Core Glossary
2 Samuel — Core Glossary (Hmong Language Package)
Legend — Risk tiers (identical definitions to the Romans baseline, bible_term_registry.json):
- Critical — doctrinally load-bearing term with a strong, specific collision with Hmong traditional religion that could invert/neutralize the doctrine if unaddressed.
- High — real potential for confusion with a specific traditional-religious concept; manageable with a documented disambiguating strategy.
- Medium — partial semantic mismatch/comprehension gap, no direct collision with a competing religious system.
- Low — stable, safe rendering, minimal ambiguity.
Terms marked (Baseline-reused) are fixed Romans-package TM entries reused verbatim per the enforcement rule; terms marked (NEW) are surfaced in this 2 Samuel analysis and proposed for TM-revision review. Proper names are marked (Proper name — provisional).
Part A — Baseline Terms Reused Verbatim in 2 Samuel
| English Term | Original (Heb./transliteration) | Hmong Rendering (fixed) | Risk | Doctrine(s) | Chapters | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | Elohim | Vajtswv | Low | All | all | Baseline-reused, unchanged. |
| LORD (title) | Adonai / YHWH | tus Tswv (generic) / tus TSWV (personal-name convention, §1) | Low–Medium | All | all | Baseline lord entry extended with capitalization convention for the divine name YHWH; see 07_semantic_analysis §1 v.1. |
| Holy Spirit / Spirit of the LORD | Ruach YHWH | Vaj Ntsuj Plig | Critical | 1, 4 | 23 | Baseline-reused, unchanged; mandatory Vaj-prefix rule applies. |
| human spirit/soul | ruach (anthropological) | ntsuj plig | High | 4 | (latent, not directly lexicalized in narrative but governs the Vaj-prefix contrast) | Baseline-reused; kept lexically distinct from Holy Spirit entry. |
| Servant (honorific, “my servant David”) | ebed | qhev | High | 1, 3 | 7, 8, throughout | Baseline-reused, unchanged; catechetical note on honored bondservice applies with extra force to a royal referent. |
| Promise | (content of a covenant pledge) | lus cog tseg | Low | 1, 5 | 7, 9, 23 | Baseline-reused; distinct from the newly-coined berith/covenant-making term (Part B). |
| Sin (act & condition) | chata / avon / pesha | txhaum / kev txhaum | High | 2, 3 | 11, 12, 13, 21 | Baseline-reused, unchanged. |
| Mercy | (compassion toward the miserable) | txoj kev khuv leej | Medium | 4 | 9, 19 | Baseline-reused; kept distinct from grace and from the new chesed term (Part B). |
| Hope | (confident expectation grounded in promise) | kev cia siab | Low | 1, 5 | 7, 22, 23 | Baseline-reused. |
| Endurance | (patient perseverance) | kev ua siab ntev | Low | 3, 4 | 15, 16, 18 | Baseline-reused. |
| Worship/Serve (cultic) | (object-anchored cultic devotion) | pehawm / pab teev | High | 4 | 6 | Baseline-reused; must always carry pehawm Vajtswv object-anchor, esp. for the ch.6 dance term (Part B). |
| Power | (God’s might, never bare) | hwjchim (always Vajtswv hwjchim) | High | 1, 6 | 7 (LORD of hosts) | Baseline-reused. |
| Salvation / Save | (rescue/deliverance) | kev cawm dim / cawm | High | 4, 5 | 22 | Baseline-reused; note OT-general vs. NT-Christ-specific anchoring distinction (see 07_semantic_analysis ch.22). |
| Election / Choose | (God’s personal, sovereign designation) | kev xaiv (Vajtswv xaiv raws li nws lub siab nyiam) | Critical | 1, 6 | 7 (background for nagid) | Baseline-reused; underlies but is not identical to nagid (Part B). |
| Adoption as sons | huiothesia-parallel (covenant sonship) | raug muab coj los ua me tub (ntawm Vajtswv) | Medium | 1, 5 | 7:14 | Baseline-reused; OT root of this NT category. |
| Redemption | (price-payment deliverance) | kev txhiv | Medium | 4 | 14 (contrasted with blood-avenger) | Baseline-reused; kept distinct from go'el ha-dam (Part B). |
| Propitiation / Atoning Sacrifice | hilastērion-parallel | qhov theej txhoj kev txhaum | Critical | 2 | 21, 24 (contrasted) | Baseline-reused; explicitly NOT to be conflated with OT kipper/altar terms (Part B) — Christ’s atonement is unique and sufficient. |
| Living Sacrifice | thysia zōsa-parallel | khoom fij uas muaj txoj sia nyob | High | 3, 4 | 8, 24 (background) | Baseline-reused; governs disambiguation strategy for new fij-domain terms in Part B. |
| Heir | klēronomos-parallel | tus qub txeeg qub teg | Low | 1, 5 | 7:12 (background for zera) | Baseline-reused. |
| Glory | doxa-parallel | lub yeeb koob | Low | All | 7, 22 | Baseline-reused. |
| Kingdom of God | basileia tou theou | lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Vajtswv | Low | 5 | (background; NOT identical to mamlakah, Part B) | Baseline-reused; distinguished from David’s historical-political mamlakah. |
| Love | agapē-parallel | kev hlub | Low | 4 | throughout | Baseline-reused; distinct from the Critical new chesed term (Part B). |
| Truth | alētheia-parallel | qhov tseeb | Low | All | throughout | Baseline-reused. |
| Father (God) / Son of God | patēr / huios theou | Leej Txiv / Leej Tub ntawm Vajtswv | Low | 1, 5 | 7:14 (background) | Baseline-reused; OT root at 7:14 must be distinguished from Christ’s unique Sonship, see 07_semantic_analysis. |
Part B — New Terms Surfaced in 2 Samuel (Proposed for TM-Revision Review)
| # | English Term | Hebrew / Transliteration | Literal Meaning | Hmong Rendering (proposed) | Risk | Doctrine(s) | Chapters | Translation Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | House (dynastic/temple wordplay) | בַּיִת / bayit | ”house” | lub tsev (+ dynastic qualifier cuab kwv tij / keeb kwm, or temple qualifier rau Vajtswv lub npe as context requires) | High | 1 | 7, 12 (consequence), throughout | Central chapter-7 wordplay (temple vs. dynasty); Hmong tsev naturally spans house/family but dynasty and temple senses must be disambiguated by co-text glosses at every occurrence. |
| 2 | LORD’s Anointed / Anointed King (messianic title-family) | מָשִׁיחַ / mashiach | ”anointed one” (with oil) | tus uas raug Vajtswv tsa thiab pleev roj | Critical | 5 | 1, 2, 7 (background), 23 | Direct root of NT “Christ” (Khetos); collides with Hmong folk Huab Tais messianic-king expectation of an ethnic-national political liberator — mandatory contrast-teaching toward Christ’s spiritual, global, eternal reign required at every occurrence. |
| 3 | Prophet | נָבִיא / nabi | ”one who is called/announces” | tus cev Vajtswv Lo Lus | High | 1, 5 | 7, 12, throughout | Risk of assimilation to the shamanic txiv neeb (spirit-medium) role; must be taught as a passive recipient/transmitter of God’s own word, never a negotiator with unseen powers. |
| 4 | Ark of God / Ark of the Covenant | אֲרוֹן הָאֱלֹהִים / aron ha’elohim | ”chest of God” | Lub Phij Xab Cog Lus (ntawm Vajtswv) | Critical | 1, 4 | 6, 7 | Direct collision with Hmong ancestral/spirit-altar objects (thaj, spirit tablets); must be taught as the sign of the historical Mosaic covenant, never an independently venerated or ritually-offered-to object. |
| 5 | Word of the LORD (spoken oracle) | דְּבַר־יהוה / devar YHWH | ”word of YHWH” | Vajtswv tej lus (spoken oracle, distinct from Vaj Lug Kub, written canon) | Medium | 1 | 7, 12 (background) | Comprehension-level distinction between spoken prophetic oracle and the fixed canonical-writings baseline term. |
| 6 | Prince / designated ruler | נָגִיד / nagid | ”one designated/out front” | tus uas raug Vajtswv tsa ua thawj coj | Medium | 1, 6 | 7 | Distinct from melek (reigning king); emphasizes divine designation — teach alongside baseline election_choose, never with hmoov (fate) vocabulary. |
| 7 | Kingdom (Davidic/Israelite, historical-political) | מַמְלָכָה / mamlakah | ”royal dominion” | lub nceeg vaj (ntawm Yixalayees) | Critical | 1, 5 | 7, throughout | Highest-risk term in the book: collision with Hmong Huab Tais folk-messianic ethnic-kingdom expectation; must be explicitly distinguished from the baseline lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Vajtswv and consistently taught toward fulfillment in Christ’s spiritual reign. |
| 8 | Throne | כִּסֵּא / kisse | ”royal seat” | lub zwm txwv | High | 1, 5 | 7, 23 | Inherits the mamlakah collision risk; “throne of David” must always be taught with explicit reference to Christ (Luke 1:32-33), never left as a bare promise of restored earthly political rule. |
| 9 | Forever / everlasting (of throne/kingdom) | עַד־עוֹלָם / ad olam | ”unto perpetuity” | mus ib txhis (extends baseline eternal_life idiom) | Low-Medium | 1 | 7, 23 | Must not be domesticated into “a very long dynasty” per ordinary ANE royal rhetoric; teach as literally unending, Christ-fulfilled. |
| 10 | Discipline / chasten (within unbroken covenant) | יָסַר / yasar | ”correct through correction” | qhuab qhia thiab rau txim | High | 3, 4 | 7:14 | Must be distinguished from Hmong ancestral/spirit punishment-for-ritual-transgression (which signals broken relationship needing ritual repair); here discipline occurs within an unbreakable covenant bond. |
| 11 | Steadfast love / lovingkindness | חֶסֶד / chesed | ”loyal covenant love” | txoj kev hlub ruaj khov (raws li tej lus cog tseg) | Critical | 1, 4 | 7:15, 9, 22, 23 | THE central term of Doctrine 4; must be kept distinct from both grace/txiaj ntsim and mercy/txoj kev khuv leej; specific collision risk with Hmong reciprocal, conditional clan-loyalty obligation — God’s chesed is unilateral and unconditional, unlike clan mutual-aid. Mandatory human theologian review at every occurrence. |
| 12 | Made sure / established (covenant certainty) | נֶאְמָן / ne’eman | ”firm, faithful, trustworthy” | ruaj khov, ntseeg tau | Low-Medium | 1, 4 | 7:16 | Comprehension-level; reinforce alongside chesed and mamlakah/kisse as part of one unified promise. |
| 13 | Covenant (formal binding agreement/pact) | בְּרִית / berith | ”binding agreement” | kev cog lus (nrog kev cog tseg ua pov thawj); climactic form kev cog lus mus ib txhis (everlasting covenant) | Critical | 1 | 3, 5, 7 (implicit), 23 | The formal theological label “Davidic Covenant” traces to this term, explicit at 23:5; keep terminologically identical from its human-political sense (ch.3, Abner) through to its climactic divine-unilateral sense (ch.23), so the throughline is visible; carries full mamlakah/Huab Tais collision weight at its climactic occurrence (23:5). |
| 14 | Dance/leap (in worship) | רָקַד / raqad | ”to dance, leap about” | seev cev pehawm tus TSWV | High | 4 | 6 | Risk of merging with shamanic ecstatic trance-dance (ua neeb); must be explicitly taught as joyful praise directed to God, not spirit-communication technique. |
| 15 | Dedicate/consecrate (spoils, offerings) | קָדַשׁ / qadash | ”set apart as holy” | muab fij/cai rau Vajtswv, ua kom dawb huv rau Vajtswv | Medium | 3, 4 | 8, 24 (background) | Reuses flagged fij vocabulary; mark as devotional dedication, not atonement or shamanic votive offering. |
| 16 | Adultery | נָאַף / na’aph | ”commit adultery” | kev deev luag poj luag txiv | Medium | 2 | 11 | Comprehension-level; Hmong customary law recognizes this wrong even under permitted polygamy; teach the added dimension of royal power-imbalance. |
| 17 | Murder (premeditated killing) | הָרַג / harag | ”to kill” | kev tua neeg (npaj tseg) | Medium | 2, 3 | 11 | Distinguish from legitimate battlefield death. |
| 18 | Sin-confession / Repentance | חָטָאתִי לַיהוה / chatati la-YHWH (“I have sinned against the LORD”) | “I have sinned against YHWH” | kev lees paub txhaum thiab tig hlo rov qab rau Vajtswv | High | 2 | 12 | No single Hebrew abstract noun for “repentance” in this passage; must be taught as God-ward heart-turning, not completion of a ritual-restitution sequence (inherits the baseline sin_act_and_condition caution). |
| 19 | Forgive / carry away (sin) | נָשָׂא / nasa | ”to lift, carry, bear away” | zam txim | High | 2, 4 | 12, 19 | Gap identified: no dedicated “forgiveness” entry existed in the Romans-baseline TM; proposed new permanent entry. Teach as God’s sovereign gracious act (parallel to txiaj ntsim), never automatic upon completed social-ritual apology, and never conflated with qhov theej txhoj kev txhaum (the ground vs. the application of forgiveness). |
| 20 | Consequence within the covenant family (“the sword shall not depart from your house”) | (thematic, ties to bayit) | — | Rab ntaj yuav tsis ncaim koj tsev neeg mus li | Medium | 3, 4 | 12 | Must be taught jointly with Doctrine 4 so consequence and unbroken chesed-love are held together, not read as contradictory. |
| 21 | Violate / force (sexual assault) | עִנָּה (piel) / ‘anah | ”to afflict, force” | kev quab yuam ua txhaum kev sib deev | High | 3 | 13 | Sensitive term; must not be minimized via the reparable-social-fault framing already cautioned against for sin_act_and_condition; requires dignified, victim-honoring register. |
| 22 | Avenger of blood (kinsman institution) | גֹּאֵל הַדָּם / go’el ha-dam | ”redeemer/kinsman of blood” | tus kwv tij uas yuav tsum pauj taus ntshav | Medium | 3 | 14 | Positive clan-obligation resonance; must be kept distinct from the baseline kev txhiv (gospel redemption) term. |
| 23 | Conspiracy / rebellion | קֶשֶׁר / qesher; מָרַד / marad | ”binding-together (against)”; “to revolt” | kev tuam tsov ntxeev, kev fav xeeb | Medium | 3 | 15, 20 | Political/comprehension-level; teach alongside Doctrine 3, not as isolated political narrative. |
| 24 | Wisdom | חָכְמָה / chokmah | ”wisdom, skill” | kev txawj ntse | Low | — | 14, 20 | Reuses existing Hmong word from baseline merism entry; stable. |
| 25 | Atone / make atonement (national bloodguilt, retributive) | כָּפַר / kipper | ”to cover, wipe away, appease” | kev theej txim rau tej ntshav uas raug tua | Critical | 2, 3 | 21 | Must be kept lexically and doctrinally DISTINCT from the baseline qhov theej txhoj kev txhaum (Christ’s unique atonement); collides with Hmong traditional sacrificial appeasement of ancestral/nature spirits to avert calamity. Mandatory human theologian review. |
| 26 | Rock / Fortress / Shield / Horn of Salvation (deliverance metaphor cluster) | צוּר / tsur; מְצֻדָה / metsudah; מָגֵן / magen; קֶרֶן יֶשַׁע / qeren yesha | ”rock”; “stronghold”; “shield”; “horn of salvation” | kuv lub pob zeb; kuv lub chaw ruaj khov; kuv daim thaiv; kub yaj kub uas cawm dim | High | 4 | 22 | Collides with Hmong nature-spirit veneration associated with rocks/mountains (dab roob, dab zoov); must be explicitly taught as figurative language for God’s character, not literal rock/mountain-spirit identification. |
| 27 | Everlasting covenant (climactic) | בְּרִית עוֹלָם / berith olam | ”covenant of perpetuity” | kev cog lus mus ib txhis | Critical | 1, 5 | 23 | Climactic naming of the Davidic Covenant; carries the full mamlakah/Huab Tais collision risk at maximum intensity since this verse is the most quotable standalone doctrinal proof-text. |
| 28 | Altar / Burnt offering | מִזְבֵּחַ / mizbeach; עוֹלָה / olah | ”place of slaughter”; “that which goes up (in smoke)“ | thaj rooj fij; khoom fij hlawv tag | Critical | 2, 3, 5 | 24 | Second-highest collision point in the book: phenomenologically close to Hmong household/village spirit-appeasement animal sacrifice; must be marked as type/anticipation fulfilled in Christ, never as efficacious ritual appeasement in itself. Mandatory human theologian review. |
Part C — Proper Names (Provisional Transliterations)
All entries in this section are flagged [TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED: proper-name transliteration, pending TM-revision] and are NOT to be treated as permanent pending formal review, per 12_ai_translation_requirements.md §2 rule 4.
| English Name | Provisional Hmong (RPA) | Chapters |
|---|---|---|
| David | Davi | throughout |
| Nathan | Nathaj | 7, 12 |
| Bathsheba | Npatseba | 11, 12 |
| Uriah | Uliyas | 11 |
| Joab | Yau-as | throughout |
| Absalom | Axaloos | 13–19 |
| Amnon | Amanoos | 13 |
| Tamar | Tama | 13 |
| Ahithophel | Ahithaufee | 15–17 |
| Shimei | Sime-i | 16, 19 |
| Mephibosheth | Mefinpauxes | 9, 19 |
| Saul | Xa-ulas | 1–4, 7 |
| Jonathan | Yaunathaj | 1, 9, 21 |
| Solomon | Xalumoos | 12 |
| Zion | Xi-oos | 5 |
| Jerusalem | Yeluxalees | 5, throughout |
Governing note: This glossary extends, and does not contradict, assets/translation_memory.json (Romans baseline). All Part A entries are reused verbatim. All Part B entries are proposed additions requiring formal TM-revision review before permanent adoption, per the escalation rules in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md §9. All Critical-risk entries in Part B require mandatory human theologian review before any Phase 2 content generation proceeds, consistent with the doctrine-routing convention established in assets/doctrine_risk_registry.json.
Critical Risk Terms
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Vaj Ntsuj Plig
Transliteration: Ruach YHWH / pneuma hagion
Doctrine: God’s Steadfast Love despite Human Failure
Rejected alternatives: bare ntsuj plig (no Vaj prefix) — rejected, denotes an animistic wandering human soul
Fixed collocation; ‘Vaj’ prefix mandatory at every occurrence, including the OT occurrence at 2 Sam 23:2 (‘the Spirit of the LORD spoke by me’), to mark the divine Person and distinguish from the multi-soul animistic concept (hu plig). Inherited from Romans package.
Election Choose
Approved rendering: kev xaiv (Vajtswv xaiv raws li nws lub siab nyiam)
Transliteration: eklogē / eklegomai (NT parallel; conceptual background, cf. bachar)
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Rejected alternatives: hmoov (impersonal fate/fortune) vocabulary — PERMANENTLY FORBIDDEN, collapses David’s divine designation into fatalism
Underlies but is not identical to the new ‘prince_designated_ruler_nagid’ term (2 Sam 7:8); David’s kingship originates entirely in God’s personal choice, never impersonal fortune. Inherited from Romans package.
Propitiation Atoning Sacrifice
Approved rendering: qhov theej txhoj kev txhaum
Transliteration: hilastērion (NT parallel)
Doctrine: David’s Sin and Repentance
Rejected alternatives: transliterated loanword — rejected, would be opaque and prevent needed contrast-teaching
Christ’s once-for-all, sufficient atonement; must never be conflated with the new OT-specific ‘atone_kipper_bloodguilt’ (ch.21) or ‘altar_burnt_offering’ (ch.24) terms, which are repeatable/national-scale OT acts, not the unique ground of forgiveness. Inherited from Romans package.
Grace
Approved rendering: txiaj ntsim
Transliteration: charis (NT parallel)
Doctrine: God’s Steadfast Love despite Human Failure
Rejected alternatives: koob hmoov (fortune/blessing tied to fate and ritual correctness) — PERMANENTLY FORBIDDEN for this sense
Referenced as background/contrast term in David’s prayer of humility (7:18-29, ‘who am I?’) and kept lexically distinct from the new Critical ‘steadfast_love_chesed’ and Medium ‘mercy’ entries even though all three cluster around the same doctrinal territory in this book. Inherited from Romans package.
Covenant Berith
Approved rendering: kev cog lus (nrog kev cog tseg ua pov thawj)
Transliteration: berith
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Rejected alternatives: transliterated loanword — rejected, would be doctrinally inert
NEW (2 Sam 3:12-21 human-political sense; 5:1-3; implicit throughout ch.7; climactic explicit naming at 23:5). Must be rendered terminologically identically from its ordinary political-treaty sense (Abner/David, ch.3) through to its climactic unilateral divine sense (23:5), so hearers can trace the throughline from a human political device to God’s own unbreakable, unilateral commitment. Deliberately NOT fenced apart lexically between the human and divine senses — the fence is temporal/contextual signposting, not lexical substitution. Proposed for TM-revision review, mandatory human theologian review at its climactic occurrence.
Everlasting Covenant Berith Olam
Approved rendering: kev cog lus mus ib txhis
Transliteration: berith olam
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Rejected alternatives: flattening to generic clan/lineage-continuity language — rejected, loses the covenant-permanence claim
NEW (2 Sam 23:5). The climactic, explicit naming of God’s unilateral, permanent covenant with David; the most quotable standalone doctrinal proof-text in the book, carrying the full mamlakah/Huab Tais collision at maximum intensity. Requires the heaviest available contrast-teaching toward fulfillment in Christ, never a restored earthly national throne. Mandatory human theologian review at every occurrence. Proposed for TM-revision review.
Kingdom Mamlakah
Approved rendering: lub nceeg vaj (ntawm Yixalayees)
Transliteration: mamlakah
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Rejected alternatives: identifying this term interchangeably with the baseline ‘lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Vajtswv’ (Kingdom of God) — forbidden, collapses David’s historical-political kingdom into the NT spiritual category without the required typological bridge
NEW (2 Sam 7 and throughout). The single most culturally dangerous collision in the entire book: direct collision with the Hmong folk Huab Tais (‘true king’) messianic-political expectation of a coming ethnic-Hmong king establishing a literal, this-worldly national kingdom, historically invoked in real Hmong millenarian/resistance movements. Must never appear without either (a) explicit co-text anchoring it as historical/past/Israel-specific, or (b) an explicit forward-pointer to Christ’s spiritual reign. Mandatory human theologian review at every occurrence. Proposed for TM-revision review.
Anointed One Mashiach
Approved rendering: tus uas raug Vajtswv tsa thiab pleev roj
Transliteration: mashiach
Doctrine: The Messianic Hope Rooted in David’s Line
Rejected alternatives: transliterated loanword competing with the fixed NT title ‘Yexus Khetos’ — rejected, would sever the term from its teachable root meaning and its typological connection to ‘Khetos’
NEW (2 Sam 1, applied to Saul; 2:4; 23:1). Direct root of the NT title ‘Christ’; collides with the Hmong folk Huab Tais ethnic-national deliverer-king expectation. Applied even to Saul, a rejected king, so must be taught carefully: anointing marks office, not guaranteed personal righteousness or perpetual favor — only David’s line (ch.7) receives the unconditional promise. Mandatory human theologian review at every occurrence. Proposed for TM-revision review.
Ark Of God
Approved rendering: Lub Phij Xab Cog Lus (ntawm Vajtswv)
Transliteration: aron ha’elohim
Doctrine: God’s Steadfast Love despite Human Failure
Rejected alternatives: dab mlom (idol) vocabulary — forbidden, fij-type appeasement-offering treatment of the Ark — forbidden, transliterated loanword — rejected, would evade rather than resolve the collision
NEW (2 Sam 6, 7:2). Direct collision risk with Hmong ancestral/spirit-altar objects (thaj, spirit tablets); must be taught as the sign of the historical, once-given Mosaic covenant, never an object of independent veneration or ritual manipulation. Uzzah’s death (6:6-7) must be taught as illustrating God’s own genuine holiness, not the Ark’s autonomous spirit-power. Mandatory human theologian review at every occurrence. Proposed for TM-revision review.
Altar Burnt Offering
Approved rendering: thaj rooj fij / khoom fij hlawv tag
Transliteration: mizbeach / olah
Doctrine: Consequences of Sin within the Covenant Family
Rejected alternatives: treating the altar/burnt offering as efficacious ritual appeasement in itself, parallel to Hmong household/village spirit-appeasement sacrifice — forbidden, borrowing the baseline’s ‘once-for-all, sufficient’ language reserved exclusively for Christ’s atonement — forbidden for this OT-specific term
NEW (2 Sam 24:25). David’s altar at Araunah’s threshing floor, ending the plague and prefiguring the future temple site; phenomenologically very close to Hmong traditional-religion animal sacrifice offered to appease ancestral/nature spirits. Must be marked as type/anticipation fulfilled in Christ, never as efficacious ritual appeasement in itself. Mandatory human theologian review. Proposed for TM-revision review.
Steadfast Love Chesed
Approved rendering: txoj kev hlub ruaj khov (raws li tej lus cog tseg)
Transliteration: chesed
Doctrine: God’s Steadfast Love despite Human Failure
Rejected alternatives: reciprocal Hmong clan-loyalty (kwv tij mutual-aid obligation) vocabulary — rejected, that obligation is conditional/forfeitable, whereas chesed toward David’s line is unilateral and unconditional (contrasted explicitly with Saul, v.15), flattening into txiaj ntsim (grace) or txoj kev khuv leej (mercy) — rejected, chesed uniquely adds covenant loyalty maintained despite the other party’s unfaithfulness
NEW (2 Sam 7:15; 9:1-13; 22; 23). THE central term of the Steadfast Love doctrine. Best narrative illustration: ch.9, Mephibosheth (‘a dead dog,’ 9:8) receiving chesed while structurally unable to reciprocate. Recommend a fixed short-form ‘kev hlub ruaj khov’ for repeated in-lesson use after a full first-occurrence gloss per module. Mandatory human theologian review at every occurrence. Proposed for TM-revision review.
Atone Kipper Bloodguilt
Approved rendering: kev theej txim rau tej ntshav uas raug tua
Transliteration: kipper
Doctrine: Consequences of Sin within the Covenant Family
Rejected alternatives: conflation with ‘propitiation_atoning_sacrifice’ (Christ’s unique atonement) — forbidden, presentation validating ongoing retributive human sacrifice as spiritually efficacious — forbidden
NEW (2 Sam 21:1-14). The single highest-risk term in the entire book: the execution of Saul’s descendants to remove bloodguilt and end a covenant-curse famine is phenomenologically almost identical to live Hmong ancestral/nature-spirit appeasement sacrifice (fij dab, fij xwm kab). Must never be taught as endorsing ritual killing-for-calamity-removal, and must never be conflated with Christ’s unique, sufficient atonement. Mandatory human theologian review and explicit contrast-teaching at every occurrence. Proposed for TM-revision review.
High Risk Terms
Human Spirit Soul
Approved rendering: ntsuj plig
Transliteration: ruach (anthropological)
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Rejected alternatives: Vaj Ntsuj Plig — forbidden for this referent, reserved exclusively for the Holy Spirit
Never capitalized/prefixed with ‘Vaj’; must remain lexically distinct from the Holy Spirit entry; latent governing term for the Vaj-prefix contrast rule throughout 2 Samuel. Inherited from Romans package.
Sin Act And Condition
Approved rendering: txhaum / kev txhaum
Transliteration: chata / avon / pesha
Doctrine: David’s Sin and Repentance
Hmong custom frames wrongdoing as reparable social/ritual fault; must be taught as objective, God-ward guilt-condition, reinforced with extra force at David’s confession (ch.12) and at the ‘avon’ of 7:14. Inherited from Romans package.
Worship Serve Cultic
Approved rendering: pehawm / pab teev
Transliteration: latreuō (NT parallel)
Doctrine: God’s Steadfast Love despite Human Failure
Rejected alternatives: bare, unanchored pehawm — FORBIDDEN, identical verb used for pehawm dab (ancestor/spirit veneration)
Object of pehawm must always be stated (‘pehawm Vajtswv’ / ‘pehawm tus TSWV’); governs the mandatory object-anchoring rule for the new ‘dance_worship_raqad’ term at 2 Sam 6. Inherited from Romans package.
Power
Approved rendering: hwjchim
Transliteration: dynamis (NT parallel; cf. gevurah/koach)
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Rejected alternatives: bare, unqualified hwjchim — FORBIDDEN, identical to a shaman’s (txiv neeb) ritual power
Always qualify as ‘Vajtswv hwjchim’; governs the disambiguation strategy for the new ‘lord_of_hosts’ compound title (2 Sam 7:8-9). Inherited from Romans package.
Salvation Save
Approved rendering: kev cawm dim / cawm
Transliteration: sōtēria / sōzō (NT parallel; cf. yesha/yashah)
Doctrine: God’s Steadfast Love despite Human Failure
Rejected alternatives: unanchored ‘dim’ (escape) parallel to shamanic soul-rescue — rejected without explicit anchoring
In 2 Samuel (esp. ch.22) anchored generally to the LORD as deliverer across David’s life, rather than the NT’s mandatory Yexus-Khetos-specific anchor; teach this OT-general vs. NT-specific distinction explicitly rather than forcing an anachronistic Christ-anchor onto every OT occurrence. Inherited from Romans package.
Living Sacrifice
Approved rendering: khoom fij uas muaj txoj sia nyob
Transliteration: thysia zōsa (NT parallel)
Doctrine: Consequences of Sin within the Covenant Family
Rejected alternatives: unqualified ‘fij’ identical to offering language for ancestors/spirits (fij dab, fij xwm kab) — rejected without explicit ethical-devotion framing
Governs the disambiguation discipline required for the new ‘dedicate_consecrate_qadash’ (ch.8) and ‘altar_burnt_offering’ (ch.24) terms in the crowded fij-domain neighborhood. Inherited from Romans package.
Servant Slave Doulos
Approved rendering: qhev
Transliteration: ebed (Hebrew parallel; doulos NT)
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Rejected alternatives: koom tes (co-worker/partner) — rejected softening, erases total-surrender force
Applied to ‘my servant David’ (7:5, 8:8 etc.) as a covenant-relational honorific of total devotion and belonging to God, not a term of degradation; the catechetical note distinguishing honored voluntary bondservice from literal chattel slavery is doubly important here because David is a king, not a social inferior. Inherited from Romans package.
House Dynasty Temple Bayit
Approved rendering: lub tsev (+ dynastic qualifier ‘cuab kwv tij / keeb kwm’ or temple qualifier ‘rau Vajtswv lub npe’ as context requires)
Transliteration: bayit
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Rejected alternatives: bare, unqualified lub tsev reused identically for every sense — rejected, collapses the chapter’s central wordplay/irony into mere building-talk
NEW (2 Sam 7, reused 2 Sam 12:10). Central chapter-7 wordplay term: physical dwelling / household / royal dynasty / temple. David wants to build God a house (temple); God instead promises to build David a house (dynasty) — this irony must be an explicit teaching point, not left implicit. Mandatory dynastic or temple qualifier required at every occurrence outside the plain physical-dwelling sense. Proposed for TM-revision review.
Throne Kisse
Approved rendering: lub zwm txwv
Transliteration: kisse
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Rejected alternatives: leaving ‘throne of David’ unqualified as a bare promise of restored earthly political rule — rejected
NEW (2 Sam 7:13,16; 23). Inherits the mamlakah collision; must always be paired with an explicit forward reference to Christ’s fulfillment (Luke 1:32-33) in every teaching unit quoting 7:13 or 7:16. Proposed for TM-revision review.
Prophet Nabi
Approved rendering: tus cev Vajtswv Lo Lus
Transliteration: nabi
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Rejected alternatives: txiv neeb (shaman/spirit-medium) vocabulary — FORBIDDEN, a biblical prophet receives and transmits God’s already-given word, never negotiates with unseen powers
NEW (2 Sam 7:2, 12; throughout). Risk of assimilation to the shamanic mediator role; must be taught as a passive recipient/transmitter of God’s own authoritative word. Proposed for TM-revision review.
Dance Worship Raqad
Approved rendering: seev cev pehawm tus TSWV
Transliteration: raqad
Doctrine: God’s Steadfast Love despite Human Failure
Rejected alternatives: unanchored seev cev (dance) with no explicit worship-object — rejected
NEW (2 Sam 6:14,16). Risk of merging with shamanic ecstatic trance-dance (ua neeb) performed to communicate/negotiate with spirits; must be explicitly taught as joyful praise directed to God, not a trance-state or spirit-communication technique. Deliberately co-textualized per the baseline pehawm object-anchoring rule. Proposed for TM-revision review.
Deliverance Metaphor Cluster
Approved rendering: kuv lub pob zeb / kuv lub chaw ruaj khov / kuv daim thaiv / kub yaj kub uas cawm dim
Transliteration: tsur / metsudah / magen / qeren yesha
Doctrine: God’s Steadfast Love despite Human Failure
Rejected alternatives: literal rock/mountain-spirit veneration framing (dab roob, dab zoov) — forbidden
NEW (2 Sam 22, = Psalm 18). Martial/geological deliverance-metaphor cluster celebrating God as David’s personal refuge and rescuer; collides with Hmong nature-spirit veneration of rocks and mountains. Must be explicitly taught as figurative language for God’s unshakeable character, never assimilated into literal rock/mountain-spirit identification. Proposed for TM-revision review.
Discipline Yasar
Approved rendering: qhuab qhia thiab rau txim
Transliteration: yasar
Doctrine: Consequences of Sin within the Covenant Family
Rejected alternatives: framing that implies broken relationship requiring ritual repair (the default Hmong ancestral/spirit punishment pattern) — rejected
NEW (2 Sam 7:14). Correction/instruction through correction, distinct from destructive rejection; must be taught as occurring WITHIN an unbreakable covenant bond (immediately followed by v.15’s unwavering chesed in the same oracle), not a threat of relational severance. Proposed for TM-revision review.
Repentance Chatati La Yhwh
Approved rendering: kev lees paub txhaum thiab tig hlo rov qab rau Vajtswv
Transliteration: chatati la-YHWH (‘I have sinned against the LORD’)
Doctrine: David’s Sin and Repentance
Rejected alternatives: treating repentance as completion of a self-administered social-ritual apology sequence — rejected, the Hmong cultural default
NEW (2 Sam 12:13). Hebrew has no single abstract noun for ‘repentance’ here; enacted through direct confession plus behavioral turning (fasting, prayer, 12:16). Fills a genuine gap in the Romans-baseline TM. Must be taught as God-ward heart-turning, not a completed ritual-restitution sequence; Nathan’s parable (12:1-7), which exposes David’s sin by prophetic surprise rather than inviting self-administered restitution, is the key textual safeguard. Proposed as a permanent new TM entry for future OT curricula; mandatory human theologian review.
Forgive Nasa
Approved rendering: zam txim
Transliteration: nasa (‘to lift, carry, bear away’)
Doctrine: David’s Sin and Repentance
Rejected alternatives: treating forgiveness as automatic upon completion of a social-ritual apology — rejected, conflating with ‘propitiation_atoning_sacrifice’ — rejected, this term denotes the application of forgiveness to a particular sinner, not the ground on which forgiveness is possible
NEW (2 Sam 12:13; 19). Gap identified: no dedicated ‘forgiveness’ entry existed anywhere in the Romans-baseline TM. Short, stable, already circulating in general Hmong Christian usage; must be taught as God’s sovereign, gracious act, paralleling but not identical to the baseline ‘grace’ entry. Proposed as a permanent new TM entry.
Sexual Violation Anah
Approved rendering: kev quab yuam ua txhaum kev sib deev
Transliteration: ‘anah (piel)
Doctrine: Consequences of Sin within the Covenant Family
Rejected alternatives: framing as a family ‘dispute’ or honor-shame episode centered on family reputation rather than the victim — rejected, reparable-social-fault minimization (already cautioned against for sin_act_and_condition generally) — rejected
NEW (2 Sam 13:14). Amnon’s sexual assault of Tamar; sensitive term requiring dignified, victim-honoring register; Tamar’s suffering must be the center of the teaching, not David’s or Absalom’s political fallout. Proposed for TM-revision review.
Medium Risk Terms
Mercy
Approved rendering: txoj kev khuv leej
Transliteration: eleos (NT parallel; cf. chanan/rachamim)
Doctrine: God’s Steadfast Love despite Human Failure
Rejected alternatives: txiaj ntsim (grace) used interchangeably for mercy — rejected, mercy and grace are theologically distinct emphases, txoj kev hlub ruaj khov (chesed) used interchangeably for mercy — rejected, chesed adds a unilateral covenant-loyalty dimension mercy alone does not carry
Compassion toward the miserable; kept lexically distinct from both grace and the new Critical chesed entry. Inherited from Romans package.
Adoption As Sons
Approved rendering: raug muab coj los ua me tub (ntawm Vajtswv)
Transliteration: huiothesia (NT parallel; conceptual background to ben, 7:14)
Doctrine: The Messianic Hope Rooted in David’s Line
OT root of this NT category at 2 Sam 7:14; risk is under-teaching the uniqueness of Christ’s Sonship versus this derivative covenantal sonship, not a collision. Inherited from Romans package.
Redemption
Approved rendering: kev txhiv
Transliteration: apolytrōsis (NT parallel)
Doctrine: Consequences of Sin within the Covenant Family
Kept distinct from the new ‘avenger_of_blood_goel_hadam’ term (ch.14), an ordinary legal-kinship institution never to be confused with Christ’s price-payment redemption. Inherited from Romans package.
Lord Personal Name Yhwh
Approved rendering: tus TSWV
Transliteration: YHWH
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Rejected alternatives: dab (spirit) vocabulary — forbidden, divine-name substitution (‘Yehauvas’) per NWT sectarian pattern — forbidden, per baseline §4 exclusion list
NEW — extends the baseline ‘lord’ entry with a typographic convention (capitalization: ‘tus TSWV’) to mark God’s personal covenant name YHWH, parallel to English ‘LORD’ vs. generic ‘Lord,’ since RPA has no case-based distinction. Requires explicit teaching since the convention carries no phonetic difference in spoken Hmong. Proposed for TM-revision review.
Lord Of Hosts
Approved rendering: tus TSWV uas kav tag nrho tej tub rog (saum ntuj ceeb tsheej)
Transliteration: YHWH tzevaot
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Rejected alternatives: bare hwjchim implying God is merely a stronger txiv-neeb-type spirit-commander — rejected
NEW (2 Sam 7:8-9). Compound title of sovereign military and cosmic supremacy; requires explicit monotheistic framing (no rival spirit-army exists) at first occurrence to prevent a competitive-supernatural-power misreading. Proposed for TM-revision review.
Covenantal Sonship Ben
Approved rendering: nws yuav ua leej tub rau Vajtswv (raug muab coj los ua me tub ntawm Vajtswv)
Transliteration: ben (7:14)
Doctrine: The Messianic Hope Rooted in David’s Line
Rejected alternatives: Leej Tub ntawm Vajtswv (the fixed baseline Christ-title) applied directly to Solomon/David’s heir — forbidden, would either inflate Solomon or diminish Christ’s unique Sonship
NEW (2 Sam 7:14). Legal/relational covenantal sonship granted to David’s heir (proximately Solomon), the OT root of the NT Father/Son title-family; must always carry a bridging teaching note toward its ultimate fulfillment in Christ while remaining visually/lexically distinct from the reserved Christ-title. Proposed for TM-revision review.
Prince Designated Ruler Nagid
Approved rendering: tus uas raug Vajtswv tsa ua thawj coj
Transliteration: nagid
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Rejected alternatives: hmoov (fate) vocabulary — rejected, same collision risk as baseline election_choose entry
NEW (2 Sam 7:8). Distinct from melek (reigning king); marks divine designation to rule rather than dynastic entitlement or self-assertion. Must be taught alongside the baseline election_choose entry. Proposed for TM-revision review.
Seed Offspring Zera
Approved rendering: tus xeeb ntxwv
Transliteration: zera
Doctrine: The Messianic Hope Rooted in David’s Line
Rejected alternatives: resolving the promise silently into Solomon alone without naming the Messiah as far fulfillment — rejected
NEW (2 Sam 7:12). Near referent is Solomon; the ‘forever’ qualifier opens the term to ultimate singular fulfillment in Christ. Must always be taught with explicit near/far (Solomon/Messiah) double fulfillment named side by side. Proposed for TM-revision review.
Word Of The Lord Devar Yhwh
Approved rendering: Vajtswv tej lus
Transliteration: devar YHWH
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Rejected alternatives: conflating with the baseline ‘Vaj Lug Kub’ (written canonical Scripture) — rejected
NEW (2 Sam 7:4; 12:1). A specific spoken prophetic oracle, deliberately distinguished from the fixed canonical-writings baseline term to preserve the comprehension-level distinction. Proposed for TM-revision review.
Dedicate Consecrate Qadash
Approved rendering: muab fij/cai rau Vajtswv, ua kom dawb huv rau Vajtswv
Transliteration: qadash
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
NEW (2 Sam 8:11). Devotional dedication of victory-spoils to the LORD; reuses the flagged fij vocabulary and must be marked as devotional dedication, not atonement or shamanic votive offering, following the baseline living_sacrifice disambiguation discipline. Proposed for TM-revision review.
Adultery Naaph
Approved rendering: kev deev luag poj luag txiv
Transliteration: na’aph
Doctrine: David’s Sin and Repentance
NEW (2 Sam 11). Hmong customary law recognizes this wrong distinctly from permitted polygamy; teaching should clarify the added dimension of David’s royal power-imbalance over Bathsheba and Uriah. Proposed for TM-revision review.
Murder Harag
Approved rendering: kev tua neeg (npaj tseg)
Transliteration: harag
Doctrine: David’s Sin and Repentance
NEW (2 Sam 11:15-17). David’s engineered killing of Uriah by proxy; must be explicitly distinguished from legitimate battlefield death to preserve the narrative’s moral weight. Proposed for TM-revision review.
Sword Consequence House
Approved rendering: Rab ntaj yuav tsis ncaim koj tsev neeg mus li
Transliteration: (thematic; ties to bayit; 12:10)
Doctrine: Consequences of Sin within the Covenant Family
Rejected alternatives: presenting this as a curse severing the covenant relationship — rejected, must be read jointly with the unbroken chesed of 7:15
NEW (2 Sam 12:10). Deliberately reuses the bayit/tsev (house/dynasty) term to keep visible that the consequence falls within the covenant family. Must be taught jointly with the Steadfast Love doctrine so consequence and unbroken covenant love are held together, not read as contradictory. Proposed for TM-revision review.
Avenger Of Blood Goel Hadam
Approved rendering: tus kwv tij uas yuav tsum pauj taus ntshav
Transliteration: go’el ha-dam
Doctrine: Consequences of Sin within the Covenant Family
Rejected alternatives: conflating with the baseline ‘kev txhiv’ (redemption) term — rejected, an ordinary legal-kinship institution must never be confused with the gospel redemption term
NEW (2 Sam 14). The customary near-kinsman obligated to avenge a slain relative; positive clan resonance, but must be explicitly distinguished from legitimizing the narrative’s condemned private killings (Amnon, Absalom, Amasa). Proposed for TM-revision review.
Conspiracy Rebellion
Approved rendering: kev tuam tsov ntxeev, kev fav xeeb
Transliteration: qesher / marad
Doctrine: Consequences of Sin within the Covenant Family
NEW (2 Sam 15; 20). Political/comprehension-level term; should be taught alongside the Consequences doctrine rather than as isolated political narrative — Absalom’s rebellion and Sheba’s revolt are outworkings of the same ‘sword’ pattern. Proposed for TM-revision review.
Low Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: Vajtswv
Transliteration: Elohim
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Rejected alternatives: Ntuj (impersonal sky/heaven) — rejected, lacks personal deity sense, dab (spirit) — rejected, denotes false/lesser spirit
Established compound (king+lord). Inherited from Romans package.
Lord
Approved rendering: tus Tswv
Transliteration: Adonai
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Stable existing usage; applied to God and Christ. Inherited from Romans package.
Father God
Approved rendering: Leej Txiv
Transliteration: av
Doctrine: The Messianic Hope Rooted in David’s Line
Honorific already settled; applied at 2 Sam 7:14 to God’s covenantal fatherhood of David’s heir, the OT root of the NT Father/Son title-family. Inherited from Romans package.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Leej Tub ntawm Vajtswv
Transliteration: huios theou (NT parallel; cf. ben, 7:14)
Doctrine: The Messianic Hope Rooted in David’s Line
Rejected alternatives: applying this fixed Christ-title to Solomon/David’s heir in 2 Sam 7:14 — forbidden, must use the distinct covenantal-sonship phrase (see ‘covenantal_sonship_ben’ below) to avoid inflating Solomon or diminishing Christ’s unique Sonship
Reserved exclusively for Christ’s unique, eternal Sonship; never substituted into the OT 7:14 context. Inherited from Romans package.
Promise
Approved rendering: lus cog tseg
Transliteration: epangelia (NT parallel; content of covenant pledge)
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Stable existing phrase for a solemn covenant pledge; denotes the content pledged, kept distinct from ‘covenant_berith’ (the formal binding relational act). Inherited from Romans package.
Hope
Approved rendering: kev cia siab
Transliteration: (conceptual; cf. tiqvah)
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Stable idiom; exemplified in David’s covenant confidence (ch.7, 22-23). Inherited from Romans package.
Endurance
Approved rendering: kev ua siab ntev
Transliteration: (conceptual; patient perseverance under persecution)
Doctrine: Consequences of Sin within the Covenant Family
Stable idiom (‘long-liver/heart’); exemplified by David under Shimei’s curse and Absalom’s rebellion (ch.15-16, 18). Inherited from Romans package.
Heir
Approved rendering: tus qub txeeg qub teg
Transliteration: klēronomos (NT parallel)
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Strong positive resonance with Hmong lineage-inheritance custom; complements but is not identical to the new ‘seed_offspring_zera’ term, which emphasizes descent rather than inheritance-right. Inherited from Romans package.
Glory
Approved rendering: lub yeeb koob
Transliteration: doxa (NT parallel; cf. kavod)
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Stable existing term. Inherited from Romans package.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Vajtswv
Transliteration: basileia tou theou (NT parallel)
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Must be kept explicitly distinguished from the new Critical ‘kingdom_mamlakah’ entry so David’s historical-political kingdom is never collapsed into, or mistaken as identical to, this NT/spiritual category. Inherited from Romans package.
Love
Approved rendering: kev hlub
Transliteration: agapē (NT parallel; cf. ahavah)
Doctrine: God’s Steadfast Love despite Human Failure
Warm affection and devotion, e.g. David and Jonathan’s covenant friendship (1:26); distinct from the new Critical ‘steadfast_love_chesed’ entry, which adds the specific dimension of covenant loyalty maintained despite unfaithfulness. Inherited from Romans package.
Truth
Approved rendering: qhov tseeb
Transliteration: alētheia (NT parallel; cf. emet)
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Stable term; applied to God’s covenant word throughout. Inherited from Romans package.
Lord Of The Lord Personal Name Placeholder
Approved rendering: PLACEHOLDER_DO_NOT_USE
Transliteration: PLACEHOLDER
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
PLACEHOLDER ENTRY REMOVED — see ‘lord_personal_name_yhwh’ below for the actual entry.
Great Name Shem
Approved rendering: lub npe (loj)
Transliteration: shem
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
NEW (2 Sam 7:9). Identity, reputation, renown, legacy, echoing the Abrahamic covenant promise; should be taught alongside ‘lus cog tseg’ to preserve the Abrahamic-Davidic covenant typology link. Proposed for TM-revision review.
Vision Chizzayon
Approved rendering: zaj yog toog
Transliteration: chizzayon
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Rejected alternatives: ua neeb trance-vision framing — rejected, would assimilate prophetic revelation into shamanic trance categories
NEW (2 Sam 7:17). Comprehension-level term sealing the divine authority of Nathan’s oracle; should carry the same disambiguating caution as the ‘prophet_nabi’ entry. Proposed for TM-revision review.
Heart Lev
Approved rendering: lub siab
Transliteration: lev
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
NEW (2 Sam 7:3). Stable, already-established idiom (cf. baseline ‘Vajtswv lub siab nyiam’); illustrates that good intentions require confirmation by God’s revealed word, not mere prophetic sentiment. Proposed for TM-revision review.
Rest Nuach
Approved rendering: pub kom tau so
Transliteration: nuach (hiphil)
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
NEW (2 Sam 7:1). To cause to have rest/settle; related to the baseline peace/kev thaj yeeb family; no traditional-religion collision identified. Proposed for TM-revision review.
Judges Shophetim
Approved rendering: cov thawj coj (lub sijhawm cov Thawj Tu Plaub)
Transliteration: shophetim
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
NEW (2 Sam 7:7). The pre-monarchic tribal leaders, contrasted with the permanent Davidic dynasty; comprehension-level historical referent only. Proposed for TM-revision review.
Wisdom Chokmah
Approved rendering: kev txawj ntse
Transliteration: chokmah
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
NEW (2 Sam 14; 20). Reuses existing Hmong word already present in the baseline Kilis-merism entry (cov txawj ntse); exemplified by the wise women of Tekoa and Abel. Proposed for TM-revision review.
Low-Medium Risk Terms
Forever Ad Olam
Approved rendering: mus ib txhis
Transliteration: ad olam
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Rejected alternatives: treating ‘forever’ as ANE-royal-rhetoric hyperbole for ‘a very long dynasty’ — rejected, domesticates the literal eternal claim
NEW (2 Sam 7:13,16; 23:5). Extends the baseline eternal-life idiom family (txoj sia nyob mus ib txhis) to throne/kingdom/covenant language; must be taught as literally unending and Christ-fulfilled, since the promise outlasted the literal historical monarchy. Proposed for TM-revision review.
Established Ne Eman
Approved rendering: ruaj khov, ntseeg tau
Transliteration: ne’eman
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
NEW (2 Sam 7:16). Firm, faithful, trustworthy — applied to the promise’s certainty, resting on God’s own character rather than David’s/his descendants’ faithfulness. Should be reinforced alongside the Critical chesed, mamlakah, and kisse entries as one unified promise. Proposed for TM-revision review.
Shepherd Raah
Approved rendering: yug thiab saib xyuas
Transliteration: ra’ah
Doctrine: The Messianic Hope Rooted in David’s Line
NEW (2 Sam 7:7-8). Royal/pastoral leadership metaphor framing kingship as loving, protective care; positive cultural bridge via Hmong highland herding familiarity. Flag for reinforcement when later connected to NT Shepherd-King typology. Proposed for TM-revision review.