Discipline and Holiness
Inherited from Romans package. Object of Christ’s atoning death in the creedal formula ‘Christ died for our sins’ (15:3); the substitutionary ‘for’ (rau/theej) sense must be retained, not merely ‘because of.‘
Baptism
Approved rendering: kev cai raus dej
Transliteration: baptizō / baptisma
Doctrine: Christian Unity versus Factionalism; Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
Rejected alternatives: transliterated loanword — rejected, baptism-as-testimony-only catechesis — rejected
Inherited from Romans package. Reused at 1:13-17 (factional baptism controversy) and 12:13 (‘baptized into one body’).
Sanctification
Approved rendering: kev raug ua kom dawb huv
Transliteration: hagiasmos
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Holiness
Rejected alternatives: treating dawb huv as a repeatable ritual-cleansing state — rejected
Inherited from Romans package. Listed alongside washing and justification at 6:11; root shared with the new ‘saints’ and ‘virgin’ terms below — see the crowded-neighborhood fencing rule for dawb huv in analysis/06_linguistic_gap_analysis.md §3.2.
Power
Approved rendering: hwjchim
Transliteration: dynamis
Doctrine: The Cross as Wisdom and Power
Rejected alternatives: bare, unqualified hwjchim — FORBIDDEN, identical to a shaman’s (txiv neeb) ritual power
Inherited from Romans package. Always qualified ‘Vajtswv hwjchim.’ Sharpened paradox at 1:18-25: the ‘powerful’ event is a public execution, the inverse of a shaman’s power-display through strength/spectacle; requires an added weakness/shame-paradox teaching note beyond the generic qualifier.
Salvation Save
Approved rendering: kev cawm dim / cawm
Transliteration: sōtēria / sōzō
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers; The Cross as Wisdom and Power
Rejected alternatives: unanchored ‘dim’ (escape) parallel to shamanic ua neeb soul-rescue — rejected
Inherited from Romans package. At 15:2, must be anchored specifically to the historical gospel content of 15:3-4, not a generic rescue.
Worship Serve Cultic
Approved rendering: pehawm / pab teev
Transliteration: latreuō
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
Rejected alternatives: bare, unanchored pehawm — FORBIDDEN, identical verb used for pehawm dab
Inherited from Romans package. Object mandatory (‘pehawm Vajtswv’); explicit contrast with ‘pehawm dab mlom’ in ch.10 is doctrinally central.
In Christ Union Formula
Approved rendering: nyob hauv Khetos
Transliteration: en Christō
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers; Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
Rejected alternatives: bare spatial ‘hauv’ with no fixed co-text — rejected, misses the participatory, mystical-union sense
Inherited from Romans package. Recurs throughout 1 Corinthians (1:2, 1:30, 15:22 ‘as in Adam all die, so also in Christ shall all be made alive’); must always be co-textually anchored to union with Christ’s death/resurrection, never bare physical containment.
Saints Holy Ones
Approved rendering: cov dawb huv
Transliteration: hagioi
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Holiness
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Shares the dawb huv root flagged High in the Romans-baseline sanctification entry for its folk ritual-purity collision; must be taught as a status conferred by God’s call (1:2), not ritually achieved cleanness.
Deliver To Satan
Approved rendering: muab tso rau … dab Ntxwg Nyoog (kev cai rho tawm ntawm pawg ntseeg)
Transliteration: paradounai tō Satana
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Holiness
Rejected alternatives: framing as an invoked curse — FORBIDDEN
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Formal act of church discipline (5:5); risks assimilation into traditional invoked-curse practice (foob). Must be taught as restorative fellowship-removal for eventual repentance, never a curse.
Unmarried Virgin Parthenos
Approved rendering: tus tsis tau yuav txiv/poj niam / tus ntxhais dawb huv tsis tau yuav txiv
Transliteration: agamos / parthenos
Doctrine: Marriage and Singleness
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. The dawb huv qualifier invokes the ritual-purity collision (see saints_holy_ones); unmarried adult status carries social stigma in Hmong clan structure, nearly opposite Paul’s positive framing (7:7-8, 7:25-38) — requires countercultural teaching.
Idolatry Eidololatria
Approved rendering: kev pehawm dab mlom
Transliteration: eidōlolatria
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Reuses the flagged baseline ‘pehawm’ mandatory-object rule; the explicit Pauline contrast at 10:20-21 (cannot pehawm Vajtswv and pehawm dab at once) must be preserved exactly.
Demons Daimonia
Approved rendering: dab
Transliteration: daimonia
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Doctrinally accurate identification (10:20-21) of the real spiritual power behind idol-sacrifice as evil spirits; risks being heard as blanket denigration of ancestor veneration (dab qhuas) generally — must be explicitly scoped to idol-sacrifice spiritual realities, not extended to a claim about ancestors as persons.
Discern The Body
Approved rendering: paub cais lub cev (ntawm tus Tswv thiab ntawm pawg ntseeg)
Transliteration: diakrinōn to sōma
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper; Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Dense double-reference term (11:29-30): Christ’s body in the elements AND the unified church body (cf. ch.12); must not be resolved to only one sense.
He Appeared
Approved rendering: tshwm los rau … pom
Transliteration: ōphthē
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Objective, verifiable, bodily sightings by named witnesses (15:5-8); must be distinguished from the Hmong concept of a deceased person’s spirit appearing/haunting (dab tuag tshwm).
Anathema
Approved rendering: [TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED] raug muab cais tawm thiab poob rau txim
Transliteration: anathema
Doctrine: Christian Unity versus Factionalism; Church Discipline and Holiness
Rejected alternatives: transliterated loanword — rejected, doctrinally opaque with no existing Hmong Christian usage to anchor it
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Solemn formula of exclusion (16:22); same collision danger as deliver_to_satan — risks assimilation into traditional invoked-curse practice (foob); requires identical disambiguating teaching, and the specific rendering remains flagged pending theologian confirmation.
Medium Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: tus Tub Txib
Transliteration: apostolos
Doctrine: Christian Unity versus Factionalism; The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Inherited from Romans package. Reused chs. 1, 4, 9, 12, 15; base for new compounds ‘cov kaum ob tug Tub Txib’ (the twelve) and ‘tag nrho cov Tub Txib’ (all the apostles).
Faith Believe
Approved rendering: kev ntseeg / ntseeg
Transliteration: pistis / pisteuō
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Inherited from Romans package. Must remain anchored to the specific historical gospel content of 15:3-4 (Christ’s death/resurrection), not generic belief, at 15:2 and 15:11.
Circumcision
Approved rendering: kev txiav (raws li Txoj Kevcai Mauxes)
Transliteration: peritomē
Doctrine: Christian Unity versus Factionalism
Inherited from Romans package. Relevant background to 7:18-19’s ‘circumcised/uncircumcised’ calling illustration.
Conscience
Approved rendering: tej kev paub zoo paub phem hauv lub siab
Transliteration: syneidēsis
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
Inherited from Romans package. Central pastoral concern of chs. 8, 10 (idol-meat conscience discussion).
Redemption
Approved rendering: kev txhiv
Transliteration: apolytrōsis
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Holiness; Marriage and Singleness
Inherited from Romans package. Reused at 6:20, 7:23 (‘bought with a price’); anchored explicitly to Christ as price-payer.
Will Of God
Approved rendering: Vajtswv lub siab nyiam
Transliteration: thelēma theou
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Inherited from Romans package. Ground of Paul’s apostolic calling at 1:1.
Spiritual Gift
Approved rendering: ib yam khoom plig ntawm Vaj Ntsuj Plig
Transliteration: charisma pneumatikon
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
Inherited from Romans package. Chapter 12 is this term’s fullest development in the whole biblical corpus.
Foolishness Moria
Approved rendering: kev ruam
Transliteration: mōria
Doctrine: The Cross as Wisdom and Power
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Paired term to wisdom_sophia; no direct traditional-religion collision, but the paradox (what looks foolish is actually saving power, 1:18-25; 4:10) must not be softened.
Steward Of Mysteries
Approved rendering: tus saib xyuas (uas Vajtswv cob rau lub luag haujlwm)
Transliteration: oikonomos (mystēriōn theou)
Doctrine: Christian Unity versus Factionalism
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Applied to apostles as accountable trustees of the gospel (4:1-2), not independent authorities to be factionally championed; bridges reasonably to Hmong household-manager roles.
Leaven Zyme
Approved rendering: keeb tsuas
Transliteration: zymē
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Holiness
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Metaphor for a corrupting influence that spreads through a whole batch (5:6-8); comprehension gap in a rice-based culinary context, no collision.
Marriage Gamos
Approved rendering: kev sib yuav
Transliteration: gamos
Doctrine: Marriage and Singleness
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Hmong bride-price/clan-arranged marriage customs differ from Paul’s mutual-consent, one-flesh ethic; requires teaching notes, especially re: mutual conjugal obligation (7:3-5).
Divorce Separation
Approved rendering: kev sib nrauj
Transliteration: chōrizō / apolyō
Doctrine: Marriage and Singleness
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Comprehension-level divergence from Hmong customary divorce/remarriage practice (7:10-16); no direct collision.
Conjugal Rights Mutual Obligation
Approved rendering: dab tshuav / txoj cai ntawm lub cev (uas yog ob leeg sib koom)
Transliteration: hē opheilē / exousia tou sōmatos
Doctrine: Marriage and Singleness
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Establishes strict mutuality (7:3-5); should be taught explicitly against any customary framing of unequal marital authority.
Knowledge Gnosis
Approved rendering: kev paub
Transliteration: gnōsis
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat; Love as the Greater Way
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Must be paired with kev hlub (love) per Paul’s own contrast (8:1-3); comprehension-level otherwise.
Liberty Right Personal Exousia
Approved rendering: txoj cai (los sis kev ywj pheej)
Transliteration: exousia
Doctrine: Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Personal-liberty sense of exousia (chs. 6-9); must be kept lexically distinct from the Romans-baseline civil-authority rendering ‘cov muaj hwjchim kav teb chaws’ of the same Greek word.
Head Covering
Approved rendering: ntaub npog taubhau
Transliteration: katakalyptō / peribolaion
Doctrine: Order in Worship
Rejected alternatives: direct equivalence claim with Hmong turban (phuam) customs — rejected, different social signal
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Comprehension gap regarding the 1st-century Corinthian cultural signal (11:2-16); illustrative note required, not an equivalence claim.
Head Headship Kephale
Approved rendering: taub hau
Transliteration: kephalē
Doctrine: Order in Worship
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Metaphorical headship/source relationship in the God-Christ-man-woman chain (11:3); requires careful teaching to avoid over-literalizing or flattening.
Interpretation Of Tongues
Approved rendering: kev txhais lus (uas hais los ntawm Vaj Ntsuj Plig)
Transliteration: hermēneia glōssōn
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ; Order in Worship
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Companion regulatory gift (12:10, 14:5,13,27-28) reinforcing the mandatory edification/order framing of speaking_in_tongues.
Edification Building Up
Approved rendering: kev txhim kho pawg ntseeg
Transliteration: oikodomē / oikodomeō
Doctrine: Order in Worship
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. The controlling purpose-criterion for every gift and worship practice in ch.14 (14:3,4,5,12,17,26); use consistently as the evaluative standard term.
As One Untimely Born
Approved rendering: zoo li tus me nyuam yug ua ntej caij
Transliteration: hōsperei tō ektrōmati
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Rejected alternatives: softened generic ‘unworthy’ — rejected, loses Paul’s deliberate shock-image
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Paul’s radical self-abasement (15:8); vivid, deliberately self-deprecating image flagged for native-speaker sensitivity review given the cultural weight of miscarriage/stillbirth associations — not a doctrinal collision.
Received Delivered Tradition
Approved rendering: tau txais / muab cev rau
Transliteration: parelabon / paredōka
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers; The Lord’s Supper
Rejected alternatives: ordinary ‘tell/give’ verbs — rejected, loses the formulaic, pre-Pauline authority of the creed
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Technical formulaic pair marking 15:3-7 as an authoritative pre-Pauline creed, and (11:23) the Lord’s Supper institution tradition.
Imperishable Incorruption
Approved rendering: tsis lwj tag mus li
Transliteration: aphtharsia
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. The resurrection body’s permanent, undecaying quality (15:42,50-54); comprehension-level, no collision.
Holy Kiss
Approved rendering: kev sib hnia dawb huv
Transliteration: philēma hagion
Doctrine: Christian Unity versus Factionalism
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Cultural-adaptation gap (16:20, no native kissing-greeting custom); dawb huv qualifier must anchor to sanctified familial affection, not ritual cleansing.
Low Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: Vajtswv
Transliteration: theos
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Rejected alternatives: Ntuj (impersonal sky/heaven) — rejected, lacks personal deity sense, dab (spirit) — rejected, denotes false/lesser spirit
Inherited from Romans package. Reused verbatim throughout 1 Corinthians (all chapters).
Lord
Approved rendering: tus Tswv
Transliteration: kyrios
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Inherited from Romans package. Reused verbatim; also underlies the ‘Lord’s Supper’ (Rooj Mov Nco Txog tus Tswv) and ‘Lord’s table’ (rooj mov ntawm tus Tswv) compounds new to this book.
Jesus Christ
Approved rendering: Yexus Khetos
Transliteration: Iēsous Christos
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Inherited from Romans package. Central to the core passage’s creedal formula (15:3-4).
Father God
Approved rendering: Leej Txiv
Transliteration: patēr
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Inherited from Romans package. Reused in chs. 1, 8, 15.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Leej Tub ntawm Vajtswv
Transliteration: huios theou
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Rejected alternatives: diminished-sonship renderings found in sectarian materials — rejected, must preserve full deity
Inherited from Romans package. Reused in ch.15.
Gospel
Approved rendering: Txoj Moo Zoo
Transliteration: euangelion
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers; The Cross as Wisdom and Power
Inherited from Romans package. Core passage 15:1-11 hinges on this term (‘the gospel I preached to you… in which you stand’).
Peace
Approved rendering: kev thaj yeeb
Transliteration: eirēnē
Doctrine: Order in Worship
Inherited from Romans package. Reused chs. 1, 7, 14 (‘God is not a God of confusion but of peace,’ 14:33).
Death
Approved rendering: txoj kev tuag
Transliteration: thanatos
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Inherited from Romans package. Personified as the last enemy destroyed at 15:26; base for the new ‘sting of death’ compound (15:55-56).
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: txoj sia nyob mus ib txhis
Transliteration: zōē aiōnios
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Inherited from Romans package. Reused in ch.15.
Heir
Approved rendering: tus qub txeeg qub teg
Transliteration: klēronomos
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Inherited from Romans package. Applied to the kingdom-inheritance in resurrected bodies (6:9-10, 15:50).
Glory
Approved rendering: lub yeeb koob
Transliteration: doxa
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Holiness
Inherited from Romans package. Reused chs. 6, 10, 11, 15 (differing glories of resurrection bodies, 15:40-43).
Body Of Christ
Approved rendering: lub cev ntawm Khetos
Transliteration: sōma Christou
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and the Body of Christ
Inherited from Romans package. Central unity metaphor developed at length in 12:12-27; members rendered ‘cov tswv cuab.‘
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Vajtswv
Transliteration: basileia tou theou
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers; Church Discipline and Holiness
Inherited from Romans package. Reused at 4:20, 6:9-10, and 15:50 (‘flesh and blood cannot inherit the kingdom’).
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: ua tsaug
Transliteration: eucharistō
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Inherited from Romans package. Opens the letter’s thanksgiving section (1:4); reused ch.14.
World
Approved rendering: lub ntiajteb
Transliteration: kosmos
Doctrine: The Cross as Wisdom and Power
Inherited from Romans package. Contrasted with God’s wisdom at 1:20-21, 3:19.
Scripture
Approved rendering: Vaj Lug Kub
Transliteration: graphē
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Inherited from Romans package. ‘According to the Scriptures’ anchors the creedal formula at 15:3-4.
Love
Approved rendering: kev hlub
Transliteration: agapē
Doctrine: Love as the Greater Way
Inherited from Romans package. Central term of ch.13; also governs 8:1-3’s knowledge/love contrast and 16:14 (‘let all that you do be done in love’). No alternate rendering introduced by this book.
Hope
Approved rendering: kev cia siab
Transliteration: elpis
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Inherited from Romans package. Reused ch.13, 15; must be taught as confident expectation grounded in the resurrection, not mere optimism.
Promise
Approved rendering: lus cog tseg
Transliteration: epangelia
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper
Inherited from Romans package. Root underlying the new ‘New Covenant’ compound at 11:25 — see new_covenant entry below.
Boasting
Approved rendering: kev khav theeb
Transliteration: kauchēsis / kauchaomai
Doctrine: Christian Unity versus Factionalism
Inherited from Romans package. Excluded at 1:29-31 (‘let the one who boasts, boast in the Lord’); reused chs. 3, 4, 5.
Church Of God
Approved rendering: pawg ntseeg ntawm Vajtswv
Transliteration: ekklēsia (tou theou)
Doctrine: Christian Unity versus Factionalism
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Already stable in existing Hmong Christian usage. The ‘ntawm Vajtswv’ qualifier must be retained at first use per lesson to keep the God-owned (not human-faction-owned) sense clear, since factionalism (chs.1-4) is precisely a failure to treat the church as God’s. Named as the object of Paul’s former persecution at 15:9.
Bread Cup Elements
Approved rendering: khoom noj mov / khob
Transliteration: artos / potērion
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Concrete sacramental elements; comprehension-level only.
Cephas
Approved rendering: Khefas (Petus)
Transliteration: Kēpha
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Aramaic name retained with a gloss to the more familiar ‘Petus,’ per the established Abba retention pattern (1:12, 3:22, 9:5, 15:5).
The Twelve
Approved rendering: cov kaum ob tug Tub Txib
Transliteration: hoi dōdeka
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Second resurrection-appearance witness group (15:5); built on the established tus Tub Txib (apostle) baseline rendering.
James
Approved rendering: Yakauj
Transliteration: Iakōbos
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Named eyewitness at 15:7; standard existing Hmong transliteration.
Five Hundred Brothers
Approved rendering: dhau tsib pua leej kwvtij
Transliteration: epanō pentakosiois adelphois
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Mass evidentiary eyewitness claim (15:6); concrete numeral phrase, comprehension-level only.
Least Of The Apostles
Approved rendering: tus tsawg kawg nkaus
Transliteration: elachistos
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Paul’s self-assessment (15:9), grounding apostleship entirely in grace.
I Persecuted
Approved rendering: tsim txom / caum ntes
Transliteration: ediōxa
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Paul’s pre-conversion violent hostility against believers (15:9), showing the magnitude of grace.
Hold Fast
Approved rendering: tuav ruaj
Transliteration: katechete
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Firm retention of the received apostolic gospel tradition (15:2).
He Was Buried
Approved rendering: raug muab log
Transliteration: etaphē
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Confirms the reality of Christ’s physical death (15:4); Hmong funerary custom differs from 1st-century Jewish tomb burial — comprehension-level illustrative note recommended, no collision.
On The Third Day
Approved rendering: hnub peb
Transliteration: tē tritē hēmera
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Specific historical time-marker (15:4); resonates with, but must be clarified as distinct from, Hmong funerary ritual day-counts.
I Worked Harder
Approved rendering: khwv ua haujlwm nyuaj dua lwm tus
Transliteration: perissoteron ekopiasa
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Grace-empowered apostolic labor (15:10); must be read as grace’s fruit, not its ground.
We Proclaim
Approved rendering: qhia
Transliteration: kēryssomen
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers; Christian Unity versus Factionalism
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Official proclamation of the unified apostolic message (15:11), undercutting factionalism around personalities.
Apollos
Approved rendering: Apolau
Transliteration: Apollōs
Doctrine: Christian Unity versus Factionalism
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Proper name with no doctrinal content, pattern-consistent transliteration with ‘Povlauj’ (Paul); central figure in the ch.1,3,4,16 factional-loyalty discussion. Logged per analysis/06_linguistic_gap_analysis.md §4 for TM-revision inclusion.
Low-Medium Risk Terms
Firstfruits
Approved rendering: thawj phaus qoob loo / cov ua ntej
Transliteration: aparchē
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Inherited from Romans package. Applied to Christ as firstfruits of the resurrection harvest (15:20,23) and to Stephanas’ household (16:15).
Mystery
Approved rendering: zaj lus zais cia
Transliteration: mystērion
Doctrine: The Cross as Wisdom and Power; The Lord’s Supper; The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Inherited from Romans package. Reused at 2:1,7 (Spirit-revealed hidden wisdom), 4:1 (stewards of God’s mysteries), and 15:51 (the mystery of bodily transformation at the last trumpet — this specific occurrence was newly logged for TM-revision inclusion per analysis/06_linguistic_gap_analysis.md §2, since it did not appear in the core glossary’s Table 2).
The Cross Stauros
Approved rendering: Ntoo Khaub Lig
Transliteration: stauros
Doctrine: The Cross as Wisdom and Power
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Established Hmong Christian compound term. The doctrine that an instrument of shame/execution is called ‘powerful’ (1:17-18) requires explicit teaching, not a lexical fix.
Mind Of Christ
Approved rendering: tus kheej thiab kev xav ntawm Yexus Khetos
Transliteration: nous Christou
Doctrine: The Cross as Wisdom and Power
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Spirit-given capacity to understand as Christ understands (2:16); comprehension-level only.
Order Taxis
Approved rendering: kev cai raws qab raws theem
Transliteration: taxis
Doctrine: Order in Worship
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Summary principle of ch.14 (‘God is not a God of confusion but of peace,’ 14:33).
Victory Sting Of Death
Approved rendering: kev yeej / tus xub ntawm txoj kev tuag
Transliteration: nikos / kentron tou thanatou
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Climactic celebration (15:54-57); vivid imagery, illustrative note recommended (locally familiar stinging-insect substitute permitted for teaching purposes only), no traditional-religion collision.
The Collection
Approved rendering: kev sau nyiaj pab cov ntseeg (uas raug txom nyem)
Transliteration: logeia
Doctrine: Christian Unity versus Factionalism
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Organized cross-congregational relief gift (16:1-4); existing Hmong church offering practices provide a ready cultural bridge.
Maranatha
Approved rendering: Maranatha (“Tus Tswv, thov koj los!”)
Transliteration: Marana tha
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
Rejected alternatives: dropping the Aramaic loanword entirely — rejected, per the Abba retention precedent
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Retained Aramaic loanword (16:22) with mandatory first-use gloss, paralleling the Romans-baseline abba_father convention.
Satan
Approved rendering: dab Ntxwg Nyoog
Transliteration: Satanas
Doctrine: Church Discipline and Holiness
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Established Hmong Christian proper-name rendering, distinct from generic ‘dab’; must not be collapsed into the broader category of household/ancestor spirits (dab qhuas), which Hmong custom does not equate with Satan. Used at 5:5, 7:5.
In Vain
Approved rendering: dhau ntawm qhov tsis muaj qab hau / tsis tau qab hau dab tsi
Transliteration: eikē / kenē
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Futility warning at 15:2, 15:14, 15:17 (if Christ is not raised, faith and preaching are in vain).
Medium-High Risk Terms
Called Calling
Approved rendering: raug hu (los ntawm Vajtswv)
Transliteration: klētos / klēsis
Doctrine: Christian Unity versus Factionalism
Rejected alternatives: hmoov (fate) vocabulary — PERMANENTLY FORBIDDEN, per the Romans-baseline election_choose prohibition
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. God’s effectual, personal, purposeful summons (1:1-2,26; 7:17-24), never impersonal destiny.
Remembrance Anamnesis
Approved rendering: kev nco txog (Yexus Khetos txoj kev tuag)
Transliteration: anamnēsis
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper
Rejected alternatives: unanchored ‘remembrance of the dead’ phrasing — rejected
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Must be explicitly anchored to Christ’s death (11:24-25); the qualifying clause is mandatory to prevent merging with ancestor-remembrance ritual obligation.
New Covenant
Approved rendering: Lus Cog Tseg Tshiab
Transliteration: kainē diathēkē
Doctrine: The Lord’s Supper
Rejected alternatives: transliterated loanword for ‘covenant’ — rejected
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Built on the baseline lus cog tseg (promise) root but denser legal-theological weight (11:25); requires a dedicated teaching note distinguishing ‘covenant’ from mere ‘promise.‘
Women Should Be Silent
Approved rendering: [TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED: interpretive scope of 14:34-35 — descriptive local-order instruction vs. universal norm]
Transliteration: gynaikes … sigatōsan
Doctrine: Order in Worship
Rejected alternatives: unilateral resolution of interpretive scope in translation — FORBIDDEN, must be flagged for human theologian review
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Textually/denominationally debated scope; a hermeneutical, not traditional-religion-collision, risk. Per escalation rules, must remain flagged, not resolved unilaterally, pending human theologian review.
Fallen Asleep
Approved rendering: tau tas sim neej / pw tsaug zog tos txoj kev sawv rov qab los
Transliteration: kekoimēntai
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ and Believers
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Death-as-sleep euphemism (15:6,18,20) must be anchored to resurrection hope, not merged with the Hmong concept of ongoing ancestor-spirit status requiring ritual feeding.
Medium (ch.1); High (chs. 10, 11) Risk Terms
Fellowship Participation Koinonia
Approved rendering: kev sib koom (nrog Yexus Khetos)
Transliteration: koinōnia
Doctrine: Christian Unity versus Factionalism; The Lord’s Supper; Christian Liberty and Idol Meat
NEW ENTRY — 1 Corinthians. Escalates from a general ‘shared bond’ sense (1:9) to a sacramental ‘real participation in Christ’s body/blood’ sense (10:16-21, 11) that must be kept distinct from, and explicitly contrasted with, parallel ‘participation’ language applied to pagan sacrifices (10:20).