Core Glossary
Amos — Core Glossary (Hmong Language Package, Phase 1)
Legend: Risk tiers follow the baseline definitions exactly (Critical/High/Medium/Low, see assets/bible_term_registry.json registry_metadata.risk_tier_definitions). Rows marked [INHERITED] reuse a baseline translation_memory.json entry verbatim, with the source book noted; rows marked [NEW] are proposed extensions surfaced by this full-book Amos coverage and require formal TM-revision review before publication per 12_ai_translation_requirements.md §2 rule 4 and §9.
Category A: Divine Persons, Names & Titles
| # | English Term | Hebrew | Transliteration | Hmong Rendering | Risk | Doctrine(s) | Chapters | Status / Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A1 | God (Elohim) | אֱלֹהִים | Elohim | Vajtswv | Low | General / Cross-cutting | all | [INHERITED] baseline god entry, reused verbatim |
| A2 | LORD (covenant name, YHWH) | יְהוָה | YHWH | Yawmsaub | Critical | Sovereignty; Day of the Lord; Empty Ritual; Social Justice; Messianic Hope | all (~80 occurrences) | [NEW] Distinct from baseline lord=tus Tswv (kyrios/Adonai, generic). Established Hmong Bible-tradition proper name for the Tetragrammaton; must never be interchanged with tus Tswv or Vajtswv. Mandatory at every occurrence, never bare-substituted. Escalate for TM-revision review |
| A3 | Lord (generic/Adonai, incl. “Lord GOD” combination Adonai YHWH) | אֲדֹנָי | Adonai | tus Tswv (generic) — combined “Lord GOD” rendered Yawmsaub uas yog tus Tswv kav ib puas tsav yam | Medium | General / Cross-cutting | 1,3,4,5,7,9 | [INHERITED base term] + [NEW combination gloss]; the intensified Adonai-YHWH pairing (common prophetic idiom) needs the combined gloss to preserve its rhetorical weight, not a bare repetition of “tus Tswv” |
| A4 | LORD of hosts / LORD God of hosts | יְהוָה אֱלֹהֵי (הַ)צְּבָאוֹת | YHWH Elohei (ha-)Tzeva’ot | Yawmsaub uas kav tag nrho tej tub rog ntuj | High | Sovereignty over All Nations | 3,4,5,6,9 | [NEW] Must be distinguished from Hmong shamanic spirit-army/warrior-spirit mobilization (txiv neeb ritual combat); denotes sovereign cosmic command, not a negotiable spiritual resource |
| A5 | Thus says the LORD (messenger formula) | כֹּה אָמַר יְהוָה | koh amar YHWH | Yawmsaub hais li no | Low-Medium | General / Cross-cutting | 1,2,3,5,7 | [NEW] Fixed formula; must render identically at every occurrence (20+ times) once A2 is fixed |
Category B: The Day of the Lord & Judgment
| # | English Term | Hebrew | Transliteration | Hmong Rendering | Risk | Doctrine(s) | Chapters | Status / Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B1 | The Day of the LORD | יוֹם יְהוָה | yom YHWH | Hnub ntawm Yawmsaub | Critical | Day of the Lord as Judgment | 5 (also thematically 6,7,8) | [NEW] Must always carry the doctrinal reversal note (expected national vindication → actual judgment on Israel); risk of conflation with unrelated Hmong millenarian/end-times movement vocabulary |
| B2 | Day of calamity/disaster | יוֹם אֵיד | yom eid | Hnub kev puas tsuaj | Medium | Day of the Lord as Judgment | 6 | [NEW] Synonym-cluster with B1; teach as thematically continuous, not a separate concept |
| B3 | Darkness / not light | חֹשֶׁךְ / אוֹר | choshek / or | kev tsaus ntuj / kev pom kev | Low | Day of the Lord as Judgment | 5, 8 | [NEW] Stable imagery, no collision |
| B4 | Gloom / brightness | אֹפֶל / נֹגַהּ | ophel / nogah | kev tsaus nti / kev ci ntsa iab | Low | Day of the Lord as Judgment | 5 | [NEW] Intensifying pair to B3 |
| B5 | Wrath of God (implicit throughout the oracle cycle) | אַף / חָרוֹן | aph / charon (implicit) | kev npau taws ntawm Vajtswv | High | Day of the Lord; Sovereignty | 1,2,3,5 | [INHERITED] baseline wrath_of_god; must be taught as righteous/judicial and non-appeasable by ritual, per baseline note, extended here to the whole oracle-cycle |
| B6 | ”I will not pass by them again” (finality formula) | לֹא־אוֹסִיף עוֹד עֲבוֹר | lo-osif od avor | kuv yuav tsis dhau lawm | Medium-High | Day of the Lord; Sovereignty | 7, 8 | [NEW] Marks the shift from covenant discipline to unconditional judgment; pairs conceptually with B5 |
| B7 | Woe (funerary/judgment interjection) | הוֹי | hoy | Yuav raug txom nyem rau… | Low | Day of the Lord; Empty Ritual | 5, 6 | [NEW] Stable prophetic-lawsuit interjection |
| B8 | Exile / captivity | גָּלוּת / גָלֹה | galut / galoh | raug ntes coj mus lwm teb chaws | Medium | Day of the Lord; Sovereignty | 4,5,6,7,9 | [NEW] Concrete covenant-curse fulfillment; comprehension-level |
| B9 | Plumb line | אֲנָךְ | anakh | txoj hlua ncaj (ntsuas kev ncaj) | Medium | Day of the Lord; Justice | 7 | [NEW] Unfamiliar tool; doctrinally marks the shift from relenting to final verdict |
| B10 | Fire (judgment instrument) | אֵשׁ | esh | hluav taws | Low | Sovereignty; Day of the Lord | 1,2,5,7 | [NEW] Concrete, universal image |
Category C: Social Justice and Care for the Poor
| # | English Term | Hebrew | Transliteration | Hmong Rendering | Risk | Doctrine(s) | Chapters | Status / Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C1 | Justice (judicial/social) | מִשְׁפָּט | mishpat | kev txiav txim ncaj | Critical | Social Justice; Empty Ritual (5:24 climax) | 5, 6 (implicit), core passage | [NEW] Distinct from C4 (tzedakah); concrete judicial/marketplace demand, must not be softened into private piety |
| C2 | Poor / needy / afflicted | עָנִי / דַּל / אֶבְיוֹן | ani / dal / evyon | cov pluag / cov txom nyem | High | Social Justice | 2,4,5,8 | [NEW] hmoov (fate/fortune) vocabulary PERMANENTLY FORBIDDEN for this referent — poverty must be framed as the product of addressable injustice, never as impersonal fate/bad-fortune, per baseline’s own established hmoov prohibition (extended by analogy from the Election entry) |
| C3 | Oppress / crush / trample | עָשַׁק / רָצַץ / שָׂאַף | ashaq / ratzatz / sha’af | tsim txom / tsuj yuam | Medium | Social Justice | 2,4,8 | [NEW] Concrete exploitation verbs |
| C4 | Righteousness (OT ethical/covenant-faithfulness sense) | צְדָקָה | tzedakah | Vajtswv txoj kev ncaj ncees / tus ncaj ncees (reused string) | Critical | Social Justice; Empty Ritual | core passage (5:24) | [INHERITED string, NEW sense-application] — MANDATORY disambiguation note distinguishing this OT ethical/social sense from the baseline’s Romans forensic-imputation sense; same Hmong string, two theologically distinct senses that must never be silently merged in teaching |
| C5 | Sold the righteous/needy for silver/sandals | מָכְרוּ בַכֶּסֶף … | makhru bakesef… | muag cov pluag rau nyiaj me me (descriptive) | High | Social Justice | 2 | [NEW] Concrete debt-bondage exploitation imagery |
| C6 | Dishonest scales / false balances | מֹאזְנֵי מִרְמָה | mo’zenei mirmah | tej teev nqes cuav | Medium | Social Justice | 8 | [NEW] Commercial-fraud vocabulary, comprehension-level |
| C7 | Establish justice in the gate | מִשְׁפָּט בַּשָּׁעַר | mishpat ba-sha’ar | kev txiav txim ncaj ntawm rooj loog | Critical | Social Justice | 5 | [NEW] Concrete civic-institutional application of C1 |
Category D: Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual
| # | English Term | Hebrew | Transliteration | Hmong Rendering | Risk | Doctrine(s) | Chapters | Status / Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| D1 | Feasts / festivals | חַגִּים | chaggim | tej hnub kevcai noj haus | High | Empty Ritual | 5 | [NEW] Shares kevcai root already flagged in baseline for Law/baptism; risk here is different — must not be heard as “ritual itself is the problem” rather than “ritual divorced from justice” |
| D2 | Solemn assemblies | עֲצָרוֹת | atzarot | tej rooj sib txoos dawb huv | Medium | Empty Ritual | 5 | [NEW] Comprehension-level liturgical-calendar gap |
| D3 | Burnt offerings | עֹלוֹת | olot | khoom fij kub tag | Critical | Empty Ritual | 5 | [NEW] Shares baseline’s fij domain (cf. living_sacrifice, propitiation_atoning_sacrifice); risk of “ritual-technique-error” misdiagnosis instead of correct “ritual-without-justice” diagnosis |
| D4 | Grain offerings | מִנְחֹת | minchot | khoom fij qoob loo | Critical | Empty Ritual | 5 | [NEW] Same collision profile as D3; kept lexically distinct to preserve category breadth |
| D5 | Peace / fellowship offerings | שְׁלָמִים | shelamim | khoom fij sib raug zoo | Critical | Empty Ritual; Social Justice | 5 | [NEW] Same fij collision; “fattened animals” detail links directly to wealth/exploitation (Category C) |
| D6 | Songs / noise of songs | שִׁיר / הֶמְיָה | shir / hemyah | suab hu nkauj / suab nrov | Low-Medium | Empty Ritual | 5 | [NEW] Deliberately derogatory register (“noise”) must be preserved, not softened |
| D7 | Melody of harps | זִמְרָה / נֶבֶל | zimrah / nevel | suab nkauj ntawm nog ncas | Low | Empty Ritual | 5 | [NEW] Comprehension-level instrument gap only |
| D8 | Horns of the altar | קַרְנוֹת הַמִּזְבֵּחַ | qarnot ha-mizbe’ach | tej kub ntawm lub thaj fij | Medium | Empty Ritual | 3 | [NEW] Comprehension-level, no collision |
| D9 | Bethel (wordplay: house of God → house of nothing) | בֵּית־אֵל / בֵּית אָוֶן | Beit-El / Beit-Aven | Npe-Es (transliteration) | Medium | Empty Ritual | 4,5,7,8 | [NEW] [TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED: untranslatable Hebrew wordplay] — footnote required, no phonetic Hmong equivalent exists |
| D10 | Nazirite | נָזִיר | nazir | tus Naxi (uas khi lus fij rau Vajtswv) | Medium | Empty Ritual (suppression of consecrated persons) | 2 | [NEW] Comprehension gap, modeled on baseline’s circumcision entry pattern |
| D11 | Idol / illicit cult-site oath (“your god, O Dan”; “the way of Beersheba”) | אֱלֹהֶיךָ / דֶּרֶךְ | (contextual) | dab mlom / coglus tuav npe lwm tus vajtswv cuav | High | Empty Ritual; Sovereignty | 8 | [INHERITED idol string reused] + [NEW oath-formula gloss]; oath-swearing by cult-site deities parallels Hmong spirit/ancestor oath-invocation customs — requires explicit contrast teaching |
Category E: God’s Sovereignty over All Nations
| # | English Term | Hebrew | Transliteration | Hmong Rendering | Risk | Doctrine(s) | Chapters | Status / Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| E1 | Nations / Gentiles | גּוֹיִם | goyim | lwm Haiv Neeg | Low | Sovereignty; Messianic Hope | 1,2,9 | [INHERITED] baseline nations_gentiles; contextual note — Amos’s use emphasizes universal moral accountability, not gospel-inclusion contrast as in Romans |
| E2 | Transgression / covenant rebellion | פֶּשַׁע | pesha | kev fav xeeb (alongside baseline kev txhaum) | High | Sovereignty; Social Justice | 1,2 | [NEW] Stronger than baseline sin_act_and_condition; denotes treason against a rightful sovereign, not merely reparable social fault |
| E3 | Foreign nation proper names (Damascus, Gaza, Tyre, Edom, Ammon, Moab, Philistia, Syria, Cush) | דַּמֶּשֶׂק, עַזָּה, צֹר, אֱדוֹם, עַמּוֹן, מוֹאָב, פְּלִשְׁתִּים, אֲרָם, כּוּשׁ | (various) | Damaxes, Nkaxa, Tiles, Edoos, Amoos, Auj, Filixatia, Alab/Xilias, cov Kus | Low | Sovereignty | 1,2,9 | [NEW] Standard transliteration convention, following baseline’s cov Yudas/cov Kilis pattern |
| E4 | ”Are you not like the Cushites to me?” (accountability-leveling) | הֲלוֹא כִבְנֵי־כֻשִׁיִּים | halo khivnei-Khushiyyim | ”Nej tsis zoo li cov Kus rau kuv, Yixalayees, los?” | High | Sovereignty; Election | 9 | [NEW] Must be taught alongside E5/A2 election material so it reinforces rather than negates Israel’s genuine election |
| E5 | Exodus-of-nations sovereignty claim (9:7) | הֲלוֹא אֶת־יִשְׂרָאֵל הֶעֱלֵיתִי… | halo et-Yisra’el he’eleiti… | descriptive rendering, no fixed short-form | High | Sovereignty | 9 | [NEW] Single clearest textual anchor for this doctrine in the whole book |
Category F: Election, Prophecy & Revelation
| # | English Term | Hebrew | Transliteration | Hmong Rendering | Risk | Doctrine(s) | Chapters | Status / Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F1 | Known / chosen (election verb) | יָדַע | yada | kev xaiv (Vajtswv xaiv raws li nws lub siab nyiam) | Critical | Sovereignty; Social Justice (accountability) | 3 | [INHERITED] baseline election_choose entry reused verbatim; hmoov vocabulary permanently forbidden |
| F2 | Prophet | נָבִיא | navi | tus cev Vajtswv lus | High | Empty Ritual; Sovereignty (authorized messenger) | 2,3,7 | [NEW] Existing Hmong Christian usage; must be explicitly distinguished from txiv neeb (shaman/spirit-medium) — prophet speaks the Word of the one true God, not spirit-negotiated divination |
| F3 | Vision (divine disclosure) | חָזוֹן | chazon | Vajtswv qhia rau kuv pom / yog toog uas Vajtswv qhia | High | Sovereignty; Empty Ritual | 7,8,9 | [NEW] Must be distinguished from shamanic trance-journey visions (txiv neeb soul-travel/spirit-negotiation) |
| F4 | Calling/commissioning (“I was a herdsman… the LORD took me”) | וַיִּקָּחֵנִי יְהוָה | vayyiqqacheni YHWH | Yawmsaub coj kuv tawm…thiab hais rau kuv tias mus cev lus | Medium | Sovereignty | 7 | [NEW] Comprehension bridge to baseline’s apostle entry (divinely-conferred, not institutionally-derived authority) |
| F5 | Silencing the prophets | לֹא תִנָּבְאוּ | lo tinnave’u | hais rau tus cev Vajtswv lus tias tsis txhob cev lus | Medium | Empty Ritual; Sovereignty | 2,7 | [NEW] Compounding covenant crime; narrative reinforcement of F2 |
| F6 | Famine of the word of the LORD | רָעָב לִשְׁמֹעַ אֶת־דִּבְרֵי יְהוָה | ra’av lishmoa et-divrei YHWH | kev tshaib nqhis Vajtswv Txoj Lus | High | Sovereignty; Day of the Lord | 8 | [NEW] Distinct from baseline scripture (Vaj Lug Kub, written); denotes withdrawal of spoken revelation as ultimate judgment |
| F7 | Seek the LORD and live | דִּרְשׁוּ אֶת־יְהוָה וִחְיוּ | dirshu et-YHWH vichyu | nrhiav Yawmsaub thiab yuav muaj txoj sia nyob | Medium | Day of the Lord; Empty Ritual | 5 | [NEW] Must retain explicit contrast with illicit cult-site seeking (Bethel/Gilgal/Beersheba) named in the same context |
| F8 | Return / repent (covenant turning) | שׁוּב | shuv | tig rov qab los cuag Vajtswv | Medium-High | Empty Ritual; Day of the Lord | 4 | [NEW] Distinct from baseline’s NT renewal_of_the_mind (hloov siab tshiab); OT covenantal “turning back,” not to be merged with the NT conversion idiom without a teaching note |
| F9 | Mercy / gracious favor | חָנַן | chanan | txoj kev khuv leej | Medium | Sovereignty; Social Justice | 5 (implicit, “gracious to the remnant”) | [INHERITED] baseline mercy; kept distinct from grace/txiaj ntsim per baseline note |
Category G: The Restoration of David’s Fallen Tent (Messianic Hope)
| # | English Term | Hebrew | Transliteration | Hmong Rendering | Risk | Doctrine(s) | Chapters | Status / Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| G1 | Booth/tent of David that is fallen | סֻכַּת דָּוִיד הַנֹּפֶלֶת | sukkat David ha-nofelet | lub tsev pheeb suab ntawm Daviv uas vau lawm | Critical | Messianic Hope | 9 | [NEW] Central Amos anchor for Acts 15:16-17 citation; sukkah (humble/temporary hut) deliberately distinct from bayit (grand house/dynasty) — must not be flattened; must be cross-referenced forward to baseline son_of_god, heir, kingdom_of_god entries |
| G2 | Rebuild as in the days of old | וּבְנִיתִיהָ כִּימֵי עוֹלָם | u-venitiha ki-mei olam | kuv yuav kho dua tshiab, thooj li thaum ub | High | Messianic Hope | 9 | [NEW] Restoration in continuity with, not replacement of, Davidic covenant (2 Samuel 7) |
| G3 | Remnant of Edom and all the nations called by my name | שְׁאֵרִית אֱדוֹם וְכָל־הַגּוֹיִם | she’erit Edom ve-khol-ha-goyim | cov seem ntawm Edoos thiab tag nrho lwm Haiv Neeg | High | Messianic Hope; Sovereignty | 9 | [INHERITED strings cov seem/lwm Haiv Neeg reused] + [NEW combination]; direct bridge to baseline’s Romans 9-11 “Future of Israel” doctrinal thread — cross-reference required |
| G4 | Plant them, never again uprooted | וּנְטַעְתִּים … וְלֹא יִנָּתְשׁוּ עוֹד | u-neta’tim … ve-lo yinnatshu od | kuv yuav cog lawv…tsis muab lawv dob dua li lawm | Low-Medium | Messianic Hope | 9 | [NEW] Cross-reference to baseline’s Romans 11:29 irrevocable-calling language and grafted_olive_tree entry for consistency |
| G5 | Ever-flowing stream of new wine (restored abundance) | וְהִטִּיפוּ הֶהָרִים עָסִיס | ve-hittifu he-harim asis | tej roob yuav muaj cawv txiv hmab ntws saum roob | Low-Medium | Messianic Hope | 9 | [NEW] Deliberate structural echo of core-passage 5:24’s flowing-stream justice imagery; teach as judgment-reversed-into-abundance inclusio |
| G6 | Hope (grounded in God’s restoration promise) | (conceptual — תִּקְוָה not lexically present in Amos but doctrinally implied) | — | kev cia siab | Low | Messianic Hope | 9 (doctrinal, not lexical) | [INHERITED] baseline hope; applied here to the restoration promise rather than a specific Hebrew lexeme |
Category H: General / Recurring Imagery
| # | English Term | Hebrew | Transliteration | Hmong Rendering | Risk | Doctrine(s) | Chapters | Status / Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| H1 | Israel (proper name/people) | יִשְׂרָאֵל | Yisra’el | cov Yixalayees | Low | all | all | [INHERITED] baseline all_israel_will_be_saved entry’s people-designation, reused |
| H2 | Lion (roar/danger metaphor) | אַרְיֵה | aryeh | tsov ntxhuav | Low | Sovereignty; Day of the Lord | 1,3,5 | [NEW] Concrete predator imagery, transfers well |
| H3 | Bear / serpent (escalating-danger imagery) | דֹּב / נָחָשׁ | dov / nachash | dais / nab | Low | Day of the Lord | 5 | [NEW] Concrete imagery, no collision |
| H4 | Cows of Bashan (epithet for indulgent elite) | פָּרוֹת הַבָּשָׁן | parot ha-Bashan | cov nyuj Npasaas | Low-Medium | Social Justice | 4 | [NEW] Comprehension-level place-name gap |
| H5 | Ivory houses / houses of ease | בֵּית שֵׁן | beit shen | tej tsev kub ntsuab | Low | Social Justice | 3,6 | [NEW] Comprehension-level luxury-material gap |
| H6 | Boasting / pride of Jacob | גְּאוֹן יַעֲקֹב | ge’on Ya’aqov | tus kev khav theeb ntawm Yakhauj | Low-Medium | Sovereignty; Day of the Lord | 6 | [INHERITED] baseline boasting string reused |
| H7 | Virgin Israel (funeral-lament personification) | בְּתוּלַת יִשְׂרָאֵל | betulat Yisra’el | tus ntxhais Yixalayees | Low-Medium | Day of the Lord | 5 | [NEW] Funeral-dirge genre, comprehension-level |
| H8 | Sieve (sifting judgment/preservation) | כְּבָרָה | kevarah | raug ntxuav li ntxuav qoob | Low-Medium | Sovereignty; Day of the Lord; Messianic Hope | 9 | [NEW] Agrarian imagery bridging judgment and restoration |
| H9 | Summer fruit / the end (untranslatable pun) | קַיִץ / קֵץ | qayits / qets | lub tawb txiv qoob loo siav… “Lub sij hawm kawg tau los” | Medium-High | Day of the Lord | 8 | [NEW] [TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED: untranslatable Hebrew wordplay] — mandatory explanatory footnote |
| H10 | Creation-hymn fragments (forms mountains, creates wind, etc.) | (4:13; 5:8-9; 9:5-6) | (various) | tej uas raug tsim los | Low | Sovereignty | 4,5,9 | [INHERITED] baseline creation entry reused |
Chapter Coverage Log (Full-Book Mandate Compliance)
| Chapter | New Terms Contributed | Status |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | A5, E2 (partial), E3, H10-related fire (B10) | Reviewed — new terms logged |
| 2 | C2, C3, C5, D10, D11 (idol groundwork), E2, F5 | Reviewed — new terms logged |
| 3 | D8, F1, F2 (groundwork), H2 | Reviewed — new terms logged |
| 4 | A4, B8 (groundwork), C2/C3 (extended), F8, H4, H10 | Reviewed — new terms logged |
| 5 (core passage chapter) | B1, B3, B4, B7, C1, C4, C7, D1-D7, D9, F7, H3, H7 — full verse-by-verse treatment in 07_semantic_analysis.md §1 | Reviewed — core passage fully analyzed |
| 6 | B2, B6 (groundwork), H5, H6 | Reviewed — new terms logged |
| 7 | B6, B9, F2 (full), F3 (groundwork), F4, F5 (full) | Reviewed — new terms logged |
| 8 | B3 (extended), C2/C3 (extended), C6, F6, H9 | Reviewed — new terms logged |
| 9 | A4 (full), E1 (extended), E4, E5, F3 (full), G1-G5, H8, H10 | Reviewed — new terms logged |
No chapter of Amos was silently skipped. Every chapter is explicitly logged above per the full-book coverage mandate, including confirmation of which terms are newly surfaced versus reused/extended from earlier chapters.
Governing Note
This glossary is a Phase 1 analysis artifact, not yet an enforced Phase 2 translation-memory. All rows marked [NEW] must pass formal TM-revision review (human theologian + native speaker, per baseline 12_ai_translation_requirements.md §9 escalation table) before being promoted to a permanent translation_memory.json entry for the Amos Hmong Language Package. All rows marked [INHERITED] are already permanent per the Romans baseline and may not be altered by this or any future curriculum without a formal TM-revision review against that baseline.
Critical Risk Terms
Election Choose
Approved rendering: kev xaiv (Vajtswv xaiv raws li nws lub siab nyiam)
Transliteration: eklogē / eklegomai; Hebrew yada (Amos 3:2)
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over All Nations
Rejected alternatives: hmoov (impersonal fate/fortune) vocabulary — PERMANENTLY FORBIDDEN, collapses personal divine choice into fatalism and erases human moral responsibility
Inherited from Romans package verbatim; extended to Amos 3:2 (‘You only have I known of all the families of the earth’). Must always be paired with 3:2’s accountability clause (‘therefore I will punish you’) so election is never taught as privilege without responsibility, and must be taught alongside 9:7’s Cushites-leveling text so that text reinforces rather than negates Israel’s genuine election.
Righteousness Of God Righteous
Approved rendering: Vajtswv txoj kev ncaj ncees / tus ncaj ncees
Transliteration: dikaiosynē theou / dikaios
Doctrine: Justification by Faith (Romans) — cross-referenced for Social Justice and Care for the Poor / Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual (Amos)
Rejected alternatives: bare ‘kev ncaj ncees’ without a qualifying clause — rejected in both books, though for different reasons
Inherited from Romans package verbatim, where it denotes forensic, imputed righteousness (a status credited by faith apart from works). Amos 5:24 reuses the identical Hmong string for the distinct OT ethical/covenant-faithfulness sense of tzedakah — see righteousness_ot_ethical_tzedakah below for the MANDATORY disambiguation note required at every Amos occurrence.
Justify Reckon As Righteous
Approved rendering: ua kom ncaj ncees / raug suav tias ncaj ncees
Transliteration: dikaioō / logizomai
Doctrine: Justification by Faith (Romans) — contrast reference for Amos 5:24
Rejected alternatives: ‘ua zoo’ (do good) framing — rejected, reintroduces works-righteousness
Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Kept as a contrast anchor: Amos 5:24’s tzedakah/mishpat pairing must NOT be taught using this forensic-imputation phrase, since Amos means lived, active justice, not a declared legal status.
Reckon Impute
Approved rendering: suav / suav tias
Transliteration: logizomai
Doctrine: Justification by Faith (Romans) — contrast reference for Amos 5:24
Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Retained here solely as a disambiguation anchor so curriculum writers can explicitly distinguish Romans’ forensic-accounting sense from Amos’s OT ethical-conduct sense of the cognate righteousness vocabulary.
Grace
Approved rendering: txiaj ntsim
Transliteration: charis
Doctrine: Grace and Salvation by Faith Alone (Romans) — contrast reference for mercy in Amos
Rejected alternatives: koob hmoov (fortune/blessing tied to fate and ritual correctness) — PERMANENTLY FORBIDDEN
Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Retained as a disambiguation anchor: mercy (txoj kev khuv leej, compassion toward the miserable, central to Amos 9) must never be flattened into this term or vice versa.
Propitiation Atoning Sacrifice
Approved rendering: qhov theej txhoj kev txhaum
Transliteration: hilastērion
Doctrine: Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual
Rejected alternatives: transliterated loanword — rejected, bare ‘qhov theej’ without a sufficiency qualifier — rejected
Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Retained as a disambiguation anchor for the fij domain contrast against Amos’s burnt/grain/peace-offering rejection material (see notes on living_sacrifice above); the two books’ fij risks run in opposite directions and must never share a single undifferentiated teaching note.
Law Mosaic Divine
Approved rendering: Txoj Kevcai (ntawm Vajtswv / Mauxes)
Transliteration: nomos
Doctrine: Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual
Rejected alternatives: bare ‘Txoj Kevcai’ without qualifier — rejected, collapses into kev cai dab qhuas (ancestral spirit-worship customs)
Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Retained as a disambiguation anchor: the kevcai root is shared with the new feasts_festivals entry below, but the Amos-specific risk runs in the OPPOSITE polarity from this Romans entry’s risk (danger there: biblical Law collapsed into ancestral custom; danger in Amos: concluding ritual observance itself, not its divorce from justice, is condemned).
Yhwh Divine Name
Approved rendering: Yawmsaub
Transliteration: YHWH
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting (all five Amos doctrines)
Rejected alternatives: bare ‘tus Tswv’ substituted for YHWH — rejected, collapses the covenant-specific proper name into a generic lordship title, losing the ~80x-repeated covenant-lawsuit force of every oracle formula, phonetic transliteration of the Hebrew consonants (a novel loanword) — rejected, breaks from the established Hmong Bible translation tradition’s proper name and would falsely suggest a different, unfamiliar deity
NEW ENTRY. The established Hmong Bible-tradition proper name for the Tetragrammaton, distinct from Vajtswv (Elohim/God) and tus Tswv (Adonai/generic lord). Used ~80 times in Amos. Must never be interchanged with either other divine-reference term, even for stylistic variation. Highest-density, highest-stakes divine-name discipline requirement in this Language Package.
Day Of The Lord
Approved rendering: Hnub ntawm Yawmsaub
Transliteration: yom YHWH
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord as Judgment
Rejected alternatives: generic rendering ‘a day when God acts’ — rejected, loses Amos’s shocking prophetic reversal (5:18-20: expected national vindication becomes judgment on Israel itself), any vocabulary drawn from documented 19th-20th century Hmong millenarian/messianic ‘new king’ end-times movements — PERMANENTLY FORBIDDEN; would cause the term to be heard as generic apocalyptic folklore rather than YHWH’s specific covenant-lawsuit verdict on His own covenant people
NEW ENTRY. Must always carry the reversal-teaching note at every occurrence (not merely first use), given Critical tier. [TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED: possible collision with Hmong messianic-movement end-times folklore] pending native-speaker consultation before first publication.
Justice Mishpat
Approved rendering: kev txiav txim ncaj
Transliteration: mishpat
Doctrine: Social Justice and Care for the Poor
Rejected alternatives: bare ‘Vajtswv txoj kev ncaj ncees’ without the judicial/social qualifier — rejected, softens the concrete courtroom/marketplace demand into private, interior piety
NEW ENTRY. Doctrinal center of Amos 5:24; concrete social-legal practice of rendering right judgment (fair courts, honest weights, protection of the poor). Must never be collapsed into bare inherited righteousness_of_god_righteous string without this qualifier.
Righteousness Ot Ethical Tzedakah
Approved rendering: Vajtswv txoj kev ncaj ncees / tus ncaj ncees
Transliteration: tzedakah
Doctrine: Social Justice and Care for the Poor; Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual
Rejected alternatives: silently reusing the Romans forensic-imputation sense without a disambiguation note — rejected, risks either moralizing Romans or spiritualizing away Amos’s concrete social demand
NEW SENSE-APPLICATION of the inherited righteousness_of_god_righteous string. MANDATORY bidirectional disambiguation note required at every occurrence in Amos content: ‘In Loos (Romans), this phrase names a legal status given by faith; in Amos, it names right conduct done toward the poor. These are related but not identical; do not substitute one teaching for the other.’ Paired with justice_mishpat as a fixed word-pair in 5:24.
Justice In The Gate
Approved rendering: kev txiav txim ncaj ntawm rooj loog
Transliteration: mishpat ba-sha’ar
Doctrine: Social Justice and Care for the Poor
Rejected alternatives: dropping the ‘ntawm rooj loog’ (at the gate) civic-institutional qualifier — rejected, same softening risk as justice_mishpat
NEW ENTRY. Concrete civic-institutional application of justice_mishpat (5:15); ANE city gates functioned as the courthouse. Carries the same Critical softening risk if the institutional setting is dropped.
Burnt Offerings
Approved rendering: khoom fij kub tag
Transliteration: olot
Doctrine: Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual
Rejected alternatives: teaching that implies ritual-technique error caused the rejection — rejected; the offerings were technically flawless but relationally worthless because offered by unjust hands (5:24)
NEW ENTRY. Most costly, wholly-consumed offering category (5:22). Shares the baseline’s already-flagged fij domain with shamanic spirit-appeasement offerings; the risk here runs OPPOSITE the Romans-baseline propitiation risk — every occurrence requires the mandatory teaching note stated in the alternatives_rejected field.
Grain Offerings
Approved rendering: khoom fij qoob loo
Transliteration: minchot
Doctrine: Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual
Rejected alternatives: collapsing into a single undifferentiated ‘offering’ term with burnt_offerings/peace_offerings — rejected, loses the category breadth Amos deliberately names
NEW ENTRY. Lesser-cost, frequently-offered category paired with burnt_offerings in 5:22; kept lexically distinct so learners see the full breadth of rejected offering-categories.
Peace Offerings
Approved rendering: khoom fij sib raug zoo
Transliteration: shelem / shalmei meri’eychem
Doctrine: Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual; Social Justice and Care for the Poor
Rejected alternatives: omitting the ‘fattened animals’ wealth-and-exploitation link — rejected, loses the connection to the Social Justice doctrine
NEW ENTRY. Communal, celebratory sacrifice (5:22), specified as conspicuously fattened animals; must be taught alongside both Empty-Ritual and Social-Justice doctrines, since the wealth-display detail links directly to the exploitation named in chs.2, 4, 8.
Booth Of David Fallen
Approved rendering: lub tsev pheeb suab ntawm Daviv uas vau lawm
Transliteration: sukkat David ha-nofelet
Doctrine: The Restoration of David’s Fallen Tent (Messianic Hope)
Rejected alternatives: rendering with a term implying a grand/intact structure (generic ‘lub tsev,’ house/palace) — rejected; the deliberate humbling image of a fallen hut, not a fallen palace, is theologically essential, leaving disconnected from the inherited son_of_god/heir/kingdom_of_god entries — rejected, becomes a bare political-restoration promise rather than messianic hope fulfilled in Christ (Acts 15:16-17)
NEW ENTRY. THE central textual anchor for the Messianic Hope doctrine (9:11), quoted in Acts 15:16-17. ‘lub tsev pheeb suab’ (temporary field-hut, an authentic Hmong agrarian referent) must be locked as the fixed rendering; never substitute a generic ‘lub tsev.’ Mandatory first-occurrence footnote on the sukkah/bayit distinction, plus mandatory cross-reference to son_of_god, heir, and kingdom_of_god at every occurrence.
High Risk Terms
Wrath Of God
Approved rendering: kev npau taws ntawm Vajtswv
Transliteration: orgē theou; Hebrew aph/charon (implicit throughout the oracle cycle)
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord as Judgment
Rejected alternatives: unqualified ‘npau taws’ associated only with capricious spirit/ancestor anger — rejected without explicit contrast teaching
Inherited from Romans package verbatim; extended across Amos’s entire oracle cycle (chs.1-2, 3, 5) and the finality formula ‘I will not pass by them again’ (7:8, 8:2). Must retain the baseline’s mandatory teaching that this wrath is righteous, judicial, and NOT appeasable by ritual — no offering in Amos 5 can reverse it, the opposite of the shamanic appeasement-until-satisfied model.
Idol
Approved rendering: dab mlom
Transliteration: eidōlon; Hebrew (contextual, e.g. 8:14 cult-site deities)
Doctrine: Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual
Rejected alternatives: generic ‘statue’ softening — rejected, must not soften the term
Inherited from Romans package verbatim as the base string; see idol_oath_formula below for the new Amos-specific oath-swearing extension at 8:14.
Sin Act And Condition
Approved rendering: txhaum / kev txhaum
Transliteration: hamartia; Hebrew chatta’ah
Doctrine: Social Justice and Care for the Poor
Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Used in Amos for the milder, general sense of wrongdoing, kept lexically distinct from the new, stronger term transgression_covenant_rebellion_pesha (kev fav xeeb) below; must never be substituted for pesha in contexts of covenant treason (chs.1-2).
Power
Approved rendering: hwjchim
Transliteration: dynamis
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over All Nations
Rejected alternatives: bare, unqualified hwjchim — FORBIDDEN, identical to a shaman’s (txiv neeb) ritual power
Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Underlies the new lord_of_hosts entry below; the baseline’s mandatory qualifier discipline (‘Vajtswv hwjchim’) extends to, but does not by itself resolve, the distinct ‘unilateral cosmic command vs. negotiated spirit-invocation’ contrast needed for LORD of hosts.
All Israel Will Be Saved
Approved rendering: tag nrho cov Yixalayees yuav dim
Transliteration: pas Israēl sōthēsetai
Doctrine: The Restoration of David’s Fallen Tent (Messianic Hope)
Rejected alternatives: flattening to generic clan/lineage-continuity language — rejected, supersessionist replacement-theology framing — rejected
Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Mandatory cross-reference for Amos 9:12’s ‘remnant of Edom and all the nations called by my name,’ which structurally parallels Romans 11:29’s irrevocable-covenant-calling doctrine.
Living Sacrifice
Approved rendering: khoom fij uas muaj txoj sia nyob
Transliteration: thysia zōsa
Doctrine: Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual
Rejected alternatives: unqualified ‘fij’ identical to offering language for ancestors/spirits — rejected without explicit ethical-devotion framing
Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Retained as a disambiguation anchor for the fij (sacrifice) domain: the Romans-package risk is Christ’s atonement or ethical devotion being assimilated into repeatable appeasement; the NEW, opposite-direction Amos risk (burnt/grain/peace offerings rejected despite technical correctness) must be taught as a DISTINCT contrast note, not merged with this entry’s fencing language.
Worship Serve Cultic
Approved rendering: pehawm / pab teev
Transliteration: latreuō
Doctrine: Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual
Rejected alternatives: bare, unanchored pehawm — FORBIDDEN, identical verb used for pehawm dab (ancestor/spirit veneration)
Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Relevant cross-reference for Amos’s broader critique of ritual divorced from ethics; Amos does not use this exact term but the underlying principle (worship’s object and integrity matter, not merely its form) is the same doctrinal thread.
Salvation Save
Approved rendering: kev cawm dim / cawm
Transliteration: sōtēria / sōzō
Doctrine: The Restoration of David’s Fallen Tent (Messianic Hope)
Rejected alternatives: unanchored ‘dim’ (escape) parallel to shamanic ua neeb soul-rescue — rejected without explicit Christ-anchoring
Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Underlies the all_israel_will_be_saved entry; not used directly elsewhere in the Amos text (Amos 5:4,6,14 uses ‘live’ — muaj txoj sia nyob — rather than ‘dim’; see seek_the_lord_and_live below, which must NOT be conflated with this entry).
Lord Of Hosts
Approved rendering: Yawmsaub uas kav tag nrho tej tub rog ntuj
Transliteration: YHWH Elohei (ha-)Tzeva’ot
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over All Nations
Rejected alternatives: bare unqualified ‘hwjchim’ applied to divine armies — rejected, reads identically to a shaman’s ritual power to mobilize spirit-forces, transliterated loanword (‘Xanpaus’/Sabaoth style) — rejected, opaque to Hmong readers and forfeits the needed contrast-teaching against shamanic spirit-army mobilization
NEW ENTRY. Closes several Amos oracles (4:13; 5:14-16, 27; 9:5). Must be clearly distinguished from Hmong folk-belief in shaman-mobilized spirit-armies/warrior-spirits (txiv neeb ritual combat): YHWH’s ‘hosts’ denote unilateral, non-negotiable sovereign cosmic command, not a negotiable ritual resource a religious specialist can invoke on a client’s behalf.
Finality Formula Will Not Pass By
Approved rendering: kuv yuav tsis dhau lawm
Transliteration: lo-osif od avor lo
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord as Judgment
Rejected alternatives: framing as capricious, ritually-reversible spirit-anger — rejected; no offering in ch.5 could reverse this verdict, the opposite of the shamanic appeasement-until-satisfied model
NEW ENTRY. Marks the decisive shift (7:8, 8:2) from covenant discipline (chs.1-6, where repentance could still avert disaster, cf. 4:6-11) to unconditional, finalized judgment. Must be taught as the just, righteous exhaustion of covenant patience after repeated warning, never as capricious spirit-anger correctable by a better ritual.
Poor Needy Afflicted
Approved rendering: cov pluag / cov txom nyem
Transliteration: ani / dal / evyon
Doctrine: Social Justice and Care for the Poor
Rejected alternatives: hmoov (fate/fortune) vocabulary or any framing of poverty as impersonal misfortune — PERMANENTLY FORBIDDEN for this referent, extending the baseline’s existing Critical hmoov prohibition (grace/election) into poverty-causation contexts
NEW ENTRY. Central social class named throughout (2:7; 4:1; 5:11-12; 8:4,6). Poverty must always be framed as the product of addressable human injustice, never impersonal fate; must be kept adjacent to oppress_crush_trample so the human oppressor-agent is always named.
Sold Poor For Silver Sandals
Approved rendering: muag cov pluag thiab cov ncaj ncees rau nyiaj me me xwb
Transliteration: makhru bakesef tzaddiq ve’evyon ba’avur na’alayim
Doctrine: Social Justice and Care for the Poor
Rejected alternatives: softened generic ‘took advantage of’ — rejected, loses the specific, documentable debt-bondage economic crime Amos names (2:6)
NEW ENTRY. Concrete debt-bondage exploitation imagery; must retain its horror to avoid being absorbed into a fatalistic reading, per poor_needy_afflicted’s prohibition.
Feasts Festivals
Approved rendering: tej hnub kevcai noj haus
Transliteration: chaggim
Doctrine: Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual
Rejected alternatives: teaching that renders ‘ritual/festival observance itself’ as the problem — rejected; God rejects festivals divorced from justice (5:24), not festival-keeping as such
NEW ENTRY. Shares the kevcai root flagged in the Romans baseline for law_mosaic_divine and baptism; mandatory co-teaching of 5:24 in the same unit as 5:21-23 so festival-rejection is never presented without its justice-restoration resolution.
Idol Oath Formula
Approved rendering: dab mlom / coglus tuav npe lwm tus vajtswv cuav
Transliteration: Eloheykha (contextual, 8:14)
Doctrine: Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual
Rejected alternatives: treating cult-site oath-swearing as merely analogous to, rather than structurally identical to, Hmong ancestor/spirit oath-invocation customs — rejected, understates the pastoral stakes
NEW SENSE-EXTENSION of the inherited idol string. Amos 8:14’s oath-swearing by ‘your god, O Dan’ and ‘the way of Beersheba’ is STRUCTURALLY IDENTICAL, not merely analogous, to Hmong spirit/ancestor oath-invocation customs; requires explicit contrast teaching naming the identity, not just the similarity.
Transgression Covenant Rebellion Pesha
Approved rendering: kev fav xeeb
Transliteration: pesha
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over All Nations; Social Justice and Care for the Poor
Rejected alternatives: collapsing into the milder inherited ‘kev txhaum’ (general sin) — rejected, loses the treason-against-a-sovereign force that grounds universal moral accountability over non-covenant Gentile nations (chs.1-2)
NEW ENTRY. Stronger than sin_act_and_condition; denotes willful, treasonous revolt against a rightful covenant sovereign. Used of BOTH foreign nations and Israel/Judah (chs.1-2), grounding the claim that God’s moral demand is universal, not Israel-exclusive.
Cushites Accountability Leveling
Approved rendering: Nej tsis zoo li cov Kus rau kuv, Yixalayees, los?
Transliteration: halo khivnei-Khushiyyim atem li
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over All Nations
Rejected alternatives: teaching this verse as abolishing Israel’s election — rejected, must be taught alongside 3:2 so it reinforces rather than negates genuine election
NEW ENTRY. Radically de-centers Israel’s presumed uniqueness (9:7) without abolishing it; must be taught alongside election_choose’s 3:2 accountability material.
Exodus Of Nations Sovereignty Claim
Approved rendering: Yawmsaub coj cov Yixalayees, cov Filixatia, thiab cov Alab tawm hauv lawv qub chaw
Transliteration: halo et-Yisra’el he’eleiti…u-Felishtiyyim…va-Aram
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over All Nations
NEW ENTRY. The single clearest textual anchor in the whole book for God’s sovereignty over all nations’ founding histories, not Israel’s alone (9:7); requires high doctrinal-weight teaching so this is taught as expanding, not replacing, Israel’s unique covenant calling.
Prophet
Approved rendering: tus cev Vajtswv lus
Transliteration: navi
Doctrine: Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual; God’s Sovereignty over All Nations
Rejected alternatives: conflating with txiv neeb (shaman/spirit-medium) vocabulary or framing — rejected; the prophet speaks by direct divine commission, not spirit-negotiated divination
NEW ENTRY. God’s authorized covenant messenger (2:11-12; 3:7-8; 7:10-17); existing Hmong Christian usage, but must be explicitly distinguished from shamanic mediumship at every occurrence.
Vision Divine Disclosure
Approved rendering: Vajtswv qhia rau kuv pom / yog toog uas Vajtswv qhia
Transliteration: chazon / her’ani
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over All Nations
Rejected alternatives: framing as a shamanic trance-journey/soul-travel vision — rejected; Amos’s visions are unsolicited, one-directional divine disclosures, not soul-journeys or spirit-negotiations
NEW ENTRY. Foundational to the book’s revelatory mode (locusts/fire/plumb-line, ch.7; summer fruit, ch.8; altar vision, ch.9). Mandatory teaching note parallel to the baseline’s caution on leitourgos/latreuō against shamanic vocabulary.
Famine Of The Word
Approved rendering: kev tshaib nqhis Vajtswv Txoj Lus
Transliteration: ra’av…lishmoa et-divrei YHWH
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over All Nations; The Day of the Lord as Judgment
Rejected alternatives: reusing the inherited ‘Vaj Lug Kub’ (written Scripture) term — rejected; this denotes withdrawal of spoken revelation, a distinct concept, framing as arbitrary divine abandonment — rejected; must be taught as judicial consequence of the silencing-the-prophets pattern (ch.2, ch.7)
NEW ENTRY. Not physical famine but withdrawal of prophetic revelation (8:11-12) — the most severe judgment named in the book, the terrifying climax of the silencing-the-prophets pattern.
Return Repent Shuv
Approved rendering: tig rov qab los cuag Vajtswv
Transliteration: shuv
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord as Judgment; Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual
Rejected alternatives: merging with baseline NT ‘hloov siab tshiab’ (renewal of the mind) — rejected; the OT shuv concept is a distinct covenantal ‘turning back’ vocabulary, not to be flattened into the NT conversion idiom
NEW ENTRY. Repeated five times, always unfulfilled, in the disciplinary refrain of 4:6-11 (‘yet you did not return to me’); each disaster was a covenant-warning intended to provoke repentance, not mere suffering.
Rebuild As In Days Of Old
Approved rendering: kuv yuav kho dua tshiab, thooj li thaum ub
Transliteration: u-venitiha ki-mei olam
Doctrine: The Restoration of David’s Fallen Tent (Messianic Hope)
Rejected alternatives: teaching as replacement of, rather than continuity with, the Davidic covenant (2 Samuel 7) — rejected
NEW ENTRY. Restoration patterned on the united-monarchy golden age under David (9:11), projected forward into messianic fulfillment; must be taught in continuity with, not replacement of, 2 Samuel 7.
Remnant Of Edom And Nations
Approved rendering: cov seem ntawm Edoos thiab tag nrho lwm Haiv Neeg
Transliteration: she’erit Edom ve-khol-ha-goyim
Doctrine: The Restoration of David’s Fallen Tent (Messianic Hope); God’s Sovereignty over All Nations
Rejected alternatives: flattening into generic lineage-continuity language — rejected, loses the covenant-salvation claim, supersessionist replacement-theology framing — rejected, erases God’s covenant faithfulness to Israel specifically
NEW ENTRY. Extension of restored Davidic dominion to include Gentile nations previously judged in ch.1 (9:12); direct bridge to the inherited all_israel_will_be_saved doctrinal thread — cross-reference required at every occurrence.
Summer Fruit The End Pun
Approved rendering: lub tawb txiv qoob loo siav… ‘Lub sij hawm kawg tau los rau kuv haiv neeg Yixalayees lawm’
Transliteration: qayits / qets
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord as Judgment
Rejected alternatives: invented Hmong wordplay attempting to reproduce qayits/qets — rejected; no Hmong pun reproduces this Hebrew wordplay, and literal rendering plus a mandatory footnote is the only faithful path
NEW ENTRY. [TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED: untranslatable Hebrew pun qayits/qets] — fourth vision (8:1-2); the pun itself carries the theological punchline (ripeness = readiness for judgment). Footnote is doctrinally load-bearing, not a mere linguistic curiosity.
Medium Risk Terms
Mercy
Approved rendering: txoj kev khuv leej
Transliteration: eleos; Hebrew chanan
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over All Nations
Rejected alternatives: txiaj ntsim (grace) used interchangeably for mercy — rejected, mercy and grace are theologically distinct
Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Applied in Amos 5:15’s implicit ‘gracious to the remnant of Joseph’ hope; kept lexically distinct from grace/txiaj ntsim per the established baseline note.
Grafted Olive Tree
Approved rendering: tsob ntoo txiv aliv / txuas rau
Transliteration: elaia / enkentrizō
Doctrine: The Restoration of David’s Fallen Tent (Messianic Hope)
Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Mandatory cross-reference alongside plant_never_uprooted (Amos 9:15) for doctrinal consistency across the curriculum library on Gentile inclusion into God’s covenant people.
Adonai Yhwh Combination
Approved rendering: Yawmsaub uas yog tus Tswv kav ib puas tsav yam
Transliteration: Adonai YHWH
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Rejected alternatives: bare repetition of ‘tus Tswv’ immediately after ‘Yawmsaub’ — rejected, flattens the rhetorical intensification of the emphatic prophetic double divine title
NEW ENTRY. Fixed combined gloss for the intensified ‘Lord GOD’ idiom (1:8, 3:7-8, 4:2, 5:3, 6:8, 7:1-6, 9:5). Comprehension-level risk only; not a collision.
Day Of Calamity
Approved rendering: Hnub kev puas tsuaj
Transliteration: yom eid
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord as Judgment
Rejected alternatives: treating as an unrelated, separate judgment concept from day_of_the_lord — rejected
NEW ENTRY. Synonym-cluster with day_of_the_lord in the ch.6 woe-oracle; must be taught as thematically continuous, not introduced as a distinct concept.
Exile Captivity
Approved rendering: raug ntes coj mus lwm teb chaws
Transliteration: galut / galoh
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord as Judgment
NEW ENTRY. Concrete, historically-fulfilled covenant-curse judgment (first at 5:27; also 4:2-3, 6:7, 7:11,17, 9:4); comprehension-level, not a collision.
Plumb Line
Approved rendering: txoj hlua ncaj (ntsuas kev ncaj)
Transliteration: anakh
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord as Judgment
NEW ENTRY. Third-vision measuring tool (7:7-9); marks the pivotal shift within ch.7 from God relenting (visions 1-2) to a final, non-negotiable verdict (vision 3) — this doctrinal turning point must be taught explicitly.
Oppress Crush Trample
Approved rendering: tsim txom / tsuj yuam
Transliteration: ashaq / ratzatz / sha’af
Doctrine: Social Justice and Care for the Poor
NEW ENTRY. Concrete, visceral exploitation verbs (2:7; 4:1; 8:4); comprehension-level, reinforces the anti-fatalism teaching note attached to poor_needy_afflicted.
Dishonest Scales
Approved rendering: tej teev nqes cuav
Transliteration: mo’zenei mirmah
Doctrine: Social Justice and Care for the Poor
NEW ENTRY. Commercial fraud vocabulary (8:5-6); concrete marketplace imagery, comprehension-level only.
Solemn Assemblies
Approved rendering: tej rooj sib txoos dawb huv
Transliteration: atzarot
Doctrine: Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual
NEW ENTRY. Official cultic convocations (5:21), synonym-paired with feasts_festivals; comprehension-level liturgical-calendar gap only.
Hate Despise Doubled Rejection
Approved rendering: kuv ntxub, kuv tsis lees yuav
Transliteration: sane’ti / ma’asti
Doctrine: Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual
Rejected alternatives: softened single verb ‘am not pleased with’ — rejected, loses the doubled rhetorical intensity that is doctrinally load-bearing
NEW ENTRY. Doubled covenant-lawsuit verb pair (5:21); must remain doubled, never flattened to a single milder verb.
Will Not Accept
Approved rendering: kuv yuav tsis txais yuav
Transliteration: lo ertzeh
Doctrine: Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual
NEW ENTRY. Technical cultic-acceptance vocabulary (5:22) formally revoked as a covenant-lawsuit verdict, not a mood statement.
Noise Of Songs
Approved rendering: suab nrov ntawm nej tej nkauj
Transliteration: shir / hemyah
Doctrine: Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual
Rejected alternatives: neutral ‘your beautiful songs’ softening — rejected, the derogatory ‘noise/tumult’ register is deliberate and must be preserved
NEW ENTRY. Deliberately downgrades sacred song to mere noise/tumult (5:23), signaling total sensory rejection of the liturgical experience Israel treasured.
Horns Of The Altar
Approved rendering: tej kub ntawm lub thaj fij
Transliteration: qarnot ha-mizbe’ach
Doctrine: Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual
NEW ENTRY. Judgment strikes even the most sacred cultic fixtures at Bethel (3:14); comprehension-level architecture gap only.
Bethel Wordplay
Approved rendering: Npe-Es
Transliteration: Beit-El / Beit-Aven
Doctrine: Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual
Rejected alternatives: invented Hmong phonetic pun attempting to reproduce Beit-El/Beth-Aven — rejected; no Hmong construction reproduces this wordplay, and forcing one risks a contrived or theologically distorted result
NEW ENTRY. [TRANSLATOR REVIEW NEEDED: untranslatable Hebrew wordplay Beit-El/Beth-Aven] — mandatory footnote required at every occurrence (4:4; 5:5; 7:10-13; 8:14) explaining the irony that ‘house of God’ becomes ‘house of nothing.‘
Nazirite
Approved rendering: tus Naxi (uas khi lus fij rau Vajtswv)
Transliteration: nazir
Doctrine: Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual
NEW ENTRY. No native Hmong equivalent custom (2:11-12); comprehension gap only, modeled on the baseline’s circumcision entry pattern.
Calling Commissioning Herdsman
Approved rendering: Yawmsaub coj kuv tawm ntawm kuv txoj haujlwm yug tshis yug yaj, thiab hais rau kuv tias, ‘Cia li mus cev lus’
Transliteration: boqer…vayyiqqacheni YHWH
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over All Nations
NEW ENTRY. Direct divine commissioning of a non-professional (7:14-15), overriding Amaziah’s institutional attempt to silence him; comprehension bridge to the baseline’s apostle entry (divinely-conferred, not institutionally-derived authority).
Silencing The Prophets
Approved rendering: hais rau tus cev Vajtswv lus tias tsis txhob cev lus
Transliteration: lo tinnave’u
Doctrine: Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual
NEW ENTRY. Attempted institutional/royal suppression of a divinely-sent word (2:12; 7:12-13); named in Amos as a compounding covenant crime.
Seek The Lord And Live
Approved rendering: nrhiav Yawmsaub thiab yuav muaj txoj sia nyob
Transliteration: dirshu et-YHWH vichyu
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord as Judgment; Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual
Rejected alternatives: dropping the explicit contrast with Bethel/Gilgal/Beersheba cult-site seeking — rejected, the imperative loses its polemical edge without it
NEW ENTRY. Urgent covenant imperative (5:4,6,14), the one open door of hope within the judgment oracle; must never be conflated with salvation_save/kev cawm dim, which is not the verb used here.
Roll Down Like Waters
Approved rendering: lo tuaj yam li dej nrig
Transliteration: yiggal kammayim
Doctrine: Social Justice and Care for the Poor
NEW ENTRY. Core-passage imagery (5:24); rushing, unstoppable flash-flood motion, not a gentle trickle. Highly accessible agrarian flood imagery in a Hmong highland farming context.
Ever Flowing Stream
Approved rendering: tus dej ntws tsis tu ncua
Transliteration: nachal eitan
Doctrine: Social Justice and Care for the Poor
Rejected alternatives: omitting the ‘never dries up’ contrast with seasonal ANE wadis — rejected, since Hmong highland streams are typically already perennial and the specific contrast may otherwise be lost
NEW ENTRY. Core-passage climax imagery (5:24); justice as a permanent, unfailing feature of covenant life. Teach alongside mountains_dripping_wine (9:13) as a deliberate structural echo across the book.
Cows Of Bashan
Approved rendering: cov nyuj Npasaas
Transliteration: parot ha-Bashan
Doctrine: Social Justice and Care for the Poor
NEW ENTRY. Derisive epithet for indulgent, oppressive elite women of Samaria (4:1); comprehension-level place-name gap only.
Virgin Israel Lament
Approved rendering: tus ntxhais Yixalayees
Transliteration: betulat Yisra’el
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord as Judgment
NEW ENTRY. National personification in a funeral-dirge genre (qinah, 5:2), sung prophetically before the fact; comprehension-level genre gap only.
Low Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: Vajtswv
Transliteration: Elohim
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Rejected alternatives: Ntuj (impersonal sky/heaven) — rejected, lacks personal deity sense, dab (spirit) — rejected, denotes false/lesser spirit
Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Reused throughout Amos for Elohim, kept lexically distinct from Yawmsaub (YHWH, the covenant proper name) and tus Tswv (Adonai, generic lordship).
Lord
Approved rendering: tus Tswv
Transliteration: Adonai
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Reused for the generic Hebrew title Adonai in Amos (1:8, 3:7-8, 4:2, 5:3, 6:8, 7:1-6, 9:5), kept distinct from Yawmsaub (YHWH proper name).
Jesus Christ
Approved rendering: Yexus Khetos
Transliteration: Iēsous Christos
Doctrine: The Restoration of David’s Fallen Tent (Messianic Hope)
Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Amos itself never names Jesus, but this term is mandatory in every curriculum unit connecting Amos 9:11-15 to its Acts 15:16-17 fulfillment; the Davidic-restoration promise must be explicitly, not merely implicitly, tied forward to Christ.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: Leej Tub ntawm Vajtswv
Transliteration: huios theou
Doctrine: The Restoration of David’s Fallen Tent (Messianic Hope)
Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Mandatory cross-reference at every occurrence of the ‘booth of David’ restoration material (Amos 9:11) so the promise is taught as messianic hope fulfilled in Christ, not a bare political-restoration oracle.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: lub Nceeg Vaj ntawm Vajtswv
Transliteration: basileia tou theou
Doctrine: The Restoration of David’s Fallen Tent (Messianic Hope)
Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Mandatory cross-reference alongside son_of_god and heir at every occurrence of Amos 9:11-15’s restoration material.
Heir
Approved rendering: tus qub txeeg qub teg
Transliteration: klēronomos
Doctrine: The Restoration of David’s Fallen Tent (Messianic Hope)
Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Strong positive bridge via Hmong clan-lineage/inheritance custom; mandatory cross-reference for Amos 9:11’s Davidic-restoration promise so hearers connect fallen-dynasty imagery to a genuine heir now given in Christ.
Nations Gentiles
Approved rendering: lwm Haiv Neeg
Transliteration: ethnē; Hebrew goyim
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over All Nations
Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Amos’s use (chs.1-2, 9) emphasizes universal moral accountability under God’s sovereignty, distinct from Romans’ gospel-inclusion emphasis; the string itself requires no change.
Remnant
Approved rendering: cov seem
Transliteration: hypoleimma / leimma; Hebrew she’erit
Doctrine: The Restoration of David’s Fallen Tent (Messianic Hope)
Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Reused in Amos 9:12 (‘the remnant of Edom’); see remnant_of_edom_and_nations below for the new combined-phrase entry.
Hope
Approved rendering: kev cia siab
Transliteration: elpis
Doctrine: The Restoration of David’s Fallen Tent (Messianic Hope)
Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Applied to the Amos 9 restoration promise even though no single Hebrew lexeme corresponds directly; must retain the baseline note that hope is confident expectation grounded in God’s promise, not mere optimism.
Creation
Approved rendering: tej uas raug tsim los
Transliteration: ktisis
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over All Nations
Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Reused for Amos’s creation-hymn fragments (4:13; 5:8-9; 9:5-6), reinforcing cosmic sovereignty.
Boasting
Approved rendering: kev khav theeb
Transliteration: kauchēsis; Hebrew ga’on (6:8, ‘pride of Jacob’)
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord as Judgment
Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Reused for Amos 6:8’s ironic ‘pride of Jacob’ — what Israel takes pride in, God abhors as arrogance.
Promise
Approved rendering: lus cog tseg
Transliteration: epangelia
Doctrine: The Restoration of David’s Fallen Tent (Messianic Hope)
Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Applicable to the Davidic covenant restoration promise underlying Amos 9:11 (‘I will raise up…I will rebuild’).
Death
Approved rendering: txoj kev tuag
Transliteration: thanatos; Hebrew (implicit, 9:10 ‘shall die by the sword’)
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord as Judgment
Inherited from Romans package verbatim. Reused for Amos 9:10’s closing judgment statement (‘all the sinners of my people shall die by the sword’), which must precede and ground the restoration oracle of 9:11-15 so restoration is not read as unconditional exemption from judgment.
Israel People Name
Approved rendering: cov Yixalayees
Transliteration: Yisra’el
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
Inherited from Romans package’s all_israel_will_be_saved entry’s people-designation, reused verbatim throughout Amos as both the elect covenant nation and the object of judgment.
Darkness Not Light
Approved rendering: kev tsaus ntuj / kev pom kev
Transliteration: choshek / or
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord as Judgment
NEW ENTRY. Stable, cross-culturally transferable imagery (5:18-20, 8:9-10); reverses the standard light=salvation, darkness=judgment expectation onto Israel itself.
Gloom Brightness
Approved rendering: kev tsaus nti / kev ci ntsa iab
Transliteration: ophel / nogah
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord as Judgment
NEW ENTRY. Intensifying pair to darkness_not_light (5:20); total absence of any hope-glimmer within the coming judgment.
Woe Interjection
Approved rendering: Yuav raug txom nyem rau…
Transliteration: hoy
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord as Judgment
NEW ENTRY. Prophetic funerary/judgment cry opening lawsuit oracles (5:18; 6:1); stable interjection, no collision.
Fire Judgment Instrument
Approved rendering: hluav taws
Transliteration: esh
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over All Nations
NEW ENTRY. Recurring judgment-instrument across the nations-oracle cycle (‘I will send a fire upon…’, chs.1-2); concrete, universal image, no collision.
Melody Of Harps
Approved rendering: suab nkauj ntawm nej tej nog ncas
Transliteration: zimrah / nevel
Doctrine: Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual
NEW ENTRY. Instrumental worship music (5:23); comprehension-level instrument gap only, no collision.
Foreign Nation Names
Approved rendering: Damaxes, Nkaxa, Tiles, Edoos, Amoos, Auj, Filixatia, Alab/Xilias, cov Kus
Transliteration: Dammeseq, Azzah, Tzor, Edom, Ammon, Moav, Pelishtim, Aram, Kush
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over All Nations
NEW ENTRY. Standard transliteration convention (chs.1-2, 9), following the baseline’s cov Yudas/cov Kilis pattern. IMPORTANT DISAMBIGUATION: ‘Amoos’ (the nation Ammon) must never be confused with the book-title citation form ‘Amaus’ (the prophet Amos) fixed in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md §7 — these are two distinct proper names that happen to be phonetically close in Hmong and require explicit editorial care to keep separate at every occurrence.
Lion Roar Danger
Approved rendering: tsov ntxhuav
Transliteration: aryeh
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord as Judgment
NEW ENTRY. Apex-predator danger image (1:2, 3:8, 5:19); used both for inescapable judgment and the compelling force of the prophetic word.
Bear Serpent Danger
Approved rendering: dais / nab
Transliteration: dov / nachash
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord as Judgment
NEW ENTRY. Second and third dangers in the 5:19 escalating triad; even domestic refuge offers no safety from the coming judgment. Note: nachash is the same word as the Genesis serpent, but no demonic reference or teaching note is required here — Amos uses it purely as a natural-danger image.
Ivory Houses
Approved rendering: tej tsev kub ntsuab
Transliteration: beit shen / beit ha-shuqtim
Doctrine: Social Justice and Care for the Poor
NEW ENTRY. Luxury architecture symbolizing exploitation-derived wealth (3:15, 6:4); comprehension-level luxury-material gap only.
Pride Of Jacob
Approved rendering: tus kev khav theeb ntawm Yakhauj
Transliteration: ge’on Ya’aqov
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord as Judgment
NEW COMBINED-PHRASE application of the inherited boasting string; God swears an ironic self-referencing oath by it (6:8).
Low-Medium Risk Terms
Thus Says The Lord Formula
Approved rendering: Yawmsaub hais li no
Transliteration: koh amar YHWH
Doctrine: General / Cross-cutting
NEW ENTRY. Fixed prophetic messenger-formula (20+ occurrences); must render identically every time once yhwh_divine_name is fixed, to preserve the covenant-lawsuit authority structure of every oracle.
Will Not Look Upon
Approved rendering: kuv yuav tsis saib ntsoov rau
Transliteration: lo abbit
Doctrine: Judgment on Empty Religious Ritual
NEW ENTRY. Reinforces total non-acceptance of the peace_offerings category (5:22); comprehension-level only.
Plant Never Uprooted
Approved rendering: kuv yuav cog lawv rau saum lawv thaj av, thiab yuav tsis muab lawv dob dua li lawm
Transliteration: u-neta’tim al-admatam ve-lo yinnatshu od
Doctrine: The Restoration of David’s Fallen Tent (Messianic Hope)
NEW ENTRY. Final verse of the book (9:15); strong positive agrarian resonance; cross-reference with the inherited grafted_olive_tree entry and Romans 11:29 irrevocable-calling language for doctrinal consistency.
Mountains Dripping Wine
Approved rendering: tej roob yuav muaj cawv txiv hmab ntws saum roob
Transliteration: ve-hittifu he-harim asis
Doctrine: The Restoration of David’s Fallen Tent (Messianic Hope)
NEW ENTRY. Restored covenant fertility (9:13), reversing the famine/locust/drought imagery of chs.4,7,8; deliberate structural echo (inclusio) with ever_flowing_stream’s justice imagery at 5:24 — teach the two passages together.
Sieve Sifting
Approved rendering: raug ntxuav li ntxuav qoob
Transliteration: kevarah
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over All Nations; The Restoration of David’s Fallen Tent (Messianic Hope)
NEW ENTRY. Agricultural sifting metaphor (9:9): judgment combined with a promise of preservation. Bridges judgment material to the restoration material immediately following.