Core Glossary
Leviticus — Phase 1 Core Glossary (Hmong Language Package)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md, drawn from every chapter of Leviticus, first to last. Section 1 lists terms inherited unchanged from the baseline Romans assets/translation_memory.json (per the hard rule that established renderings must be reused exactly). Section 2 lists new terms proposed for this Leviticus package, none of which may be treated as permanent until a formal TM-revision review per 12_ai_translation_requirements.md §2.4 and §9.
Risk tiers follow the baseline’s fixed definitions (Critical / High / Medium / Low) from bible_term_registry.json.
Section 1 — Terms Inherited Exactly from the Romans Baseline TM
| # | English Term | Hmong Rendering (TM-fixed, reused verbatim) | Risk (baseline) | Leviticus Chapters | Note on Leviticus Usage |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | God | Vajtswv | Low | all | Same referent throughout; the covenant-giver of the Law. |
| 2 | Lord | tus Tswv / tus TSWV | Low | all | Used for both the divine title and (in caps convention) the covenant Name context. |
| 3 | Law (Mosaic/Divine) | Txoj Kevcai (ntawm Vajtswv / Mauxes) | Critical | 2-27 | Leviticus IS the primary content of “Txoj Kevcai”; the mandatory qualifier is even more load-bearing here than in Romans, since the whole book risks being heard as generic kev cai dab qhuas (ancestral religious custom) without it. |
| 4 | Propitiation / Atoning Sacrifice | qhov theej txhoj kev txhaum | Critical | 16 (esp. vv. 2,13-15) | This is the literal Hebrew/LXX source of the NT term (kapporet → hilastērion); Leviticus 16 supplies the concrete referent behind the Romans 3:25 abstraction. |
| 5 | Redemption | kev txhiv | Medium | 25, 27 | Directly grounded here in the kinsman-redeemer (go’el) and Jubilee institutions — Leviticus supplies the cultural-legal backdrop the Romans baseline note already assumes. |
| 6 | Sin (act and condition) | txhaum / kev txhaum | High | 1-27 (pervasive) | Root of chattat (sin offering) and chattaah (sin); Leviticus’s sacrificial system is the OT institution this term’s guilt-condition sense presupposes. |
| 7 | Unrighteousness | kev tsis ncaj ncees | Low | (background) | Available for pesha/avon overlap contexts if a more general rendering is needed; primary Levitical renderings are the new terms in Section 2. |
| 8 | Idol | dab mlom | High | 17, 19, 20, 26 | Reused for calf/idol worship warnings and explicitly for Molek-adjacent contexts (ch. 20). |
| 9 | Sanctification | kev raug ua kom dawb huv | High | (conceptual background to ch. 6, 8, 21, 22) | The process term; must be kept conceptually distinct in teaching from the new holy_qadosh/holiness_qodesh attribute terms below, per the Critical-risk note in Section 2. |
| 10 | Living Sacrifice | khoom fij uas muaj txoj sia nyob | High | (NT echo of ch.1-7 vocabulary) | Not native to Leviticus itself, but the whole fij sacrificial domain Leviticus establishes is the OT background Romans 12:1 repurposes; cross-reference note only. |
| 11 | Worship/Serve (cultic) | pehawm / pab teev | High | 1-7, 16, 17 (implicit throughout the cultic system) | The whole Levitical sacrificial apparatus is latreuō/pehawm-type service; must always be anchored “pehawm Vajtswv,” never left bare, per baseline rule. |
| 12 | Love | kev hlub | Low | 19 (esp. 19:18, 19:34) | Directly grounds the Love of Neighbor doctrine; reused exactly. |
| 13 | Promise | lus cog tseg | Low | 26 (covenant background) | Distinguished from the new vow_neder entry below (human pledge to God) — lus cog tseg remains reserved for God’s covenant pledge. |
| 14 | Firstfruits | thawj phaus qoob loo / cov ua ntej | Low-Medium | 23 | Reused exactly for the Feast of Firstfruits within the appointed-times calendar. |
| 15 | Glory | lub yeeb koob | Low | 9 | Reused exactly for “the glory of the LORD appeared” (9:6, 9:23). |
| 16 | Witness | tus timkhawv | Low | (background, “tent of witness” LXX naming) | Cross-referenced for the LXX’s “tent of witness/testimony” naming of the tent of meeting. |
| 17 | Adoption as Sons | raug muab coj los ua me tub (ntawm Vajtswv) | Medium | (conceptual echo) | Cross-referenced alongside the new kinsman_redeemer_goel entry as a related positive-bridge legal-family metaphor. |
Section 2 — New Terms Proposed for the Leviticus Package
(All entries below are [NEW — pending TM-revision review]. Hebrew is cited as the original-language source; LXX Greek is cited wherever a direct lexical bridge to the Romans-baseline NT vocabulary exists.)
2.1 Sacrifice and Offering Vocabulary (Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement)
| English Term | Hebrew (translit.) | LXX (translit.) | Literal Meaning | Semantic Range | English Variants | Theological Meaning | Hmong Rendering | Risk | Chapters |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Burnt offering | olah (עֹלָה) | holokautōma | ”that which ascends” | Wholly-consumed consecration offering | burnt offering, whole burnt offering | Total, unreserved surrender to God | khoom fij kub tag nrho | Medium | 1, 6, 8, 9, 16, 23 |
| Grain offering | minchah (מִנְחָה) | θυσία/δῶρον | ”tribute, gift” | Non-blood cereal offering | grain offering, meal/tribute offering | Dedication of one’s produce/labor | khoom fij qoob loo | Low-Medium | 2, 6, 7, 9 |
| Peace/fellowship offering | shelamim (שְׁלָמִים) | thysia sōtēriou | ”offering of wholeness” | Shared communal sacrifice | peace offering, fellowship offering | Restored, celebratory fellowship with God | khoom fij kev thaj yeeb | Low-Medium | 3, 7, 9 |
| Sin offering | chattat (חַטָּאת) | peri hamartias | ”sin(-offering)“ | Blood sacrifice atoning for moral offense | sin offering, purification offering | Substitutionary, blood-based dealing with sin | khoom fij theej txhoj kev txhaum | Critical | 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 16 |
| Guilt/trespass offering | asham (אָשָׁם) | plēmmeleia | ”guilt, liability” | Sacrifice requiring restitution alongside atonement | guilt offering, trespass offering | Sin’s horizontal/economic dimension requiring repayment | khoom fij them nqi kev txhaum | Medium | 5, 6, 7, 14 |
| Atonement (verb, “to atone/cover”) | kaphar (כָּפַר) | exilaskomai / hilaskomai | ”to cover, appease, wipe away” | The full act of satisfying sin’s penalty and restoring fellowship | make atonement, atone for, propitiate | Central verb of the whole sacrificial system; root of kapporet and kippurim | ua kevcai theej txhoj (rau) | Critical | 1, 4-9, 14, 16, 17, 19, 23 |
| Blood | dam (דָּם) | haima | ”blood” | Physical substance; theological life-and-atonement bearer | blood | ”The life of the flesh is in the blood… it is the blood that makes atonement” (17:11) | ntshav | High | 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 16, 17 |
| Life/soul (animal life-force) | nephesh (נֶפֶש) | psychē | ”life, living being” | Animating life-principle of a creature | life, soul, living being | Distinct from anthropological ntsuj plig (pneuma); must not be confused with the human/divine spirit vocabulary | txoj sia | High | 17 |
| Laying on of hands | samakh yad (סָמַךְ יָד) | ἐπιτίθημι τὴν χεῖρα | ”press/lean the hand upon” | Identification/transfer gesture | lay hands upon | Physical enactment of identification/guilt-transfer with the sacrificial substitute | tsa (ob) txhais tes rau saum (taubhau) | High | 1, 3, 4, 8, 16 |
| Without blemish | tamim (תָּמִים) | amōmos | ”complete, unblemished” | Physical perfection standard for sacrificial animals | without blemish, unblemished, perfect | God’s holiness demands the unmarred best; typologically fulfilled in Christ | tsis muaj chaw thuam / zoo tag nrho | Low-Medium | 1, 3, 4, 22, 23 |
| Wave offering | tenuphah (תְּנוּפָה) | ἀφαίρεμα | ”offering waved/presented” | Horizontal presentation gesture | wave offering | Symbolic presentation to God before priestly consumption | khoom fij co mus co los | Low | 7, 8, 9, 23 |
| Heave/contribution offering | terumah (תְּרוּמָה) | ἀφαίρεμα | ”offering lifted up” | Portion elevated/set aside for priests | heave offering, contribution | Provision for ministers of the sanctuary | khoom fij tsa rau saud | Low | 7 |
2.2 Holiness Vocabulary (Doctrine: The Holiness of God and the Call to Be Holy)
| English Term | Hebrew | LXX | Literal Meaning | Semantic Range | English Variants | Theological Meaning | Hmong Rendering | Risk | Chapters |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Holy (attribute, adj.) | qadosh (קָדוֹשׁ) | hagios | ”set apart, sacred” | God’s essential moral/ontological otherness; derivative human/object holiness | holy, sacred, set apart | Foundational to the whole book’s ethical and cultic architecture; God’s own nature, not an achieved quality | dawb huv | Critical | 6, 10, 11, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 26 |
| Holiness (noun) | qodesh (קֹדֶשׁ) | hagiasmos/to hagion | ”set-apartness, sacredness” | The abstract quality/domain of being set apart to God | holiness, sacredness, the holy | The positive counterpart to tamei’s negative pole; grounds “be holy for I am holy” (19:2) | txoj kev dawb huv | Critical | 19, 20, 21, 22 |
| Most Holy Place | qodesh haqqodashim | ta hagia tōn hagiōn | ”the set-apart of the set-apart” | The innermost sanctuary chamber | the Holy of Holies, the Most Holy Place | Locus of God’s manifest presence; fatal apart from precise mediation | lub Chaw Dawb Huv Tshaj Plaws | High | 16 |
| Holy vs. common | qodesh / chol | hagion / bebēlon | ”set apart” vs. “ordinary” | Basic binary grid underlying all purity law | holy vs. common, sacred vs. profane | Foundational conceptual grid, distinct from (but related to) clean/unclean | dawb huv / ib yam li lwm yam | High | 6, 10 |
| Anointed and consecrated | mashach + qadash | chrisma/christos root + hagiazō | ”anointed and set apart” | Qualification formula for priestly succession | anointed and consecrated | Lexically anticipates the ultimate Anointed Mediator (Messiah/Christ, cf. TM’s Yexus Khetos) | tus uas raug pleev roj thiab muab cais ua Povthawj | Medium-High | 8, 16, 21 |
| Consecrate/ordain | qadash / mille yad | teleioō/hagiazō | ”set apart / fill the hand” | Installation into priestly office | consecrate, ordain | Priesthood as divinely conferred office | muab cais ua Povthawj | Medium | 8, 21 |
| Anointing oil | mishchah (מִשְׁחָה) | chrisma | ”anointing” | Consecrating oil for priests/furnishings | anointing oil | Typological link to Christ’s own anointing | roj pleev tsa | Medium-High | 8, 16, 21 |
| Cut off from his people | hikratti…miqerev amam | exolethreusō | ”cut off from among the people” | Severe covenant-severing penalty | cut off, (divine) excommunication | Holiness violations as covenant-severing | raug muab txiav tawm ntawm nws haiv neeg | Medium-High | 17, 18, 20, 22, 23 |
| Profane his holiness | chillel qedushato | bebēloō | ”make common what was set apart” | Priestly disqualification through defiling conduct | profane, defile his consecration | Higher office bears heightened holiness accountability | ua kom tsis dawb huv lawm rau nws txoj haujlwm povthawj | Medium | 21, 22 |
| Devoted/dedicated things | cherem / qodesh | anathema / hagion | ”set apart, devoted” | Property/persons irrevocably given to God | devoted thing, dedicated thing | Absolute form of the holy/common distinction | tej khoom uas twb muab cais rau Vajtswv lawm | Medium-High | 27 |
2.3 Priesthood and Mediation
| English Term | Hebrew | LXX | Literal Meaning | Semantic Range | English Variants | Theological Meaning | Hmong Rendering | Risk | Chapters |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Priest | kohen (כֹּהֵן) | hiereus | ”priest” | Authorized cultic mediator, hereditary within Aaron’s line | priest | Human, God-appointed mediator distinct from — and not to be confused with — shamanic (txiv neeb) spirit-mediation | tus povthawj | High | 1-27 (pervasive) |
| High priest | kohen hagadol | archiereus | ”great/chief priest” | Chief mediatorial officer, sole entrant to the Most Holy Place | high priest | Sole authorized annual mediator on the Day of Atonement; typological forerunner of Christ’s superior high priesthood (Heb 4-10) | tus Tuam Pov Thawj | High | 16, 21 |
| Tent of meeting | ohel mo’ed (אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד) | hē skēnē tou martyriou | ”tent of appointed-meeting” | Portable central sanctuary | tent of meeting, tabernacle | Architectural stage for restricted, mediated access to God | Tsev Ntaub Sib Ntsib | Medium | 1-27 (pervasive) |
| Veil/curtain | parochet (פָּרֹכֶת) | katapetasma | ”that which separates” | Curtain dividing Holy Place from Most Holy Place | veil, curtain | Physical marker of the barrier between sinful humanity and God’s presence | daim ntaub thaiv | Medium | 16 |
| Strange/unauthorized fire | esh zarah (אֵש זָרָה) | pyr allotrion | ”foreign fire” | Fire/incense offered contrary to explicit command | strange fire, unauthorized fire | Self-devised worship is fatally serious even when well-intentioned | nplaim taws txawv (tsis raws li Vajtswv hais) | High | 10 |
| Distinguish holy/common, unclean/clean | — | diasteilai | ”to separate/distinguish” | The priest’s teaching task | distinguish/teach the difference | Priesthood includes a teaching office, not ritual performance alone | qhia kom paub qhov sib txawv ntawm tej uas dawb huv thiab tej uas ib yam li lwm yam, tej uas qias thiab tej uas huv | High | 10 |
2.4 Clean and Unclean (Doctrine: Clean and Unclean)
| English Term | Hebrew | LXX | Literal Meaning | Semantic Range | English Variants | Theological Meaning | Hmong Rendering | Risk | Chapters |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clean | tahor (טָהוֹר) | katharos | ”pure, clean” | Ceremonially permissible state | clean, pure | Marks Israel’s set-apart daily identity | huv | Critical | 4, 7, 10-15, 16, 17, 20, 22 |
| Unclean | tamei (טָמֵא) | akathartos | ”impure, defiled” | Ceremonially forbidden state | unclean, impure, defiled | Temporary, pedagogical boundary-marker fulfilled in Christ; NOT equivalent to moral sin per se | qias | Critical | 5, 7, 10-15, 16, 17, 20, 22 |
| Uncleanness (abstract noun) | tumah (טֻמְאָה) | akatharsia | ”un-cleanness” | The state/condition of ritual defilement | uncleanness, impurity | Objectively contaminating sacred space, remedied cultically, not merely a subjective guilt-feeling | kev qias | Critical | 5, 7, 11-16, 20, 22 |
| Cleanse and hallow | taher + qadash | katharizō + hagiazō | ”make clean” + “set apart” | Tandem verbs of purification and consecration | cleanse and consecrate | Two related but distinct divine actions: removing defilement, positively consecrating | ntxuav kom huv thiab muab cais ua kom dawb huv | Critical | 14, 16 |
| Detestable/abomination | sheqets / to’evah | bdelygma | ”detestable thing” | Strongest unclean-category | detestable, abomination | Extreme edge of the clean/unclean boundary | qhov kev qias vuab tsuab | High | 11, 18, 20 |
| Ritual bathing | rachats (רָחַץ) | — | “wash (whole body)“ | Full-body ritual washing before ministry/after defilement | bathe, wash | Prerequisite bodily purification; must not be taught as repeatable purification technique (cf. baseline’s baptism caution) | da dej ntxuav lub cev huv tibsi | High | 8, 14, 15, 16 |
| Days of impurity (postpartum) | yemei tum’atah | hēmerai akatharsias | ”days of her uncleanness” | Time-bound impurity after childbirth | days of her uncleanness | Non-sinful event still carrying ritual (not moral) impurity | tej hnub uas nws tseem qias | High | 12 |
| Discharge/flow | zov (זוֹב) | rhysis | ”flow, discharge” | Bodily fluid triggering impurity | issue, discharge | Reinforces non-moral, symbolic-boundary character of tumah | cov kua los ntawm lub cev | High | 15 |
| Tsara’at (leprosy/skin disease) | tsara’at (צָרַעַת) | lepra | broader than Hansen’s disease | Visible spreading/defiling condition | leprosy, skin disease, plague | Physical parable of sin’s spreading, defiling, separating nature | mob ruas | Medium | 13, 14 |
| Isolation/quarantine | hisgir | aphorizō | ”shut up, confine” | Priest-ordered separation pending diagnosis | quarantine, isolate | Measured, patient response to visible defilement | kaw cais tseg ib ntus | Low | 13 |
2.5 The Day of Atonement, Scapegoat, and Substitution
| English Term | Hebrew | LXX | Literal Meaning | Semantic Range | English Variants | Theological Meaning | Hmong Rendering | Risk | Chapters |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mercy seat / atonement cover | kapporet (כַּפֹּרֶת) | hilastērion (= TM’s propitiation_atoning_sacrifice) | “the covering/atoning-place” | Golden lid of the ark; site of atoning blood application | mercy seat, atonement cover, propitiatory | The concrete OT object behind Paul’s hilastērion (Rom 3:25) | lub Npoo Kub Theej Txhoj | Critical | 16 |
| Day of Atonement | Yom HaKippurim | hēmera exilasmou | ”day of the atonements” | Annual national atonement ritual | Day of Atonement, Yom Kippur | The chapter’s title-event; annual repetition later contrasted with Christ’s unrepeatable sacrifice | Hnub Theej Txhoj Kev Txhaum | Critical | 16, 23 |
| Casting lots | goral (גּוֹרָל) | klēros | ”lot” | Sortition mechanism for divine determination | cast lots | Signals God’s sovereign determination, not blind fate (hmoov) | ntaus ntawv rho | Medium | 16 |
| Azazel | Azazel (עֲזָאזֵל) | apopompaios | uncertain; “goat/place/being of removal” | Wilderness destination/being for the sin-bearing goat | Azazel, the scapegoat | Dramatizes total removal of confessed sin, without affirming Azazel’s reality/power | Axaxes [TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED] | Critical | 16 |
| Sent away | shalach (שָׁלַח) | apostellō | ”send, release, banish” | Dispatch/release of the live goat | sent away, released | Visible, dramatized removal distinct from the slain sin-offering goat | muab tso mus | Low-Medium | 16 |
| Confess | yadah/hitvadah (הִתְוַדָּה) | exomologeō | ”confess, acknowledge” | Verbal, specific acknowledgment of wrongdoing | confess | Atonement requires articulated confession, not mechanical ritual alone | lees txim | Low | 5, 16, 26 |
| Bear iniquity | nasa avon (נָשָׂא עָוֹן) | lambanō/pherō anomias | ”lift/carry iniquity” | Substitutionary guilt-bearing | bear iniquity, carry sin away | OT’s clearest dramatized penal substitution, anticipating Christ (Isa 53; 1 Pet 2:24) | nqa (lawv) tej kev txhaum mus | High | 16 |
| Iniquity | avon (עָוֹן) | anomia | ”guilt, iniquity” | Deeper moral culpability, distinct from chattat/pesha | iniquity, guilt | Names the weight/culpability-bearing dimension of sin | kev ua txhaum loj | Medium | 16, 26 |
| Transgression | pesha (פֶּשַׁע) | asebeia/adikia | ”rebellion, revolt” | Willful covenant-breach | transgression, rebellion | Relational/covenantal (not merely ritual) dimension of sin | kev fav xeeb (rau Vajtswv) | Medium | 16, 26 |
| Afflict the soul (fast) | anah nephesh (עִנָּה נֶפֶש) | tapeinoō tēn psychēn | ”humble/afflict the life” | Fasting idiom | afflict your souls, fast | Requires the whole community’s participatory penitence, not priestly mechanics alone | yoo mov thiab txo lub siab | Medium | 16, 23 |
| Statute forever | chuqqat olam (חֻקַּת עוֹלָם) | nomimon aiōnion | ”an eternal decree” | Permanent covenant ordinance | statute forever, everlasting ordinance | Marks permanence-within-the-Law, later reinterpreted as fulfilled (not abolished-as-irrelevant) in Christ | txoj kevcai uas nyob mus li | Medium | 16, 23, 24 |
| Once a year | achat bashanah | hapax tou eniautou | ”once in the year” | Annual repetition of the atonement ritual | once a year | Contrasted in Heb 9-10 with Christ’s genuinely unrepeatable (ἅπαξ) sacrifice | ib xyoos ib zaug | High | 16 |
| Outside the camp | michutz lammachaneh | exō tēs parembolēs | ”outside the camp” | Disposal-site for sin-bearing carcasses | outside the camp | Anticipates Heb 13:11-13’s application to Christ’s crucifixion “outside the gate” | sab nraud ntawm lub yeej | Low | 16 |
2.6 Sabbath and Sacred Time
| English Term | Hebrew | LXX | Literal Meaning | Semantic Range | English Variants | Theological Meaning | Hmong Rendering | Risk | Chapters |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Appointed times/feasts | mo’adei YHWH | heortai kyriou | ”the LORD’s appointed meeting-times” | Full liturgical calendar | appointed feasts, sacred assemblies | Time itself is structured as holy by God | lub caij uas Vajtswv teem tseg | Medium | 23 |
| Sabbath (weekly) | shabbat (שַׁבָּת) | sabbaton | ”cessation, rest” | Weekly seventh-day rest | Sabbath, sabbath rest | Creation-rooted (Gen 2:2-3) sacred rest-rhythm | Hnub Xanpataug (Hnub So) [TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED] | Medium | 16, 23 |
| Sabbath year | shenat shabbaton | etos sabbatōn | ”year of sabbath-rest” | Every seventh year, land rests | Sabbath year, sabbatical year | Extends sacred rest from days to the land itself | Xyoo So (ib xyoo rau xya xyoo) | Medium | 25 |
| Jubilee | yovel (יוֹבֵל) | aphesis | ”trumpet; release” | Every 50th year: land/persons restored | Jubilee, Year of Jubilee | OT’s most vivid picture of comprehensive release, anticipating gospel release (Luke 4:18-19) | Xyoo Yubili (Xyoo Tso Kom Rov Qab) | Medium | 25 |
| Kinsman-redeemer | go’el (גֹּאֵל) | ho anchisteuōn | ”the one who redeems (as near kinsman)“ | Relative with right/duty to redeem land/persons | kinsman-redeemer, redeemer | Legal-relational background to kev txhiv and to Christ as ultimate Redeemer | tus kwvtij txhiv | Low-Medium | 25 |
2.7 Love of Neighbor and Ethical/Household Holiness
| English Term | Hebrew | LXX | Literal Meaning | Semantic Range | English Variants | Theological Meaning | Hmong Rendering | Risk | Chapters |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Be holy, for I am holy | qedoshim tihyu ki qadosh ani | hagioi esesthe hoti hagios egō | ”holy ones you shall be, for holy [am] I” | The chapter/book’s thesis imperative | ”You shall be holy, for I … am holy” | Derivative, responsive holiness grounded in God’s own prior holiness — never self-generated moral achievement | Nej yuav tsum dawb huv, rau qhov kuv, tus TSWV nej tus Vajtswv, dawb huv | Critical | 19 |
| Love your neighbor as yourself | ve’ahavta lere’akha kamokha | agapēseis ton plēsion sou hōs seauton | ”you shall love your companion as yourself” | Active, practical benevolence to covenant-community fellow | love your neighbor as yourself | Grounds Love of Neighbor doctrine; quoted by Christ (Matt 22:39) and Paul (Rom 13:8-10) | Koj yuav tsum hlub koj tus kwvtij zej zog ib yam li koj hlub koj tus kheej | Medium | 19 |
| Gleaning for the poor | leqet (לֶקֶט) | kalamē | ”gleaning” | Harvest-edge provision for poor/sojourner | gleaning | Concrete economic outworking of love-of-neighbor | khaws tshuav rau cov pluag thiab lwm haiv neeg | Low | 19, 23 |
| Uncover nakedness (euphemism) | gillah ervah | apokalyptō aschēmosynēn | ”uncover shame” | Idiom for forbidden sexual relations | ”uncover the nakedness of” | Marks sexual-holiness boundary-lines within kinship | qhib qhov txaj muag ntawm… (kev sib deev txwv tsis pub) | Medium | 18, 20 |
| Eye for eye | ayin tachat ayin | ophthalmon anti ophthalmou | ”eye in place of eye” | Proportionate judicial retribution | eye for an eye | Establishes judicial proportionality | ib lub qhov muag pauj ib lub qhov muag | Low-Medium | 24 |
| Molek (child-sacrifice deity) | Molek (מֹלֶך) | Moloch | proper noun | Canaanite/Ammonite deity | Molech, Molek | Most extreme named idolatry condemned in the book | Molej [TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED] | High | 18, 20 |
| Covenant | berit (בְּרִית) | diathēkē | ”binding agreement” | God’s formal, sworn relational bond | covenant, testament | Overarching frame within which all Levitical law operates; grace-initiated, not merit-transactional | lub Cog Lus (nrog Vajtswv) | Medium | 26 |
| Vow | neder (נֶדֶר) | euchē | ”solemn promise” | Voluntary, binding human pledge to God | vow, votive pledge | Distinguished from God’s promise/lus cog tseg; a human-to-God obligation | tej lus cog tseg rau Vajtswv (ua kevcai) | Medium | 27 |
Section 3 — Escalation Flags Carried Forward from This Analysis
The following items require formal action before Phase 2 generation, per 12_ai_translation_requirements.md §9’s escalation rules:
Axaxes(Azazel),Molej(Molek),Hnub Xanpataug(Sabbath) — proper-noun/loanword transliterations proposed ad hoc; require native-speaker phonological confirmation before TM lock.[TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED].huv(clean) /qias(unclean) /kev qias(uncleanness) — Critical risk; the single most consequential lexical decision in this package given the density of structural parallels with Hmong traditional-religion purity/pollution categories across chapters 11-15. Requires mandatory human theologian review with an explicit, mandatory catechetical strategy (modeled on the baseline’shilastērionandbaptismcontrast-teaching pattern) before any Phase 2 content generation proceeds.dawb huvreused for bothholy_qadosh(this package) andsanctification(baseline TM) — risk of collapsing the attribute of holiness (God’s nature; Israel’s call) with the process of sanctification (progressive transformation); requires an explicit disambiguation note to be added to the eventual TM entry, distinguishing usage contexts.khoom fij theej txhoj kev txhaum(sin offering) /ua kevcai theej txhoj(atone) /lub Npoo Kub Theej Txhoj(mercy seat) — all three share thetheej txhojroot with the baseline’spropitiation_atoning_sacrifice; this shared root is a deliberate, doctrinally valuable coherence choice (Leviticus 16 is the direct OT source of Romans 3:25’s vocabulary) and should be preserved through TM-revision, not fragmented into unrelated renderings.- Azazel/scapegoat teaching note — mandatory pairing with an explicit statement that Scripture never affirms Azazel’s ontological reality, to prevent syncretistic assimilation into Hmong wilderness-spirit-appeasement practice.
ib xyoos ib zaug(once a year, 16:34) — must always appear in teaching content paired with an explicit contrast to Christ’s unrepeatable, once-for-all sacrifice, to prevent the gospel’s atonement being re-assimilated into a repeatable-ritual framework.
Governing Note
This glossary, together with analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md, constitutes the Phase 1 Step 1 deliverable for the Hmong Leviticus Language Package. It extends, and does not contradict, the baseline Romans assets/translation_memory.json; all Section 1 entries are reused verbatim, and all Section 2 entries are explicitly logged as pending Phase 2 TM-revision review rather than treated as locked.
Critical Risk Terms
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Vaj Ntsuj Plig
Transliteration: n/a in Leviticus (cf. NT pneuma hagion)
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Rejected alternatives: bare ntsuj plig (no Vaj prefix) — rejected, denotes an animistic wandering human soul
Inherited from Romans package, reused verbatim. Not itself a Leviticus term, but its fixed ‘Vaj’-prefix rule remains structurally load-bearing background for keeping life_soul_nephesh (below) lexically fenced.
Law Mosaic Divine
Approved rendering: Txoj Kevcai (ntawm Vajtswv / Mauxes)
Transliteration: Torah (LXX: nomos)
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting (background to all eight Leviticus doctrines)
Rejected alternatives: bare ‘Txoj Kevcai’ without qualifier — rejected, collapses into kev cai dab qhuas (ancestral spirit-worship customs), imported loanword for ‘law’ — rejected, would be doctrinally inert
Inherited from Romans package, reused verbatim. The mandatory qualifier is even more load-bearing in Leviticus than in Romans, since Leviticus IS the primary content of ‘Txoj Kevcai’ and the whole book risks being heard as generic ancestral custom without it.
Propitiation Atoning Sacrifice
Approved rendering: qhov theej txhoj kev txhaum
Transliteration: hilastērion (Hebrew source: kapporet, כַּפֹּרֶת)
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement / The Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur)
Rejected alternatives: transliterated loanword — rejected, would be opaque and prevent needed contrast-teaching against shamanic appeasement, bare ‘qhov theej’ without a ‘once for all, sufficient’ qualifying clause — rejected, reads as one appeasement among many
Inherited from Romans package, reused verbatim. Leviticus 16 supplies the literal OT referent (kapporet, the mercy seat) behind this NT abstraction; must be cross-referenced explicitly to mercy_seat_kapporet below in all teaching.
Election Choose
Approved rendering: kev xaiv (Vajtswv xaiv raws li nws lub siab nyiam)
Transliteration: eklogē / eklegomai (background to casting_lots_goral)
Doctrine: The Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur)
Rejected alternatives: hmoov (impersonal fate/fortune) vocabulary — PERMANENTLY FORBIDDEN
Inherited from Romans package, reused verbatim. Its permanent hmoov-prohibition is the governing precedent invoked when teaching Leviticus 16:8’s casting of lots (goral) as God’s own sovereign determination, never blind fate.
Sin Offering Chattat
Approved rendering: khoom fij theej txhoj kev txhaum
Transliteration: chattat (LXX: peri hamartias)
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
Rejected alternatives: bare unqualified fij — rejected, indistinguishable from shamanic fij dab appeasement
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Structurally near-identical in outward form to shamanic appeasement offerings; must always carry the theej txhoj (atoning-covering) qualifier and be taught as God-instituted, substitutionary, pointing to Christ’s once-for-all sacrifice. Occurs Lev 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 16.
Atonement Kaphar
Approved rendering: ua kevcai theej txhoj (rau)
Transliteration: kaphar (LXX: exilaskomai / hilaskomai)
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
Rejected alternatives: bare appeasement-sounding phrasing — rejected
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Central verb of the sacrificial system, root of mercy_seat_kapporet and day_of_atonement_yom_kippur; same collision and same mandatory contrast-teaching as propitiation_atoning_sacrifice. Occurs Lev 1, 4-9, 14, 16, 17, 19, 23.
Mercy Seat Kapporet
Approved rendering: lub Npoo Kub Theej Txhoj
Transliteration: kapporet (LXX: hilastērion)
Doctrine: The Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur)
Rejected alternatives: transliterated loanword — rejected, would sever the deliberate lexical bridge to Romans 3:25
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. The golden lid of the ark; the literal OT referent behind the baseline’s Critical-flagged propitiation_atoning_sacrifice (Lev 16:2, 13-15); must be cross-referenced explicitly in all teaching.
Holy Qadosh
Approved rendering: dawb huv
Transliteration: qadosh (LXX: hagios)
Doctrine: The Holiness of God and the Call to Be Holy
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. God’s essential moral/ontological otherness and derivative human/object holiness (Lev 6, 10, 11, 16, 19-22, 26). Shares its root with the baseline’s sanctification and with folk ritual-purity vocabulary; must be taught as God’s own transcendent nature, never a stronger degree of ritual cleanliness. Mandatory attribute-vs-process disambiguation note required at every first occurrence per lesson module (see sanctification entry above).
Holiness Qodesh
Approved rendering: txoj kev dawb huv
Transliteration: qodesh (LXX: hagiasmos / to hagion)
Doctrine: The Holiness of God and the Call to Be Holy
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Abstract quality/domain of being set apart to God (Lev 19-22); grounds ‘be holy for I am holy’ (19:2). Same collision as holy_qadosh; must be kept distinct from the process-sense sanctification.
Be Holy For I Am Holy
Approved rendering: Nej yuav tsum dawb huv, rau qhov kuv, tus TSWV nej tus Vajtswv, dawb huv
Transliteration: qedoshim tihyu ki qadosh ani (LXX: hagioi esesthe hoti hagios egō)
Doctrine: The Holiness of God and the Call to Be Holy
Rejected alternatives: any framing as ‘become good enough to earn standing’ — rejected, echoes the works-righteousness collapse the baseline forbids for justification
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. The book’s thesis imperative (Lev 19:2); derivative holiness grounded in God’s own prior holiness, never self-generated moral achievement; must be anchored the same way sanctification is anchored (progressive, Spirit-enabled).
Clean Tahor
Approved rendering: huv
Transliteration: tahor (LXX: katharos)
Doctrine: Clean and Unclean
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Ceremonially permissible state (Lev 4, 7, 10-17, 20, 22); marks Israel’s set-apart daily identity. Direct structural overlap with Hmong traditional-religion ritual-purity categories — single most doctrinally sensitive lexical decision in this package alongside unclean_tamei.
Unclean Tamei
Approved rendering: qias
Transliteration: tamei (LXX: akathartos)
Doctrine: Clean and Unclean
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Ceremonially forbidden state (Lev 5, 7, 10-17, 20, 22), distinct from moral sin per se. Mandatory teaching note required: Levitical tamei is a divinely instituted, temporary, pedagogical boundary-marker fulfilled and terminated in Christ (Acts 10:9-16; Mark 7:19), not a permanent parallel purity system alongside the shamanic contamination-and-cleansing worldview it superficially resembles. Requires mandatory human theologian review before any Phase 2 content touching chs.11-15, 17, 20, 22.
Uncleanness Tumah
Approved rendering: kev qias
Transliteration: tumah (LXX: akatharsia)
Doctrine: Clean and Unclean
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. State/condition of ritual defilement, objectively contaminating sacred space (Lev 5, 7, 11-16, 20, 22); must be distinguished from sin_act_and_condition (moral guilt) in teaching.
Cleanse And Hallow
Approved rendering: ntxuav kom huv thiab muab cais ua kom dawb huv
Transliteration: taher + qadash (LXX: katharizō + hagiazō)
Doctrine: Clean and Unclean
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Tandem verbs for removing defilement and positively consecrating (Lev 14, 16); must be taught as two related but distinct divine actions, neither reducible to folk ritual purification.
Day Of Atonement Yom Kippur
Approved rendering: Hnub Theej Txhoj Kev Txhaum
Transliteration: Yom HaKippurim (LXX: hēmera exilasmou)
Doctrine: The Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur)
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Annual national atonement ritual (Lev 16, 23); built on the theej txhoj root-family; the annual repetition must always be taught alongside once_a_year’s Christ-contrast.
Azazel
Approved rendering: Axaxes [TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED: phonological confirmation with native Hmong speaker/theologian before TM lock]
Transliteration: Azazel (LXX: apopompaios)
Doctrine: The Scapegoat and Substitution
Rejected alternatives: interpretive gloss such as ‘the wilderness demon’ — rejected, overstates certainty about a disputed textual referent
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. The wilderness destination/being for the sin-bearing goat (Lev 16); structurally near-identical to named, still-practiced Hmong shamanic rites of dispatching an animal to carry sickness/misfortune to a spirit. Mandatory dual-clause teaching note required at EVERY occurrence, not just first use: (1) Scripture never affirms Azazel’s ontological reality or power; (2) the ritual’s efficacy rests on God’s own institution and its fulfillment in Christ, never on a transaction with a wilderness being. Highest single-verse-cluster risk in the core passage.
High Risk Terms
Human Spirit Soul
Approved rendering: ntsuj plig
Transliteration: n/a in Leviticus (cf. NT pneuma, anthropological)
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Rejected alternatives: Vaj Ntsuj Plig — forbidden for this referent, reserved exclusively for the Holy Spirit
Inherited from Romans package, reused verbatim. Cited here as the lexical item that Leviticus’s ‘nephesh’ (animal life-force, see life_soul_nephesh below) must be kept categorically distinct from, to prevent collapsing OT blood-atonement theology into animistic multi-soul belief.
Sin Act And Condition
Approved rendering: txhaum / kev txhaum
Transliteration: chattat / chet (LXX: hamartia)
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
Inherited from Romans package, reused verbatim. Root of Leviticus’s sin_offering_chattat and pervasive throughout; Hmong custom frames wrongdoing as reparable social/ritual fault, so must be taught alongside the sacrificial system as objective, God-ward guilt.
Idol
Approved rendering: dab mlom
Transliteration: elil / gillulim (LXX: eidōlon)
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Rejected alternatives: generic ‘statue’ softening — rejected, must not soften the term
Inherited from Romans package, reused verbatim. Reused for Leviticus’s idol-worship warnings (17, 19, 20, 26) and Molek-adjacent contexts (ch.20).
Sanctification
Approved rendering: kev raug ua kom dawb huv
Transliteration: hagiasmos (process-sense)
Doctrine: The Holiness of God and the Call to Be Holy
Rejected alternatives: treating dawb huv as a repeatable ritual-cleansing state — rejected
Inherited from Romans package, reused verbatim. Must be kept conceptually distinct from the new attribute-sense holy_qadosh/holiness_qodesh entries below per the mandatory disambiguation rule (process vs. attribute) — see 12_ai_translation_requirements.md §2.
Living Sacrifice
Approved rendering: khoom fij uas muaj txoj sia nyob
Transliteration: thysia zōsa (background: the whole Levitical fij domain)
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
Rejected alternatives: unqualified ‘fij’ identical to offering language for ancestors/spirits — rejected without explicit ethical-devotion framing
Inherited from Romans package, reused verbatim. The whole Levitical fij sacrificial apparatus (chs.1-7) is the OT background this NT term repurposes; cross-reference note only, not itself a Leviticus lexical entry.
Worship Serve Cultic
Approved rendering: pehawm / pab teev
Transliteration: avad / sheret (LXX: latreuō)
Doctrine: The Priesthood and Mediation
Rejected alternatives: bare, unanchored pehawm — FORBIDDEN, identical verb used for pehawm dab (ancestor/spirit veneration)
Inherited from Romans package, reused verbatim. The whole Levitical sacrificial/priestly apparatus (chs.1-7, 16, 17) is this kind of cultic service; object must always be stated (‘pehawm Vajtswv’).
Blood Dam
Approved rendering: ntshav
Transliteration: dam (LXX: haima)
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. ‘The life of the flesh is in the blood… it is the blood that makes atonement’ (17:11); Hmong sacrificial/divinatory blood-customs make this a live collision domain requiring explicit contrast-teaching.
Life Soul Nephesh
Approved rendering: txoj sia
Transliteration: nephesh (LXX: psychē)
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
Rejected alternatives: ntsuj plig — FORBIDDEN for this referent, reserved for the anthropological/divine spirit (pneuma), would import animistic multi-soul theology into blood-atonement doctrine
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Animal life-force in the blood (Lev 17); must remain lexically distinct from human_spirit_soul and holy_spirit.
Laying On Of Hands
Approved rendering: tsa (ob) txhais tes rau saum (taubhau)
Transliteration: samakh yad (LXX: epitithēmi tēn cheira)
Doctrine: The Scapegoat and Substitution
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Identification/transfer gesture (Lev 1, 3, 4, 8, 16); identical gesture-pattern to Hmong shamanic illness-transfer ritual — must be taught as God’s own instituted symbol fulfilled in Christ, never validated as generic transferable-guilt technique.
Sprinkling Blood Nazah
Approved rendering: nchos ntshav
Transliteration: nazah (LXX: rhainō)
Doctrine: The Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur)
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Priestly act of flicking blood onto/before the mercy seat and altar (Lev 4, 5, 8, 14, 16); closely parallels Hmong sacrificial blood-application customs — must be anchored explicitly to God’s specific instituted pattern.
Most Holy Place
Approved rendering: lub Chaw Dawb Huv (Tshaj Plaws)
Transliteration: qodesh haqqodashim (LXX: ta hagia tōn hagiōn)
Doctrine: The Holiness of God and the Call to Be Holy
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Innermost sanctuary chamber (Lev 16); locus of God’s manifest presence, fatal apart from precise mediation.
Holy Vs Common
Approved rendering: dawb huv / ib yam li lwm yam
Transliteration: qodesh / chol (LXX: hagion / bebēlon)
Doctrine: The Holiness of God and the Call to Be Holy
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Basic binary grid underlying all purity law (Lev 6, 10), distinct from but related to clean/unclean; both grids must be taught as related but non-identical.
Priest Kohen
Approved rendering: tus povthawj
Transliteration: kohen (LXX: hiereus)
Doctrine: The Priesthood and Mediation
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Authorized cultic mediator (all chapters); risk of assimilation to Hmong shamanic (txiv neeb) spirit-mediation — must be taught as a human, God-appointed, rule-governed office, categorically distinct from and never continuous with shamanic negotiation.
High Priest Kohen Hagadol
Approved rendering: tus Tuam Pov Thawj
Transliteration: kohen hagadol (LXX: archiereus)
Doctrine: The Priesthood and Mediation
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Chief mediatorial officer, sole entrant to the Most Holy Place (Lev 16, 21); typological forerunner of Christ’s superior high priesthood.
Strange Fire Esh Zarah
Approved rendering: nplaim taws txawv (tsis raws li Vajtswv hais)
Transliteration: esh zarah (LXX: pyr allotrion)
Doctrine: The Priesthood and Mediation
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Nadab and Abihu’s unauthorized fire (Lev 10); unauthorized/self-devised worship is fatally serious even when well-intentioned — directly relevant for warning against syncretistic, shamanic-adjacent ritual innovation.
Distinguish Holy Common
Approved rendering: qhia kom paub qhov sib txawv ntawm tej uas dawb huv thiab tej uas ib yam li lwm yam, tej uas qias thiab tej uas huv
Transliteration: lehavdil (LXX: diasteilai)
Doctrine: The Priesthood and Mediation
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. The priest’s teaching task (Lev 10); establishes that priesthood includes a teaching office, not ritual performance alone; combines the risks already flagged for dawb huv, qias, and huv.
Ritual Bathing Rachats
Approved rendering: da dej ntxuav lub cev huv tibsi
Transliteration: rachats
Doctrine: Clean and Unclean
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Full-body ritual washing preceding priestly ministry (Lev 8, 14, 15, 16); close structural parallel to Hmong shamanic ritual washing — must be taught as a one-time prescribed prerequisite, not a repeatable purification technique (same caution as the baseline’s baptism entry).
Detestable Abomination
Approved rendering: qhov kev qias vuab tsuab
Transliteration: sheqets / to’evah (LXX: bdelygma)
Doctrine: Clean and Unclean
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Strongest unclean-category (Lev 11, 18, 20); extreme edge of the clean/unclean boundary.
Postpartum Impurity
Approved rendering: tej hnub uas nws tseem qias
Transliteration: yemei tum’atah (LXX: hēmerai akatharsias)
Doctrine: Clean and Unclean
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Time-bound impurity after childbirth (Lev 12); Hmong postpartum confinement custom (nyob dawm) makes this a live collision requiring the ritual-not-moral distinction.
Discharge Flow Zov
Approved rendering: cov kua los ntawm lub cev
Transliteration: zov (LXX: rhysis)
Doctrine: Clean and Unclean
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Bodily fluid triggering impurity (Lev 15); valuable teaching bridge to Christ’s reversal of the contagion direction (Mark 5:25-34).
Bear Iniquity Nasa Avon
Approved rendering: nqa (lawv) tej kev txhaum mus
Transliteration: nasa avon (LXX: lambanō / pherō anomias)
Doctrine: The Scapegoat and Substitution
Rejected alternatives: merely psychological ‘getting rid of guilt feelings’ framing — rejected, flattens judicial substitution
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. The scapegoat’s substitutionary bearing of guilt (Lev 16); the OT’s clearest dramatized picture of penal substitution, anticipating Christ (Isa 53; 1 Pet 2:24). Must be taught with explicit judicial/penal vocabulary.
Once A Year
Approved rendering: ib xyoos ib zaug
Transliteration: achat bashanah (LXX: hapax tou eniautou)
Doctrine: The Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur)
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Annual repetition of the atonement ritual (Lev 16:34); must never appear without an explicit adjacent contrast clause to Christ’s genuinely unrepeatable (hapax, ‘ib zaug xwb’) sacrifice — treated as a single atomic teaching unit, identical in enforcement pattern to the baseline’s hwjchim/Vajtswv hwjchim qualifier-pair.
Molek
Approved rendering: Molej [TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED: phonological confirmation with native Hmong speaker/theologian before TM lock]
Transliteration: Molek (LXX: Moloch)
Doctrine: The Holiness of God and the Call to Be Holy
Rejected alternatives: generalizing as ‘a false god’ — rejected, loses the specific historical referent and its connection to the named atrocity of child sacrifice
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Canaanite/Ammonite child-sacrifice deity, condemned Lev 18, 20; most extreme named idolatry in the book — reinforces the baseline’s High-risk idol entry, must not be softened or generalized.
Medium Risk Terms
Redemption
Approved rendering: kev txhiv
Transliteration: ge’ulah / pidyon (LXX: apolytrōsis)
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
Inherited from Romans package, reused verbatim. Directly grounded in Leviticus 25/27’s kinsman-redeemer (go’el) and Jubilee institutions, which supply the cultural-legal backdrop the baseline note already assumes.
Adoption As Sons
Approved rendering: raug muab coj los ua me tub (ntawm Vajtswv)
Transliteration: huiothesia (background to kinsman_redeemer_goel)
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
Inherited from Romans package, reused verbatim. Cross-referenced alongside the new kinsman_redeemer_goel entry as a related positive-bridge legal-family metaphor.
Burnt Offering Olah
Approved rendering: khoom fij kub tag nrho
Transliteration: olah (LXX: holokautōma)
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Total, unreserved consecration offering (Lev 1, 6, 8, 9, 16, 23); must be distinguished from the atoning sin offering and from shamanic appeasement burning.
Guilt Offering Asham
Approved rendering: khoom fij them nqi kev txhaum
Transliteration: asham (LXX: plēmmeleia)
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Sacrifice requiring restitution alongside atonement (Lev 5, 6, 7, 14); bridges well to Hmong debt-repayment custom.
Fat And Blood Reserved
Approved rendering: roj thiab ntshav (txwv tsis txhob noj)
Transliteration: chelev / dam (LXX: stear / haima)
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Portions reserved exclusively for God/altar (Lev 3, 7); connects to the heavier-flagged blood_dam entry.
Unintentional Sin Bishgagah
Approved rendering: kev ua txhaum yuam kev (tsis paub)
Transliteration: bishgagah (LXX: akousiōs)
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Even unintended sin objectively defiles (Lev 4, 5); important corrective against a purely intent-based Hmong folk-moral framework.
Consecrate Ordain
Approved rendering: muab cais ua Povthawj
Transliteration: qadash / mille yad (LXX: teleioō / hagiazō)
Doctrine: The Priesthood and Mediation
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Installation into priestly office, ‘filling the hand’ (Lev 8, 21).
Profane His Holiness
Approved rendering: ua kom tsis dawb huv lawm rau nws txoj haujlwm povthawj
Transliteration: chillel qedushato (LXX: bebēloō)
Doctrine: The Holiness of God and the Call to Be Holy
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Priestly disqualification through defiling conduct (Lev 21, 22); higher office carries heightened, not diminished, holiness accountability.
Tent Of Meeting
Approved rendering: Tsev Ntaub Sib Ntsib
Transliteration: ohel mo’ed (LXX: hē skēnē tou martyriou)
Doctrine: The Priesthood and Mediation
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Portable central sanctuary (pervasive); comprehension gap only, no traditional-religion collision.
Veil Curtain Parochet
Approved rendering: daim ntaub thaiv
Transliteration: parochet (LXX: katapetasma)
Doctrine: The Priesthood and Mediation
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Curtain dividing Holy Place from Most Holy Place (Lev 16); comprehension gap, no native architectural analogue.
Blood Ordination Extremities
Approved rendering: ntshav pleev rau qhov ntsej, ntiv tes, ntiv taw
Transliteration: n/a (ordination rite, Lev 8)
Doctrine: The Priesthood and Mediation
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Ritual application of blood to ear/thumb/toe at ordination; the whole person (hearing, doing, walking) set apart for service. Distinct from sprinkling_blood_nazah (altar-directed, not body-directed).
Holy Garments
Approved rendering: tej ris tsho dawb huv
Transliteration: bigdei qodesh (LXX: stolē hagia)
Doctrine: The Priesthood and Mediation
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Linen vestments reserved for cultic mediation (Lev 8, 16, 21).
Tsaraat Skin Disease
Approved rendering: mob ruas
Transliteration: tsara’at (LXX: lepra)
Doctrine: Clean and Unclean
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Broader Hebrew category than modern Hansen’s disease, including fabric/wall conditions (Lev 13, 14); existing Hmong word is narrower and must be taught with expanded scope.
Casting Lots Goral
Approved rendering: ntaus ntawv rho
Transliteration: goral (LXX: klēros)
Doctrine: The Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur)
Rejected alternatives: hmoov (fate) vocabulary — rejected per election_choose’s permanent prohibition
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Sortition mechanism for God’s own determined outcome (Lev 16:8); must avoid any phrasing implying impersonal fate.
Iniquity Avon
Approved rendering: kev ua txhaum loj
Transliteration: avon (LXX: anomia)
Doctrine: The Scapegoat and Substitution
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Deeper moral culpability, distinct from chattat/pesha (Lev 16, 26).
Transgression Pesha
Approved rendering: kev fav xeeb (rau Vajtswv)
Transliteration: pesha (LXX: asebeia / adikia)
Doctrine: The Scapegoat and Substitution
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Willful, rebellious covenant-breach (Lev 16, 26); names the relational/covenantal dimension of sin, not merely ritual error.
Afflict The Soul
Approved rendering: yoo mov thiab txo lub siab
Transliteration: anah nephesh (LXX: tapeinoō tēn psychēn)
Doctrine: The Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur)
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Fasting idiom (Lev 16, 23); requires the whole community’s participatory penitence, not priestly mechanics alone. Deliberately avoids the flagged term hwjchim, since this is human self-humbling, not divine power.
Statute Forever
Approved rendering: txoj kevcai uas nyob mus li
Transliteration: chuqqat olam (LXX: nomimon aiōnion)
Doctrine: The Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur)
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Permanent covenant ordinance (Lev 16, 23, 24); must always retain the Mosaic-Law qualifier per law_mosaic_divine’s rule.
Appointed Times Moadim
Approved rendering: lub caij uas Vajtswv teem tseg
Transliteration: mo’adei YHWH (LXX: heortai kyriou)
Doctrine: Sabbath and Sacred Time
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. The full liturgical calendar (Lev 23); grounds that time itself, not only space and category, is structured by God as holy.
Sabbath Shabbat
Approved rendering: Hnub Xanpataug (Hnub So) [TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED: confirm established Hmong Christian phonological transliteration before TM lock]
Transliteration: shabbat (LXX: sabbaton)
Doctrine: Sabbath and Sacred Time
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Weekly seventh-day rest (Lev 16:29-31, 23); comprehension/register gap (no independent Hmong sacred-rest-day concept), not a traditional-religion collision. Teach as creation-rooted (Gen 2:2-3 cross-reference).
Sabbath Year
Approved rendering: Xyoo So (ib xyoo rau xya xyoo)
Transliteration: shenat shabbaton (LXX: etos sabbatōn)
Doctrine: Sabbath and Sacred Time
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Every seventh year, land rests (Lev 25); extends sacred rest from days to the land itself.
Jubilee Yovel
Approved rendering: Xyoo Yubili (Xyoo Tso Kom Rov Qab)
Transliteration: yovel (LXX: aphesis)
Doctrine: Sabbath and Sacred Time
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Every 50th year: land/persons restored (Lev 25); strong positive typological bridge, must be connected forward to Christ’s proclaimed ‘release’ (Luke 4:18-19).
Covenant Berit
Approved rendering: lub Cog Lus (nrog Vajtswv)
Transliteration: berit (LXX: diathēkē)
Doctrine: The Holiness of God and the Call to Be Holy
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. God’s formal, sworn relational bond with Israel (Lev 26); the overarching frame within which all Levitical law operates — must be taught as flowing from grace-initiated relationship, not a bare merit-transaction.
Vow Neder
Approved rendering: tej lus cog tseg rau Vajtswv (ua kevcai)
Transliteration: neder (LXX: euchē)
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Voluntary, binding human-to-God pledge (Lev 27); must be kept distinguishable in teaching from promise/lus cog tseg (God’s pledge to humanity) to avoid reversing the direction of obligation.
Love Your Neighbor
Approved rendering: Koj yuav tsum hlub koj tus kwvtij zej zog ib yam li koj hlub koj tus kheej
Transliteration: ve’ahavta lere’akha kamokha (LXX: agapēseis ton plēsion sou hōs seauton)
Doctrine: Love of Neighbor (Leviticus 19:18)
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Lev 19:18, quoted by Christ (Matt 22:39) and Paul (Rom 13:8-10, already TM-inherited love). Hebrew rea’ primarily denotes a fellow covenant-Israelite in context; the Hmong rendering (kwvtij zej zog) carries its own clan-bounded connotation and MUST be taught paired with 19:34’s extension to the sojourner in the same lesson unit, never in isolation.
Uncover Nakedness
Approved rendering: qhib qhov txaj muag ntawm… (kev sib deev txwv tsis pub)
Transliteration: gillah ervah (LXX: apokalyptō aschēmosynēn)
Doctrine: The Holiness of God and the Call to Be Holy
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Idiom for forbidden sexual relations within kinship boundaries (Lev 18, 20); register-sensitive euphemism requiring careful, non-graphic, non-euphemism-losing translation.
Low Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: Vajtswv
Transliteration: Elohim (LXX: theos)
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Rejected alternatives: Ntuj (impersonal sky/heaven) — rejected, lacks personal deity sense, dab (spirit) — rejected, denotes false/lesser spirit
Inherited from Romans package, reused verbatim. The covenant-giver of Torah throughout Leviticus.
Lord
Approved rendering: tus Tswv
Transliteration: Adonai (LXX: kyrios)
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Inherited from Romans package, reused verbatim.
Lord Covenant Name
Approved rendering: tus TSWV
Transliteration: YHWH (LXX: kyrios)
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Rejected alternatives: Yehauvas (JW/NWT-style divine-name substitution) — PERMANENTLY FORBIDDEN, sectarian pattern already rejected in the Romans baseline §4
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Extends the baseline’s ‘tus Tswv’ with the small-capitals convention already standard in Hmong Bible tradition to mark the specific covenant Name (YHWH) distinct from the generic title ‘lord,’ load-bearing throughout Leviticus’s repeated ‘I am the LORD your God’ refrains (11:44-45; 19:2; 20:26, etc.).
Jesus Christ
Approved rendering: Yexus Khetos
Transliteration: Iēsous Christos
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Inherited from Romans package, reused verbatim. Cross-referenced in Leviticus teaching notes at 8:12/16:32’s ‘anointed and consecrated’ (mashach root = ‘Messiah’/Christos) as the typological terminus of priestly anointing.
Unrighteousness
Approved rendering: kev tsis ncaj ncees
Transliteration: avel (LXX: adikia)
Doctrine: Love of Neighbor (Leviticus 19:18)
Inherited from Romans package, reused verbatim. Available for pesha/avon overlap contexts if a general rendering is needed alongside ch.19’s ethical material.
Love
Approved rendering: kev hlub
Transliteration: ahav (LXX: agapaō)
Doctrine: Love of Neighbor (Leviticus 19:18)
Inherited from Romans package, reused verbatim. Directly grounds Leviticus 19:18, 19:34.
Promise
Approved rendering: lus cog tseg
Transliteration: epangelia (background to covenant_berit)
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Inherited from Romans package, reused verbatim. Reserved for God’s covenant pledge to Israel/Abraham; must be kept distinct in teaching from the new vow_neder entry below (a human-to-God pledge).
Glory
Approved rendering: lub yeeb koob
Transliteration: kevod YHWH (LXX: doxa kyriou)
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Inherited from Romans package, reused verbatim. Used for ‘the glory of the LORD appeared’ at Lev 9:6, 9:23.
Witness
Approved rendering: tus timkhawv
Transliteration: martys (LXX cross-reference: ohel mo’ed = skēnē tou martyriou)
Doctrine: The Priesthood and Mediation
Inherited from Romans package, reused verbatim. Cross-referenced to the LXX’s naming of the tent of meeting as ‘tent of witness/testimony.‘
Wave Offering Tenuphah
Approved rendering: khoom fij co mus co los
Transliteration: tenuphah (LXX: aphairema)
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Horizontal presentation gesture (Lev 7, 8, 9, 23); comprehension-level only.
Heave Offering Terumah
Approved rendering: khoom fij tsa rau saud
Transliteration: terumah (LXX: aphairema)
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Portion elevated for priestly provision (Lev 7).
Frankincense Levonah
Approved rendering: roj ntoos tsw qab
Transliteration: levonah (LXX: libanos)
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Comprehension gap (unfamiliar flora), no collision (Lev 2).
Memorial Portion Azkarah
Approved rendering: ib feem ua chaw nco ntsoov
Transliteration: azkarah (LXX: mnēmosynon)
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. The token portion of the grain offering burned on the altar (Lev 2).
Horns Of The Altar
Approved rendering: tej kub ntawm lub thaj
Transliteration: qarnot hammizbeach
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Locus of atoning blood application (Lev 4, 8, 16).
Continual Fire Esh Tamid
Approved rendering: cub taws uas cig tsis tu ncua
Transliteration: esh tamid
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. The altar fire that must never be extinguished (Lev 6).
Restitution Plus Fifth
Approved rendering: them rov qab thiab ntxiv ib feem tsib
Transliteration: chamishit
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. 20% penalty surcharge on restored property (Lev 5, 6).
Assembly Qahal
Approved rendering: pawg neeg sablaj / tag nrho cov Yixalayees
Transliteration: qahal (LXX: ekklēsia)
Doctrine: The Priesthood and Mediation
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Whole covenant congregation of Israel (Lev 4, 8, 9, 16).
Altar Mizbeach
Approved rendering: lub thaj
Transliteration: mizbe’ach (LXX: thysiastērion)
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Existing stable Hmong Christian term (Lev 1-9, 16, 17).
Isolation Quarantine
Approved rendering: kaw cais tseg ib ntus
Transliteration: hisgir (LXX: aphorizō)
Doctrine: Clean and Unclean
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Priest-ordered separation pending diagnosis (Lev 13).
Restored To Camp
Approved rendering: raug lees tias huv thiab pub rov qab los nrog lub zej zog nyob
Transliteration: n/a (reintegration formula, Lev 14)
Doctrine: Clean and Unclean
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Cleansing is restorative to full community belonging, not merely private/ritual.
Confess Yadah
Approved rendering: lees txim
Transliteration: hitvadah (LXX: exomologeō)
Doctrine: The Scapegoat and Substitution
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Verbal, specific acknowledgment of wrongdoing (Lev 5, 16, 26); existing stable Hmong Christian term. Atonement requires articulated confession, not mechanical ritual alone.
Outside The Camp
Approved rendering: sab nraud ntawm lub yeej
Transliteration: michutz lammachaneh (LXX: exō tēs parembolēs)
Doctrine: The Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur)
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Disposal-site for sin-bearing carcasses (Lev 16); anticipates Hebrews 13:11-13’s application to Christ’s crucifixion ‘outside the gate.‘
Wilderness Midbar
Approved rendering: tebchaws moj sab qhua
Transliteration: midbar (LXX: erēmos)
Doctrine: The Scapegoat and Substitution
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Uninhabited wasteland (Lev 16); existing stable term.
Walk In Statutes
Approved rendering: taug kev raws li Vajtswv tej kevcai
Transliteration: halakh bechuqqotai (LXX: poreuomai en tois prostagmasin mou)
Doctrine: The Holiness of God and the Call to Be Holy
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Idiom for habitual, ongoing covenant obedience (Lev 26).
Tithe Maaser
Approved rendering: ib feem kaum
Transliteration: ma’aser (LXX: epidekaton)
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. The tenth-portion offering (Lev 27); regular acknowledgment that produce/increase belongs first to God.
Gleaning Leqet
Approved rendering: khaws tshuav rau cov pluag thiab lwm haiv neeg
Transliteration: leqet (LXX: kalamē)
Doctrine: Love of Neighbor (Leviticus 19:18)
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Harvest-edge provision for the poor and sojourner (Lev 19, 23); concrete economic outworking of love-of-neighbor.
Low-Medium Risk Terms
Firstfruits
Approved rendering: thawj phaus qoob loo / cov ua ntej
Transliteration: reshit / bikkurim (LXX: aparchē)
Doctrine: Sabbath and Sacred Time
Inherited from Romans package, reused verbatim. Reused exactly for the Feast of Firstfruits (Lev 23) within the appointed-times calendar.
Grain Offering Minchah
Approved rendering: khoom fij qoob loo
Transliteration: minchah (LXX: thysia / dōron)
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Non-blood cereal/tribute offering (Lev 2, 6, 7, 9); agrarian imagery accessible to Hmong rice-farming context.
Peace Offering Shelamim
Approved rendering: khoom fij kev thaj yeeb
Transliteration: shelamim (LXX: thysia sōtēriou)
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Shared communal sacrifice marking restored fellowship (Lev 3, 7, 9); built on the TM-inherited kev thaj yeeb (peace) root.
Without Blemish Tamim
Approved rendering: tsis muaj chaw thuam / zoo tag nrho
Transliteration: tamim (LXX: amōmos)
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Physical-perfection standard for sacrificial animals (Lev 1, 3, 4, 22, 23); typologically anticipates Christ’s sinlessness.
Pleasing Aroma Reach Nichoach
Approved rendering: hom tsw qab uas Vajtswv txaus siab
Transliteration: reach nichoach (LXX: osmē euōdias)
Doctrine: The Sacrificial System and Atonement
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Idiom of divine acceptance (Lev 1, 2, 3, 8); teaching note required to avoid implying God is literally nourished by smoke, as in ancestor-offering food logic.
Censer Incense Qetoret
Approved rendering: pa roj tsw qab
Transliteration: qetoret / machtah (LXX: thymiama)
Doctrine: The Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur)
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Incense veiling the mercy seat so the high priest may enter without dying (Lev 16); incense/joss-stick burning also exists in Hmong ancestor-veneration — flag for a worship-direction teaching note, not a lexical fix.
Holy Things Qodashim
Approved rendering: tej khoom dawb huv
Transliteration: qodashim (LXX: ta hagia)
Doctrine: The Holiness of God and the Call to Be Holy
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Consecrated food/offerings under priestly purity conditions (Lev 22).
Cleansing Materials
Approved rendering: ntoo cedar, xov liab, tsuas ntsuab hyssop
Transliteration: etz erez, shani, ezov
Doctrine: Clean and Unclean
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Cleansing-rite materials for restored lepers (Lev 14); comprehension gap (unfamiliar flora); typologically reused at the cross (hyssop, John 19:29).
Sent Away Shalach
Approved rendering: muab tso mus
Transliteration: shalach (LXX: apostellō)
Doctrine: The Scapegoat and Substitution
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Dispatch/release of the live scapegoat (Lev 16); visible, dramatized removal distinct from the slain sin-offering goat.
Kinsman Redeemer Goel
Approved rendering: tus kwvtij txhiv
Transliteration: go’el (LXX: ho anchisteuōn)
Doctrine: Sabbath and Sacred Time
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Near relative with the right/duty to redeem (Lev 25); strong positive bridge via existing Hmong clan-redemption custom, parallel to redemption and adoption_as_sons.
Eye For Eye
Approved rendering: ib lub qhov muag pauj ib lub qhov muag
Transliteration: ayin tachat ayin (LXX: ophthalmon anti ophthalmou)
Doctrine: Love of Neighbor (Leviticus 19:18)
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Lex talionis proportionate-retribution principle (Lev 24); later engaged, not abolished in principle, by Christ (Matt 5:38-39).
Bread Of Presence
Approved rendering: khob mov nyob ntawm Vajtswv lub xub ntiag
Transliteration: lechem hapanim (LXX: artoi enōpioi)
Doctrine: The Priesthood and Mediation
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Twelve loaves continually before God (Lev 24); later invoked by Christ (Matt 12:3-4).
Medium-High Risk Terms
Anointed Consecrated
Approved rendering: tus uas raug pleev roj thiab muab cais ua Povthawj
Transliteration: mashach + qadash (LXX: chrisma/christos root + hagiazō)
Doctrine: The Priesthood and Mediation
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Qualification formula for priestly succession (Lev 8, 16, 21); lexically anticipates the Anointed Mediator (Messiah/Christos, cf. jesus_christ above) — valuable typological bridge, but risk of assimilation to shamanic ritual-empowerment anointing.
Anointing Oil
Approved rendering: roj pleev tsa
Transliteration: mishchah (LXX: chrisma)
Doctrine: The Priesthood and Mediation
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Consecrating oil (Lev 8, 16, 21); must always be paired with ‘God’s institution for lawful office,’ never presented as a transferable ritual-power technique (cf. shamanic oil/water blessing).
Cut Off From People
Approved rendering: raug muab txiav tawm ntawm nws haiv neeg
Transliteration: hikratti…miqerev amam (LXX: exolethreusō…ek tou laou autōn)
Doctrine: The Holiness of God and the Call to Be Holy
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Severe covenant-severing penalty formula (Lev 17, 18, 20, 22, 23); holiness violations as covenant-severing, not merely socially embarrassing.
Devoted Things Cherem
Approved rendering: tej khoom uas twb muab cais rau Vajtswv lawm
Transliteration: cherem / qodesh (LXX: anathema / hagion)
Doctrine: The Holiness of God and the Call to Be Holy
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Property/persons irrevocably set apart to God (Lev 27); the destruction-sense (cherem) requires careful, non-sensationalized teaching, not to be confused with ordinary tithing/dedication.
Blasphemy
Approved rendering: tuam mom rau Vajtswv lub npe / thuam Vajtswv
Transliteration: naqav shem / qillel (LXX: blasphēmeō)
Doctrine: The Holiness of God and the Call to Be Holy
NEW — Leviticus package, pending TM-revision lock. Reviling God’s own Name (Lev 24); must not be softened, treated with the same gravity as ch.10, 19-20’s holiness violations.