Core Glossary
Exodus — Core Glossary (Hmong Language Package)
This glossary compiles every load-bearing theological term surfaced in analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md, drawn from every chapter of Exodus (1-40) plus the core passage (12:1-14). Per the hard governing rule, all terms marked Status: Inherited reuse the Romans baseline assets/translation_memory.json rendering exactly, unchanged. All terms marked Status: New are Exodus-specific proposals pending formal TM-revision review; none may be treated as permanent without that review, per the escalation rules in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md §9.
A. Terms Inherited Exactly from the Romans Baseline TM
| # | English Term | Hebrew (Translit.) | Hmong Rendering | Risk | Doctrine(s) | Chapters | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | God | Elohim | Vajtswv | Low | Character and Name of God | all | Inherited |
| 2 | LORD / YHWH | YHWH | tus Tswv | Low | Character and Name of God | all | Inherited |
| 3 | Jesus Christ (typological anchor: Anointed One) | — (cf. mashiach) | Yexus Khetos | Low | Character and Name of God; typology | 29 (anointing) | Inherited |
| 4 | Holy Spirit | ruach Elohim | Vaj Ntsuj Plig | Critical | Tabernacle and Presence | 31 | Inherited |
| 5 | Glory | kavod | lub yeeb koob | Low | Tabernacle and God’s Presence | 15, 24, 33, 40 | Inherited |
| 6 | Sin (act & condition) | chata / avon / pesha | txhaum / kev txhaum | High | Deliverance from Bondage to Sin | 32, 34 | Inherited |
| 7 | Law (Mosaic/Divine) | torah | Txoj Kevcai (ntawm Vajtswv / Mauxes) | Critical | The Mosaic Covenant and Law | 18, 20-24 | Inherited |
| 8 | Grace / favor | chen | txiaj ntsim | Critical | Character and Name of God | 33, 34 | Inherited |
| 9 | Mercy | rachamim | txoj kev khuv leej | Medium | Character and Name of God | 34 | Inherited |
| 10 | Love (steadfast love) | chesed | kev hlub | Low | Character and Name of God | 34 | Inherited |
| 11 | Truth / faithfulness | emet | qhov tseeb | Low | Character and Name of God | 34 | Inherited |
| 12 | Wrath of God | aph / chemah | kev npau taws ntawm Vajtswv | High | Deliverance from Bondage to Sin; Passover | 12, 32 | Inherited |
| 13 | Redemption | ga’al / padah | kev txhiv | Medium | The Exodus as Redemption | 6, 13, 30 | Inherited |
| 14 | Salvation / save | yeshu’ah | kev cawm dim / cawm | High | The Exodus as Redemption | 14, 15 | Inherited |
| 15 | Worship/serve (cultic) | avad | pehawm / pab teev | High | Deliverance from Bondage to Sin | 8, 9, 10 | Inherited |
| 16 | Idol | pesel / massekhah | dab mlom | High | Holiness and Fear of the Lord | 20, 32 | Inherited |
| 17 | Hardening | chazaq (lev) | lub siab tawv | Medium | Election echoed via Pharaoh | 4-14 | Inherited |
| 18 | Servant/Slave | eved | qhev | High | The Exodus as Redemption | 1, 21 | Inherited |
| 19 | Promise | (covenant oath to patriarchs) | lus cog tseg | Low | The Exodus as Redemption | 2, 6 | Inherited |
| 20 | Firstfruits | reshit / bikkurim | thawj phaus qoob loo | Low-Medium | Mosaic Covenant and Law | 23, 34 | Inherited |
| 21 | Propitiation / Atoning Cover | kapporet (LXX hilastērion) | qhov theej txhoj kev txhaum | Critical | Passover and Substitutionary Atonement | 25 | Inherited |
| 22 | Priestly Minister (metaphorical) | — | tus ua haujlwm pab Vajtswv | Medium | (distinct from literal priest, see §B) | — | Inherited, used cautiously |
| 23 | Kingdom of God | — | lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Vajtswv | Low | Mosaic Covenant and Law | 19 | Inherited (adapted) |
| 24 | Sanctification / holy | qadash / qodesh | kev raug ua kom dawb huv / dawb huv | High | Holiness and the Fear of the Lord | 3, 13, 15, 19, 25, 26, 33, 40 | Inherited |
| 25 | Creation | (six days YHWH made) | tej uas raug tsim los | Low | Mosaic Covenant and Law | 20 | Inherited |
| 26 | Witness / testimony | edut | tus timkhawv | Low | Mosaic Covenant and Law | 20, 25 | Inherited |
| 27 | Scripture | (written tablets, later corpus) | Vaj Lug Kub | Low | Mosaic Covenant and Law | 24 | Inherited |
| 28 | Living sacrifice / offering (fij domain) | olah / zevach | khoom fij uas muaj txoj sia nyob (ethic) / lub thaj fij (altar) | High | Tabernacle; Holiness | 27, 35 | Inherited |
| 29 | Power | koach / oz | Vajtswv hwjchim | High | The Exodus as Redemption | 6, 9, 14, 15 | Inherited |
| 30 | Election / choose | bachar / segullah | kev xaiv (Vajtswv xaiv raws li nws lub siab nyiam) | Critical | Mosaic Covenant and Law | 19 | Inherited |
| 31 | Obedience of faith (pattern) | shama | kev mloog lus ntawm kev ntseeg | Medium | Mosaic Covenant and Law | 39 | Inherited |
| 32 | Faith/believe | aman | kev ntseeg / ntseeg | Medium | Moses as Mediator; general | 4, 14 | Inherited |
| 33 | Nations/Gentiles | (mixed multitude analog) | lwm Haiv Neeg | Low | The Exodus as Redemption | 12 | Inherited |
B. New Terms Introduced in This Curriculum (Exodus-Specific — Pending TM-Revision Review)
| # | English Term | Hebrew (Translit.) | Hmong Rendering (Proposed) | Risk | Doctrine(s) | Chapters | Status | Reason for New Entry |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 34 | I AM WHO I AM (divine self-existent name) | Ehyeh asher Ehyeh | Kuv Yog Tus Kuv Yog | Critical | Character and Name of God | 3 | New | No Romans TM equivalent exists; risks assimilation to invocational spirit-names if mishandled |
| 35 | Covenant | berit | kev cog lus / phau ntawv cog lus | Critical | Mosaic Covenant and Law | 6, 19, 24, 34 | New | Distinct, more binding relational-legal category than “promise” (lus cog tseg); no dedicated Romans TM entry |
| 36 | Passover (the feast/rite itself) | Pesach | Kevcai Hla Dhau | Critical | Passover and Substitutionary Atonement | 12 | New | Shares kevcai root collision identical to the Law term; core-passage anchor term |
| 37 | Passover lamb | seh | menyuam yaj (Kevcai Hla Dhau) | Medium | Passover and Substitutionary Atonement | 12 | New | Comprehension gap (sheep unfamiliar); risk of assimilation to shamanic animal-appeasement offerings |
| 38 | Blood | dam | cov ntshav | High | Passover and Substitutionary Atonement | 12, 24 | New | Ritual blood significance in Hmong shamanic/ancestral practice; must retain substitutionary, once-for-all sense |
| 39 | Unblemished / without defect | tamim | tsis muaj chaw phem / zoo tag nrho tsis muaj ib qho phem | Medium | Passover and Substitutionary Atonement | 12 | New | Typologically load-bearing (Christ’s sinlessness); comprehension gap |
| 40 | Unleavened bread | matzot | ncuav tsis xyaw keeb | Low-Medium | Passover and Substitutionary Atonement | 12, 13 | New | Comprehension gap only |
| 41 | Leaven | se’or / chametz | keeb | Low-Medium | Passover and Substitutionary Atonement | 12, 13 | New | Comprehension gap only |
| 42 | Bitter herbs | merorim | zaub iab | Low | Passover and Substitutionary Atonement | 12 | New | Comprehension gap only |
| 43 | Doorposts / lintel | mezuzot / mashqoph | ncej qhov rooj / tus ncej saud | Medium | Passover and Substitutionary Atonement | 12 | New | Concrete ritual-marking imagery, apotropaic-practice collision noted |
| 44 | Destroyer | ha-mashchit | tus muab kev puas tsuaj los | High | Passover and Substitutionary Atonement | 12 | New | Risk of conflation with an autonomous evil spirit (dab phem); must be subordinated explicitly to YHWH’s judgment |
| 45 | Firstborn | bekhor | tus thawj tub / tus me tub hlob thawj | Medium | The Exodus as Redemption; Passover | 4, 11-13 | New | Positive cultural bridge, but judgment/redemption pairing needs teaching |
| 46 | Sign | ot | lub cim | Medium | Passover; Mosaic Covenant | 12, 31 | New | Comprehension-level; distinguishes accomplished evidence from ongoing merit |
| 47 | Statute forever / perpetual ordinance | chuqqat olam | kevcai nyob mus ib txhis rau txhua tiam | Medium | Passover and Substitutionary Atonement | 12 | New | Establishes Passover’s permanence, later reinterpreted (not abolished) in Christ |
| 48 | Feast / festival | chag | kev noj haus rau tus Tswv | Low-Medium | Passover; Mosaic Covenant | 12, 23 | New | Joyful corporate worship framing |
| 49 | Fear of God (reverent awe) | yare’ Elohim | hwm thiab ntshai Vajtswv | High | Holiness and the Fear of the Lord | 1, 19 | New | Same verb root as fear of malevolent spirits (ntshai dab); must be taught as trust-filled reverence, not dread |
| 50 | Angel of the LORD | mal’akh YHWH | tus Timtswv ntawm tus Tswv | High | Character and Name of God; Moses as Mediator | 3, 23 | New | Risk of conflation with independent spirit-intermediaries (dab) |
| 51 | Holy ground / holy place | admat qodesh / miqdash | thaj chaw dawb huv | High | Holiness and the Fear of the Lord | 3, 15, 26 | New | Extends dawb huv ritual-purity collision to physical space |
| 52 | Staff/rod (of Moses) | matteh | tus pas nrig | Medium | Moses as Mediator and Deliverer | 4 | New | Risk of assimilation to shamanic ritual implements |
| 53 | Outstretched arm / mighty hand | zeroa netuyah / yad chazaqah | tus caj npab muaj zog / txhais tes muaj hwjchim | High | The Exodus as Redemption | 6 | New | Reuses mandatory “Vajtswv hwjchim” qualifier discipline |
| 54 | Signs and wonders | otot u-moftim | tej cim thiab tej txuj ci tseem ceeb | Medium | The Exodus as Redemption | 7 | New | Comprehension-level formula |
| 55 | Plague | nega / magephah | kev txom nyem loj / mob kis | Medium-High | Deliverance from Bondage to Sin | 7-11 | New | Risk of being read as generic spirit-caused misfortune rather than targeted judgment |
| 56 | Pillar of cloud and fire | ammud anan / ammud esh | tus ncej huab / tus ncej cub nyiaj | Low-Medium | Tabernacle and God’s Presence | 13 | New | Comprehension gap only |
| 57 | Manna | man | Mana | Low | Deliverance from Bondage to Sin (provision) | 16 | New | Comprehension gap only |
| 58 | Sabbath | Shabbat | Hnub Xanpeb | Low | Mosaic Covenant and Law | 16, 20, 31, 35 | New | Established loanword pattern |
| 59 | Statutes and laws | chuqqim / torot | kevcai thiab lus qhia | Medium | Mosaic Covenant and Law | 18 | New | Anticipates fixed “Txoj Kevcai” term |
| 60 | Judges (civil office) | shoftim | cov txiav txim plaub | Medium | Mosaic Covenant and Law | 18 | New | Parallels Romans 13 governing-authority discussion |
| 61 | Treasured possession | segullah | (folded into kev xaiv formula) | Critical | Mosaic Covenant and Law | 19 | New (reuses Inherited #30) | Reinforces mandatory volitional election clause |
| 62 | Kingdom of priests / holy nation | mamlekhet kohanim / goy qadosh | lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm cov Pov Thawj / haiv neeg dawb huv | High | Mosaic Covenant and Law; Tabernacle | 19 | New | Combines holiness collision with new priesthood term |
| 63 | Ten Commandments | aseret ha-devarim | Kaum Txoj Kevcai (ntawm Vajtswv) | Critical | The Mosaic Covenant and Law | 20 | New (extends Inherited #7) | Inherits full Law-term qualifier discipline |
| 64 | Covet | chamad | ntshaw | Medium | Mosaic Covenant and Law | 20 | New | Quoted directly in Romans 7:7 |
| 65 | Eye for eye (lex talionis) | ayin tachat ayin | ib qhov muag pauj ib qhov muag | Low-Medium | Mosaic Covenant and Law | 21 | New | Establishes judicial proportionality |
| 66 | Sojourner / resident alien | ger | tus qhua neeg txawv teb chaws nyob ua ke | Low | Mosaic Covenant and Law | 22 | New | Distinct from “nations/Gentiles” |
| 67 | Widow and orphan | almanah ve-yatom | poj ntsuam thiab menyuam ntsuag | Low | Mosaic Covenant and Law | 22 | New | Reinforces God’s character as defender of the vulnerable |
| 68 | Covenant blood | dam ha-berit | cov ntshav ntawm txoj kev cog lus | High | Mosaic Covenant and Law | 24 | New (compound of #35, #38) | Direct NT Last-Supper typological link |
| 69 | Tabernacle / dwelling place | mishkan | Lub Tsev Ntaub (Sib Ntsib) | Medium | The Tabernacle and God’s Presence | 25, 33 | New | Comprehension gap; distinguish from household spirit-shrine |
| 70 | Ark of the Covenant | aron ha-berit | Lub Thawv Cog Lus | Medium-High | The Tabernacle and God’s Presence | 25 | New | Structural parallel to ancestral altar objects |
| 71 | Cherubim | keruvim | cov Khelunpees | Medium-High | The Tabernacle and God’s Presence | 25 | New | Risk of conflation with spirit-guardian beings |
| 72 | Veil / Most Holy Place | parokhet / qodesh ha-qodashim | daim ntaub thaiv / thaj chaw dawb huv tshaj plaws | High | The Tabernacle and God’s Presence | 26 | New | Extends holiness/access-gradation teaching |
| 73 | Altar | mizbeach | lub thaj fij | High | The Tabernacle and God’s Presence; Holiness | 27 | New | Reuses fij sacrificial-offering collision |
| 74 | Priest (literal Aaronic office) | kohen | tus Pov Thawj | Critical | Moses as Mediator; The Tabernacle | 28, 29 | New | Direct collision with the permanently forbidden txiv neeb (shaman) role |
| 75 | High priest | kohen ha-gadol | tus Tuam Pov Thawj | Critical | Moses as Mediator; The Tabernacle | 28 | New (extends #74) | Same collision as #74 |
| 76 | Ephod / breastplate / Urim & Thummim | ephod / choshen / Urim ve-Tummim | tsoos tsho pov thawj / lub npuas siab / Uli thiab Thumi | High | The Tabernacle and God’s Presence | 28 | New | Risk of conflation with divination practices |
| 77 | Ordination / consecration (priestly) | millu’im | kev tsa ua Pov Thawj | High | Moses as Mediator; The Tabernacle | 29 | New (extends #74) | Same collision as #74 |
| 78 | Anointing oil | shemen ha-mishchah | roj pleev | Medium | Character and Name of God (typology) | 29, 30 | New | Positive bridge to Yexus Khetos (“Anointed One”) |
| 79 | Incense | qetoret | roj tsw qab hlawv fij | High | The Tabernacle and God’s Presence | 30 | New | Near-daily concrete collision with ancestor/household-spirit incense practice |
| 80 | Atonement money | kesef ha-kippurim | nyiaj txhiv | Medium | Passover and Substitutionary Atonement (echo) | 30 | New | Reinforces economic-legal redemption metaphor |
| 81 | Tent of meeting | ohel mo’ed | Lub Tsev Ntaub Sib Ntsib | Medium | The Tabernacle and God’s Presence | 33 | New (variant of #69) | Precursor structure to the completed Tabernacle |
| 82 | God’s presence / face | panai | Vajtswv lub ntsej muag / Vajtswv qhov chaw nrog nraim | Medium-High | The Tabernacle and God’s Presence | 33 | New | Central to Presence doctrine |
| 83 | Moses’s shining face | qaran or panav | Mauxes lub ntsej muag ci ntsa iab | Low-Medium | Moses as Mediator and Deliverer | 34 | New | Visible evidence of glory-transfer through mediation |
| 84 | Willing heart (freewill giving) | nediv lev | lub siab zoo pub dawb | Low-Medium | The Tabernacle and God’s Presence | 35 | New | Anticipates Romans 12:1 living-sacrifice ethic |
| 85 | Moses’s intercession | wayechal Mosheh | Mauxes thov Vajtswv rau cov pejxeem | Medium | Moses as Mediator and Deliverer | 32 | New | Typological anticipation of Christ’s intercession |
C. Terms Requiring Mandatory Coordinated Qualifier Enforcement (extends 12_ai_translation_requirements.md §2.2)
The following new Exodus terms must be treated with the same structural, non-optional qualifier discipline already mandated for the Romans baseline’s flagged terms, per the escalation pattern in §2.2 of 12_ai_translation_requirements.md:
| Bare Form (forbidden unqualified) | Mandatory Qualified Form | Reason |
|---|---|---|
Kevcai Hla Dhau presented without the “once-for-all historical institution, annually commemorated, not repeatable protection-ritual” teaching note | Always paired with explicit non-apotropaic teaching note | Prevents assimilation to Hmong household protective/spirit-warding customs |
tus Pov Thawj (priest) presented without explicit contrast to txiv neeb | Always paired with the mandatory catechetical note: God-appointed mediator by instruction, never negotiator with spirits | Direct, named collision inherited from Romans TM #12’s permanent prohibition |
roj tsw qab hlawv fij (incense) presented without naming its object (Vajtswv) | Always stated with explicit object, parallel to the mandatory pehawm Vajtswv pattern | Same structural discipline as the existing pehawm qualifier rule |
dawb huv (holy) applied to ground, objects, or the tabernacle without the “God’s presence sanctifies, not ritual technique” note | Always paired with that explicit teaching note | Extends the existing Critical/High dawb huv collision already logged for sanctification |
cov ntshav (blood) in any Passover or covenant context without the “once-for-all substitution, not magical/apotropaic” note | Always paired with that explicit teaching note | Prevents assimilation to shamanic blood-ritual or protective-marking practices |
Kuv Yog Tus Kuv Yog (I AM WHO I AM) presented without distinguishing self-existent divine identity from an invocable spirit-name | Always paired with explicit non-invocational teaching note | Extends the Romans baseline’s forbidden “hu” (ritual spirit-summoning) pattern |
D. Escalation Note
All Critical-risk new terms in Section B (#34 I AM WHO I AM, #35 Covenant, #36 Passover, #63 Ten Commandments, #74/#75 Priest/High Priest) require mandatory human theologian review before publication, with no automated-review bypass, consistent with the routing rule in assets/doctrine_risk_registry.json and 12_ai_translation_requirements.md §9. All High-risk new terms require human theologian review as well, per the same routing rule’s treatment of named, specific collision risks (as opposed to generic comprehension gaps). This glossary itself must be logged as a TM-revision request against the baseline Romans Hmong Language Package.
Critical Risk Terms
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Vaj Ntsuj Plig
Transliteration: ruach Elohim
Doctrine: The Tabernacle and God’s Presence
Rejected alternatives: bare ntsuj plig (no Vaj prefix) — rejected, denotes an animistic wandering human soul
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Mandatory ‘Vaj’ prefix at every occurrence, including Exodus 31:3 (Bezalel filled with the Spirit of God for tabernacle craftsmanship).
Law Mosaic Divine
Approved rendering: Txoj Kevcai (ntawm Vajtswv / Mauxes)
Transliteration: torah
Doctrine: The Mosaic Covenant and Law
Rejected alternatives: bare ‘Txoj Kevcai’ without qualifier — rejected, collapses into kev cai dab qhuas (ancestral spirit-worship customs)
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Exodus is the direct narrative source of this term (chs. 18-24); qualifier mandatory without exception, including in section headers/quiz stems.
Grace
Approved rendering: txiaj ntsim
Transliteration: chen
Doctrine: The Character and Name of God (I AM)
Rejected alternatives: koob hmoov (fortune/blessing tied to fate and ritual correctness) — PERMANENTLY FORBIDDEN
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Central to Exodus 33:12-17 and the 34:6-7 character formula; kept lexically distinct from mercy (see below).
Propitiation Atoning Sacrifice
Approved rendering: qhov theej txhoj kev txhaum
Transliteration: kapporet (LXX: hilastērion)
Doctrine: Passover and Substitutionary Atonement
Rejected alternatives: transliterated loanword — rejected, opaque, bare ‘qhov theej’ without qualifying clause — rejected
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged — mandatory exact reuse. This is the mercy seat (25:17-22), the physical OT referent behind Romans 3:25’s hilastērion; the single most important intertextual bridge in the whole curriculum.
Election Choose
Approved rendering: kev xaiv (Vajtswv xaiv raws li nws lub siab nyiam)
Transliteration: bachar / segullah
Doctrine: The Mosaic Covenant and Law
Rejected alternatives: hmoov (impersonal fate/fortune) vocabulary — PERMANENTLY FORBIDDEN
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Anchors Israel’s ‘treasured possession’ status (19:5); mandatory volitional clause never dropped.
I Am Who I Am
Approved rendering: Kuv Yog Tus Kuv Yog
Transliteration: Ehyeh asher Ehyeh
Doctrine: The Character and Name of God (I AM)
Rejected alternatives: Hebrew transliteration ‘Ehyeh asher Ehyeh’ alone — rejected, doctrinally inert to a Hmong hearer with no explanatory value, dropping the phrase’s self-referential structure — rejected, flattens self-existent being into a mere proper name
NEW ENTRY — no Romans TM precedent. God’s self-disclosure at the burning bush (Exod 3:14), root of YHWH. MUST never be taught/footnoted as an invocable ritual spirit-name granting power when spoken correctly (parallels the Romans baseline’s forbidden ‘hu’ ritual-summoning pattern). Mandatory first-use footnote and non-invocational teaching note at every occurrence. Requires human theologian review before permanent adoption.
Covenant
Approved rendering: kev cog lus
Transliteration: berit
Doctrine: The Mosaic Covenant and Law
Rejected alternatives: lus cog tseg (promise) used interchangeably — rejected, flattens Sinai’s mutual, structured, blood-ratified obligation into a unilateral pledge
NEW ENTRY — no dedicated Romans TM entry exists. Covers berit at 6:4-5, 19:5, 24:7-8, 34:10,27-28. Must remain lexically distinct from ‘lus cog tseg’ at every occurrence. Requires human theologian review before permanent adoption.
Passover
Approved rendering: Kevcai Hla Dhau
Transliteration: Pesach
Doctrine: Passover and Substitutionary Atonement
Rejected alternatives: transliterated loanword (‘Pexas’ style) — rejected, would forfeit the descriptive ‘passing over/sparing’ sense the text itself explains (12:13)
NEW ENTRY — core-passage anchor term (Exod 12:1-14). Shares the kevcai root with kev cai dab qhuas (spirit-worship customs), the identical Critical collision documented for Txoj Kevcai. MUST always be taught as a unique, historically singular, divinely instituted memorial ordinance — never an ongoing ritual technique for securing protection. Requires human theologian review before permanent adoption.
Ten Commandments
Approved rendering: Kaum Txoj Kevcai (ntawm Vajtswv)
Transliteration: aseret ha-devarim
Doctrine: The Mosaic Covenant and Law
NEW ENTRY, extends law_mosaic_divine. Inherits the full Critical-risk qualifier discipline; the ‘(ntawm Vajtswv)’ qualifier must never be dropped, even in headers/titles. Requires human theologian review.
Priest
Approved rendering: tus Pov Thawj
Transliteration: kohen
Doctrine: The Tabernacle and God’s Presence
Rejected alternatives: txiv neeb (shaman) — PERMANENTLY FORBIDDEN, would directly conflate God-appointed sacrificial mediation with shamanic spirit-negotiation
NEW ENTRY. The closest functional Hmong analogue (txiv neeb) is permanently forbidden per the Romans baseline’s TM #12 prohibition, applying with even greater force here since Exodus describes an actual priesthood performing actual sacrifices. Mandatory contrast note required at every occurrence. Requires human theologian review.
High Priest
Approved rendering: tus Tuam Pov Thawj
Transliteration: kohen ha-gadol
Doctrine: The Tabernacle and God’s Presence
Rejected alternatives: txiv neeb vocabulary — PERMANENTLY FORBIDDEN
NEW ENTRY, extends ‘priest’. Same collision and handling; later fulfilled/superseded by Christ (Hebrews). Requires human theologian review.
Treasured Possession
Approved rendering: Vajtswv xaiv raws li nws lub siab nyiam
Transliteration: segullah
Doctrine: The Mosaic Covenant and Law
Rejected alternatives: hmoov (fate) vocabulary — PERMANENTLY FORBIDDEN
NEW ENTRY, folds into election_choose. Direct expression of God’s sovereign election of a people (19:5); must retain the mandatory volitional clause.
High Risk Terms
Wrath Of God
Approved rendering: kev npau taws ntawm Vajtswv
Transliteration: aph / chemah
Doctrine: Deliverance from Bondage to Sin
Rejected alternatives: unqualified ‘npau taws’ associated only with capricious spirit/ancestor anger — rejected without explicit contrast teaching
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Applies to judgment on Egypt (12:12) and on Israel’s golden-calf apostasy (32:10); righteous/judicial, averted only through the substitute (Passover blood) or Moses’s intercession, never ritual appeasement.
Idol
Approved rendering: dab mlom
Transliteration: pesel / egel massekhah
Doctrine: Holiness and the Fear of the Lord
Rejected alternatives: generic ‘statue’ softening — rejected
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Applies to the Second Commandment (20:4) and the golden calf (ch.32), the paradigmatic OT idolatry case Paul depends on in Romans 1:23.
Salvation Save
Approved rendering: kev cawm dim / cawm
Transliteration: yeshu’ah
Doctrine: The Exodus as Redemption
Rejected alternatives: unanchored ‘dim’ (escape) parallel to shamanic ua neeb soul-rescue — rejected without explicit YHWH-anchoring
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. This is the paradigmatic OT salvation event (14:13, 15) grounding the Romans TM entry; must anchor explicitly to YHWH as sole, named, direct agent.
Worship Serve Cultic
Approved rendering: pehawm / pab teev
Transliteration: avad
Doctrine: Deliverance from Bondage to Sin
Rejected alternatives: bare, unanchored pehawm — FORBIDDEN, identical verb used for pehawm dab
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged, mandatory qualifier enforced. Anchors the recurring refrain ‘let my people go, that they may serve/worship me’ (5:1, 8:1, 9:1, 9:13, 10:3) — deliverance FROM serving Pharaoh IN ORDER TO serve YHWH.
Servant Slave Doulos
Approved rendering: qhev
Transliteration: eved
Doctrine: The Exodus as Redemption
Rejected alternatives: koom tes (co-worker/partner) — rejected softening
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Here renders literal historical chattel servitude (chs. 1, 21, eved Ivri) — a clean, non-metaphorical fit that supplies the literal referent behind Paul’s later voluntary bondservant metaphor; must be taught as distinct from that later devotional use.
Power
Approved rendering: hwjchim
Transliteration: koach / oz
Doctrine: The Exodus as Redemption
Rejected alternatives: bare, unqualified hwjchim — FORBIDDEN, identical to a shaman’s ritual power
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Always qualified ‘Vajtswv hwjchim’; direct forerunner of the dynamis motif in Romans 1:16, grounded historically in the plagues/Exodus (chs. 6, 9, 14, 15).
Sin Act And Condition
Approved rendering: txhaum / kev txhaum
Transliteration: chata / avon / pesha
Doctrine: Deliverance from Bondage to Sin
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Applies to the golden-calf apostasy (ch.32); must be taught as covenant-breaking rebellion, not a merely reparable social/ritual fault.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: kev raug ua kom dawb huv
Transliteration: qadash / qodesh
Doctrine: Holiness and the Fear of the Lord
Rejected alternatives: treating dawb huv as a repeatable ritual-cleansing state — rejected
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Recurs at the highest density of any collision point in Exodus (3:5, 13:2, 15:11, 19:6, chs. 25-26, 33, 40); every occurrence requires the ‘God’s presence sanctifies, not ritual technique’ teaching note.
Living Sacrifice
Approved rendering: khoom fij uas muaj txoj sia nyob
Transliteration: (fij-domain application; cf. olah/zevach)
Doctrine: The Tabernacle and God’s Presence
Rejected alternatives: unqualified ‘fij’ identical to offering language for ancestors/spirits — rejected without explicit framing
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Reused alongside ‘lub thaj fij’ (altar) below; both reuse the fij sacrificial-offering root flagged in the Romans baseline.
Blood
Approved rendering: cov ntshav
Transliteration: dam
Doctrine: Passover and Substitutionary Atonement
NEW ENTRY. Applied to the doorposts (12:7,13,22-23) and the covenant (24:8). Ritually significant in Hmong shamanic/ancestral practice (animal sacrifice, apotropaic household blood-marking); MUST be taught as the sign of a completed, once-for-all substitutionary death, never a magical/apotropaic substance effective in itself.
Destroyer
Approved rendering: tus muab kev puas tsuaj los
Transliteration: ha-mashchit
Doctrine: Passover and Substitutionary Atonement
Rejected alternatives: dab phem (evil spirit) vocabulary — rejected, would introduce an autonomous supernatural agent
NEW ENTRY. Executes the tenth-plague judgment (12:23); must always be taught/rendered as an instrument fully subordinate to YHWH’s sovereign judgment, never acting apart from or against God’s will.
Fear Of God
Approved rendering: hwm thiab ntshai Vajtswv
Transliteration: yare’ Elohim
Doctrine: Holiness and the Fear of the Lord
Rejected alternatives: bare ntshai alone — rejected, identical to fear of malevolent spirits (ntshai dab)
NEW ENTRY. Exemplified by the midwives (1:17) and Israel at Sinai (20:18-20). Mandatory fixed collocation with hwm (honor/reverence); must be taught as trust-filled awe grounded in prior redemption, never appeasement-seeking dread.
Angel Of The Lord
Approved rendering: tus Timtswv ntawm tus Tswv
Transliteration: mal’akh YHWH
Doctrine: Moses as Mediator and Deliverer
NEW ENTRY. Appears at the burning bush (ch.3) and as guide (ch.23); risk of conflation with independent spirit-intermediaries (dab); must be taught as God’s own self-manifestation, fully identified with and subordinate to YHWH alone.
Holy Ground Place
Approved rendering: thaj chaw dawb huv
Transliteration: admat qodesh / miqdash
Doctrine: Holiness and the Fear of the Lord
NEW ENTRY. First occurrence at the burning bush (3:5); extends the dawb huv collision to physical space; must be taught as space made holy by God’s own presence, not ritual technique.
Outstretched Arm Mighty Hand
Approved rendering: tus caj npab muaj zog / txhais tes muaj hwjchim
Transliteration: zeroa netuyah / yad chazaqah
Doctrine: The Exodus as Redemption
NEW ENTRY. Recurrent idiom (ch.6) describing the manner of Exodus redemption; reuses the mandatory ‘Vajtswv hwjchim’ qualifier discipline.
Kingdom Of Priests Holy Nation
Approved rendering: lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm cov Pov Thawj / haiv neeg dawb huv
Transliteration: mamlekhet kohanim / goy qadosh
Doctrine: The Mosaic Covenant and Law
NEW ENTRY. Combines the dawb huv holiness collision with the new priesthood term (19:6); foundational to Tabernacle and Holiness doctrines.
Covenant Blood
Approved rendering: cov ntshav ntawm txoj kev cog lus
Transliteration: dam ha-berit
Doctrine: The Mosaic Covenant and Law
NEW ENTRY, compound of blood + covenant. Directly quoted by Jesus at the Last Supper (Matt 26:28); inherits the blood-ritual collision requiring the once-for-all, non-apotropaic teaching note.
Veil Most Holy Place
Approved rendering: daim ntaub thaiv / thaj chaw dawb huv tshaj plaws
Transliteration: parokhet / qodesh ha-qodashim
Doctrine: The Tabernacle and God’s Presence
NEW ENTRY. Extends the dawb huv access-gradation collision; theologically anticipates the veil torn at Christ’s death (Matt 27:51).
Altar
Approved rendering: lub thaj fij
Transliteration: mizbeach
Doctrine: The Tabernacle and God’s Presence
NEW ENTRY. Reuses the fij sacrificial-offering root; must be taught as the sole legitimate place of Israel’s sacrificial worship, contrasted with household spirit-altars (thaj xwm kab, thaj pehawm dab).
Ephod Breastplate Urim Thummim
Approved rendering: tsoos tsho pov thawj / lub npuas siab / Uli thiab Thumi
Transliteration: ephod / choshen / Urim ve-Tummim
Doctrine: The Tabernacle and God’s Presence
NEW ENTRY. Real risk of conflation with divination practices; must be taught as a regulated, revelation-seeking practice under God’s own institution, not autonomous fortune-telling.
Ordination Consecration Priestly
Approved rendering: kev tsa ua Pov Thawj
Transliteration: millu’im
Doctrine: The Tabernacle and God’s Presence
NEW ENTRY, reuses ‘priest’ collision. Establishes that priestly authority is conferred by God’s prescribed ritual, not self-claimed shamanic charisma.
Incense
Approved rendering: roj tsw qab hlawv fij
Transliteration: qetoret
Doctrine: The Tabernacle and God’s Presence
NEW ENTRY. Near-daily concrete collision with ancestor/household-spirit incense practice (hlawv rau dab, rau xwm kab); must always be stated with its explicit object (‘rau tus Tswv’), parallel to the mandatory pehawm Vajtswv discipline.
Trembling Theophanic Fear
Approved rendering: ceeb ceeb thiab hwm Vajtswv
Transliteration: charad
Doctrine: Holiness and the Fear of the Lord
NEW ENTRY. Physical trembling at Sinai (19:16, 20:18); must distinguish reverent creaturely fear before the true God from casual familiarity or capricious spirit-dread.
Majestic In Holiness
Approved rendering: muaj yeeb koob thiab dawb huv kawg nkaus
Transliteration: ne’dar ba-qodesh
Doctrine: Holiness and the Fear of the Lord
NEW ENTRY. Song of Moses confession (15:11) combining glory and holiness in a single worship statement.
Glory Filled Tabernacle
Approved rendering: Vajtswv lub yeeb koob puv nkaus Lub Tsev Ntaub
Transliteration: kevod YHWH male et-ha-mishkan
Doctrine: The Tabernacle and God’s Presence
NEW ENTRY. The narrative and theological climax of Exodus (40:34-38); requires the same dawb huv/spirit-house disambiguation teaching established for chs. 3, 25, 26.
Mediator
Approved rendering: tus sawv nruab nrab ntawm Vajtswv thiab nws haiv neeg
Transliteration: (descriptive; no single Hebrew lexical head — cf. Moses’s role throughout)
Doctrine: Moses as Mediator and Deliverer
Rejected alternatives: stretching ‘tus Tub Txib’ (apostle/sent-one) to cover this sense — rejected, that term carries commissioning, not interstitial-standing, sense, txiv neeb (shaman) vocabulary — forbidden
NEW ENTRY — identified gap in analysis/06_linguistic_gap_analysis.md §2.1; no Romans-baseline term captures this office/function. Requires formal TM-revision submission and human theologian review before permanent adoption.
Bondage Labor
Approved rendering: kev ua qhev
Transliteration: avodah
Doctrine: Deliverance from Bondage to Sin
NEW ENTRY, reuses servant_slave_doulos root. Establishes the condition from which redemption is needed (the ‘house of bondage,’ 20:2); must be distinguished in teaching from Paul’s later voluntary devotional use of qhev.
Gods Of Egypt
Approved rendering: tej dab mlom ntawm cov Iziv
Transliteration: elohei Mitzrayim
Doctrine: Deliverance from Bondage to Sin
NEW ENTRY, reuses idol/dab mlom root. Must be taught as YHWH’s decisive victory over rival spiritual claims (12:12), directly relevant to Hmong traditional religion’s own array of spirits.
Judgments Against Egypt
Approved rendering: kev txiav txim
Transliteration: shefatim
Doctrine: Deliverance from Bondage to Sin
NEW ENTRY, ties to wrath_of_god. Legal/forensic language against Egypt’s gods (12:12) — righteous judicial verdict, not capricious spirit-anger.
Medium Risk Terms
Mercy
Approved rendering: txoj kev khuv leej
Transliteration: rachamim
Doctrine: The Character and Name of God (I AM)
Rejected alternatives: txiaj ntsim used interchangeably for mercy — rejected, mercy and grace are theologically distinct emphases
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Densely converges with grace, love, and truth at Exodus 34:6-7 and must remain lexically distinct from txiaj ntsim.
Redemption
Approved rendering: kev txhiv
Transliteration: ga’al / padah
Doctrine: The Exodus as Redemption
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Exodus supplies the literal historical referent (ch.6 kinsman-redemption; ch.13, 30 firstborn ransom) behind the metaphorical NT usage; requires consistent anchoring to God as price-payer.
Hardening
Approved rendering: lub siab tawv
Transliteration: chazaq / kaved (lev)
Doctrine: Deliverance from Bondage to Sin
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Renders Pharaoh’s hardened heart (4:21, 7:3, 9:34, 14:8) — the very narrative Paul quotes in Romans 9:17-18; identical rendering across both books is doctrinally essential.
Priestly Minister
Approved rendering: tus ua haujlwm pab Vajtswv
Transliteration: leitourgos
Doctrine: The Tabernacle and God’s Presence
Rejected alternatives: txiv neeb (shaman) vocabulary — forbidden
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged, used cautiously. Deliberately distinct from ‘tus Pov Thawj’ (literal Aaronic priest, below), since Exodus describes an actual cultic office with sacrifices, not a metaphor.
Faith Believe
Approved rendering: kev ntseeg / ntseeg
Transliteration: aman
Doctrine: Moses as Mediator and Deliverer
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Applies to Israel’s belief in Moses’s signs (4:1-9) and 14:31.
Obedience Of Faith
Approved rendering: kev mloog lus ntawm kev ntseeg
Transliteration: shama
Doctrine: The Mosaic Covenant and Law
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Ties to the recurring refrain ‘as the LORD commanded Moses’ (ch.39-40).
Apostle
Approved rendering: tus Tub Txib
Transliteration: apostolos (applied by extension)
Doctrine: Moses as Mediator and Deliverer
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Applied by loose extension to Moses’s sent-deliverer role; does not fully capture the distinct ‘mediator’ concept — see new ‘mediator’ entry below.
Passover Lamb
Approved rendering: menyuam yaj (Kevcai Hla Dhau)
Transliteration: seh
Doctrine: Passover and Substitutionary Atonement
NEW ENTRY. Sheep are not a familiar highland Hmong livestock animal (comprehension gap); must be taught explicitly as a divinely-appointed substitute, not a generic livestock offering, to avoid assimilation into shamanic animal-appeasement offerings.
Unblemished
Approved rendering: tsis muaj chaw phem / zoo tag nrho tsis muaj ib qho phem
Transliteration: tamim
Doctrine: Passover and Substitutionary Atonement
Rejected alternatives: flattened to ‘healthy animal’ — rejected, loses typological perfection sense
NEW ENTRY. Foreshadows Christ ‘without blemish or spot’ (1 Pet 1:19); must retain the sense of total, examined perfection.
Doorposts Lintel
Approved rendering: ncej qhov rooj / tus ncej saud ntawm qhov rooj
Transliteration: mezuzot / mashqoph
Doctrine: Passover and Substitutionary Atonement
NEW ENTRY. Applying a substance to a house’s entrance parallels Hmong protective/apotropaic household customs; must be taught together with ‘blood’ as a one-time, historically unique sign, not a repeatable charm.
Firstborn
Approved rendering: tus thawj tub / tus me tub hlob thawj
Transliteration: bekhor
Doctrine: Passover and Substitutionary Atonement
NEW ENTRY. Object of both judgment (Egypt, 12:12) and consecration/redemption (Israel, ch.13); the judgment-then-redemption pairing needs explicit teaching.
Sign
Approved rendering: lub cim
Transliteration: ot
Doctrine: Passover and Substitutionary Atonement
NEW ENTRY. The Passover blood (12:13), later the Sabbath (31:13); comprehension-level, distinguishes accomplished evidence from ongoing merit.
Statute Forever
Approved rendering: kevcai nyob mus ib txhis rau txhua tiam
Transliteration: chuqqat olam
Doctrine: Passover and Substitutionary Atonement
NEW ENTRY. Must be taught as later reinterpreted, not abolished, in Christ (1 Cor 5:7).
Staff Rod Moses
Approved rendering: tus pas nrig
Transliteration: matteh
Doctrine: Moses as Mediator and Deliverer
NEW ENTRY. Risk of assimilation to shamanic ritual implements (txiv neeb paraphernalia); every occurrence must explicitly tie the action to YHWH’s prior spoken command (4:2-5, 7:19, 14:16), never to the staff’s inherent power.
Signs And Wonders
Approved rendering: tej cim thiab tej txuj ci tseem ceeb
Transliteration: otot u-moftim
Doctrine: Moses as Mediator and Deliverer
NEW ENTRY. Fixed formula validating YHWH’s power and Moses’s commission through the plague narrative.
Statutes And Laws
Approved rendering: kevcai thiab lus qhia
Transliteration: chuqqim ve-torot
Doctrine: The Mosaic Covenant and Law
NEW ENTRY. Anticipates the fixed Txoj Kevcai term (ch.18).
Judges Civil Office
Approved rendering: cov txiav txim plaub
Transliteration: shoftim
Doctrine: The Mosaic Covenant and Law
NEW ENTRY. Parallels Romans 13’s governing-authority discussion; positive bridge via Hmong clan-council judicial mediation, but must be distinguished from ancestral kevcai religious custom.
Covet
Approved rendering: ntshaw
Transliteration: chamad
Doctrine: The Mosaic Covenant and Law
NEW ENTRY. Directly quoted by Paul in Romans 7:7 as the Law’s exposure of internal, heart-level sin (20:17).
Tabernacle
Approved rendering: Lub Tsev Ntaub (Sib Ntsib)
Transliteration: mishkan
Doctrine: The Tabernacle and God’s Presence
Rejected alternatives: bare transliteration of ‘mishkan’ — rejected, opaque
NEW ENTRY. Comprehension gap; requires careful distinguishing from a household spirit-shrine (thaj xwm kab).
Anointing Oil
Approved rendering: roj pleev
Transliteration: shemen ha-mishchah
Doctrine: The Character and Name of God (I AM)
NEW ENTRY. Positive typological bridge to Yexus Khetos (‘Anointed One’); low collision risk, though a brief distinguishing note from folk-healing oil-anointing is advisable.
Atonement Money
Approved rendering: nyiaj txhiv
Transliteration: kesef ha-kippurim
Doctrine: Passover and Substitutionary Atonement
NEW ENTRY. Ties the kaphar/atonement word-family to an economic-legal redemption transaction (30:11-16).
Tent Of Meeting
Approved rendering: Lub Tsev Ntaub Sib Ntsib
Transliteration: ohel mo’ed
Doctrine: The Tabernacle and God’s Presence
NEW ENTRY, variant of ‘tabernacle’. Precursor structure (33:7-11) where ‘the LORD spoke to Moses face to face.‘
Moses Intercession
Approved rendering: Mauxes thov Vajtswv rau cov pejxeem
Transliteration: wayechal Mosheh
Doctrine: Moses as Mediator and Deliverer
NEW ENTRY. Moses pleads for the sinning people after the golden calf (32:11-14), turning aside God’s wrath; typologically anticipates Christ’s intercession.
Low Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: Vajtswv
Transliteration: Elohim
Doctrine: The Character and Name of God (I AM)
Rejected alternatives: Ntuj (impersonal sky/heaven) — rejected, lacks personal deity sense, dab (spirit) — rejected, denotes false/lesser spirit
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Stable across both books.
Lord
Approved rendering: tus Tswv
Transliteration: YHWH (Adonai in reading tradition)
Doctrine: The Character and Name of God (I AM)
Rejected alternatives: Yehauvas (NWT/sectarian divine-name substitution) — PERMANENTLY FORBIDDEN
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Must render every occurrence of YHWH in Exodus for consistency across the whole canon; divine-name substitution is permanently forbidden.
Jesus Christ
Approved rendering: Yexus Khetos
Transliteration: Iēsous Christos (typological anchor: mashiach, ‘Anointed One’)
Doctrine: The Character and Name of God (I AM)
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Typological bridge via anointing oil (Exod 29-30, shemen ha-mishchah).
Love
Approved rendering: kev hlub
Transliteration: chesed (steadfast love)
Doctrine: The Character and Name of God (I AM)
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Renders chesed in the Exodus 34:6-7 character formula.
Truth
Approved rendering: qhov tseeb
Transliteration: emet
Doctrine: The Character and Name of God (I AM)
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Renders emet (‘faithfulness/truth’) in the Exodus 34:6-7 character formula.
Promise
Approved rendering: lus cog tseg
Transliteration: (patriarchal covenant oath, recalled 2:24, 6:8)
Doctrine: The Exodus as Redemption
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. ‘God remembered his covenant’ (2:24) establishes Exodus as fulfillment of the patriarchal promise already logged in Romans; must remain distinct from the new ‘covenant’ (kev cog lus) entry below — promise is unilateral, covenant is mutual/structured.
Glory
Approved rendering: lub yeeb koob
Transliteration: kavod
Doctrine: The Tabernacle and God’s Presence
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Climactically fills the Tabernacle (40:34-38); combined with dawb huv at 15:11.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Vajtswv
Transliteration: (adapted for mamlekhet kohanim, 19:6)
Doctrine: The Mosaic Covenant and Law
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Base term reused within ‘lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm cov Pov Thawj’ (kingdom of priests, 19:6).
Nations Gentiles
Approved rendering: lwm Haiv Neeg
Transliteration: (cf. erev rav, mixed multitude)
Doctrine: The Exodus as Redemption
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Reused with descriptive clause for the ‘mixed multitude’ who left Egypt with Israel (12:38).
Witness
Approved rendering: tus timkhawv
Transliteration: edut
Doctrine: The Mosaic Covenant and Law
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Applies to the tablets/ark as ‘ark of the testimony’ (edut).
Scripture
Approved rendering: Vaj Lug Kub
Transliteration: (written tablets, later corpus)
Doctrine: The Mosaic Covenant and Law
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged.
Creation
Approved rendering: tej uas raug tsim los
Transliteration: (six days YHWH made, cf. 20:11)
Doctrine: The Mosaic Covenant and Law
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Grounds the Sabbath commandment’s rationale (20:11).
Bitter Herbs
Approved rendering: zaub iab
Transliteration: merorim
Doctrine: Passover and Substitutionary Atonement
NEW ENTRY. Stable descriptive term; no collision.
Manna
Approved rendering: Mana
Transliteration: man
Doctrine: Deliverance from Bondage to Sin
NEW ENTRY. Transliteration preserves cross-textual recognizability (John 6 typology); comprehension gap only.
Sabbath
Approved rendering: Hnub Xanpeb
Transliteration: Shabbat
Doctrine: The Mosaic Covenant and Law
NEW ENTRY. Established loanword pattern consistent with existing Hmong Christian usage (chs. 16, 20, 31, 35).
Sojourner Resident Alien
Approved rendering: tus qhua neeg txawv teb chaws nyob ua ke
Transliteration: ger
Doctrine: The Mosaic Covenant and Law
NEW ENTRY. Distinct from ‘lwm Haiv Neeg’ (nations/Gentiles); grounds social ethics in Israel’s own remembered bondage in Egypt (22:21).
Widow And Orphan
Approved rendering: poj ntsuam thiab menyuam ntsuag
Transliteration: almanah ve-yatom
Doctrine: The Mosaic Covenant and Law
NEW ENTRY. Vulnerable persons under special divine protection (22:22-24); reinforces God’s character as defender of the vulnerable.
Blot Out Of The Book
Approved rendering: rho kuv tawm hauv koj phau ntawv
Transliteration: mecheni na mi-sifrekha
Doctrine: Moses as Mediator and Deliverer
NEW ENTRY. Moses’s self-substitutionary offer, not accepted (32:32); previews substitutionary self-offering themes.
Taskmasters
Approved rendering: cov thawj coj yuam ua haujlwm
Transliteration: sarei missim
Doctrine: Deliverance from Bondage to Sin
NEW ENTRY. Human agents of oppression (ch.1), contrasted with God’s deliverer Moses.
Congregation Of Israel
Approved rendering: lub koom haum Yixalayees / cov pejxeem Yixalayees
Transliteration: adat Yisrael
Doctrine: Passover and Substitutionary Atonement
NEW ENTRY. The whole covenant people addressed corporately regarding Passover instructions (12:3); redemption is corporate, not merely individual.
Mixed Multitude
Approved rendering: lwm Haiv Neeg uas nrog tawm
Transliteration: erev rav
Doctrine: The Exodus as Redemption
NEW ENTRY, reuses nations_gentiles base term. Anticipates later inclusion of ‘other nations’ (12:38).
Land Of Egypt
Approved rendering: teb chaws Iziv
Transliteration: eretz Mitzrayim
Doctrine: The Exodus as Redemption
NEW ENTRY. Stable proper-name transliteration; the setting of bondage from which redemption occurs.
Low-Medium Risk Terms
Firstfruits
Approved rendering: thawj phaus qoob loo / cov ua ntej
Transliteration: reshit / bikkurim
Doctrine: The Mosaic Covenant and Law
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Applies to the Feast of Harvest (23:16, 34:22).
Unleavened Bread
Approved rendering: ncuav tsis xyaw keeb
Transliteration: matzot
Doctrine: Passover and Substitutionary Atonement
NEW ENTRY. Comprehension gap only (unfamiliar baking category), no collision.
Leaven
Approved rendering: keeb
Transliteration: se’or / chametz
Doctrine: Passover and Substitutionary Atonement
NEW ENTRY. Comprehension gap only.
Feast Festival
Approved rendering: kev noj haus rau tus Tswv
Transliteration: chag
Doctrine: Passover and Substitutionary Atonement
NEW ENTRY. Joyful corporate worship response to accomplished redemption, not somber ritual debt-payment.
Pillar Of Cloud And Fire
Approved rendering: tus ncej huab / tus ncej cub nyiaj
Transliteration: ammud anan / ammud esh
Doctrine: The Tabernacle and God’s Presence
NEW ENTRY. Comprehension gap only; previews the Tabernacle/Glory doctrine.
Eye For Eye
Approved rendering: ib qhov muag pauj ib qhov muag
Transliteration: ayin tachat ayin
Doctrine: The Mosaic Covenant and Law
NEW ENTRY. Establishes measured, judicial proportionality restraining private vengeance (21:24).
Moses Shining Face
Approved rendering: Mauxes lub ntsej muag ci ntsa iab
Transliteration: qaran or panav
Doctrine: Moses as Mediator and Deliverer
NEW ENTRY. Visible evidence of glory-transfer through covenant mediation (34:29-35); anticipates 2 Corinthians 3.
Willing Heart
Approved rendering: lub siab zoo pub dawb
Transliteration: nediv lev
Doctrine: The Tabernacle and God’s Presence
NEW ENTRY. Voluntary, joyful generosity in the freewill offerings (35:5,21-29); anticipates Romans 12:1’s living-sacrifice ethic.
Medium-High Risk Terms
Plague
Approved rendering: kev txom nyem loj / mob kis
Transliteration: nega / magephah
Doctrine: Deliverance from Bondage to Sin
NEW ENTRY. Risk of being read as generic misfortune attributable to appeased/unappeased spirits; must retain the forensic, targeted-judgment sense against Egypt’s specific idolatry (12:12), not random disaster.
Ark Of The Covenant
Approved rendering: Lub Thawv Cog Lus
Transliteration: aron ha-berit
Doctrine: The Tabernacle and God’s Presence
NEW ENTRY, uses ‘covenant’ term. Structurally comparable to a Hmong ancestral altar/shrine object; must be taught as the meeting-place appointed for the living covenant God, not an ancestor-veneration object.
Cherubim
Approved rendering: cov Khelunpees
Transliteration: keruvim
Doctrine: The Tabernacle and God’s Presence
Rejected alternatives: descriptive ‘spirit guardians’ translation — rejected, invites conflation with Hmong guardian-spirit concepts
NEW ENTRY. Must be taught as God’s own created heavenly attendants, not independent spirit-beings to be venerated or feared in themselves.
Gods Presence Face
Approved rendering: Vajtswv lub ntsej muag / Vajtswv qhov chaw nrog nraim
Transliteration: panai
Doctrine: The Tabernacle and God’s Presence
NEW ENTRY. Central to Moses’s plea (33:15); God’s manifest, personal, accompanying presence, not merely general omnipresence or a static shrine-presence.