Core Glossary
1 Peter — Core Glossary (Hmong Language Package)
This glossary lists every load-bearing term surfaced in 07_semantic_analysis.md, organized by status. REUSED terms carry forward the Romans-baseline rendering exactly, character-for-character, with zero modification. NEW terms are proposed for TM-revision review before permanent adoption, per the Romans baseline’s governance rule that no Critical/High term may be permanently fixed without formal review.
§1. Terms Reused Verbatim from the Romans TM
| # | English Term | Greek/Transliteration | Hmong Rendering (fixed, unchanged) | Risk (inherited) | 1 Peter Chapters |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| R1 | God | theos | Vajtswv | Low | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 |
| R2 | Lord | kyrios | tus Tswv | Low | 1, 2, 3, 5 |
| R3 | Jesus Christ | Iēsous Christos | Yexus Khetos | Low | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 |
| R4 | Father (God) | patēr | Leej Txiv | Low | 1 |
| R5 | Holy Spirit | pneuma hagion | Vaj Ntsuj Plig | Critical | 1, 3, 4 |
| R6 | human spirit/soul (anthropological) | pneuma / psychē | ntsuj plig | High | 1, 2, 3, 4 |
| R7 | Gospel | euangelion | Txoj Moo Zoo | Low | 1, 4 |
| R8 | Apostle | apostolos | tus Tub Txib | Medium | 1 |
| R9 | Servant/Slave | doulos | qhev | High | 2 |
| R10 | Grace | charis | txiaj ntsim | Critical | 1, 4, 5 |
| R11 | Peace | eirēnē | kev thaj yeeb | Low | 1, 5 |
| R12 | Faith/Believe | pistis/pisteuō | kev ntseeg / ntseeg | Medium | 1, 3, 5 |
| R13 | Election/Choose | eklegomai | kev xaiv (Vajtswv xaiv raws li nws lub siab nyiam) | Critical | 1, 2 |
| R14 | Foreknow/Predestine | proginōskō | twb paub ua ntej lawm | High | 1 |
| R15 | Flesh (neutral) | sarx | lub cev nqaij tawv | Critical | 1, 4 |
| R16 | Flesh (moral) | sarx | kev xav/kev ua raws li lub cev nqaij tawv | Critical | 4 |
| R17 | Righteousness/Righteous | dikaiosynē/dikaios | Vajtswv txoj kev ncaj ncees / tus ncaj ncees | Critical | 2, 3 |
| R18 | Unrighteousness | adikia | kev tsis ncaj ncees | Low | 3 |
| R19 | Wrath of God | orgē theou | kev npau taws ntawm Vajtswv | High | (background, ch.4 judgment) |
| R20 | Idol | eidōlon | dab mlom | High | 4 |
| R21 | Sin (act & condition) | hamartia | txhaum / kev txhaum | High | 2, 3, 4 |
| R22 | Propitiation/Atoning Sacrifice | hilastērion | qhov theej txhoj kev txhaum | Critical | (background to 2:24) |
| R23 | Redemption | apolytrōsis | kev txhiv | Medium | 1 |
| R24 | Death | thanatos | txoj kev tuag | Low | 1, 3 |
| R25 | Baptism | baptizō/baptisma | kev cai raus dej | High | 3 |
| R26 | Sanctification | hagiasmos | kev raug ua kom dawb huv | High | 1, 2, 3 |
| R27 | Eternal Life | zōē aiōnios | txoj sia nyob mus ib txhis | Low | (background, 5:10) |
| R28 | Heir | klēronomos | tus qub txeeg qub teg | Low | 1 |
| R29 | Glory | doxa | lub yeeb koob | Low | 1, 4, 5 |
| R30 | Nations/Gentiles | ethnē | lwm Haiv Neeg | Low | 2 |
| R31 | Power | dynamis | hwjchim (mandatory: Vajtswv hwjchim) | High | 1, 5 |
| R32 | Salvation/Save | sōtēria/sōzō | kev cawm dim / cawm | High | 1, 3 |
| R33 | Living Sacrifice | thysia zōsa | khoom fij uas muaj txoj sia nyob | High | 2 |
| R34 | Governing Authority | exousia | cov muaj hwjchim kav teb chaws | High | 2, 3 |
| R35 | Stumbling Block | proskomma/lithos proskommatos | qhov/pob zeb ua rau dawm ceg | Low-Medium | 2 |
| R36 | Endurance | hypomonē | kev ua siab ntev | Low | (background) |
| R37 | Worship/Serve (cultic) | latreuō / (pehawm applied) | pehawm (mandatory: pehawm Vajtswv / pehawm dab mlom contrast) | High | 4 |
| R38 | Witness | martys | tus timkhawv | Low | 5 |
| R39 | Will of God | thelēma theou | Vajtswv lub siab nyiam | Medium | 4 |
| R40 | Spiritual Gift | charisma pneumatikon | ib yam khoom plig ntawm Vaj Ntsuj Plig | Medium | 4 |
| R41 | Scripture | graphē | Vaj Lug Kub | Low | 1 |
| R42 | In Christ (union formula) | en Christō | nyob hauv Khetos | High | 5 |
| R43 | Love | agapē | kev hlub | Low | 1, 4 |
| R44 | Hope | elpis | kev cia siab | Low | 1 |
| R45 | Mercy | eleos | txoj kev khuv leej | Medium | 1 |
| R46 | Conscience | syneidēsis | tej kev paub zoo paub phem hauv lub siab | Medium | 3 |
| R47 | Creation | ktisis | tej uas raug tsim los | Low | (background, cf. new “Creator” R-adjacent below) |
| R48 | Vessel (mercy/wrath) | skeuos | lub yias uas tau txais txiaj ntsim / kev npau taws | Medium | 3 (distinct sub-sense, “weaker vessel”) |
§2. New Terms Surfaced by 1 Peter (proposed — pending TM-revision review)
| # | English Term | Greek/Transliteration | Literal Meaning | Proposed Hmong Rendering | Risk | Chapters | Collision/Comprehension Reasoning |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N1 | Born again / New birth | anagennaō | ”begotten again” | ua kom yug dua tshiab | Critical | 1 | Collides with Hmong traditional belief in the soul’s rebirth/reincarnation cycle; must be taught as inward regeneration of the same person, not transmigration. |
| N2 | Resurrection | anastasis | ”a standing up again” | sawv hauv qhov tuag rov qab los | High | 1, 3 | Anchor of “Living Hope” doctrine; must be distinguished from Hmong multi-soul post-mortem beliefs (soul-journeys, ancestral-realm destinations). |
| N3 | Living hope | elpis zōsa | ”hope that lives” | kev cia siab uas muaj txoj sia nyob | Medium | 1 | Compositional from stable TM parts; must retain “confident expectation” sense, not mere wishing. |
| N4 | Imperishable | aphthartos | ”not decaying” | tsis muaj hnub lwj lawm | Low-Medium | 1 | Comprehension only. |
| N5 | Undefiled | amiantos | ”unstained” | tsis muaj ib qho qias li | Medium | 1 | Deliberately built apart from dawb huv to avoid importing ritual-purity collision; risk rises to High if a future drafter substitutes dawb huv. |
| N6 | Unfading | amarantos | ”not withering” | tsis txawj qhuav tsis txawj tu | Low | 1, 5 | Agricultural metaphor transfers cleanly; recurs at 5:4 (crown of glory) — must stay identical. |
| N7 | Various trials / testing | peirasmos (poikilos) | “manifold testing” | kev sim siab ntau yam | High | 1 | Must be taught apart from misfortune-as-ancestor/spirit-displeasure worldview. |
| N8 | Tested genuineness | dokimion | ”proven quality” (refining metaphor) | qhov kev ntseeg uas raug swm seb muaj tseeb tiag | Medium | 1 | Metallurgical metaphor, comprehension gap only. |
| N9 | Revelation (of Christ) | apokalypsis | ”unveiling” | thaum Yexus Khetos qhia nws tus kheej tshwm los | Medium | 1 | Must be kept distinct from the fixed mystery (zaj lus zais cia) entry. |
| N10 | Salvation of souls / soul (psychē) | psychē | ”soul/life/self” | ntsuj plig (shares R6’s rendering and caution) | High | 1, 2, 4 | Both Greek psychē and pneuma (anthropological) map to one Hmong term; must never receive the Vaj prefix. |
| N11 | Sojourners/exiles/aliens | paroikoi kai parepidēmoi | ”resident foreigners and temporary visitors” | cov neeg ncaim tebchaws uas nyob thoob plaws | Medium | 1, 2 | Positive resonance with Hmong diaspora/refugee experience, but risk of flattening the spiritual sense into merely ethnic-political identity. |
| N12 | Sprinkling of blood | rhantismos haimatos | ”a sprinkling of blood” | kev nchos ntshav ntawm Yexus Khetos | Critical | 1 | Direct terminological overlap with shamanic blood-sacrifice/spirit-appeasement ritual; requires once-for-all contrast-teaching. |
| N13 | Precious blood / lamb without blemish | haima timion / amnos amōmos kai aspilos | ”costly blood / spotless lamb” | cov ntshav muaj nqis heev… menyuam yaj uas tsis muaj ib qho phem li | Critical | 1 | Second major blood-sacrifice clause; same collision as N12 and R22 (propitiation). |
| N14 | Futile ancestral ways | patroparadotos… anastrophē | ”way of life handed down from fathers” | tej kev coj ua uas tsis muaj qab hau uas poj koob yawm txwv qhia cia | Critical | 1 | Highest cultural-sensitivity risk in the book; must not be heard as condemning ancestor honor/filial piety generally, only specific futile/sinful customs. |
| N15 | Milk of the Word (not “Spirit”) | logikon adolon gala | ”reasonable/word-based unadulterated milk” | mis ntawm Vajtswv Txoj Lus uas tsis muaj kev dag ntxias | Medium | 2 | Accuracy nuance: Greek root is logos-related, not pneuma-related; avoid Vaj Ntsuj Plig here. |
| N16 | Living stone | lithos zōn | ”a stone that lives” | pob zeb uas muaj txoj sia nyob | Low-Medium | 2 | Comprehension only. |
| N17 | Spiritual house | oikos pneumatikos | ”house of the spirit” | lub tsev uas Vaj Ntsuj Plig tsim los | High | 2 | Requires the same Vaj-prefix discipline as every Holy Spirit reference. |
| N18 | Holy / Royal Priesthood | hierateuma hagion / basileion hierateuma | ”holy priestly order / royal priestly order” | pawg povthawj dawb huv… pawg povthawj uas muaj meej mom vaj ntxwv | Critical | 2 | Anchor of “Church as Holy and Royal Priesthood” doctrine; risk of conflation with shamanic specialist-mediator role and/or restrictive OT priestly hierarchy. |
| N19 | Spiritual sacrifices | pneumatikai thysiai | ”sacrifices of/pertaining to the spirit” | khoom fij ntawm Vaj Ntsuj Plig uas Vajtswv txaus siab txais | Critical | 2 | Reuses the already-Critical fij domain (shamanic appeasement / Christ’s atonement); must be marked as neither. |
| N20 | Chosen race/holy nation/God’s own possession | genos eklekton / ethnos hagion / laos eis peripoiēsin | ”chosen kind / holy nation / people for possession” | haiv neeg uas Vajtswv xaiv raws li nws lub siab nyiam, haiv neeg dawb huv, haiv neeg uas Vajtswv coj los ua nws tug | High | 2 | Compounds two already-Critical roots (election, sanctification) in one clause. |
| N21 | Submission to human institutions / honor the king | hypotassō… anthrōpinē ktisei / basilea timate | ”be arranged under… human institution / honor the king” | kev nyob hauv qab thiab mloog lus rau tej thawj coj ntawm neeg / hwm tus huabtais | High | 2, 3, 5 | Reuses governing_authority/hwjchim collision domain; anchor for “Submission to Authority” doctrine. |
| N22 | Household servants’ submission | oiketai hypotassomenoi tois despotais | ”household servants being subject to masters” | cov qhev hauv tsev, nyob hauv qab lawv tus tswv | High | 2 | Shares R9’s chattel-slavery residual-connotation caution. |
| N23 | Suffering unjustly / for righteousness’ sake | paschō adikōs / dia dikaiosynēn | ”suffering unjustly / because of righteousness” | raug kev txom nyem tsis raug cai / raug kev txom nyem vim qhov ncaj ncees | Critical | 2, 3, 4 | Anchor of “Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake” doctrine; directly inverts the cultural default that suffering signals ancestor/spirit displeasure. |
| N24 | Christ’s substitutionary suffering / bore our sins on the tree | Christos epathen hyper hymōn / tas hamartias… epi to xylon | ”Christ suffered on behalf of you / bore the sins… upon the tree” | Khetos tau raug kev txom nyem txhawv nej… nws tus kheej ris peb tej kev txhaum rau hauv nws lub cev saum tus ntoo Khaublig | Critical | 2 | Third major atonement/blood clause; requires once-for-all, non-repeatable contrast-teaching. |
| N25 | Healed by his wounds | tō mōlōpi iathēte | ”by the welt/wound you were healed” | los ntawm nws tej kiv puas nqaij tawv, nej thiaj tau zoo dua qub | Medium-High | 2 | Risk of assimilation into shamanic ritual healing; must be taught as once-for-all spiritual healing. |
| N26 | Shepherd and Overseer of souls | poimēn kai episkopos (tōn psychōn) | “shepherd and overseer (of souls)“ | tus Yug Yaj thiab tus Saib Xyuas ntawm koj tej ntsuj plig | Medium | 2, 5 | Shepherd imagery stable/positive; ntsuj plig component carries N10/R6’s caution. |
| N27 | Gentle and quiet spirit (disposition) | praeos kai hēsychios pneumatos | ”gentle and quiet spirit” (of temperament) | tus cwj pwm uas mos muag thiab kaj sab | Medium | 3 | Deliberately avoids literalizing pneuma as a soul-entity here. |
| N28 | Weaker vessel | gynaikeion skeuos | ”female/weaker vessel” | lub yias uas tsis muaj zog npaum li | Medium | 3 | Pastoral-sensitivity flag (not a religious collision): must not imply moral/spiritual inferiority. |
| N29 | Once, for sins (sufficiency marker) | hapax… peri hamartiōn | ”once, concerning sins” | ib zaug xwb… rau txhaum | Critical | 3 | Structural sufficiency-qualifier, parallel in function to the mandatory qualifiers in the Romans baseline; must never be dropped. |
| N30 | Proclamation to spirits in prison | poreutheis ekēryxen tois en phylakē pneumasin | ”having gone, he proclaimed to the spirits in prison” | nws mus qhia zaj lus rau tej ntsuj plig uas raug kaw cia | Critical | 3 | Highest-stakes collision in the book: risks assimilation into the txiv neeb shamanic spirit-journey/negotiation paradigm; must be taught as sovereign, victorious proclamation, not negotiation or rescue-journey. |
| N31 | Baptism as antitype | antitypon… baptisma | ”the corresponding type… baptism” | kev cai raus dej, uas yog tus qauv piv rau qhov no | Critical | 3 | Reinforces the existing Critical baptism entry (R25). |
| N32 | Not removal of dirt but appeal for a good conscience | ou sarkos apothesis rhypou alla syneideseōs agathēs eperōtēma | ”not a putting-away of filth of flesh but an appeal of a good conscience” | tsis yog kev muab qhov qias tshem ntawm lub cev nqaij tawv, tiamsis yog kev thov Vajtswv kom muaj lub siab paub zoo paub phem uas huv | Critical | 3 | Scripture’s own disambiguation of baptism vs. ritual purification; must be rendered with maximal precision. |
| N33 | Fiery trial | pyrōsis | ”burning/refining” | kev sim siab uas kub npaum li hluav taws | Medium-High | 4 | Consistent with N7/N8’s contrast-teaching against misfortune-as-curse. |
| N34 | Faithful Creator | pistos ktistēs | ”trustworthy Maker” | tus Tsim Ntuj Tsim Teb uas ncaj ncees thiab tso siab tau | Low-Medium | 4 | Distinct from the existing creation (ktisis) noun entry; positive bridge term. |
| N35 | Elders (church office) | presbyteroi | ”elder ones” | cov txwj laus (hauv pawg ntseeg) | High | 5 | Anchor of “Elders and Humility” doctrine; must be distinguished from clan-elder customary/ritual authority (including ancestor-rite leadership). |
| N36 | Humility | tapeinophrosynē / tapeinoō | ”lowliness of mind” | kev txo hwv siab | Low-Medium | 5 | Positive existing virtue term; must be taught as God-ward posture, not mere self-deprecation. |
| N37 | The devil / adversary | ho antidikos… ho diabolos | ”the opponent… the slanderer” | dab Ntxwg Nyoog (never bare “dab”) | Critical | 5 | Fixed, non-substitutable compound distinguishing Satan from the broad animistic dab (ancestral/nature spirit) category; recommend permanent TM-fixed status. |
| N38 | Christian (self-designation) | Christianos | ”belonging to Christ” | Khixatia (transliteration) | Low | 4 | Established transliteration pattern; no collision. |
| N39 | Judgment beginning at God’s household | krima apo tou oikou tou theou | ”judgment from the house of God” | kev txiav txim pib ntawm Vajtswv tsev neeg | Low-Medium | 4 | Comprehension only. |
| N40 | Gospel preached to the dead | euēngelisthē nekrois | ”was gospel-preached to the dead ones” | [TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED: interpretive ambiguity re: referent of “the dead”] | Medium (interpretive, not lexical) | 4 | Disputed referent among exegetes; theologian input required before any fixed rendering. |
| N41 | Blessed / doxological formula | eulogētos | ”worthy of blessing/praise” | Qhuas tus Vajtswv | Low | 1 | Distinct from ua tsaug (thanksgiving, eucharistō). |
| N42 | Various minor comprehension-level terms (angels, prophets, sober-mindedness, hospitality, oracles, kiss of love, proper nouns Babylon/Mark) | angeloi, prophētai, nēphō, philoxenia, logia theou, philēma agapēs, Babylōn, Markos | — | cov tubkhai saum ntuj; cov cev Vajtswv Lus; txawj tswj lub siab; txais tos qhua zoo; Vajtswv Txoj Lus; kev nchuav ncuj ntawm kev hlub; Npanpiloo; Malakaus | Low | 1, 4, 5 | Comprehension-level only; no traditional-religion collision identified; logged together for efficiency per full-book-coverage mandate. |
§3. Doctrine-to-Term Cross-Reference (for Phase 1 downstream use)
| Curriculum Doctrine | Primary Terms (this glossary) |
|---|---|
| The Living Hope of the Resurrection | N1 (born again), N2 (resurrection), R44/N3 (living hope), N9 (revelation) |
| Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake | N7 (trials), N23 (suffering unjustly/for righteousness), N33 (fiery trial), R19 (wrath, contrast) |
| The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood | N18 (royal priesthood), N19 (spiritual sacrifices), N20 (chosen race/holy nation) |
| Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance | N21 (submission/honor king), N22 (household servants), R34 (governing authority), R36 (endurance) |
| Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering | N24 (bore our sins on the tree), N29 (once, for sins), N25 (healed by his wounds), R22 (propitiation, background) |
| Holiness in Conduct | R26 (sanctification), N14 (futile ancestral ways), N36 (humility, adjacent) |
| Elders and Humility | N35 (elders), N36 (humility) |
| Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits (3:18-22) | N30 (spirits in prison), N31 (baptism antitype), N32 (not removal of dirt), R25 (baptism), R34 (angels/authorities/powers subjected) |
Full-book coverage confirmation: All five chapters of 1 Peter have contributed terms to this glossary (Ch.1: R1-R7,R10-R14,R23-R24,R26,R28-R29,R41,R44-R47,N1-N15,N41; Ch.2: R6,R8-R9,R15,R17,R21,R25,R30,R33-R35,R37-R38,N10,N16-N26; Ch.3: R6-R7,R11-R12,R17-R18,R25,R31,R34,R42,N10,N27-N32; Ch.4: R6-R7,R15-R16,R19-R21,R37,R39-R40,N10,N33-N34,N38-N40; Ch.5: R2-R3,R10-R11,R27,R29,R38-R39,R42,N26,N35-N37,N42). No chapter was skipped or logged as contributing zero new vocabulary.
Critical Risk Terms
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: Vaj Ntsuj Plig
Transliteration: pneuma hagion / pneuma hagiōsynēs
Doctrine: Holiness in Conduct
Rejected alternatives: bare ntsuj plig (no Vaj prefix) — rejected, denotes an animistic wandering human soul
Inherited from Romans package. Mandatory ‘Vaj’ prefix at every 1 Peter occurrence (1:2 sanctification, 1:11 Spirit of Christ, 1:12 gospel-preaching Spirit, 3:18 raised-in-spirit crux, 4:14 Spirit of glory/of God) without exception.
Grace
Approved rendering: txiaj ntsim
Transliteration: charis
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Rejected alternatives: koob hmoov (fortune/blessing tied to fate and ritual correctness) — PERMANENTLY FORBIDDEN
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 1:10, 1:13, 3:7, 4:10, 5:5 (‘God gives grace to the humble’), 5:12. Especially critical at 5:5, where a fate-vocabulary substitution would make grace a reward for virtuous disposition rather than unmerited favor.
Election Choose
Approved rendering: kev xaiv (Vajtswv xaiv raws li nws lub siab nyiam)
Transliteration: eklogē / eklegomai / eklektos
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Rejected alternatives: hmoov (impersonal fate/fortune) vocabulary — PERMANENTLY FORBIDDEN
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 1:1 (elect exiles) and 2:9 (‘chosen race’), where it compounds with the sanctification root — both mandatory qualifiers must appear together, never abbreviated.
Flesh Neutral Descent Body
Approved rendering: lub cev nqaij tawv
Transliteration: sarx (neutral)
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Rejected alternatives: bare nqaij used unmarked for both senses — rejected
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 1:24 (‘all flesh is like grass’), 3:18 (‘put to death in the flesh’ — Christ’s physical death, neutral sense), 4:1 (‘suffered in the flesh’). Must be kept lexically distinct from the moral sense below.
Flesh Moral Sinful Nature
Approved rendering: kev xav/kev ua raws li lub cev nqaij tawv
Transliteration: sarx (moral)
Doctrine: Holiness in Conduct
Rejected alternatives: bare nqaij tawv reused unmarked from neutral sense — rejected
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 2:11 (‘abstain from the passions of the flesh’) and 4:2-3 (fleshly lusts vs. God’s will).
Righteousness Of God Righteous
Approved rendering: Vajtswv txoj kev ncaj ncees / tus ncaj ncees
Transliteration: dikaiosynē theou / dikaios
Doctrine: Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake
Rejected alternatives: bare ‘kev ncaj ncees’ without qualifier — rejected
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 2:24, 3:14 (‘suffer for righteousness’ sake’), 3:18 (‘the Righteous One for the unrighteous’). In 1 Peter this describes covenant-faithful righteous living/Christ’s sinless status, not forensic imputation per se, but must never be taught as achieved sinlessness earning favor.
Propitiation Atoning Sacrifice
Approved rendering: qhov theej txhoj kev txhaum
Transliteration: hilastērion
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Rejected alternatives: transliterated loanword — rejected, bare ‘qhov theej’ without sufficiency qualifier — rejected
Inherited from Romans package as background doctrine underlying 1 Peter 2:24 and 3:18, which do not use this exact term lexically but depend on its once-for-all, sufficient, non-repeatable sense.
Reckon Impute
Approved rendering: suav / suav tias
Transliteration: logizomai
Doctrine: Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake
Inherited from Romans package as background forensic vocabulary; not directly lexicalized in 1 Peter but retained in the TM to prevent any future drafter from introducing it as a substitute for 1 Peter’s own righteousness/suffering vocabulary, which is ethical-covenantal rather than strictly forensic-imputational in this letter.
High Risk Terms
Human Spirit Soul
Approved rendering: ntsuj plig
Transliteration: pneuma (anthropological) / psychē
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Rejected alternatives: Vaj Ntsuj Plig — forbidden for this referent, reserved exclusively for the Holy Spirit
Inherited from Romans package, extended: in 1 Peter this single Hmong term must bear BOTH Greek psychē (‘salvation of souls’ 1:9, ‘Shepherd of your souls’ 2:25, ‘entrust their souls’ 4:19) AND anthropological pneuma. Never Vaj-prefixed. Also underlies the 3:19 ‘spirits in prison’ crux (see spirits_in_prison entry below) — that occurrence requires additional mandatory co-text binding to 3:22, not merely the prefix rule.
Servant Slave Doulos
Approved rendering: qhev
Transliteration: doulos
Doctrine: Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance
Rejected alternatives: koom tes (co-worker/partner) — rejected, erases total-surrender force
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies 2:16 (‘servants of God’) and is lexically related to but distinct from the concrete household-servant vocabulary at 2:18 (see household_servants_submission entry). Mandatory catechetical note distinguishing honored voluntary bondservice from involuntary chattel slavery applies to both.
Foreknow Predestine
Approved rendering: twb paub ua ntej lawm / twm chaw ua ntej lawm
Transliteration: proginōskō / proorizō / prognōsis
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Rejected alternatives: hmoov (fate) vocabulary — rejected, same collision risk as election_choose
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 1:2 (‘foreknowledge of God the Father’), undergirding the believers’ election.
Wrath Of God
Approved rendering: kev npau taws ntawm Vajtswv
Transliteration: orgē theou / krima / krisis
Doctrine: Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake
Rejected alternatives: unqualified ‘npau taws’ associated only with capricious spirit/ancestor anger — rejected
Inherited from Romans package, extended to background judgment sense at 4:17 (‘judgment beginning at the household of God’). Righteous, judicial, not appeasable by ritual, unlike traditional spirit-anger.
Idol
Approved rendering: dab mlom
Transliteration: eidōlon / eidōlolatria
Doctrine: Holiness in Conduct
Rejected alternatives: generic ‘statue’ softening — rejected
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 4:3, named among the vices of the former Gentile way of life, reinforcing the 1:18 ancestral-custom caution.
Sin Act And Condition
Approved rendering: txhaum / kev txhaum
Transliteration: hamartia
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 2:1, 2:24, 3:18, 4:1, 4:8. Must be taught as objective guilt Christ bore substitutionarily, not a socially-repairable breach.
Baptism
Approved rendering: kev cai raus dej
Transliteration: baptizō / baptisma
Doctrine: Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits (1 Peter 3:18-22)
Rejected alternatives: transliterated loanword — rejected, baptism-as-repeatable-ritual-cleansing — rejected
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 3:21, explicitly self-clarified by Peter as ‘not a removal of dirt from the body, but an appeal to God for a good conscience’ — this self-disambiguation must be preserved with maximal fidelity, not softened.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: kev raug ua kom dawb huv
Transliteration: hagiasmos / hagios ginomai
Doctrine: Holiness in Conduct
Rejected alternatives: treating dawb huv as repeatable ritual-cleansing state — rejected
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 1:2, 1:15-16 (‘be holy’), 2:9, 3:15. Must be taught as progressive, Spirit-wrought moral transformation at every occurrence, never ritual cleansing from spirit-contamination.
Power
Approved rendering: hwjchim
Transliteration: dynamis
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Rejected alternatives: bare, unqualified hwjchim — FORBIDDEN, identical to a shaman’s ritual power
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 1:5 (God’s guarding power) and 5:11 (dominion ascribed to Christ). Always qualified as ‘Vajtswv hwjchim’.
Salvation Save
Approved rendering: kev cawm dim / cawm
Transliteration: sōtēria / sōzō
Doctrine: Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits (1 Peter 3:18-22)
Rejected alternatives: unanchored ‘dim’ parallel to shamanic soul-rescue — rejected
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 1:5, 1:9-10, and critically at 3:21 (‘baptism… now saves you’), where the Christ-anchor and the 3:21b self-disambiguating clause together prevent a ritual-efficacy misreading.
Living Sacrifice
Approved rendering: khoom fij uas muaj txoj sia nyob
Transliteration: thysia zōsa
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Rejected alternatives: unqualified ‘fij’ identical to spirit-offering language — rejected
Inherited from Romans package as the doctrinal background parallel to 1 Peter 2:5’s ‘spiritual sacrifices’ (see spiritual_sacrifices entry). Must be distinguished from both shamanic appeasement and Christ’s unrepeatable atonement.
Governing Authority
Approved rendering: cov muaj hwjchim kav teb chaws
Transliteration: exousia / pasa anthrōpinē ktisis
Doctrine: Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance
Rejected alternatives: unmarked hwjchim framing rulers’ authority as shamanic spiritual power — rejected
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 2:13-17 (civil rulers/masters, delegated God-ordained authority) and is extended cosmically at 3:22 (angels/authorities/powers subjected to Christ) — the 3:22 sense must be taught as total, victorious subjection reinforcing the 3:18-20 proclamation doctrine, not as a third independent civil-authority sense.
Worship Serve Cultic
Approved rendering: pehawm / pab teev
Transliteration: latreuō
Doctrine: Holiness in Conduct
Rejected alternatives: bare, unanchored pehawm — FORBIDDEN, identical verb used for pehawm dab
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies the teaching contrast at 4:3’s idolatry-vice rejection; object of pehawm must always be stated.
In Christ Union Formula
Approved rendering: nyob hauv Khetos
Transliteration: en Christō
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Rejected alternatives: bare spatial ‘hauv’ with no fixed co-text — rejected
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 5:10 (eternal glory in Christ) and 5:14 (peace to all who are in Christ); must always carry co-textual union-with-Christ anchoring.
Medium Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: tus Tub Txib
Transliteration: apostolos
Doctrine: General / Ecclesial Office
Inherited from Romans package. Peter’s self-designation, 1:1.
Faith Believe
Approved rendering: kev ntseeg / ntseeg
Transliteration: pistis / pisteuō
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 1:5, 1:7-9, 1:21, 5:9 (firm in faith resisting the devil). Must always be anchored to Christ as object.
Redemption
Approved rendering: kev txhiv
Transliteration: apolytrōsis / lytroō
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 1:18 (‘you were ransomed’), anchored to Christ’s precious blood as the price, feeding directly into the blood-imagery cluster.
Will Of God
Approved rendering: Vajtswv lub siab nyiam
Transliteration: thelēma theou
Doctrine: Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 2:15, 4:19 (‘suffering according to God’s will’).
Spiritual Gift
Approved rendering: ib yam khoom plig ntawm Vaj Ntsuj Plig
Transliteration: charisma pneumatikon / charisma
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 4:10 (‘stewards of God’s varied grace’).
Mercy
Approved rendering: txoj kev khuv leej
Transliteration: eleos
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Rejected alternatives: txiaj ntsim (grace) used interchangeably for mercy — rejected
Inherited from Romans package. Grounds the new birth at 1:3 (‘according to his great mercy’); this is fundamentally a mercy-text and must not borrow grace vocabulary.
Conscience
Approved rendering: tej kev paub zoo paub phem hauv lub siab
Transliteration: syneidēsis
Doctrine: Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits (1 Peter 3:18-22)
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 2:19, 3:16, and critically at 3:21 (baptism as ‘an appeal to God for a good conscience’).
Vessel Of Mercy Wrath
Approved rendering: lub yias uas tau txais txiaj ntsim / kev npau taws
Transliteration: skeuos
Doctrine: Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance
Inherited from Romans package as background metaphor underlying the distinct ‘weaker vessel’ sub-sense at 3:7 (see weaker_vessel entry).
Low Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: Vajtswv
Transliteration: theos
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Rejected alternatives: Ntuj (impersonal sky/heaven) — rejected, lacks personal deity sense, dab (spirit) — rejected, denotes false/lesser spirit
Inherited from Romans package. Established compound (king+lord). Occurs throughout 1 Peter (chs. 1-5).
Lord
Approved rendering: tus Tswv
Transliteration: kyrios
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Inherited from Romans package. Applied to God and to Christ throughout 1 Peter (1:3, 1:25, 2:3, 2:13, 3:15).
Jesus Christ
Approved rendering: Yexus Khetos
Transliteration: Iēsous Christos
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Inherited from Romans package. Standard transliteration baseline.
Father God
Approved rendering: Leej Txiv
Transliteration: patēr
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Inherited from Romans package. Used at 1 Petus 1:2-3, 1:17 (impartial Father-Judge).
Gospel
Approved rendering: Txoj Moo Zoo
Transliteration: euangelion
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Inherited from Romans package. Used at 1:12, 1:25, 4:6 (‘gospel preached to the dead’ — see gospel_preached_to_the_dead entry, interpretive flag).
Peace
Approved rendering: kev thaj yeeb
Transliteration: eirēnē
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Inherited from Romans package. Used at 1:2 (greeting), 3:11 (seek peace), 5:14 (benediction).
Unrighteousness
Approved rendering: kev tsis ncaj ncees
Transliteration: adikia / adikos
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 3:18 (‘the Righteous One for the unrighteous’).
Death
Approved rendering: txoj kev tuag
Transliteration: thanatos
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 1:3 (contrasted with resurrection) and 3:18 (Christ’s death in the flesh).
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: txoj sia nyob mus ib txhis
Transliteration: zōē aiōnios
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies the ‘eternal glory’ phrase at 5:10.
Heir
Approved rendering: tus qub txeeg qub teg
Transliteration: klēronomos / klēronomia
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Inherited from Romans package, extended to the noun form ‘inheritance’ at 1:4. Strong positive resonance with Hmong lineage-inheritance custom.
Glory
Approved rendering: lub yeeb koob
Transliteration: doxa
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 1:7, 1:21, 4:11, 4:13-14, 5:1, 5:4, 5:10.
Nations Gentiles
Approved rendering: lwm Haiv Neeg
Transliteration: ethnē
Doctrine: Holiness in Conduct
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 2:12 (honorable conduct among the nations).
Endurance
Approved rendering: kev ua siab ntev
Transliteration: hypomonē
Doctrine: Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance
Inherited from Romans package as background doctrinal parallel to 1 Peter’s Christlike-endurance theme (2:19-23).
Witness
Approved rendering: tus timkhawv
Transliteration: martys
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Inherited from Romans package. Peter’s self-description as ‘a witness of Christ’s sufferings’ (5:1).
Scripture
Approved rendering: Vaj Lug Kub
Transliteration: graphē
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Inherited from Romans package. Extended with ‘living and abiding’ qualifier at 1:23 (see scripture_living_and_abiding_word entry).
Love
Approved rendering: kev hlub
Transliteration: agapē
Doctrine: Holiness in Conduct
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 1:8, 1:22 (fervent love from the heart), 4:8 (‘love covers a multitude of sins’).
Hope
Approved rendering: kev cia siab
Transliteration: elpis
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 1:13, 1:21, 3:15; underlies the compound ‘living hope’ (see living_hope entry).
Creation
Approved rendering: tej uas raug tsim los
Transliteration: ktisis
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Inherited from Romans package as background noun, distinct from the new ‘faithful Creator’ term (see faithful_creator entry) at 4:19.
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: ua tsaug
Transliteration: eucharistō
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Inherited from Romans package. Distinct from the new doxological formula ‘Qhuas tus Vajtswv’ (see blessed_doxological_formula entry) used at 1 Petus 1:3.
Low-Medium Risk Terms
Stumbling Block
Approved rendering: qhov/pob zeb ua rau dawm ceg
Transliteration: proskomma / lithos proskommatos
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Inherited from Romans package. Occurs at 2:8, echoed in the living-stone passage.
Mystery
Approved rendering: zaj lus zais cia
Transliteration: mystērion
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Inherited from Romans package. Retained specifically to be kept lexically DISTINCT from the new ‘revelation/apokalypsis’ term (see revelation_of_christ entry) at 1:5, 1:7, 1:13 — 1 Peter’s apokalypsis denotes future unveiling of an already-secured salvation, not disclosure of a previously hidden plan, and must never be flattened into this mystery entry.