Core Glossary
2 Peter — Core Glossary (Hmong Language Package)
This glossary lists every load-bearing theological term encountered in the full-book semantic analysis (07_semantic_analysis.md), covering 2 Peter chapters 1-3. Section A reuses baseline Romans TM entries verbatim (per the hard rule that established renderings must not be altered). Section B logs new terms surfaced in 2 Peter, each proposed for TM-revision review per 12_ai_translation_requirements.md §9. Risk tiers use the baseline’s fixed definitions (Critical / High / Medium / Low). All Section B entries require [TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED] sign-off before permanent TM inclusion; none should be treated as final until reviewed.
Section A — Reused Baseline Terms (Romans TM, verbatim, applicable in 2 Peter)
| English Term | Hmong Rendering (TM-fixed) | Risk Level | 2 Peter Chapters | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | Vajtswv | Low | 1, 2, 3 | Unchanged. |
| Lord | tus Tswv | Low | 1, 2, 3 | Base for hēmera kyriou (Day of the Lord). |
| Jesus Christ | Yexus Khetos | Low | 1, 2, 3 | Unchanged. |
| Holy Spirit | Vaj Ntsuj Plig | Critical | 1 | Vaj prefix mandatory in the inspiration formula of 1:21. |
| Servant/Slave (doulos) | qhev | High | 1, 2 | Applies to Peter’s self-designation (1:1) and false teachers’ bondage to corruption (2:19). |
| Apostle | tus Tub Txib | Medium | 1 | Peter’s self-designation (1:1). |
| Grace | txiaj ntsim | Critical | 1, 3 | Never koob hmoov; closing exhortation “grow in grace” (3:18). |
| Peace | kev thaj yeeb | Low | 1 | Salutation (1:2). |
| Faith/Believe | kev ntseeg | Medium | 1 | ”Faith of equal standing” (1:1). |
| Promise | lus cog tseg | Low | 1, 3 | ”Precious and great promises” (1:4); scoffers’ mockery of “the promise of his coming” (3:4). |
| Righteousness/Righteous | Vajtswv txoj kev ncaj ncees / tus ncaj ncees | Critical | 2, 3 | Noah as “preacher of righteousness” (2:5); Lot as “righteous” (2:7-8); new earth “in which righteousness dwells” (3:13). |
| Power | hwjchim | High | 1 | Mandatory Vajtswv hwjchim/Yexus Khetos lub hwjchim qualifier; core to 1:16 thesis clause. |
| Election/Choose | kev xaiv (Vajtswv xaiv raws li nws lub siab nyiam) | Critical | 1 | ”Calling and election” (1:10); imports baseline’s hmoov-collision risk directly. |
| Glory | lub yeeb koob | Low | 1 | ”Honor and glory,” “Majestic Glory” (1:17). |
| Love | kev hlub | Low | 1 | Terminus of the virtue-chain (1:7). |
| Endurance | kev ua siab ntev | Low | 1 | Virtue-chain member (1:6), kept lexically distinct from makrothymia (§B). |
| Sanctification / holy | kev raug ua kom dawb huv / dawb huv | High | 1, 2, 3 | ”Holy mountain” (1:18); “holy commandment” (2:21); “without spot” (3:14). |
| Death | txoj kev tuag | Low | 1 | Background for “my departure” (1:14-15). |
| No condemnation (root: kev puas tsuaj) | kev puas tsuaj | Medium | 2 | Root reused/formalized for apōleia (destruction/perdition), §B. |
| Idol | dab mlom | High | — | Not directly occurring, but its root dab is the collision point for mythos (§B); cross-referenced for teaching. |
| Ungodly | tus tsis hwm Vajtswv | Medium | 2, 3 | ”Ungodly people” (2:5; 3:7); root hwm Vajtswv mirrored positively for eusebeia (§B). |
| Scripture | Vaj Lug Kub | Low | 1, 3 | ”Prophecy of Scripture” (1:20); Paul’s letters called Scripture (3:16). |
| Redemption | kev txhiv | Medium | 2 | Semantic background for despotēs ... agorasanta (2:1), §B. |
| Renewal of the mind | hloov siab tshiab | Low-Medium | — | Not directly occurring, but kept lexically distinct from new metanoia entry (§B) to avoid conflation. |
| (Proper name convention) Povlauj (Paul) | Povlauj | Low | 3 | Established transliteration reused per baseline register note. |
Section B — New Terms Surfaced in 2 Peter (Proposed TM Additions, Pending Review)
| # | English Term | Greek / Transliteration | Proposed Hmong Rendering | Risk Level | Chapters | Doctrine | Collision / Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | cleverly devised myths | μῦθος / mythos | zaj dab neeg | Critical | 1 | Reliability & Inspiration of Scripture | Literal “spirit-story”; shares the flagged dab morpheme with idol/spirit-worship vocabulary. Must be taught as a positive contrast (Peter rejects folklore as his source), never left to imply Scripture itself is folklore-adjacent. |
| 2 | power and coming (parousia) | παρουσία / parousia | Yexus Khetos Kev Rov Qab Los | Critical | 1, 3 | Certainty of Christ’s Return | Must be anchored as a single, final, bodily, unrepeatable event; risk of assimilation to ancestor-spirit ritual “return”/visitation practices (hu plig, ancestral offerings). |
| 3 | eyewitnesses | ἐπόπτης / epoptēs | cov uas pom tim ntsej tim muag | Medium | 1 | Reliability & Inspiration of Scripture | Comprehension-level; no collision, but the evidentiary weight of eyewitness testimony needs explicit teaching. |
| 4 | majesty | μεγαλειότης / megaleiotēs | Yexus Khetos lub hwjchim ci ntsa iab | High | 1 | Certainty of Christ’s Return | Reuses Critical hwjchim root; mandatory Christ-anchoring qualifier. |
| 5 | honor | τιμή / timē | kev hwm | Low | 1 | General/Cross-cutting | Reuses established hwm root. |
| 6 | the voice was borne | φέρω (ἐνεχθείσης) / pherō | raug xa/coj los | Medium | 1 | Reliability & Inspiration of Scripture | Deliberately echoes v.21’s inspiration verb; preserve the literary link in teaching notes. |
| 7 | Majestic Glory (epithet) | μεγαλοπρεπὴς δόξα / megaloprepēs doxa | Tus uas Muaj Lub Yeeb Koob Ci Ntsa Iab Kawg Nkaus | Low-Medium | 1 | General/Cross-cutting | Reverential title for the Father; footnote required on first use. |
| 8 | beloved (Son) | ἀγαπητός / agapētos | tus uas kuv hlub | Low | 1 | General/Cross-cutting | Reuses hlub (agapē) root. |
| 9 | well pleased | εὐδοκέω / eudokeō | uas kuv lub siab nyiam kawg nkaus | Low | 1 | General/Cross-cutting | Parallels baseline thelēma theou (lub siab nyiam) construction. |
| 10 | holy mountain | ἅγιον ὄρος / hagion oros | lub roob dawb huv | High | 1 | Reliability & Inspiration of Scripture | Risk of assimilation to venerated spirit-mountain (roob dab) cosmology; must be anchored as a specific, one-time historical site, not an ongoing cultic/pilgrimage location. |
| 11 | heart (anthropological seat of thought/will) | καρδία / kardia | lub siab | Medium | 1 | General/Cross-cutting | Formalizes existing convention (parallel to will of God, conscience); must remain lexically distinct from ntsuj plig/Vaj Ntsuj Plig (a different anthropological category). |
| 12 | more fully confirmed | βεβαιότερος / bebaioteros | ntseeg tau tseeb dua thiab ruaj khov dua | Medium | 1 | Reliability & Inspiration of Scripture | Comparative force (Scripture > eyewitness experience) must not be lost. |
| 13 | lamp shining in a dark place | λύχνος / lychnos | teeb kub uas ci nyob rau qhov tsaus ntuj | Low | 1 | Reliability & Inspiration of Scripture | Concrete, culturally familiar imagery; no collision. |
| 14 | morning star | φωσφόρος / phōsphoros | hnub qub kaj ntug | Low-Medium | 1 | Certainty of Christ’s Return | Messianic association needs footnote. |
| 15 | prophetic word / prophecy of Scripture | προφητικὸς λόγος / προφητεία / prophētikos logos / prophēteia | Vajtswv Txoj Lus uas Cev Los / kev cev Vajtswv Lus | Critical | 1 | Reliability & Inspiration of Scripture | Collision with shamanic spirit-mediumship (txiv neeb) claims of relaying spirit-messages; must be taught as a closed, unique, divinely-sourced category. |
| 16 | one’s own interpretation | ἰδία ἐπίλυσις / idia epilysis | kev txhais raws li nws lub siab xav | Medium | 1 | Reliability & Inspiration of Scripture | Textual-critical ambiguity (origin vs. interpretation) flagged for translator note; either reading supports the same doctrinal point. |
| 17 | will of man | θέλημα ἀνθρώπου / thelēma anthrōpou | tib neeg lub siab nyiam | Low-Medium | 1 | Reliability & Inspiration of Scripture | Direct contrastive mirror of baseline thelēma theou. |
| 18 | carried along (by the Holy Spirit) | φερόμενοι / pheromenoi | raug Vaj Ntsuj Plig coj mus | Critical | 1 | Reliability & Inspiration of Scripture | HIGHEST-PRIORITY risk in the book: must be sharply distinguished from shamanic trance-possession (ua neeb), where a spirit “rides”/seizes the practitioner with loss of self-control. Biblical inspiration = conscious, coherent, personally-responsible human authorship under purposeful divine direction. Mandatory human theologian review at every occurrence, equivalent to the baseline’s forbidden nkag (possession-verb) precedent. |
| 19 | men spoke from God | ἐλάλησαν ἀπὸ θεοῦ / elalēsan apo theou | tej tib neeg hais lus tuaj ntawm Vajtswv | Medium | 1 | Reliability & Inspiration of Scripture | Positive statement of dual (human/divine) authorship balance; teach alongside #18. |
| 20 | Savior (title) | σωτήρ / sōtēr | tus Cawmseej | Medium | 1 | General/Cross-cutting | Must always be anchored to Yexus Khetos, per baseline kev cawm dim anchoring rule. |
| 21 | full/true knowledge | ἐπίγνωσις / epignōsis | kev paub tseeb (ntawm Vajtswv/Yexus Khetos) | Medium | 1 | Growing in Christian Virtue; Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption | Keep lexically distinct from plain gnōsis (#33) by the tseeb qualifier at every occurrence. |
| 22 | divine (adjective) | θεῖος / theios | ntawm/los ntawm Vajtswv | Low | 1 | Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption | Reuses Vajtswv root as a possessive/genitive qualifier. |
| 23 | godliness | εὐσέβεια / eusebeia | kev hwm Vajtswv | Medium | 1, 3 | Growing in Christian Virtue | Positive mirror of baseline tus tsis hwm Vajtswv (ungodly). |
| 24 | virtue / excellence | ἀρετή / aretē | kev coj tus cwj pwm zoo | Medium | 1 | Growing in Christian Virtue | Must be taught as fruit of grace, never its ground (echoes baseline’s works-righteousness caution). |
| 25 | precious/great promise(s) | ἐπάγγελμα / epangelma | lus cog tseg (loj thiab tseem ceeb) | Low | 1 | Growing in Christian Virtue; Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption | Cognate of baseline epangelia. |
| 26 | partakers of the divine nature | θείας φύσεως κοινωνοί / theias physeōs koinōnoi | tau koom nrog Vajtswv tus cwj pwm dawb huv thiab tsis txawj puas | Critical | 1 | Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption | Risk of confusion with ancestor-deification/spirit-communion cosmology; must be taught strictly as moral/relational participation in God’s holiness and incorruption, never ontological merger or elevation to spirit-status. Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence. |
| 27 | corruption | φθορά / phthora | kev lwj piam | High | 1, 2 | Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption; False Teachers and Their Judgment | Kept distinct from baseline kev puas tsuaj (destruction, the judgment outcome); phthora is the corrupting process/decay. |
| 28 | sinful desire / lust | ἐπιθυμία / epithymia | kev ntshaw (kev phem) | Medium | 1, 2, 3 | Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption; False Teachers | No direct collision; must not be confused with neutral desire. |
| 29 | knowledge (plain) | γνῶσις / gnōsis | kev paub | Low-Medium | 1, 3 | Growing in Christian Virtue | Distinct from epignōsis (#21) by dropping the tseeb qualifier. |
| 30 | self-control | ἐγκράτεια / egkrateia | kev tswj lub siab | Low-Medium | 1 | Growing in Christian Virtue | No collision. |
| 31 | brotherly affection | φιλαδελφία / philadelphia | kev hlub cov kwvtij ntseeg | Low | 1 | Growing in Christian Virtue | Species-specific narrowing of baseline kev hlub. |
| 32 | cleansing (from former sins) | καθαρισμός / katharismos | kev raug ntxuav kom huv | Medium | 1 | Growing in Christian Virtue | Kept distinct from baseline kev raug ua kom dawb huv (ongoing sanctification); this is the once-for-all conversion-cleansing. |
| 33 | calling | κλῆσις / klēsis | kev raug hu | Medium | 1 | Election-adjacent / Growing in Christian Virtue | Mandatorily paired with baseline kev xaiv (election); imports the Election doctrine’s hmoov collision risk. |
| 34 | tent/body (mortal body) | σκήνωμα / skēnōma | lub cev nyob ib ntus no | Low-Medium | 1 | General/Cross-cutting | Non-literal rendering avoids a confusing literal “tent” image. |
| 35 | departure (death) | ἔξοδος / exodos | kuv txoj kev mus | Low | 1 | General/Cross-cutting | Softened euphemism, reuses txoj kev tuag root. |
| 36 | false prophets / false teachers | ψευδοπροφῆται / ψευδοδιδάσκαλοι / pseudoprophētai / pseudodidaskaloi | cov cev Vajtswv Lus cuav / cov xibhwb qhia txhaum | Critical | 2 | False Teachers and Their Judgment | Must be taught as an internal-church warning, not a blanket equation with Hmong shamanic practitioners as a class. |
| 37 | destructive heresies | αἱρέσεις ἀπωλείας / haireseis apōleias | kev qhia yuam kev uas coj mus rau kev puas tsuaj | High | 2 | False Teachers and Their Judgment | Kept distinct from baseline kev sib cais ua pab ua pawg (mere ecclesial factionalism, Romans sense). |
| 38 | destruction / perdition | ἀπώλεια / apōleia | kev puas tsuaj | Medium | 2, 3 | False Teachers; Day of the Lord | Formalizes reuse of baseline katakrima-adjacent root. |
| 39 | Master (sovereign owner) | δεσπότης / despotēs | tus Tswv uas Muaj Cai Kav thiab yuav lawv | Medium-High | 2 | False Teachers and Their Judgment | Distinguished from generic baseline tus Tswv (kyrios) by added ownership/purchase clause; reuses kev txhiv redemption domain. |
| 40 | angel | ἄγγελος / angelos | tus tim tswv saum ntuj | Low | 2 | False Teachers and Their Judgment | Standard existing usage. |
| 41 | cast into Tartarus / chains of gloomy darkness | ταρταρόω / ζόφος / tartaroō / zophos | raug muab kaw rau qhov tsaus ntuj tsaus nti (tos kev txiav txim) | Critical | 2 | False Teachers and Their Judgment | Deliberately non-mythological/descriptive to avoid assimilation into shamanic multi-level underworld-spirit cosmology (ua neeb); never name a specific mythic realm. |
| 42 | flood (Noah) | κατακλυσμός / kataklysmos | dej nyab loj thoob ntiajteb | Low-Medium | 2 | False Teachers and Their Judgment | Potential positive cultural bridge (Hmong flood-narratives exist); flag as comprehension opportunity, not collision. |
| 43 | sensuality / defiling lust | ἀσέλγεια / μιασμός / aselgeia / miasmos | kev ua nkauj ua nraug qias vuab tsuab / kev qias tsis huv | Medium | 2 | False Teachers and Their Judgment | miasmos kept distinct from ritual-purity dawb huv vocabulary. |
| 44 | despising authority / blaspheming glorious ones | κυριότης / βλασφημέω / kyriotēs / blasphēmeō | tus muaj cai kav / hais lus phem rau | Medium | 2 | False Teachers and Their Judgment | Comprehension-level; no direct collision. |
| 45 | slaves of corruption / freedom (false promise) | δοῦλοι φθορᾶς / ἐλευθερία / douloi phthoras / eleutheria | qhev rau kev lwj piam / kev ywj pheej | Medium | 2 | False Teachers and Their Judgment | Reuses qhev (Critical) and phthora (#27); irony of false freedom must be preserved. |
| 46 | holy commandment | ἁγία ἐντολή / hagia entolē | Vajtswv tej lus samhwm dawb huv | Low-Medium | 2 | False Teachers and Their Judgment | Reuses dawb huv. |
| 47 | dog/sow proverb (apostasy imagery) | κύων / ὗς / kyōn / hys | dev uas rov qab noj nws cov ntuav / npua uas rov qab dhia rau hauv cov qav dej | Medium | 2 | False Teachers and Their Judgment | Flag possible unintended association with sacrificial pigs (fij dab) in Hmong ritual; clarify no such connection is intended. |
| 48 | scoffers | ἐμπαῖκτης / empaiktēs | cov thuam luag | Medium | 3 | Day of the Lord and Final Judgment | No collision; comprehension-level. |
| 49 | one day as a thousand years | (Ps 90:4 echo) | ib hnub rau tus Tswv zoo li ib txhiab xyoo | Medium | 3 | Patience of God’s Timing | Comprehension gap regarding divine timescale; no traditional-religion collision identified. |
| 50 | patience/longsuffering of God | μακροθυμία / makrothymia | Vajtswv txoj kev ua siab ntev tos | High | 3 | Patience of God’s Timing | Kept distinct from baseline kev ua siab ntev (hypomonē, human endurance); must be taught as personal, purposeful, relational forbearance, never impersonal fate/timing (hmoov-family collision risk). |
| 51 | repentance | μετάνοια / metanoia | kev thim siab dua tshiab | Medium | 3 | Patience of God’s Timing | Kept distinct from baseline hloov siab tshiab (ongoing renewal of mind). |
| 52 | Day of the Lord | ἡμέρα κυρίου / hēmera kyriou | Hnub ntawm tus Tswv | Critical | 3 | Day of the Lord and Final Judgment | Fixed eschatological title; reuses baseline tus Tswv. |
| 53 | heavenly bodies/elements dissolved | στοιχεῖα / stoicheia | tej yam huv cua ntuj | Medium | 3 | Day of the Lord and Final Judgment | Ancient-cosmology comprehension gap; possible folk-narrative bridge. |
| 54 | new heavens and new earth | καινοὺς οὐρανοὺς καὶ γῆν καινήν / kainous ouranous kai gēn kainēn | lub ntuj tshiab thiab lub ntiajteb tshiab | Medium-High | 3 | Certainty of Christ’s Return; Day of the Lord | Must be taught as linear, singular, final renewal, guarding against any cyclical-cosmology assimilation. |
| 55 | without spot and blameless | ἄσπιλος / ἀμώμητος / aspilos / amōmētos | tsis muaj chaw thuam thiab dawb huv | Low-Medium | 3 | Growing in Christian Virtue | Reuses dawb huv. |
| 56 | twist (Scripture) | στρεβλόω / streblousin | muab txhais yuam kev / muab tig txhais dawm ceg | Critical | 3 | Reliability & Inspiration of Scripture | Reuses baseline stumbling_block imagery root; carries the same doctrinal weight as ch.1’s private-interpretation warning. |
| 57 | unstable / grow (in grace and knowledge) | ἀστήρικτος / αὐξάνω / astēriktos / auxanō | tsis ruaj khov / loj hlob | Low-Medium | 3 | Growing in Christian Virtue | Closing exhortation; auxanō uses a warm, familiar plant/child-growth metaphor. |
| 58 | proper names (Simon Peter, Noah, Lot, Sodom, Gomorrah, Balaam) | Σίμων Πέτρος, Νῶε, Λώτ, Σόδομα, Γόμορρα, Βαλαάμ | Ximoos Petus, Nau-a, Los, Xaudoos, Kaumaulaj, Npala-as | Low | 1, 2 | General/Cross-cutting | Ad hoc transliterations pending formal TM-revision confirmation; log per §9 escalation rule rather than treat as permanent. |
Validation Notes
- All Section A terms are copied verbatim from
assets/translation_memory.json; no alternate glosses have been introduced for any Critical or High baseline entry. - Section B entries #1 (mythos/dab neeg), #2 (parousia), #10 (holy mountain), #15 (prophetic word), #18 (carried by the Spirit), #26 (partakers of the divine nature), #36 (false prophets/teachers), #41 (Tartarus/gloomy darkness), #50 (patience of God), #52 (Day of the Lord), and #56 (twist Scripture) are flagged Critical or High and therefore require mandatory human theologian review before any Phase 2 content generation, per the escalation rules in
12_ai_translation_requirements.md§9. - No forbidden substitution from the baseline (§3.1/§3.2 of
12_ai_translation_requirements.md) has been used anywhere in this glossary. - Full-book coverage confirmed: all three chapters of 2 Peter are represented; none logged as contributing zero new vocabulary.
Critical Risk Terms
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Vaj Ntsuj Plig
Transliteration: pneuma hagion / pneuma hagiōsynēs
Doctrine: The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: bare ntsuj plig (no Vaj prefix) — rejected, denotes an animistic wandering human soul
Inherited from Romans package. In 2 Peter, the mandatory ‘Vaj’ prefix is especially load-bearing at 1:21, where the inspiration formula sits directly adjacent to Hmong shamanic trance vocabulary describing a spirit ‘riding’/seizing a medium (ua neeb). Dropping the prefix even once at 1:21 would risk conflating the divine Inspirer with an animistic possessing spirit — see carried_along_by_the_spirit below.
Grace
Approved rendering: txiaj ntsim
Transliteration: charis
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Rejected alternatives: koob hmoov (fortune/blessing tied to fate and ritual correctness) — PERMANENTLY FORBIDDEN for this sense; would invert sola gratia
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs in the salutation (1:2) and the closing exhortation ‘grow in grace’ (3:18); the latter must never be heard as accumulating merit/fortune — see unstable_grow_in_grace below.
Righteousness Of God Righteous
Approved rendering: Vajtswv txoj kev ncaj ncees / tus ncaj ncees
Transliteration: dikaiosynē theou / dikaios
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Rejected alternatives: bare ‘kev ncaj ncees’ without the reckoning qualifier — rejected, reads as self-achieved moralism
Inherited from Romans package. Describes Noah as ‘preacher of righteousness’ (2:5), Lot as ‘righteous’ (2:7-8), and the new earth ‘in which righteousness dwells’ (3:13); retains the same forensic/moral-uprightness discipline established in the Romans baseline.
Election Choose
Approved rendering: kev xaiv (Vajtswv xaiv raws li nws lub siab nyiam)
Transliteration: eklogē / eklegomai
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Rejected alternatives: hmoov (impersonal fate/fortune) vocabulary — PERMANENTLY FORBIDDEN, collapses personal divine choice into fatalism and erases human moral responsibility
Inherited from Romans package. Imported wholesale into 2 Peter 1:10 (‘make your calling and election sure’); mandatorily paired with the new calling_klesis entry below. Same zero-tolerance discipline applies despite the pastoral, non-polemical register of 2 Peter.
Cleverly Devised Myths
Approved rendering: zaj dab neeg
Transliteration: sesophismenois mythois
Doctrine: The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: transliterated Greek loanword for ‘myth’ — rejected, opaque and pastorally unhelpful, would prevent needed contrast-teaching
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 1:16. The only natural Hmong word for ‘myth/legend/folktale’ is literally ‘spirit-story’ (dab = spirit, neeg = person), sharing the flagged ‘dab’ morpheme with idol/spirit-worship vocabulary (dab mlom, pehawm dab). Retained as the only intelligible option, but MUST always be framed as Peter’s explicit REJECTION of this category as the ground of his testimony — a positive apologetic contrast, never left ambiguous as if Peter’s own witness were being classed with spirit-lore. Highest-priority disambiguation alongside carried_along_by_the_spirit below.
Parousia Christs Return
Approved rendering: Yexus Khetos Kev Rov Qab Los
Transliteration: parousia
Doctrine: The Certainty of Christ’s Return
Rejected alternatives: transliterated Greek loanword — rejected, doctrinally opaque, forfeits necessary contrast-teaching, bare verb ‘los’ (come) unqualified — rejected, loses technical singular/climactic force
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 1:16; 3:4. No prior Romans-baseline TM entry existed for this concept. Collides with Hmong ancestor-veneration practice in which ancestral spirits are believed to ‘return’ to visit descendants at ritual times (New Year offerings, hu plig soul-calling). Must always be taught as a single, final, bodily, cosmic, unrepeatable event; must never appear unqualified near funeral, New Year, or hu plig ritual vocabulary. Fixed phrase, mandatory at every occurrence.
Prophetic Word
Approved rendering: Vajtswv Txoj Lus uas Cev Los / kev cev Vajtswv Lus hauv Vaj Lug Kub
Transliteration: prophētikos logos / prophēteia graphēs
Doctrine: The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: treating this as merely a superior form of shamanic spirit-mediumship, differing only in accuracy — rejected, denies the categorical distinction Peter intends
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 1:19-20. Root ‘cev Vajtswv Lus’ (‘relay/speak forth God’s word’) is structurally close to the verb domain used of a shaman relaying a spirit’s message. Must always carry mandatory contrast-teaching distinguishing closed-canon, Spirit-superintended prophecy from open-ended spirit-mediumship (txiv neeb). Shares its root deliberately with false_prophets_false_teachers below to preserve Peter’s own true/false lexical contrast — the qualifying modifier distinguishing the two must never be dropped.
Carried Along By The Spirit
Approved rendering: raug Vaj Ntsuj Plig coj mus
Transliteration: pheromenoi
Doctrine: The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: nkag (verb for spirit/dab possession) or any pairing with ua neeb trance-possession vocabulary — FORBIDDEN, equivalent in severity to the Romans baseline’s forbidden nkag substitution at Romans 5:12
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 1:21. HIGHEST-PRIORITY collision in the book (Rank #1 per analysis/06_linguistic_gap_analysis.md §5). Hmong shamanic trance practice (ua neeb) describes the practitioner being ‘ridden’/seized by a spirit with loss of self-control and awareness. This phrase must be explicitly taught as NOT possession-trance: biblical authors remained conscious, coherent, personally responsible writers, purposefully guided (like a ship’s sail catching a steady wind) rather than losing identity/control to an invading spirit. Mandatory human theologian review at every occurrence; zero-tolerance for lexical substitution.
Partakers Of The Divine Nature
Approved rendering: tau koom nrog Vajtswv tus cwj pwm dawb huv thiab tsis txawj puas
Transliteration: theias physeōs koinōnoi
Doctrine: Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption
Rejected alternatives: a short, compact rendering (bare ‘share God’s nature/essence’) — rejected, compactness here is dangerous and forfeits the necessary disambiguating periphrasis, ‘become gods/spirits’ or any ontological-merger phrasing — FORBIDDEN, mirrors ancestor-deification/apotheosis doctrine
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 1:4. Rank #2 highest-risk ambiguity in the book (analysis/06_linguistic_gap_analysis.md §5). Hmong ancestor-veneration cosmology includes deceased ancestors attaining elevated spirit-status and living persons ritually communing with the spirit-realm — the single most theologically dangerous phrase in the letter because the competing concept is attractive and well-developed, not merely negative. Must always be taught strictly as moral/relational participation in God’s holiness and incorruption through the new birth and indwelling Spirit — NEVER ontological merger, self-deification, or ancestor-spirit elevation. Mandatory human theologian review at every occurrence, zero-tolerance for compact/bare renderings.
False Prophets False Teachers
Approved rendering: cov cev Vajtswv Lus cuav / cov xibhwb qhia txhaum
Transliteration: pseudoprophētai / pseudodidaskaloi
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Rejected alternatives: blanket application to Hmong shamanic practitioners (txiv neeb) as a class — FORBIDDEN referential over-extension
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 2:1. Built on the same ‘cev Vajtswv Lus’ root as genuine prophecy (prophetic_word above) so the true/false contrast is lexically visible — the qualifying modifier (‘cuav’/‘qhia txhaum’) must never be dropped. Mandatory scoping teaching note: referent is internal to the covenant community (apostate professing-Christian teachers), never a blanket indictment of non-Christian religious specialists generally.
Tartarus Gloomy Darkness
Approved rendering: raug muab kaw rau qhov tsaus ntuj tsaus nti (tos kev txiav txim)
Transliteration: seirais zophou tartarōsas
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Rejected alternatives: transliterated Greek loanword (‘Tartarus’) — rejected, doctrinally opaque, any native named-realm equivalent from Hmong shamanic multi-level spirit-underworld cosmology — FORBIDDEN, would import that cosmology wholesale
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 2:4. Both standard strategies (transliterate / native-name paraphrase) are rejected in favor of a deliberately ‘thin’ descriptive periphrasis (confinement + darkness + awaiting judgment). Must never name or map a specific mythic realm. Mandatory human theologian review at every occurrence.
Day Of The Lord
Approved rendering: Hnub ntawm tus Tswv
Transliteration: hēmera kyriou
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Rejected alternatives: reading as merely ‘some day belonging to God’ generically — rejected, must be a fixed eschatological title
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 3:10. Built from already-established baseline root (tus Tswv), but must always be treated as a fixed, title-cased eschatological term, never used generically for an ordinary holy day. The entire cosmic-dissolution and final-judgment doctrine hangs on this title’s consistent marking.
Twist Scripture
Approved rendering: muab txhais yuam kev / muab tig txhais dawm ceg
Transliteration: streblousin
Doctrine: The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: treating scriptural distortion as neutral interpretive disagreement — rejected, this is itself a judged offense per 3:16’s ‘to their own destruction’
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 3:16. Reuses baseline stumbling_block imagery-root (dawm ceg). Carries the same doctrinal weight as the 1:20 private-interpretation warning and directly links to the false-teacher judgment doctrine (Doctrine 3) — willful scriptural distortion is under judgment, not a neutral disagreement.
High Risk Terms
Human Spirit Soul
Approved rendering: ntsuj plig
Transliteration: pneuma (anthropological)
Doctrine: The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: Vaj Ntsuj Plig — forbidden for this referent, reserved exclusively for the Holy Spirit
Inherited from Romans package. Not directly occurring in 2 Peter’s own text but retained here as the mandatory contrast term for teaching 1:21 and the Vaj Ntsuj Plig entry above; must never be confused with the divine Spirit who ‘carries along’ the human authors of Scripture.
Servant Slave Doulos
Approved rendering: qhev
Transliteration: doulos
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Rejected alternatives: koom tes (co-worker/partner) — rejected softening found in some pulpit paraphrases, erases total-surrender force
Inherited from Romans package. In 2 Peter this word is deployed in BOTH moral valences within one short letter: positively at 1:1 (Peter’s honored self-designation, per the baseline’s voluntary-bondservice catechesis) and negatively at 2:19 (‘slaves of corruption’, false teachers’ degrading self-enslavement to sin — see slaves_of_corruption_freedom below). A mandatory cross-reference teaching note is required at both occurrences directing the learner to the opposite-valence occurrence.
Power
Approved rendering: hwjchim
Transliteration: dynamis
Doctrine: The Certainty of Christ’s Return
Rejected alternatives: bare, unqualified hwjchim — FORBIDDEN, identical to a shaman’s (txiv neeb) ritual power
Inherited from Romans package. Core to the 1:16 thesis clause (‘power and coming’); always qualify as ‘Yexus Khetos lub hwjchim’ / ‘Vajtswv hwjchim’, never bare.
Salvation Save
Approved rendering: kev cawm dim / cawm
Transliteration: sōtēria / sōzō
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Rejected alternatives: unanchored ‘dim’ (escape) parallel to shamanic ua neeb soul-rescue — rejected without explicit Christ-anchoring
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies the new title tus Cawmseej (Savior, savior_title below), which must always be anchored explicitly to Yexus Khetos per this baseline rule.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: kev raug ua kom dawb huv
Transliteration: hagiasmos
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Rejected alternatives: treating dawb huv as a repeatable ritual-cleansing state — rejected
Inherited from Romans package. Root shared by holy_mountain, cleansing_from_former_sins, holy_commandment, and without_spot_blameless below — see the crowded ‘dawb huv’ neighborhood fencing in analysis/06_linguistic_gap_analysis.md §2.2; each occupant must retain its distinct aspectual marking.
Idol
Approved rendering: dab mlom
Transliteration: eidōlon
Doctrine: The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: generic ‘statue’ softening — rejected, must not soften the term since Paul condemns exactly this category
Inherited from Romans package. Not directly occurring in 2 Peter, but its root ‘dab’ is the exact collision morpheme documented for cleverly_devised_myths (zaj dab neeg) below; retained here as the cross-reference anchor for that teaching note.
Majesty
Approved rendering: Yexus Khetos lub hwjchim ci ntsa iab
Transliteration: megaleiotēs
Doctrine: The Certainty of Christ’s Return
Rejected alternatives: bare description of generic supernatural splendor — rejected, reads identically to descriptions of powerful spirits in shamanic cosmology
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 1:16. Reuses the baseline’s Critical-flagged ‘hwjchim’ root; must always be anchored explicitly to Yexus Khetos.
Holy Mountain
Approved rendering: lub roob dawb huv
Transliteration: hagion oros
Doctrine: The Certainty of Christ’s Return
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 1:18. Direct proximity to venerated spirit-mountain (roob dab) cosmology, understood as dwelling places of powerful spirits visited for ritual purposes. Mandatory teaching note: this is a specific, one-time historical site sanctified solely by a unique divine self-disclosure event witnessed by named apostles — not an ongoing site of pilgrimage, ritual power, or resident spirits.
God And Savior Single Subject
Approved rendering: Vajtswv thiab tus Cawmseej Yexus Khetos (ib tug xwb)
Transliteration: tou theou hēmōn kai sōtēros Iēsou Christou
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Rejected alternatives: a separating conjunction implying two referents (‘God, and [also] our Savior’) — rejected, obscures the single-subject deity-of-Christ claim
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 1:1. A single-subject grammatical construction (Sharp’s rule) affirming Christ’s full deity, parallel in weight to Romans 9:5. High risk is translation-mechanics, not traditional-religion collision: Hmong syntax must not insert a separating conjunction that implies two distinct referents. Must always read as one and the same Person, Yexus Khetos.
Corruption Phthora
Approved rendering: kev lwj piam
Transliteration: phthora
Doctrine: Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption
Rejected alternatives: conflating with baseline kev puas tsuaj (destruction, the judgment outcome) — rejected, blurs ongoing moral decay with final judicial destruction
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 1:4; 2:12,19. Denotes the ongoing corrupting process/decay itself, both in its positive-escape sense (1:4) and negative-bondage sense (2:12,19, see slaves_of_corruption_freedom below). Kept lexically distinct from destruction_perdition_apoleia below.
Destructive Heresies
Approved rendering: kev qhia yuam kev uas coj mus rau kev puas tsuaj
Transliteration: haireseis apōleias
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Rejected alternatives: conflating with baseline divisions_factions (kev sib cais ua pab ua pawg) — rejected, this is heresy that damns, not merely divides
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 2:1. Explicitly distinct from the baseline’s mere-factionalism sense; must never be conflated with it in teaching.
Patience Of God Makrothymia
Approved rendering: Vajtswv txoj kev ua siab ntev tos
Transliteration: makrothymei
Doctrine: Patience of God’s Timing
Rejected alternatives: hmoov/fate-family vocabulary — FORBIDDEN, same collision family as the Romans baseline’s Critical Election entry, impersonal cosmic-clock framing — rejected, erases the personal, relational, mercy-oriented sense
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 3:9. Deliberately distinct from baseline endurance (kev ua siab ntev, hypomonē, human endurance) by the added qualifier ‘tos’ (waiting/expecting). Rank #6 highest-risk ambiguity in the book: a fatalistic mistranslation here does not just weaken the doctrine, it hands the scoffers’ ‘where is the promise’ objection (3:4) a linguistic victory. Must be taught as personal, purposeful, relational forbearance aimed at giving opportunity for repentance.
Medium Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: tus Tub Txib
Transliteration: apostolos
Doctrine: General / Ecclesial Office
Inherited from Romans package. Peter’s self-designation (1:1) and the collective apostolic testimony referenced at 3:2.
Faith Believe
Approved rendering: kev ntseeg / ntseeg
Transliteration: pistis / pisteuō
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Inherited from Romans package. Foundation of the 2 Peter 1:5-7 virtue-chain; always anchored explicitly to Christ per baseline rule.
Ungodly
Approved rendering: tus tsis hwm Vajtswv
Transliteration: asebēs
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Rejected alternatives: softened ‘irreligious’ — rejected, mutes the doctrinal shock intended by the term
Inherited from Romans package. Applied to ‘ungodly people’ (2:5; 3:7); its root ‘hwm Vajtswv’ is mirrored positively for the new godliness_eusebeia entry below.
Redemption
Approved rendering: kev txhiv
Transliteration: apolytrōsis
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Inherited from Romans package. Reused as the semantic domain underlying the new master_despotes entry (2:1, ‘the Master who bought them’) — purchase language must always be anchored to Christ’s atoning death, never a literal debt-slave transaction.
No Condemnation
Approved rendering: kev raug txiav txim rau kev puas tsuaj
Transliteration: katakrima
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Inherited from Romans package. Its ‘kev puas tsuaj’ root is formalized as its own dedicated 2 Peter entry, destruction_perdition_apoleia, below (apōleia, the final judicial outcome for false teachers and scoffers).
Will Of God
Approved rendering: Vajtswv lub siab nyiam
Transliteration: thelēma theou
Doctrine: The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Inherited from Romans package. Directly contrasted at 1:21 with the new will_of_man entry below (‘no prophecy was ever produced by the will of man … but men spoke from God’); the contrastive pairing must be preserved.
Eyewitnesses
Approved rendering: cov uas pom tim ntsej tim muag
Transliteration: epoptai
Doctrine: The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 1:16. No traditional-religion collision; eyewitness testimony as a codified epistemic category is not native to Hmong rhetorical tradition in the same way as Greco-Roman usage, so the evidentiary weight requires explicit teaching, not just translation.
Voice Borne
Approved rendering: raug xa/coj los
Transliteration: phōnēs enechtheisēs
Doctrine: The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 1:17. Deliberately echoes the same verb root (‘carried/brought’) used of the Spirit’s inspiration of Scripture at 1:21 (see carried_along_by_the_spirit); reserves the fuller Vaj Ntsuj Plig phrase for that later, more theologically weighted instance so the two ‘carryings’ remain parallel without being lexically identical. The literary echo must be preserved in a teaching note.
Heart Kardia
Approved rendering: lub siab
Transliteration: kardia
Doctrine: The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 1:19. Formalizes the existing convention already implicit in the Romans baseline (conscience, will of God both anchored in ‘lub siab’). Must remain lexically distinct from human_spirit_soul/holy_spirit above, a different anthropological/spiritual category.
More Fully Confirmed
Approved rendering: ntseeg tau tseeb dua thiab ruaj khov dua
Transliteration: bebaioteron
Doctrine: The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 1:19. No collision; the comparative force (Scripture presented as MORE certain than even the eyewitness Transfiguration experience) must not be lost in translation or teaching.
Ones Own Interpretation
Approved rendering: kev txhais raws li nws lub siab xav
Transliteration: idias epilyseōs
Doctrine: The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 1:20. No direct traditional-religion collision; a textual-critical ambiguity exists (origin vs. interpretation of prophecy) but either reading supports the same doctrinal conclusion that Scripture’s message is not humanly self-generated.
Men Spoke From God
Approved rendering: tej tib neeg hais lus tuaj ntawm Vajtswv
Transliteration: elalēsan apo theou anthrōpoi
Doctrine: The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 1:21. No collision; must be taught alongside carried_along_by_the_spirit as the positive statement of dual (human/divine) authorship balance.
Savior Title
Approved rendering: tus Cawmseej
Transliteration: sōtēr
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 1:1, 1:11, 2:20, 3:2, 3:18. Existing Hmong Christian title, not a fresh coinage. Must always be anchored to Yexus Khetos, per the baseline salvation_save anchoring rule, so ‘Savior’ is never heard as a title detachable from Christ’s person and work.
Full True Knowledge Epignosis
Approved rendering: kev paub tseeb (ntawm Vajtswv thiab Yexus Khetos)
Transliteration: epignōsis
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 1:2,3,8; 2:20. Kept lexically distinct from knowledge_plain_gnosis below by the added ‘tseeb’ (true/full) qualifier at every occurrence; recurring keyword of the letter.
Godliness Eusebeia
Approved rendering: kev hwm Vajtswv
Transliteration: eusebeia
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 1:3,6,7; 3:11. Deliberately positive mirror-term to the baseline’s negative ‘tus tsis hwm Vajtswv’ (ungodly). Must not be confused with ritual correctness/propriety toward ancestors, a different kind of ‘hwm/honor’ transaction in Hmong custom.
Virtue Excellence Arete
Approved rendering: kev coj tus cwj pwm zoo
Transliteration: aretē
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Rejected alternatives: framing as the meritorious ground of standing before God — rejected, echoes the baseline’s Critical caution against ‘ua zoo’ works-righteousness drift
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 1:5. Opens the virtue-chain; must always be taught as the FRUIT of grace/calling already given (1:3-4), never its ground.
Sinful Desire Epithymia
Approved rendering: kev ntshaw (kev phem)
Transliteration: epithymia
Doctrine: Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 1:4; 2:10,18; 3:3. No direct traditional-religion collision; must not be confused with neutral appetite/desire.
Cleansing From Former Sins
Approved rendering: kev raug ntxuav kom huv
Transliteration: katharismos
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 1:9. Kept distinct from baseline sanctification (kev raug ua kom dawb huv, an ongoing process); this is the once-for-all cleansing at conversion. Risk of assimilation to folk ritual-purification if not anchored to the finished work of Christ.
Calling Klesis
Approved rendering: kev raug hu
Transliteration: klēsis
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 1:10. Mandatorily paired with baseline election_choose (kev xaiv); imports the Election doctrine’s hmoov/fate collision risk into 2 Peter and must be handled with identical discipline.
Destruction Perdition Apoleia
Approved rendering: kev puas tsuaj
Transliteration: apōleia
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 2:1,3; 3:7,16. Formalizes reuse of the baseline no_condemnation-adjacent root as the final judicial outcome; kept distinct from corruption_phthora above (the ongoing process, not the outcome) and from tartarus_gloomy_darkness below (a location/state, not the outcome word itself).
Sensuality Defiling Lust
Approved rendering: kev ua nkauj ua nraug qias vuab tsuab / kev qias tsis huv
Transliteration: aselgeia / miasmos
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 2:2,10. ‘miasmos’ must be kept distinct from ritual-purity ‘dawb huv’ vocabulary to avoid assimilation into folk-purification categories.
Despising Authority Blaspheming
Approved rendering: tus muaj cai kav / hais lus phem rau
Transliteration: kyriotēs kataphronountes / doxas blasphēmountes
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 2:10. No direct traditional-religion collision; comprehension-level.
Slaves Of Corruption Freedom
Approved rendering: qhev rau kev lwj piam / kev ywj pheej
Transliteration: douloi tēs phthoras / eleutheria
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 2:19. Reuses baseline servant_slave_doulos (in its negative valence, see mandatory cross-reference note there) and corruption_phthora above; the irony of a false, self-defeating promise of freedom must be preserved in teaching.
Dog Sow Proverb
Approved rendering: dev uas rov qab noj nws cov ntuav / npua uas rov qab dhia rau hauv cov qav dej
Transliteration: kyōn … hys
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 2:22. Pigs (npua) are the primary sacrificial animal in Hmong shamanic spirit-appeasement ritual (fij dab); a teaching note should explicitly clarify no connection to sacrificial ritual is intended, since this proverb concerns moral reversion to filth.
Scoffers
Approved rendering: cov thuam luag
Transliteration: empaiktai
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 3:3. No direct traditional-religion collision; comprehension-level term for mockers denying the parousia.
One Day As A Thousand Years
Approved rendering: ib hnub rau tus Tswv zoo li ib txhiab xyoo
Transliteration: mia hēmera para kyriō hōs chilia etē
Doctrine: Patience of God’s Timing
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 3:8. Echo of Psalm 90:4; comprehension gap regarding divine timescale, since Hmong traditional timekeeping (lunar/agricultural, generational) has no equivalent concept.
Repentance Metanoia
Approved rendering: kev thim siab dua tshiab
Transliteration: metanoian
Doctrine: Patience of God’s Timing
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 3:9. Kept lexically distinct from baseline renewal_of_the_mind (hloov siab tshiab, ongoing transformation); denotes the initial turning from sin.
Heavenly Bodies Dissolved Stoicheia
Approved rendering: tej yam huv cua ntuj (yuav raug hlawv kub thiab yaj/ploj mus)
Transliteration: stoicheia … lythēsetai
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 3:10,12. Ancient-cosmology comprehension gap, no Hmong equivalent concept for Greco-Roman ‘elements’; possible illustrative bridge via Hmong creation/destruction folk-narratives if handled carefully as opportunity, not risk.
Low Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: Vajtswv
Transliteration: theos
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Rejected alternatives: Ntuj (impersonal sky/heaven) — rejected, lacks personal deity sense, dab (spirit) — rejected, denotes false/lesser spirit
Inherited from Romans package. Unchanged; used throughout 2 Peter 1-3.
Lord
Approved rendering: tus Tswv
Transliteration: kyrios
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Inherited from Romans package. Serves as the root of the new fixed eschatological title ‘Hnub ntawm tus Tswv’ (Day of the Lord, 3:10) — see day_of_the_lord below.
Jesus Christ
Approved rendering: Yexus Khetos
Transliteration: Iēsous Christos
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Inherited from Romans package. Unchanged.
Father God
Approved rendering: Leej Txiv
Transliteration: patēr
Doctrine: Union with Christ
Inherited from Romans package. Refers to God the Father who vindicates the Son at the Transfiguration (2 Peter 1:17).
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Leej Tub ntawm Vajtswv
Transliteration: huios theou
Doctrine: Union with Christ
Rejected alternatives: diminished-sonship renderings found in sectarian materials — rejected, must preserve full deity
Inherited from Romans package. Used at 2 Peter 1:17 for the Father’s declaration ‘my beloved Son’; paired with the new agapētos phrase, see beloved_agapetos below.
Peace
Approved rendering: kev thaj yeeb
Transliteration: eirēnē
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Inherited from Romans package. Salutation (1:2).
Promise
Approved rendering: lus cog tseg
Transliteration: epangelia
Doctrine: Election and the Sovereignty of God
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies both the ‘precious and great promises’ of 1:4 and the scoffers’ mocked ‘promise of his coming’ at 3:4.
Glory
Approved rendering: lub yeeb koob
Transliteration: doxa
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Inherited from Romans package. ‘Honor and glory’ (1:17); root of the new majestic_glory_epithet entry below.
Love
Approved rendering: kev hlub
Transliteration: agapē
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Inherited from Romans package. Terminus of the virtue-chain (1:7); root of the new brotherly_affection_philadelphia and beloved_agapetos entries below.
Endurance
Approved rendering: kev ua siab ntev
Transliteration: hypomonē
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Inherited from Romans package. Virtue-chain member (1:6); must be kept lexically distinct from the new patience_of_god_makrothymei entry below (God’s forbearance is NOT this term).
Death
Approved rendering: txoj kev tuag
Transliteration: thanatos
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Inherited from Romans package. Root of the new departure_exodos entry below (Peter’s approaching martyrdom, 1:14-15).
Scripture
Approved rendering: Vaj Lug Kub
Transliteration: graphē
Doctrine: The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Inherited from Romans package. Extended in 2 Peter to explicitly include Paul’s letters (3:16) alongside OT prophecy (1:20) — a direct NT canon-formation data point.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Vajtswv
Transliteration: basileia tou theou
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
Inherited from Romans package. Applied to ‘entrance into the eternal kingdom of our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ’ (1:11), directly following the virtue-chain and the calling/election exhortation.
Divisions Factions
Approved rendering: kev sib cais ua pab ua pawg
Transliteration: haireseis / dichostasiai
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Inherited from Romans package. Must be kept explicitly distinct from the new destructive_heresies entry below (2 Peter 2:1’s haireseis apōleias is soul-destroying false doctrine, a more severe category than mere ecclesial factionalism).
Honor Time
Approved rendering: kev hwm
Transliteration: timē
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 1:17. Reuses the established ‘hwm’ root already present in baseline ‘tus tsis hwm Vajtswv’ (ungodly).
Beloved Agapetos
Approved rendering: tus uas kuv hlub
Transliteration: agapētos
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 1:17. Reuses baseline ‘kev hlub’ root; pairs with baseline son_of_god entry for the Father’s Transfiguration declaration.
Well Pleased Eudokeo
Approved rendering: uas kuv lub siab nyiam kawg nkaus
Transliteration: eudokeō
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 1:17. Parallels the baseline ‘Vajtswv lub siab nyiam’ (thelēma theou) construction for consistency.
Lamp Shining Dark Place
Approved rendering: teeb kub uas ci nyob rau qhov tsaus ntuj
Transliteration: lychnō phainonti en auchmērō topō
Doctrine: The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 1:19. Concrete, culturally familiar imagery (oil lamps/lanterns); no collision.
Divine Adjective Theios
Approved rendering: ntawm/los ntawm Vajtswv
Transliteration: theios
Doctrine: Divine Nature and Escaping Corruption
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 1:3-4. Reuses the ‘Vajtswv’ root as a possessive/genitive qualifier; low risk on its own but feeds directly into the Critical partakers_of_the_divine_nature entry below.
Precious Great Promises
Approved rendering: lus cog tseg (loj thiab tseem ceeb)
Transliteration: timia kai megista epangelmata
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 1:4. Cognate of baseline ‘lus cog tseg’ (promise); grounds believers’ hope for escaping corruption and partaking of the divine nature.
Brotherly Affection Philadelphia
Approved rendering: kev hlub cov kwvtij ntseeg
Transliteration: philadelphia
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 1:7. Species-specific narrowing of baseline love (agapē); virtue-chain member.
Departure Exodos
Approved rendering: kuv txoj kev mus
Transliteration: exodos
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 1:15. Softened euphemism reusing baseline death root; describes Peter’s approaching martyrdom.
Angel
Approved rendering: tus tim tswv saum ntuj
Transliteration: angelos
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 2:4,11. Standard existing Hmong Christian usage; no collision.
Simon Peter
Approved rendering: Ximoos Petus
Transliteration: Simōn Petros
Doctrine: General / Proper Names
NEW ENTRY (proper name) — 2 Peter 1:1. Ad hoc transliteration pending formal TM-revision confirmation; logged per escalation rule rather than treated as final.
Noah
Approved rendering: Nau-a
Transliteration: Nōe
Doctrine: General / Proper Names
NEW ENTRY (proper name) — 2 Peter 2:5. Ad hoc transliteration pending TM-revision confirmation.
Lot
Approved rendering: Los
Transliteration: Lōt
Doctrine: General / Proper Names
NEW ENTRY (proper name) — 2 Peter 2:7-8. Ad hoc transliteration; MUST be disambiguated from the common Hmong verb ‘los’ (‘to come’) by consistent contextual/typographic marking on every occurrence (e.g., appositive gloss on first use), per analysis/06_linguistic_gap_analysis.md §4 recommendation. Pending TM-revision confirmation.
Sodom And Gomorrah
Approved rendering: Xaudoos thiab Kaumaulaj
Transliteration: Sodomōn kai Gomorras
Doctrine: General / Proper Names
NEW ENTRY (proper name) — 2 Peter 2:6. Ad hoc transliteration pending TM-revision confirmation.
Balaam
Approved rendering: Npala-as
Transliteration: Balaam
Doctrine: General / Proper Names
NEW ENTRY (proper name) — 2 Peter 2:15-16. Ad hoc transliteration pending TM-revision confirmation.
Paul Proper Name
Approved rendering: Povlauj
Transliteration: Paulos
Doctrine: The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
NEW ENTRY (proper name, formalized) — 2 Peter 3:15-16. Reuses the established Hmong Bible tradition transliteration already current in usage (not previously a formal Romans-package TM entry since Paul was that book’s author rather than a referent); 2 Peter is the first Language Package to require Paul as a named referent, and identifies his letters as Scripture — a key canon-formation data point tied to the scripture entry above.
Low-Medium Risk Terms
Renewal Of The Mind
Approved rendering: hloov siab tshiab
Transliteration: anakainōsis tou noos
Doctrine: Patience of God’s Timing
Inherited from Romans package. Not directly occurring in 2 Peter’s own text, but retained here as the mandatory contrast term for the new repentance_metanoia entry below: renewal is ongoing transformation, metanoia is the initial turning from sin — the two must remain lexically distinct.
Stumbling Block
Approved rendering: qhov/pob zeb ua rau dawm ceg
Transliteration: proskomma / skandalon / lithos proskommatos
Doctrine: The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
Inherited from Romans package. Its ‘dawm ceg’ imagery-root is reused for the new twist_scripture entry below (3:16, ‘twist’ Scripture to their own destruction).
Majestic Glory Epithet
Approved rendering: Tus uas Muaj Lub Yeeb Koob Ci Ntsa Iab Kawg Nkaus
Transliteration: megaloprepēs doxa
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 1:17. Reverential circumlocution for God the Father, avoiding direct use of the divine Name; reuses baseline ‘lub yeeb koob’. Requires a first-use footnote identifying it as a title for the Father, not a separate divine being.
Morning Star
Approved rendering: hnub qub kaj ntug
Transliteration: phōsphoros
Doctrine: The Certainty of Christ’s Return
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 1:19. Comprehension-level imagery; the messianic-star association requires a footnote since it is not self-evident from the image alone.
Will Of Man
Approved rendering: tib neeg lub siab nyiam
Transliteration: thelēmati anthrōpou
Doctrine: The Reliability and Inspiration of Scripture
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 1:21. Directly mirrors the baseline ‘Vajtswv lub siab nyiam’ (will_of_god) construction for deliberate contrastive clarity in the same verse.
Knowledge Plain Gnosis
Approved rendering: kev paub
Transliteration: gnōsis
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 1:5-6; 3:18. Distinct from full_true_knowledge_epignosis above by dropping the ‘tseeb’ qualifier; virtue-chain member and object of the closing growth exhortation.
Self Control Egkrateia
Approved rendering: kev tswj lub siab
Transliteration: egkrateia
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 1:6. Virtue-chain member; no traditional-religion collision.
Tent Body Skenoma
Approved rendering: lub cev nyob ib ntus no
Transliteration: skēnōma
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Rejected alternatives: literal ‘tent’ image — rejected, potentially confusing rather than illuminating
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 1:13-14. Metaphor for the mortal body as a temporary dwelling.
Flood Noah
Approved rendering: dej nyab loj thoob ntiajteb
Transliteration: kataklysmos
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 2:5. Potential positive cultural bridge, since Hmong oral tradition includes its own flood-narratives; flag as a comprehension opportunity, not a collision.
Holy Commandment
Approved rendering: Vajtswv tej lus samhwm dawb huv
Transliteration: hagia entolē
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 2:21. Reuses baseline sanctification’s ‘dawb huv’ root; the body of apostolic ethical instruction that false teachers/apostates abandon.
Without Spot Blameless
Approved rendering: tsis muaj chaw thuam thiab dawb huv
Transliteration: aspiloi kai amōmētoi
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 3:14. Reuses baseline sanctification’s ‘dawb huv’ root; ethical goal for believers awaiting the Day of the Lord.
Unstable Grow In Grace
Approved rendering: tsis ruaj khov / loj hlob
Transliteration: astēriktoi … auxanete
Doctrine: Growing in Christian Virtue
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 3:16-18. Closing capstone exhortation (‘loj hlob rau hauv txiaj ntsim thiab kev paub Yexus Khetos’); ‘loj hlob’ uses a warm, familiar plant/child-growth metaphor. Ties back to the 1:5-7 virtue chain.
Medium-High Risk Terms
Master Despotes
Approved rendering: tus Tswv uas Muaj Cai Kav thiab yuav lawv
Transliteration: despotēs … ton agorasanta autous
Doctrine: False Teachers and Their Judgment
Rejected alternatives: a literal debt-slave commercial transaction disconnected from the cross — rejected, must anchor to Christ’s atoning death
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 2:1. Distinguished from the generic baseline ‘tus Tswv’ (kyrios) by an added ownership/purchase clause reusing the baseline redemption domain (kev txhiv).
New Heavens New Earth
Approved rendering: lub ntuj tshiab thiab lub ntiajteb tshiab, uas Vajtswv txoj kev ncaj ncees nyob hauv
Transliteration: kainous ouranous kai gēn kainēn
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord and Final Judgment
Rejected alternatives: any cyclical destruction-and-recreation framing — rejected, must guard against assimilation into cyclical folk-cosmology patterns
NEW ENTRY — 2 Peter 3:13. Reuses baseline righteousness_of_god_righteous. Must be taught as God’s promised, singular, final, linear renewal — never a repeating cosmic cycle.