Core Glossary
1 Peter — Core Glossary (English ↔ Koine Greek ↔ Kannada)
Phase 1, Step 1 — Full-Book Term Table
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md, spanning all five chapters of 1 Peter. Terms marked [Reused from Romans baseline] carry the exact rendering recorded in the baseline translation_memory.json / bible_term_registry.json and must not be altered. New terms proposed here are candidates for addition to translation memory in subsequent Phase 1 steps.
Risk tiers follow baseline definitions exactly:
- Critical — Human theologian review required for every occurrence; mistranslation destroys essential doctrine.
- High — Human theologian review required; significant theological confusion/syncretism risk.
- Medium — Native speaker review recommended.
- Low — Automated review sufficient.
A. Terms Reused Exactly from the Romans Baseline
| English Term | Greek (Transliteration) | Kannada Rendering (Transliteration) | Risk | Chapters | Baseline Doctrine |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | θεός (theos) | ದೇವರು (Dēvaru) | Critical | 1,2,3,4,5 | God |
| Father | πατήρ (patēr) | ತಂದೆ (Tande) | Critical | 1,3 | Adoption |
| Lord | κύριος (kyrios) | ಕರ್ತ (karta) | Critical | 1,2,3,5 | Lordship of Christ |
| Jesus | Ἰησοῦς (Iēsous) | ಯೇಸು (Yēsu) | Critical | 1,2,3,4,5 | Lordship of Christ |
| Holy Spirit / Spirit | πνεῦμα ἅγιον (pneuma hagion) | ಪವಿತ್ರಾತ್ಮ (Pavitrātma) | Critical | 1,3,4 | Sanctification |
| resurrection | ἀνάστασις (anastasis) | ಪುನರುತ್ಥಾನ (punarutthāna) | Critical | 1,3 | Resurrection of Christ |
| salvation | σωτηρία (sōtēria) | ರಕ್ಷಣೆ (rakṣaṇe) | Critical | 1,3 | Salvation |
| righteousness | δικαιοσύνη (dikaiosynē) | ನೀತಿವಂತಿಕೆ (nītivantike) | Critical | 2,3 | Salvation / Suffering for Righteousness |
| gospel | εὐαγγέλιον (euangelion) | ಸುವಾರ್ತೆ (suvārte) | High | 1,4 | Gospel |
| grace | χάρις (charis) | ಕೃಪೆ (kṛpe) | High | 1,2,4,5 | Grace |
| faith | πίστις (pistis) | ನಂಬಿಕೆ (nambike) | High | 1,3,5 | Faith |
| holy | ἅγιος (hagios) | ಪವಿತ್ರ (pavitra) | High | 1,2 | Sanctification |
| sanctification | ἁγιασμός (hagiasmos) | ಪವಿತ್ರೀಕರಣ (pavitrīkaraṇa) | High | 1 | Sanctification |
| glory | δόξα (doxa) | ಮಹಿಮೆ (mahime) | High | 1,4,5 | Deity of Christ |
| called / calling | κλητός / κλῆσις (klētos/klēsis) | ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ / ಕರೆ (kareyalpaṭṭa/kare) | High | 1,2,5 | Divine Calling |
| election | ἐκλογή / ἐκλεκτός (eklogē/eklektos) | ದೇವರ ಆಯ್ಕೆ / ಆಯ್ಕೆಗೊಂಡ (Dēvara Āyke/āykegoṇḍa) | High | 1,2 | Election |
| power of God | δύναμις θεοῦ (dynamis theou) | ದೇವರ ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯ (Dēvara Sāmarthya) | High | 1,3 | Power of God for Salvation |
| obedience of faith / obedience | ὑπακοή (hypakoē) | ವಿಧೇಯತ್ವ (vidhēyatva) | High | 1 | Obedience of Faith |
| providence / foreknowledge | πρόγνωσις (prognōsis) | ದೇವರ ಪೂರ್ವಜ್ಞಾನ (Dēvara pūrvajñāna) | High | 1 | Providence |
| peace | εἰρήνη (eirēnē) | ಶಾಂತಿ (śānti) | Medium | 5 | Peace with God |
| apostle | ἀπόστολος (apostolos) | ಅಪೊಸ್ತಲ (apostala) | Medium | 1 | Apostleship |
| church | ἐκκλησία-adjacent (household/priesthood imagery) | ಸಭೆ (sabhe) | Medium | 5 | Church as God’s People |
| spiritual gifts | χάρισμα (charisma) | ಆತ್ಮಿಕ ವರಗಳು (ātmika varagaḷu) | Medium | 4 | Spiritual Gifts |
| sin | ἁμαρτία (hamartia) | ಪಾಪ (pāpa) | High | 1,2,3,4 | Universal Human Accountability |
| fellowship (root) | κοινωνία (koinōnia) | ಅನ್ಯೋನ್ಯತೆ (anyōnyate) | Low | 4 | Christian Fellowship |
| thanksgiving | — | ಕೃತಜ್ಞತಾಸ್ತುತಿ (kṛtajñatāstuti) | Low | — | not directly attested in 1 Peter core sections but retained for cross-document consistency |
B. New Terms Introduced by 1 Peter (Proposed Renderings)
| English Term | Greek (Transliteration) | Literal Meaning | Kannada Rendering (Transliteration) | Risk | Doctrine | Chapters | Rejected Alternatives / Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| born again / regeneration | ἀναγεννάω (anagennaō) | begotten anew/from above | ಹೊಸದಾಗಿ ಹುಟ್ಟಿಸಿದನು / ನೂತನ ಜನ್ಮ (hosadāgi huṭṭisidanu / nūtana janma) | Critical | Living Hope of the Resurrection | 1 | NEVER ಪುನರ್ಜನ್ಮ (reincarnation/rebirth cycle) — same forbidden-substitution logic as baseline’s resurrection entry. A once-for-all new-creation event, not another cycle-turn. |
| living hope | ἐλπὶς ζῶσα (elpis zōsa) | hope, alive | ಜೀವಂತ ನಿರೀಕ್ಷೆ (jīvanta nirīkṣe) | High | Living Hope of the Resurrection | 1 | Avoid ಆಶಾಭಾವನೆ (mere wishful optimism); avoid absorption into ಹಣೆಬರಹ-style fatalistic resignation. |
| inheritance | κληρονομία (klēronomia) | inherited portion | ಬಾಧ್ಯತೆ (bādhyate) | High | Living Hope / Adoption | 1 | Anchor to sonship/adoption; not a merit-earned estate. |
| imperishable | ἄφθαρτος (aphthartos) | not subject to decay | ನಾಶವಾಗದ (nāśavāgada) | Medium | Living Hope | 1,5 (root reused for “seed,” “crown”) | Avoid ಅಕ್ಷಯ (akṣaya) — Sanskrit-loaded term for imperishable ritual/karmic merit (cf. Akshaya Tritiya). |
| undefiled | ἀμίαντος (amiantos) | unstained | ಕಳಂಕವಿಲ್ಲದ (kaḷaṅkavillada) | Low-Medium | Living Hope | 1 | Moral/relational purity, not ritual purity. |
| unfading | ἀμάραντος (amarantos) | not withering | ಬಾಡದ (bāḍada) | Low | Living Hope / Elders | 1,5 | Reused consistently for “unfading crown” (5:4). |
| guarded | φρουρέω (phroureō) | kept under military guard | ಕಾಪಾಡಲ್ಪಡುವ (kāpāḍalpaḍuva) | High | Assurance of Salvation | 1 | Active, ongoing divine protection, not passive/self-secured state. |
| trials (various) | πειρασμός (peirasmos) | testing | ವಿಧವಿಧವಾದ ಪರೀಕ್ಷೆಗಳು (vidhavidhavāda parīkṣegaḷu) | High | Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake | 1,4 | Not karma-consequence framework; external testing/persecution, not merely internal temptation. |
| tested genuineness | δοκίμιον (dokimion) | proven/assayed quality | ನಂಬಿಕೆಯ ಪರೀಕ್ಷಿತ ಸತ್ಯತೆ (nambikeya parīkṣita satyate) | Medium-High | Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake | 1 | Faith proven authentic, not increased in merit through self-effort/shatsthala-style ascent. |
| mercy | ἔλεος (eleos) | pity/compassion | ಕರುಣೆ (karuṇe) | Medium | Living Hope | 1 | Distinct from ಕೃಪೆ (grace/favor); keep both terms distinct where Greek distinguishes them. |
| soul(s) | ψυχή (psychē) | inner self/life | ಆತ್ಮ (ātma) | High | Living Hope / Christ as Shepherd | 1,2 | Must not be read through Vedantic ātman-Brahman merger frame; the soul remains a distinct, personally saved individual, never absorbed/dissolved (parallels baseline’s Aikya caution for “salvation” and ಪರಮಾತ್ಮ caution for Holy Spirit). |
| sojourners / exiles | παρεπίδημος / πάροικος (parepidēmos/paroikos) | temporary resident/foreigner | ಪರದೇಶಿಗಳು (paradēśigaḷu) | Medium | — | 1,2 | Avoid ಯಾತ್ರಿಕ (yātrika, “pilgrim” — evokes Hindu pilgrimage practice). |
| dispersion | διασπορά (diaspora) | scattering | ಚದುರಿಹೋಗಿರುವವರು (chaduri hōgiruvavaru) | Low-Medium | — | 1 | Historical/theological term; contextual note recommended. |
| sprinkling of blood | ῥαντισμός (rhantismos) | act of sprinkling | ರಕ್ತದ ಚಿಮುಕಿಸುವಿಕೆ (raktada cimukisuvike) | High | Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering | 1 | NEVER ಪ್ರೋಕ್ಷಣೆ (prōkṣaṇe) — the Vedic/Hindu ritual purificatory-sprinkling term. |
| redeemed | λυτρόω (lytroō) | ransomed at a price | ವಿಮೋಚಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿರಿ / ವಿಮೋಚನೆ (vimōcisalpaṭṭiri/vimōcane) | High | Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering | 1 | Distinguish carefully from ಮುಕ್ತಿ/ಮೋಕ್ಷ (forbidden salvation terms) — this is a priced, personal ransom, not self-attained liberation from a cycle. |
| lamb without blemish or spot | ἀμνὸς ἄμωμος καὶ ἄσπιλος (amnos amōmos kai aspilos) | flawless sacrificial lamb | ಕಳಂಕವಿಲ್ಲದ ನಿರ್ದೋಷಿ ಕುರಿಮರಿ (kaḷaṅkavillada nirdōṣi kurimari) | Critical | Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering | 1 | Requires OT sacrificial-system/Passover background teaching. |
| foreknown (of Christ) | προγινώσκω (proginōskō) | known beforehand | ಪೂರ್ವನಿಶ್ಚಯಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ (pūrvaniścayisalpaṭṭa) | High | Messianic Promise | 1 | Eternal plan, not improvisation; avoid fatalistic/karmic framing. |
| conduct / way of life | ἀναστροφή (anastrophē) | manner of behavior | ನಡತೆ (naḍate) | High | Holiness in Conduct | 1,2,3 | Fruit of holiness, never its merit-earning cause; distinguish from kayaka-dasoha standing-through-work ethic. |
| fear (reverent) | φόβος (phobos) | reverential awe | ಭಯ / ಭಯಭಕ್ತಿ (bhaya/bhayabhakti) | Medium | Holiness in Conduct | 1,2 | Filial awe before a righteous Judge-Father, not superstitious fear of capricious spirits (cf. Bhuta Kola propitiation fear). |
| time of exile | παροικία (paroikia) | resident-alien period | ಪರದೇಶ ವಾಸಕಾಲ (paradēśa vāsakāla) | Medium | — | 1 | Pairs with sojourner/exile terms; consistent rendering required. |
| living stone | λίθος ζῶν (lithos zōn) | a living stone | ಜೀವಂತ ಕಲ್ಲು (jīvanta kallu) | High | Church as Holy and Royal Priesthood | 2 | Flag Lingayat ishtalinga (wearable personal stone-symbol of Shiva) collision risk; clarify OT builder’s-cornerstone background (Ps 118:22; Isa 28:16), not a devotional stone-object association. |
| spiritual house | οἶκος πνευματικός (oikos pneumatikos) | spiritual dwelling | ಆತ್ಮಿಕ ಮನೆ (ātmika mane) | Medium | Church as Holy and Royal Priesthood | 2 | Avoid ಆಲಯ/ದೇವಾಲಯ/ಗುಡಿ (physical temple terms, already forbidden for “church” in baseline). |
| holy priesthood | ἱεράτευμα ἅγιον (hierateuma hagion) | body of priests, holy | ಪವಿತ್ರ ಯಾಜಕವರ್ಗ (pavitra yājakavarga) | High | Church as Holy and Royal Priesthood | 2 | Use ಯಾಜಕ (biblical priest term); NEVER ಪುರೋಹಿತ (Brahmin caste-inherited ritual priest — the opposite of universal, non-caste priesthood of all believers). |
| royal priesthood | βασίλειον ἱεράτευμα (basileion hierateuma) | kingly priesthood | ರಾಜಕೀಯ ಯಾಜಕವರ್ಗ (rājakīya yājakavarga) | High | Church as Holy and Royal Priesthood | 2 | Same caution as above. |
| chosen race / people | γένος ἐκλεκτόν (genos eklekton) | chosen kind/family-line | ಆಯ್ಕೆಯ ಜನಾಂಗ (āykeya janāṅga) | High | Church as Holy and Royal Priesthood / Universal Scope | 2 | NEVER ಜಾತಿ (caste/birth-group) — would catastrophically misrepresent gospel-election as a new birth-caste. |
| holy nation | ἔθνος ἅγιον (ethnos hagion) | holy nation | ಪವಿತ್ರ ಜನಾಂಗ (pavitra janāṅga) | Medium | Church as Holy and Royal Priesthood | 2 | Same jāti caution applies. |
| people for God’s own possession | λαὸς εἰς περιποίησιν (laos eis peripoiēsin) | people of special possession | ದೇವರ ಸ್ವಂತ ಜನರು (Dēvara svanta janaru) | Medium | Church as Holy and Royal Priesthood | 2 | — |
| excellencies / praiseworthy deeds | ἀρετή (aretē) | virtue/excellence | ಮಹಿಮೆಯ ಕಾರ್ಯಗಳು (mahimeya kāryagaḷu) | Low-Medium | — | 2 | Reuses ಮಹಿಮೆ root. |
| submit / be subject | ὑποτάσσω (hypotassō) | be ordered/arranged under | ಅಧೀನರಾಗಿರಿ (adhīnarāgiri) | High | Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance | 2,3,5 | Freely-chosen, Christ-modeled response for witness’s sake — not fatalistic caste-duty acceptance nor works-merit. |
| household servants | οἰκέτης (oiketēs) | domestic slave/servant | ಸೇವಕರು (sēvakaru) | Medium | Submission to Authority | 2 | Avoid ದಾಸರು in this economic-relationship context (ದಾಸ carries Haridasa devotional-servant connotation). |
| example / pattern | ὑπογραμμός (hypogrammos) | copybook line to trace | ಮಾದರಿ (mādari) | Low-Medium | Suffering for Righteousness / Elders | 2,5 | Practical pattern to follow, reused for elders’ example (5:3). |
| bore our sins (in his body, on the tree) | ἀναφέρω (anapherō, sacrificial “to offer up”) | carried up (a sacrifice) | ಪಾಪಗಳನ್ನು … ಹೊತ್ತುಕೊಂಡನು (pāpagaḷannu … hottukoṇḍanu) | Critical | Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering | 2 | Sacrificial-system/Isaiah 53 background required; substitutionary bearing of guilt, not mere accompaniment. |
| by his wounds you were healed | μώλωψ (mōlōps) | wound/welt/stripe | ಗಾಯಗಳಿಂದ ಸ್ವಸ್ಥ (gāyagaḷinda svastha) | Medium | Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering | 2 | Primarily spiritual healing (Isaiah 53 quotation); avoid isolating into a physical-healing-only promise. |
| Shepherd and Overseer (of souls) | ποιμήν καὶ ἐπίσκοπος (poimēn kai episkopos) | shepherd and guardian-supervisor | ಕುರುಬ ಮತ್ತು ಮೇಲ್ವಿಚಾರಕ (kuruba mattu mēlvicāraka) | Medium-High | Elders and Humility (Christological root) | 2,5 | Christological title; reused for human elders (5:1-4) and Christ as Chief Shepherd (5:4). |
| gentle and quiet spirit | πραΰς καὶ ἡσύχιος (praus kai hēsychios) | gentle and still | ಸೌಮ್ಯ ಮತ್ತು ಶಾಂತ ಆತ್ಮಭಾವ (saumya mattu śānta ātmabhāva) | Medium-High | Holiness in Conduct | 3 | Active, Christ-like inner strength — not passive social deference within gender/caste hierarchy. |
| suffer for righteousness’ sake | πάσχω διὰ δικαιοσύνην (paschō dia dikaiosynēn) | suffer on account of righteousness | ನೀತಿಗಾಗಿ ಬಾಧೆ ಪಡುವುದು (nītigāgi bādhe paḍuvudu) | Critical | Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake | 3 | ನೀತಿ root only — absolutely NEVER ಧರ್ಮ (dharma/caste-duty framing). |
| sanctify Christ as Lord (in hearts) | ἁγιάζω τὸν Χριστὸν κύριον (hagiazō ton Christon kyrion) | set apart Christ as Lord | ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತನನ್ನು ಕರ್ತನೆಂದು ಪ್ರತಿಷ್ಠಿಸಿರಿ (Kristannannu Kartanendu pratiṣṭhisiri) | Critical | Lordship of Christ | 3 | 1 Peter’s own Romans-10:9-equivalent confession; render with identical exclusivity/non-negotiability. |
| defense (of hope) | ἀπολογία (apologia) | spoken legal defense | ಸಮರ್ಥನೆ / ಉತ್ತರ (samarthane/uttara) | Low-Medium | Evangelism | 3 | — |
| Christ suffered once for sins (substitution) | Χριστὸς ἅπαξ … ἔπαθεν, δίκαιος ὑπὲρ ἀδίκων (Christos hapax … epathen, dikaios hyper adikōn) | Christ once suffered, righteous for unrighteous | ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತನು … ಒಂದೇ ಸಲ ಬಾಧೆಪಟ್ಟನು, ನೀತಿವಂತನು ಅನೀತಿವಂತರಿಗಾಗಿ (Kristanu … ondē sala bādhepaṭṭanu, nītivantanu anītivantarigāgi) | Critical | Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering | 3 | ”Only once” (ಒಂದೇ ಸಲ) must be preserved — single, sufficient, unrepeatable sacrifice. |
| put to death in flesh, made alive in spirit | θανατωθεὶς σαρκί, ζῳοποιηθεὶς πνεύματι | died bodily, made alive spiritually | ಶರೀರದಲ್ಲಿ ಮರಣ, ಆತ್ಮದಲ್ಲಿ ಜೀವ (śarīradalli maraṇa, ātmadalli jīva) | High | Resurrection of Christ (extension) | 3 | Anchor explicitly to bodily resurrection doctrine; not a merely mystical/inward experience. |
| spirits in prison / Christ’s proclamation | πνεύματα ἐν φυλακῇ / ἐκήρυξεν (pneumata en phylakē / ekēryxen) | spirits in custody / he proclaimed | ಬಂಧನದಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಆತ್ಮಗಳಿಗೆ ಸಾರಿದನು (bandhanadalliruva ātmagaḷige sāridanu) | CRITICAL — highest priority | Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits | 3 | Unique, one-time proclamation of triumph by the risen Christ; categorically NOT a model for or validation of ancestral/guardian-spirit communication (Bhuta Kola / Daiva ārādhane risk). Mandatory theologian review every occurrence. |
| baptism | βάπτισμα (baptisma) | immersion/washing rite | ದೀಕ್ಷಾಸ್ನಾನ (dīkṣāsnāna) | Medium | — | 3 | Text’s own “not removal of dirt” qualifier must be preserved against ritual-purification (snana) conflation. |
| appeal for a good conscience | ἐπερώτημα (eperōtēma) | a pledge/appeal | ಒಳ್ಳೆಯ ಮನಸ್ಸಾಕ್ಷಿಗಾಗಿ ಮನವಿ (oḷḷeya manassākṣigāgi manavi) | Medium | — | 3 | — |
| angels, authorities, and powers (subject to Christ) | ἄγγελοι, ἐξουσίαι, δυνάμεις (angeloi, exousiai, dynameis) | messengers, ranks, powers | ದೂತರುಗಳು, ಅಧಿಕಾರಿಗಳು, ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯಗಳು (dūtarugaḷu, adhikārigaḷu, sāmarthyagaḷu) | High | Lordship of Christ | 3 | ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯ reused (never ಶಕ್ತಿ) even for created spiritual powers, for consistency with power-of-God caution. |
| gospel preached to the dead | νεκροῖς εὐηγγελίσθη (nekrois euēngelisthē) | gospel-preached to dead ones | ಸತ್ತವರಿಗೂ ಸುವಾರ್ತೆ ಸಾರಲಾಯಿತು (sattavarigū suvārte sāralāyitu) | Critical | Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits | 4 | Same ancestor-spirit/Bhuta Kola collision risk as 3:19; not license for post-mortem evangelism or ancestor engagement. |
| love covers a multitude of sins | ἀγάπη καλύπτει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν | love covers many sins | ಪ್ರೀತಿಯು ಬಹಳ ಪಾಪಗಳನ್ನು ಮುಚ್ಚುತ್ತದೆ (prītiyu bahaḷa pāpagaḷannu muccuttade) | Medium | — | 4 | Not human love atoning for sin (only Christ’s blood atones, 3:18) — patient forgiving love, not merit. |
| oracles of God | λόγια θεοῦ (logia theou) | little words/utterances of God | ದೇವರ ನುಡಿಗಳು (Dēvara nuḍigaḷu) | High | Inspiration of Scripture | 4 | NEVER ವಚನ (vachana) — the specific Lingayat Sharana poet-saints’ revered devotional-literary corpus; using it would directly invoke that tradition. |
| share/partake in Christ’s sufferings | κοινωνέω τοῖς τοῦ Χριστοῦ παθήμασιν | have fellowship in Christ’s sufferings | ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತನ ಬಾಧೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಪಾಲುಗಾರರಾಗಿ (Kristana bādhegaḷalli pālugārarāgi) | High | Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake | 4 | Distinguish participatory/identificational suffering from Christ’s unique substitutionary suffering (3:18) — related but not to be conflated. |
| judgment begins at the household of God | ἄρχεσθαι τὸ κρίμα ἀπὸ τοῦ οἴκου τοῦ θεοῦ | judgment starts from God’s house | ದೇವರ ಮನೆತನದಿಂದ ನ್ಯಾಯತೀರ್ಪು ಆರಂಭ (Dēvara manetanadinda nyāyatīrpu ārambha) | Medium | Church as Holy and Royal Priesthood | 4 | Purifying discipline of God’s own family, not punitive condemnation. |
| faithful Creator | πιστὸς κτίστης (pistos ktistēs) | trustworthy Maker | ನಂಬಿಗಸ್ತ ಸೃಷ್ಟಿಕರ್ತ (nambigasta sṛṣṭikarta) | Medium | Providence | 4 | Baseline flags ಸೃಷ್ಟಿಕರ್ತ as too distant for “Father,” but appropriate here paired with ನಂಬಿಗಸ್ತ; personal, faithful Sustainer, not deism/impersonal karma. |
| elders | πρεσβύτερος (presbyteros) | elder/older one | ಸಭೆಯ ಹಿರಿಯರು (sabheya hiriyaru) | Medium | Elders and Humility | 5 | Distinguish from caste/village-council eldership and from Lingayat ಜಂಗಮ office. |
| flock of God | ποίμνιον τοῦ θεοῦ (poimnion tou theou) | God’s flock | ದೇವರ ಹಿಂಡು (Dēvara hiṇḍu) | Medium | Elders and Humility | 5 | — |
| not domineering / not lording it over | κατακυριεύω (katakyrieuō) | lording it down over | ದೊರೆತನ ಮಾಡದೆ (doretana māḍade) | Medium-High | Elders and Humility | 5 | Ironic κύριος-wordplay; elders’ authority is derived/servant authority, not Christ’s exclusive Lordship (ಕರ್ತೃತ್ವ). |
| Chief Shepherd | ἀρχιποίμην (archipoimēn) | chief/head shepherd | ಮುಖ್ಯ ಕುರುಬ (mukhya kuruba) | Medium-High | Elders and Humility / Lordship of Christ | 5 | Christological; human elders are under-shepherds accountable to him. |
| unfading crown of glory | ἀμαράντινος στέφανος τῆς δόξης | never-fading glory-crown | ಬಾಡದ ಮಹಿಮೆಯ ಕಿರೀಟ (bāḍada mahimeya kirīṭa) | Medium | Elders and Humility | 5 | Gift graciously given, not self-attained through ascetic/disciplined achievement. |
| humility | ταπεινοφροσύνη (tapeinophrosynē) | lowly-mindedness | ದೀನಮನಸ್ಸು / ವಿನಯಭಾವ (dīnamanassu/vinayabhāva) | High | Elders and Humility | 3,5 | Active, mutual, Christ-modeled self-lowering by all — not passive caste/gender-hierarchy deference. |
| God gives grace to the humble | ταπεινοῖς δίδωσιν χάριν | gives grace to the lowly | ದೀನರಿಗೆ ಕೃಪೆಯನ್ನು ಕೊಡುತ್ತಾನೆ (dīnarige kṛpeyannu koḍuttāne) | High | Grace / Elders and Humility | 5 | Grace flows to humility, not to religious/social/ritual status. |
| adversary, the devil | ἀντίδικος διάβολος (antidikos diabolos) | legal opponent, slanderer | ವಿರೋಧಿಯಾದ ಸೈತಾನ (virōdhiyāda Saitāna) | High | Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits (adjacent) | 5 | Use transliterated ಸೈತಾನ, NOT generic ಪಿಶಾಚ/ದೆವ್ವ — avoids folk spirit-category (Bhuta Kola-adjacent) conflation; the singular cosmic Adversary, not one placatable local spirit among many. |
| God of all grace | θεὸς πάσης χάριτος (theos pasēs charitos) | God of all favor | ಸರ್ವಕೃಪೆಯ ದೇವರು (sarvakṛpeya Dēvaru) | High | Grace | 5 | Closing doxology; consistency with grace/calling/glory terms essential. |
| Babylon (coded for Rome) | Βαβυλών (Babylōn) | Babylon | ಬಾಬಿಲೋನ್ (Bābilōn) | Low | — | 5 | Historical/literary note recommended. |
| kiss of love | φίλημα ἀγάπης (philēma agapēs) | love-kiss | ಪ್ರೀತಿಯ ಚುಂಬನ (prītiya cumbana) | Low | Christian Fellowship | 5 | Cultural-greeting note, not literal-practice mandate. |
C. Risk Summary for 1 Peter New-Term Additions
| Risk Tier | Count of New Terms | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 9 (regeneration/born again; sprinkling of blood — High but sacrificial-adjacent listed below; lamb without blemish; bore our sins on the tree; suffer for righteousness’ sake; sanctify Christ as Lord; Christ suffered once/substitution; spirits in prison/proclamation; gospel preached to the dead) | Human theologian, mandatory every occurrence |
| High | 22 | Human theologian |
| Medium | 20 | Native speaker review |
| Low | 9 | Automated review |
Note on the single highest-priority new risk in this curriculum: the “spirits in prison” / “proclamation to the spirits” complex (1 Peter 3:18–22, echoed in 4:6) is assessed as exceeding even the baseline’s existing Critical-tier bar, because it intersects a live, culturally significant practice (Bhuta Kola / Daiva ārādhane ancestral-spirit ritual, prominent in coastal Karnataka) that has no equivalent collision risk anywhere in the Romans baseline. This doctrine — one of the eight named for this curriculum — requires its own dedicated translator’s note and mandatory theologian sign-off at every occurrence, distinct from and in addition to the routing already specified for Critical terms generally.
Critical Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: ದೇವರು
Transliteration: Dēvaru
Doctrine: God
Rejected alternatives: ಭಗವಂತ, ಪರಶಿವ
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: standard Kannada Bible term for God; avoid ಭಗವಂತ (generic deity honorific) in doctrinally precise contexts. Lingayat-background readers may substitute ಪರಶಿವ (Parashiva) when hearing monotheistic claims — the shared rejection of idol-multiplicity is real, but Parashiva’s relationship to the devotee ends in Aikya-merger, not the retained personal relationship 1 Peter teaches (cf. 1 Peter 1:3, ‘the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ’).
Father
Approved rendering: ತಂದೆ
Transliteration: Tande
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: ಸೃಷ್ಟಿಕರ್ತ
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. God as personal Father who begets believers again to a living hope (1 Peter 1:3) and to whom obedient children turn in reverent fear (1:17). Use the everyday Kannada word for father, not the more distant ಸೃಷ್ಟಿಕರ್ತ (creator).
Jesus
Approved rendering: ಯೇಸು
Transliteration: Yēsu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ಈಸಾ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. ಯೇಸು is the Kannada Christian standard; never ಈಸಾ (associated with Muslim/Urdu usage).
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: ಪವಿತ್ರಾತ್ಮ
Transliteration: Pavitrātma
Doctrine: Holy Spirit and Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: ಪರಮಾತ್ಮ
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Never ಪರಮಾತ್ಮ (impersonal/monistic Vedantic Universal Self). Also names ‘the Spirit of Christ’ who inspired the OT prophets (1 Peter 1:11).
Lord
Approved rendering: ಕರ್ತ
Transliteration: karta
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ಸ್ವಾಮಿ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Reserved exclusively for Christ’s divine Lordship (1 Peter 3:15, 3:22). When κύριος refers to a human husband/master (e.g., Sarah calling Abraham ‘lord,’ 3:6), render as ಒಡೆಯ instead — never ಕರ್ತ for a human referent.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: ನೀತಿವಂತಿಕೆ
Transliteration: nītivantike
Doctrine: Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake
Rejected alternatives: ಧರ್ಮ, ಪುಣ್ಯ
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: never ಧರ್ಮ. ‘Suffering for righteousness’ (3:14, 17) and ‘the righteous for the unrighteous’ (3:18) must never be heard as suffering to fulfill caste-duty or cosmic moral order.
Salvation
Approved rendering: ರಕ್ಷಣೆ
Transliteration: rakṣaṇe
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Rejected alternatives: ಮೋಕ್ಷ, ಮುಕ್ತಿ, ಐಕ್ಯ
Original: σωτηρία / σῴζω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: never ಮೋಕ್ಷ, ಮುಕ್ತಿ, or ಐಕ್ಯ. ‘Salvation of souls’ (1:9) is the personal, individual believer preserved as a distinct person in relationship with God, never dissolved into the divine.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: ಪುನರುತ್ಥಾನ
Transliteration: punarutthāna
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ಪುನರ್ಜನ್ಮ
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: NEVER ಪುನರ್ಜನ್ಮ. Grounds the ‘living hope’ of 1:3; also anchors the disputed ‘made alive in the spirit’ phrase (3:18), which must point to this same bodily resurrection.
Born Again
Approved rendering: ಹೊಸದಾಗಿ ಹುಟ್ಟಿಸಿದನು / ನೂತನ ಜನ್ಮ
Transliteration: hosadāgi huṭṭisidanu / nūtana janma
Doctrine: Regeneration / New Birth
Rejected alternatives: ಪುನರ್ಜನ್ಮ
Original: ἀναγεννάω
Category: Salvation
NEW Critical forbidden-substitution: never ಪುನರ್ಜನ್ಮ (reincarnation within the saṃsāra cycle). A single, once-for-all, monergistic new-creation event (1:3, 1:23), not another cycle-turn and not a step toward Aikya-style dissolution of the self.
Lamb Without Blemish
Approved rendering: ಕಳಂಕವಿಲ್ಲದ ನಿರ್ದೋಷಿ ಕುರಿಮರಿ
Transliteration: kaḷaṅkavillada nirdōṣi kurimari
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Original: ἀμνὸς ἄμωμος καὶ ἄσπιλος
Category: Christology
Christ as the flawless sacrificial lamb whose precious blood accomplishes redemption (1:19). Requires OT sacrificial-system/Passover/Isaiah 53 background teaching given the target audience’s assumed low OT narrative literacy.
Bore Our Sins
Approved rendering: ಪಾಪಗಳನ್ನು ತನ್ನ ಶರೀರದಲ್ಲಿ ಮರದ ಮೇಲೆ ಹೊತ್ತುಕೊಂಡನು
Transliteration: pāpagaḷannu tanna śarīradalli marada mēle hottukoṇḍanu
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Original: ἀναφέρω (sacrificial ‘offer up’)
Category: Salvation
Christ himself bore our sins in his body on the tree, sacrificial-offering language (2:24). Substitutionary bearing of guilt/punishment, not mere sympathetic accompaniment; requires OT sacrificial-system/Isaiah 53 background.
Suffer For Righteousness
Approved rendering: ನೀತಿಗಾಗಿ ಬಾಧೆ ಪಡುವುದು
Transliteration: nītigāgi bādhe paḍuvudu
Doctrine: Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake
Rejected alternatives: ಧರ್ಮಕ್ಕಾಗಿ ಬಾಧೆ
Original: πάσχω διὰ δικαιοσύνην
Category: Suffering
Suffering that comes specifically because of doing what is right, blessed rather than feared (3:14). The absolute prohibition on ಧರ್ಮ for ‘righteousness/law’ applies with full force: must never become ‘suffering for dharma,’ recasting this as caste-duty or cosmic moral order rather than suffering because one belongs, by faith, to Christ’s righteousness.
Sanctify Christ As Lord
Approved rendering: ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತನನ್ನು ಕರ್ತನೆಂದು ಪ್ರತಿಷ್ಠಿಸಿರಿ
Transliteration: Kristannannu Kartanendu pratiṣṭhisiri
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: κύριον τὸν Χριστὸν ἁγιάσατε
Category: Christology
The command to enthrone/set apart Christ as Lord in one’s heart, 1 Peter’s own version of the Romans 10:9 confession moment (3:15). Must be rendered with the same non-negotiable exclusivity as the baseline’s ಯೇಸು ಕರ್ತನಾಗಿದ್ದಾನೆ formula, guarding against any Aikya-merger softening.
Christ Suffered Once
Approved rendering: ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತನು ಪಾಪಗಳಿಗಾಗಿ ಒಂದೇ ಸಲ ಬಾಧೆಪಟ್ಟನು, ನೀತಿವಂತನು ಅನೀತಿವಂತರಿಗಾಗಿ
Transliteration: Kristanu pāpagaḷigāgi ondē sala bādhepaṭṭanu, nītivantanu anītivantarigāgi
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Original: Χριστὸς ἅπαξ περὶ ἁμαρτιῶν ἔπαθεν, δίκαιος ὑπὲρ ἀδίκων
Category: Salvation
The letter’s clearest single statement of substitutionary atonement: Christ, the righteous one, suffered once for sins on behalf of the unrighteous (3:18). ಒಂದೇ ಸಲ (‘only/once’) must be preserved emphatically to guard the doctrine of a single, sufficient, unrepeatable sacrifice.
Spirits In Prison
Approved rendering: ಬಂಧನದಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಆತ್ಮಗಳಿಗೆ ಸಾರಿದನು
Transliteration: bandhanadalliruva ātmagaḷige sāridanu
Doctrine: Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits
Rejected alternatives: ಪಿಶಾಚ, ದೆವ್ವ
Original: πνεύματα ἐν φυλακῇ / ἐκήρυξεν
Category: Christology
HIGHEST-PRIORITY CULTURAL FLAG IN THIS CURRICULUM, exceeding even the baseline’s ordinary Critical-tier bar. Christ’s proclamation to disobedient spirits in confinement from the days of Noah (3:19-20). Coastal Karnataka’s Bhuta Kola / Daiva ārādhane tradition treats spirits as approachable, communicable-with, and capable of continued relationship through ritual mediums; this passage risks being assimilated to that frame — Christ read as a spirit-medium figure, or the passage taken as validating ancestral-spirit communication/propitiation. Must be taught as a unique, one-time proclamation of triumph over rebellious spiritual powers, never a repeatable practice or model for engaging ancestral/local spirits. Mandatory human theologian review and a dedicated translator’s note at every occurrence.
Gospel Preached To Dead
Approved rendering: ಸತ್ತವರಿಗೂ ಸುವಾರ್ತೆ ಸಾರಲಾಯಿತು
Transliteration: sattavarigū suvārte sāralāyitu
Doctrine: Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits
Original: νεκροῖς εὐηγγελίσθη
Category: Salvation
The disputed statement that the gospel was preached even to the dead (4:6), widely read as continuing the 3:19 proclamation-of-triumph theme. Same ancestor-spirit/Bhuta Kola collision risk as spirits_in_prison; must not be read as license for post-mortem evangelism of, or ongoing communication with, deceased ancestors. Mandatory human theologian review and accompanying translator’s note.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: ಸುವಾರ್ತೆ
Transliteration: suvārte
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: ಸುದ್ದಿ
Original: εὐαγγέλιον / εὐαγγελίζω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. The good news preached to the readers (1:12, 1:25) and, in a disputed sense, ‘to the dead’ (4:6).
Grace
Approved rendering: ಕೃಪೆ
Transliteration: kṛpe
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: ಕರ್ಮಫಲ, ಪುಣ್ಯ
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. 1 Peter uniquely calls unjust, patiently-endured suffering itself ‘a gracious thing’ (2:19-20) and speaks of ‘God’s varied grace’ distributed as spiritual gifts (4:10); must not be recast as a reward for disciplined religious labor (Lingayat kayaka-dasoha collision).
Faith
Approved rendering: ನಂಬಿಕೆ
Transliteration: nambike
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: ಭಕ್ತಿ
Original: πίστις / πιστεύω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Personal trust in the unseen but believed-in Christ specifically (1:8); never ಭಕ್ತಿ.
Called
Approved rendering: ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ
Transliteration: kareyalpaṭṭa
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: ಆಮಂತ್ರಿತ
Original: καλέω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Context-sensitive: called to holiness (1:15), out of darkness into light (2:9), to suffer as Christ did (2:21), to God’s eternal glory (5:10). Distinguish from the devotee-initiated Lingayat shatsthala ascent and the Haridasa devotee’s self-chosen ‘dasa’ identity.
Calling
Approved rendering: ಕರೆ
Transliteration: kare
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: ಆಹ್ವಾನ
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Noun form underlying the participles of calling used throughout the letter.
Holy
Approved rendering: ಪವಿತ್ರ
Transliteration: pavitra
Doctrine: Holiness in Conduct
Rejected alternatives: ಶುದ್ಧ
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. ‘As he who called you is holy, you also be holy in all your conduct’ (1:15-16, quoting Leviticus); moral/relational, not ritual-purity, sense.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: ಪವಿತ್ರೀಕರಣ
Transliteration: pavitrīkaraṇa
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: ಶುದ್ಧೀಕರಣ
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. The Spirit’s sanctifying work named as the ground of the readers’ election and obedience (1:2); distinguished from the Lingayat shatsthala stages.
Glory
Approved rendering: ಮಹಿಮೆ
Transliteration: mahime
Doctrine: Deity and Glory of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ತೇಜಸ್ಸು
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. The reward of faith proven genuine (1:7), Christ’s own exaltation (1:11, 21), and God’s eternal glory to which believers are called (5:10); avoid light-only imagery that could merge with Aikya-path mystical-illumination associations.
Election
Approved rendering: ದೇವರ ಆಯ್ಕೆ / ಆಯ್ಕೆಗೊಂಡ
Transliteration: Dēvara Āyke / āykegoṇḍa
Doctrine: Providence and Election
Rejected alternatives: ಹಣೆಬರಹ, ವಿಧಿ
Original: ἐκλεκτός / ἐκλογή
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Named in the letter’s opening address (‘elect exiles,’ 1:1) and in the corporate title ‘chosen race’ (2:9); never ಹಣೆಬರಹ or ವಿಧಿ.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: ದೇವರ ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯ
Transliteration: Dēvara Sāmarthya
Doctrine: Assurance of Salvation and Perseverance
Rejected alternatives: ಶಕ್ತಿ
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. God’s power by which believers are guarded through faith for salvation (1:5); never ಶಕ್ತಿ, extended consistently even to created spiritual ‘powers’ subject to Christ in 3:22.
Providence
Approved rendering: ದೇವರ ಪರಿಪಾಲನೆ
Transliteration: Dēvara Paripālane
Doctrine: God’s Faithful Providence Amid Suffering
Rejected alternatives: ಹಣೆಬರಹ, ಕರ್ಮದ ನಿಯಮ
Original: πρόγνωσις
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package; extended by the new foreknowledge entry (ದೇವರ ಪೂರ್ವಜ್ಞಾನ, see foreknown_of_christ) for 1:2, 1:20. Trust in God’s personal governance amid suffering (4:19, 5:7) must not be absorbed into ಹಣೆಬರಹ or ಕರ್ಮದ ನಿಯಮ.
Sin
Approved rendering: ಪಾಪ
Transliteration: pāpa
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Rejected alternatives: ಅಧರ್ಮ
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Moral transgression borne by Christ in his body on the tree (2:24) and covered relationally by mutual love (4:8); not ritual impurity or impersonal karma.
Obedience Of Faith
Approved rendering: ನಂಬಿಕೆಯ ವಿಧೇಯತ್ವ / ವಿಧೇಯತ್ವ
Transliteration: nambikeya vidhēyatva / vidhēyatva
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕ ಕರ್ತವ್ಯ
Original: ὑπακοή
Category: Faith
Inherited and adapted from Romans package. Obedience to Jesus Christ named as the goal of election alongside sanctification (1:2), and obedient children no longer conforming to former passions (1:14); must not read as ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕ ಕರ್ತವ್ಯ or kayaka-style sacred labor earning standing.
Living Hope
Approved rendering: ಜೀವಂತ ನಿರೀಕ್ಷೆ
Transliteration: jīvanta nirīkṣe
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Rejected alternatives: ಆಶಾಭಾವನೆ
Original: ἐλπὶς ζῶσα
Category: Eschatology
Core curriculum doctrine term (1:3). Must retain content specifically secured by ಪುನರುತ್ಥಾನ; must not be reduced to wishful ಆಶಾಭಾವನೆ nor absorbed into the fatalistic ಹಣೆಬರಹ idiom.
Inheritance
Approved rendering: ಬಾಧ್ಯತೆ
Transliteration: bādhyate
Doctrine: Inheritance and Assurance
Original: κληρονομία
Category: Salvation
The imperishable, undefiled, unfading inheritance kept in heaven for believers (1:4). Must stay anchored to sonship/adoption, not a generic estate gained through merit or karmic accumulation.
Guarded
Approved rendering: ಕಾಪಾಡಲ್ಪಡುವ
Transliteration: kāpāḍalpaḍuva
Doctrine: Assurance of Salvation and Perseverance
Original: φρουρέω
Category: Salvation
Believers are actively guarded, as by a military garrison, by God’s power through faith for salvation (1:5). Must convey active, ongoing protection, not a passive state; distinguished from the incremental, uncertain progress of the Lingayat shatsthala path.
Trials
Approved rendering: ವಿಧವಿಧವಾದ ಪರೀಕ್ಷೆಗಳು
Transliteration: vidhavidhavāda parīkṣegaḷu
Doctrine: Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake
Original: πειρασμός (ποικίλοις πειρασμοῖς)
Category: Suffering
Manifold, God-permitted testings that prove the genuineness of faith (1:6), later called a ‘fiery trial’ (4:12). Must be distinguished from the karma-consequence framework common in Kannada folk explanations of misfortune.
Tested Genuineness
Approved rendering: ನಂಬಿಕೆಯ ಪರೀಕ್ಷಿತ ಸತ್ಯತೆ
Transliteration: nambikeya parīkṣita satyate
Doctrine: Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake
Original: δοκίμιον
Category: Faith
The proven, purified quality of faith surviving testing, more precious than gold refined by fire (1:7). Must not be read as faith earned or perfected through self-effort (shatsthala-style ascent); it is God-given faith proven authentic, not increased in merit.
Soul
Approved rendering: ಆತ್ಮ
Transliteration: ātma
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Original: ψυχή
Category: Anthropology
The whole inner person and seat of personal life, the object of final salvation (1:9) and of Christ’s shepherding oversight (2:25). No safer established alternative exists in Kannada; ‘salvation of souls’ must be understood as the individual believer preserved as a distinct person in relationship with God, never absorbed/merged into an impersonal ultimate reality (Vedantic ātman-Brahman/Paramatma parallel), paralleling the baseline’s Aikya caution for salvation itself. Requires persistent explanatory reinforcement at every occurrence.
Sprinkling Of Blood
Approved rendering: ಯೇಸು ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತನ ರಕ್ತದ ಚಿಮುಕಿಸುವಿಕೆ
Transliteration: Yēsu Kristana raktada cimukisuvike
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Rejected alternatives: ಪ್ರೋಕ್ಷಣೆ
Original: ῥαντισμὸς αἵματος
Category: Salvation
Covenant-sealing sprinkling with Christ’s blood, alluding to Exodus 24:8 and Passover blood rites (1:2). Avoid ಪ್ರೋಕ್ಷಣೆ (prōkṣaṇe), the Vedic/temple ritual water-sprinkling term for ceremonial purification, strongly associated with Brahmanical practice.
Redeemed
Approved rendering: ವಿಮೋಚಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿರಿ
Transliteration: vimōcisalpaṭṭiri
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Original: λυτρόω
Category: Salvation
Ransomed at a price from a futile way of life, not with perishable silver or gold but with Christ’s precious blood (1:18-19). ವಿಮೋಚನೆ must be distinguished from ಮುಕ್ತಿ/ಮೋಕ್ಷ — this is a priced, personal ransom accomplished once by Christ’s blood, not a generalized liberation achieved through one’s own spiritual progress.
Foreknown Of Christ
Approved rendering: ಪೂರ್ವನಿಶ್ಚಯಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ
Transliteration: pūrvaniścayisalpaṭṭa
Doctrine: Providence and Election
Original: προγινώσκω
Category: Christology
Christ was foreknown before the foundation of the world and made manifest in these last times (1:20). Christ’s redemptive role was eternally purposed, not improvised; must not be absorbed into fatalistic or karmic framing.
Conduct
Approved rendering: ನಡತೆ
Transliteration: naḍate
Doctrine: Holiness in Conduct
Original: ἀναστροφή
Category: Sanctification
One’s whole observable manner of life, commanded to be holy (1:15) and honorable among outsiders (2:12), including wives’ conduct (3:1-2). Must be taught as the fruit of holiness already given, never its merit-earning cause — the same distinction the baseline draws between grace and the Lingayat kayaka-dasoha ethic.
Living Stone
Approved rendering: ಜೀವಂತ ಕಲ್ಲು
Transliteration: jīvanta kallu
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Original: λίθος ζῶν
Category: Church
Christ as the living cornerstone, rejected by builders but chosen and precious to God (Psalm 118:22, Isaiah 28:16; 2:4-8). Flag for Lingayat/Veerashaiva-background readers: the ishtalinga is a small stone/metal symbol of Shiva worn on the body as a personal devotional object; ‘living stone’ risks being heard as a comparable wearable devotional symbol rather than the intended OT architectural cornerstone metaphor. Mandatory translator’s note at first occurrence.
Holy Priesthood
Approved rendering: ಪವಿತ್ರ ಯಾಜಕವರ್ಗ
Transliteration: pavitra yājakavarga
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Rejected alternatives: ಪುರೋಹಿತ
Original: ἱεράτευμα ἅγιον
Category: Church
The entire believing community, not a specialized caste or class, offering spiritual sacrifices through Christ (2:5). Use ಯಾಜಕ, the established Kannada Bible term for a biblical priest; NEVER ಪುರೋಹಿತ, the Brahmin ritual priest whose office is inherited by caste and whose ritual access is exclusive — the opposite of 1 Peter’s point.
Royal Priesthood
Approved rendering: ರಾಜಕೀಯ ಯಾಜಕವರ್ಗ
Transliteration: rājakīya yājakavarga
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Rejected alternatives: ಪುರೋಹಿತ
Original: βασίλειον ἱεράτευμα
Category: Church
The church’s kingly-priestly identity applying Exodus 19:6 to believers (2:9). Same caution as holy_priesthood — never ಪುರೋಹಿತ.
Chosen Race
Approved rendering: ಆಯ್ಕೆಯ ಜನಾಂಗ
Transliteration: āykeya janāṅga
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Rejected alternatives: ಜಾತಿ
Original: γένος ἐκλεκτόν
Category: Church
A people-group defined by God’s election, not ethnicity or hereditary status (2:9). Must NEVER be rendered ಜಾತಿ (caste/birth-group), which would catastrophically misrepresent this ‘chosen people’ as a new caste defined by birth.
Submit Be Subject
Approved rendering: ಅಧೀನರಾಗಿರಿ
Transliteration: adhīnarāgiri
Doctrine: Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance
Original: ὑποτάσσω
Category: Ethics
Voluntary, ordered submission to civil authorities (2:13), masters (2:18), and within marriage (3:1), modeled on Christ’s own submissive suffering. Must be taught as a freely-chosen, Christ-modeled response for witness’s sake, not fatalistic acceptance of an unchangeable caste-style social order nor a works-based means of securing standing before God.
Shepherd Overseer
Approved rendering: ಕುರುಬ ಮತ್ತು ಮೇಲ್ವಿಚಾರಕ
Transliteration: kuruba mattu mēlvicāraka
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Original: ποιμήν καὶ ἐπίσκοπος
Category: Christology
Christ as the Shepherd and Overseer of souls to whom straying believers have returned (2:25), reused for human elders in 5:1-4. Reuses ಆತ್ಮ (soul, flagged High) root; introduces the consistent pastoral-office pair across chapters 2 and 5.
Gentle Quiet Spirit
Approved rendering: ಸೌಮ್ಯ ಮತ್ತು ಶಾಂತ ಆತ್ಮಭಾವ
Transliteration: saumya mattu śānta ātmabhāva
Doctrine: Household Relationships
Original: πραῢς καὶ ἡσύχιος
Category: Ethics
An inner disposition of calm strength commended to wives, precious in God’s sight (3:4). Risk of collapsing into culturally normative feminine social deference rather than the freely-chosen, Christ-like inner strength-under-control the text commends.
Put To Death Flesh Alive Spirit
Approved rendering: ಶರೀರದಲ್ಲಿ ಮರಣ ಹೊಂದಿದನು, ಆತ್ಮದಲ್ಲಿ ಜೀವ ಹೊಂದಿದನು
Transliteration: śarīradalli maraṇa hondidanu, ātmadalli jīva hondidanu
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: θανατωθεὶς σαρκί, ζῳοποιηθεὶς πνεύματι
Category: Christology
Christ put to death in the flesh but made alive in the spirit, closely tied to the resurrection (3:18). Must be anchored to the already-established resurrection doctrine (ಪುನರುತ್ಥಾನ) so readers do not construe this as a merely inward/mystical experience disconnected from Christ’s bodily resurrection.
Angels Authorities Powers
Approved rendering: ದೂತರುಗಳು, ಅಧಿಕಾರಿಗಳು, ಮತ್ತು ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯಗಳು
Transliteration: dūtarugaḷu, adhikārigaḷu, mattu sāmarthyagaḷu
Doctrine: Deity and Glory of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ಶಕ್ತಿ
Original: ἄγγελοι, ἐξουσίαι, δυνάμεις
Category: Christology
Angels, authorities, and powers made subject to the risen and exalted Christ at God’s right hand (3:22). ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯ reused (never ಶಕ್ತಿ) even for created spiritual powers, asserting Christ’s supreme cosmic Lordship over every spiritual power, including any venerated ancestral/guardian spirit.
Oracles Of God
Approved rendering: ದೇವರ ನುಡಿಗಳು
Transliteration: Dēvara nuḍigaḷu
Doctrine: Holy Spirit and Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: ವಚನ
Original: λόγια θεοῦ
Category: Scripture
Divinely-inspired speech; the standard by which any who speaks in the church must speak (4:11). Must NEVER be rendered ವಚನ (vachana) — the specific, revered technical term for the Vachana Sahitya, the 12th-century Lingayat Sharana poet-saints’ devotional-philosophical corpus.
Share Sufferings Of Christ
Approved rendering: ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತನ ಬಾಧೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಪಾಲುಗಾರರಾಗಿ
Transliteration: Kristana bādhegaḷalli pālugārarāgi
Doctrine: Participatory Suffering with Christ
Original: κοινωνέω τοῖς τοῦ Χριστοῦ παθήμασιν
Category: Suffering
Believers’ participatory, identificational sharing in Christ’s sufferings (4:13), distinct from Christ’s own substitutionary suffering. Must be kept theologically distinct from the substitutionary, atoning, ‘once for all’ suffering of 3:18 — related but never conflated doctrines.
Not Domineering
Approved rendering: ಅಧಿಕಾರ ಚಲಾಯಿಸುತ್ತಾ ದೊರೆತನ ಮಾಡದೆ
Transliteration: adhikāra calāyisuttā doretana māḍade
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Original: μὴ ὡς κατακυριεύοντες
Category: Church
Elders instructed not to lord it over those in their charge (5:3), an ironic wordplay on κύριος. Elders exercise derived, servant authority, never the exclusive Lordship (ಕರ್ತೃತ್ವ) that belongs to Christ alone; preserve this contrast in teaching notes.
Chief Shepherd
Approved rendering: ಮುಖ್ಯ ಕುರುಬ
Transliteration: mukhya kuruba
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Original: ἀρχιποίμην
Category: Christology
Christ as Chief Shepherd, to whom human elders are accountable as under-shepherds (5:4). Applies the shepherd-title Christologically, connecting to the Critical Lordship-of-Christ doctrine.
Humility
Approved rendering: ದೀನಮನಸ್ಸು
Transliteration: dīnamanassu
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Rejected alternatives: ವಿನಯ
Original: ταπεινοφροσύνη
Category: Ethics
Voluntary self-lowering commended among all believers toward one another (5:5), pictured as ‘clothing oneself’ as with a servant’s garment. Kannada ವಿನಯ alone risks being heard as mere social politeness or caste/gender-hierarchy deference; the text stresses active, mutual, freely-chosen self-lowering by all members regardless of status.
Grace To Humble
Approved rendering: ದೀನರಿಗೆ ಕೃಪೆಯನ್ನು ಕೊಡುತ್ತಾನೆ
Transliteration: dīnarige kṛpeyannu koḍuttāne
Doctrine: Grace
Original: ταπεινοῖς δίδωσιν χάριν
Category: Salvation
God opposes the proud but gives grace to the humble (5:5), quoting Proverbs 3:34. Inherits grace’s High-risk status: grace flows to humility, not to religious achievement or high social/ritual status.
Adversary Devil
Approved rendering: ವಿರೋಧಿಯಾದ ಸೈತಾನ
Transliteration: virōdhiyāda Saitāna
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and the Adversary
Rejected alternatives: ಪಿಶಾಚ, ದೆವ್ವ
Original: ὁ ἀντίδικος ὑμῶν διάβολος
Category: Spiritual Warfare
The singular, personal, cosmic adversary who prowls like a roaring lion, resisted through firm faith (5:8-9). Prefer transliterated ಸೈತಾನ over generic ಪಿಶಾಚ/ದೆವ್ವ, which in Kannada usage — especially coastal Karnataka’s Bhuta Kola / spirit-belief context — denote a broad category of local, placatable, ritually-manageable spirits.
God Of All Grace
Approved rendering: ಸರ್ವಕೃಪೆಯ ದೇವರು
Transliteration: sarvakṛpeya Dēvaru
Doctrine: Grace
Original: ὁ θεὸς πάσης χάριτος
Category: God
The closing doxological title: the God of all grace who has called believers to his eternal glory in Christ (5:10). A summary doxology drawing together grace, calling, and glory, all already-established High/Critical terms; consistency here is essential.
Medium Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: ಅಪೊಸ್ತಲ
Transliteration: apostala
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: ಗುರು, ಜಂಗಮ
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Peter’s self-designation as a commissioned, sent messenger of Jesus Christ (1:1); avoid ಗುರು or ಜಂಗಮ.
Peace
Approved rendering: ಶಾಂತಿ
Transliteration: śānti
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: ಮನಶ್ಶಾಂತಿ
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Closing greeting-blessing ‘peace to all of you who are in Christ’ (5:14).
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: ಆತ್ಮಿಕ ವರಗಳು
Transliteration: ātmika varagaḷu
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts and Mutual Service
Rejected alternatives: ವರ, ಸಿದ್ಧಿ
Original: χάρισμα
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Spirit-given enablements for serving one another as stewards of God’s varied grace (4:10); never ವರ or ಸಿದ್ಧಿ alone.
Church
Approved rendering: ಸಭೆ
Transliteration: sabhe
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Rejected alternatives: ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನ, ಗುಡಿ
Original: (ἐκκλησία-adjacent: οἶκος πνευματικός, ἱεράτευμα, ποίμνιον)
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. The congregation described in 1 Peter as a spiritual house, priesthood, God’s flock, and God’s household (2:5, 2:9, 4:17, 5:2); never ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನ/ಗುಡಿ.
Imperishable
Approved rendering: ನಾಶವಾಗದ
Transliteration: nāśavāgada
Doctrine: Inheritance and Assurance
Rejected alternatives: ಅಕ್ಷಯ
Original: ἄφθαρτος
Category: Eschatology
Describes the inheritance (1:4) and the imperishable seed of the new birth (1:23). Avoid ಅಕ್ಷಯ (akṣaya), which carries Sanskrit-loaded associations with imperishable ritual/karmic merit (cf. Akshaya Tritiya).
Undefiled
Approved rendering: ಕಳಂಕವಿಲ್ಲದ
Transliteration: kaḷaṅkavillada
Doctrine: Inheritance and Assurance
Original: ἀμίαντος
Category: Eschatology
Describes the believer’s inheritance (1:4) as unstained by corruption; moral/relational purity, not ritual purity.
Mercy
Approved rendering: ಕರುಣೆ
Transliteration: karuṇe
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Original: ἔλεος
Category: God
God’s compassionate pity, the ground of the believer’s new birth (1:3). Must be kept distinct from ಕೃಪೆ (grace) — ἔλεος (compassion toward misery) and χάρις (unmerited favor/gift) are complementary Greek terms, not interchangeable.
Sojourners Exiles
Approved rendering: ಪರದೇಶಿಗಳು
Transliteration: paradēśigaḷu
Doctrine: Christian Identity as Sojourners and Exiles
Rejected alternatives: ಯಾತ್ರಿಕ
Original: παρεπίδημος / πάροικος
Category: Church
Believers’ present social and spiritual condition as temporary residents of this world (1:1, 2:11). Avoid ಯಾತ್ರಿಕ (‘pilgrim’), which carries Hindu pilgrimage-practice associations rather than the NT sense of displaced, homeward-looking exile identity.
Reverent Fear
Approved rendering: ಭಯಭಕ್ತಿ
Transliteration: bhayabhakti
Doctrine: Holiness in Conduct
Original: φόβος
Category: Sanctification
Reverential awe before the impartial Father-Judge, commanded as the manner of the believer’s conduct (1:17) and of servants toward masters (2:18). Must be distinguished from superstitious fear of capricious spirits, including propitiatory fear of ancestral/guardian spirits in coastal Karnataka’s Bhuta Kola tradition.
Time Of Exile
Approved rendering: ಪರದೇಶ ವಾಸಕಾಲ
Transliteration: paradēśa vāsakāla
Doctrine: Christian Identity as Sojourners and Exiles
Original: παροικία
Category: Church
The believer’s present period of resident-alien existence in the world (1:17). Pairs with sojourner/exile terms; consistent rendering required.
Spiritual House
Approved rendering: ಆತ್ಮಿಕ ಮನೆ
Transliteration: ātmika mane
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Rejected alternatives: ಆಲಯ, ದೇವಾಲಯ, ಗುಡಿ
Original: οἶκος πνευματικός
Category: Church
The church as a spiritual dwelling built of living stones (2:5). Avoid physical Hindu temple terms, already forbidden in the baseline for ‘church,’ to prevent reintroducing a physical-temple-building sense the passage explicitly transcends.
Holy Nation
Approved rendering: ಪವಿತ್ರ ಜನಾಂಗ
Transliteration: pavitra janāṅga
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Rejected alternatives: ಜಾತಿ
Original: ἔθνος ἅγιον
Category: Church
The church as God’s holy nation (2:9). Same jāti caution as chosen_race applies to ಜನಾಂಗ generally, though ಜನಾಂಗ itself is safer than ಜಾತಿ.
Peoples Possession
Approved rendering: ದೇವರ ಸ್ವಂತ ಜನರು
Transliteration: Dēvara svanta janaru
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Original: λαὸς εἰς περιποίησιν
Category: Church
A people for God’s own special possession (2:9); low ambiguity risk beyond consistency with surrounding priesthood/nation terms.
Household Servants
Approved rendering: ಸೇವಕರು
Transliteration: sēvakaru
Doctrine: Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance
Rejected alternatives: ದಾಸರು
Original: οἰκέτης
Category: Ethics
Domestic servants/slaves addressed regarding submission to masters, even harsh ones (2:18-20). Avoid ದಾಸರು in this specific socio-economic context — ದಾಸ carries strong Haridasa bhakti devotional-servant connotations, which would blur an economic/social relationship with a devotional one.
Example Pattern
Approved rendering: ಮಾದರಿ
Transliteration: mādari
Doctrine: Participatory Suffering with Christ
Original: ὑπογραμμός
Category: Ethics
Christ’s suffering as a copybook pattern to be practically followed (2:21), and elders as examples to the flock (5:3). Practical pattern to be followed, not merely admired.
By His Wounds Healed
Approved rendering: ಆತನ ಗಾಯಗಳಿಂದ ನೀವು ಸ್ವಸ್ಥರಾದಿರಿ
Transliteration: ātana gāyagaḷinda nīvu svastharādiri
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Original: μώλωψ
Category: Salvation
Isaiah 53:5 quotation: believers healed by Christ’s wounds (2:24). Primarily spiritual healing; avoid over-literalizing into a promise of physical healing alone disconnected from the sin-bearing context.
Defense Apologia
Approved rendering: ಸಮರ್ಥನೆ
Transliteration: samarthane
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Original: ἀπολογία
Category: Evangelism
A reasoned defense given for the hope within, offered with gentleness and respect (3:15). Connects evangelism/witness to the letter’s central living hope; standard legal-defense term, low doctrinal ambiguity.
Baptism
Approved rendering: ದೀಕ್ಷಾಸ್ನಾನ
Transliteration: dīkṣāsnāna
Doctrine: Baptism and the Appeal of Conscience
Original: βάπτισμα
Category: Sacrament
Baptism as an appeal to God for a good conscience, corresponding typologically to Noah’s flood (3:21). The text’s own ‘not a removal of dirt from the body’ qualifier must be preserved clearly against ritual-purification (snana) conflation, since ceremonial ritual bathing for purification is a widespread and meaningful Hindu practice.
Appeal Good Conscience
Approved rendering: ಒಳ್ಳೆಯ ಮನಸ್ಸಾಕ್ಷಿಗಾಗಿ ದೇವರಿಗೆ ಮಾಡುವ ಮನವಿ
Transliteration: oḷḷeya manassākṣigāgi Dēvarige māḍuva manavi
Doctrine: Baptism and the Appeal of Conscience
Original: συνειδήσεως ἀγαθῆς ἐπερώτημα
Category: Sacrament
The inward appeal to God that baptism represents (3:21); standard descriptive phrase, low ambiguity beyond consistency with the baptism entry.
Love Covers Sins
Approved rendering: ಪ್ರೀತಿಯು ಬಹಳ ಪಾಪಗಳನ್ನು ಮುಚ್ಚುತ್ತದೆ
Transliteration: prītiyu bahaḷa pāpagaḷannu muccuttade
Doctrine: Love and Mutual Care in the Church
Original: ἀγάπη καλύπτει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν
Category: Ethics
Earnest love among believers that covers a multitude of sins (4:8). Must not be taught as human love atoning for sin, which would contradict the Critical substitutionary-atonement doctrine of 3:18 — patient, forgiving love overlooks offenses; it does not atone for them.
Judgment Household Of God
Approved rendering: ದೇವರ ಮನೆತನದಿಂದ ನ್ಯಾಯತೀರ್ಪು ಆರಂಭ
Transliteration: Dēvara manetanadinda nyāyatīrpu ārambha
Doctrine: Judgment Beginning at the Household of God
Original: ἄρχεσθαι τὸ κρίμα ἀπὸ τοῦ οἴκου τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Church
God’s purifying judgment beginning with his own household, the church (4:17). Reuses the family/adoption conceptual field; purifying discipline of God’s own family, not punitive condemnation.
Faithful Creator
Approved rendering: ನಂಬಿಗಸ್ತ ಸೃಷ್ಟಿಕರ್ತ
Transliteration: nambigasta sṛṣṭikarta
Doctrine: God’s Faithful Providence Amid Suffering
Original: πιστὸς κτίστης
Category: God
God as the faithful Creator to whom sufferers entrust their souls while doing good (4:19). The baseline flags ಸೃಷ್ಟಿಕರ್ತ as too distant/abstract for ‘Father,’ but here, paired with ನಂಬಿಗಸ್ತ, it is contextually appropriate, distinguishing personal trust from the impersonal, self-operating cosmic order (karma/fate).
Elders
Approved rendering: ಸಭೆಯ ಹಿರಿಯರು
Transliteration: sabheya hiriyaru
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Rejected alternatives: ಜಂಗಮ
Original: πρεσβύτερος
Category: Church
Recognized local church leaders exhorted to shepherd God’s flock willingly and as examples (5:1-3). Distinguish from generic community/caste-council elder authority and from the Lingayat ಜಂಗಮ wandering-teacher office; this eldership is a local, appointed, shepherding office exercised through service and example.
Flock Of God
Approved rendering: ದೇವರ ಹಿಂಡು
Transliteration: Dēvara hiṇḍu
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Original: ποίμνιον τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Church
The congregation entrusted to elders’ pastoral care (5:2); reuses ಕುರುಬ (shepherd) root established for Christ (2:25) and for elders (5:2).
Unfading Crown
Approved rendering: ಬಾಡದ ಮಹಿಮೆಯ ಕಿರೀಟ
Transliteration: bāḍada mahimeya kirīṭa
Doctrine: Assurance of Salvation and Perseverance
Original: ὁ ἀμαράντινος τῆς δόξης στέφανος
Category: Eschatology
The unfading crown of glory given by the Chief Shepherd at his appearing (5:4). Must be taught as a gift graciously given, not a crown self-attained through disciplined religious achievement, paralleling the baseline’s grace-vs-kayaka/shatsthala caution.
Low Risk Terms
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: ಕೃತಜ್ಞತಾಸ್ತುತಿ
Transliteration: kṛtajñatāstuti
Doctrine: Thanksgiving and Christian Fellowship
Original: εὐχαριστία (conceptually implied)
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package for cross-curriculum consistency; not independently attested as a distinct term in 1 Peter.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: ಅನ್ಯೋನ್ಯತೆ
Transliteration: anyōnyate
Doctrine: Thanksgiving and Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: ಸ್ನೇಹ
Original: κοινωνία / κοινωνέω
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package root; applied in 4:13 to believers’ sharing (κοινωνεῖτε) in Christ’s sufferings.
Prophet
Approved rendering: ಪ್ರವಾದಿ
Transliteration: pravādi
Doctrine: Holy Spirit and Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: ಜ್ಯೋತಿಷಿ
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. The OT prophets who searched and inquired carefully concerning the grace to come (1:10).
Prophecy
Approved rendering: ಪ್ರವಾದನೆ
Transliteration: pravādane
Doctrine: Holy Spirit and Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: ಭವಿಷ್ಯಫಲ
Original: προφητεία (conceptually implied in 1:10-12)
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. God-inspired declaration of Christ’s sufferings and glories, foretold before they occurred (1:10-12).
Unfading
Approved rendering: ಬಾಡದ
Transliteration: bāḍada
Doctrine: Inheritance and Assurance
Original: ἀμάραντος
Category: Eschatology
Describes the inheritance (1:4) and the elders’ unfading crown of glory (5:4); keep consistent rendering across both occurrences.
Dispersion
Approved rendering: ಚದುರಿಹೋಗಿರುವವರು
Transliteration: chaduri hōgiruvavaru
Doctrine: Christian Identity as Sojourners and Exiles
Original: διασπορά
Category: Covenant
The scattering of God’s people among the nations, applied to the letter’s mixed Jewish-Gentile readership (1:1). Contextual/historical note recommended given assumed low OT narrative literacy.
Babylon
Approved rendering: ಬಾಬಿಲೋನ್
Transliteration: Bābilōn
Doctrine: Thanksgiving and Christian Fellowship
Original: Βαβυλών
Category: Historical
A coded reference to Rome in the letter’s closing greetings (5:13); transliterated proper name. A brief historical/literary translator’s note is advisable given assumed low OT/NT narrative literacy.
Kiss Of Love
Approved rendering: ಪ್ರೀತಿಯ ಚುಂಬನ
Transliteration: prītiya cumbana
Doctrine: Thanksgiving and Christian Fellowship
Original: φίλημα ἀγάπης
Category: Church
The culturally-specific early-church greeting of warm Christian familial affection (5:14). Translators may supply a brief explanatory note that this signified warm affection in the greeting culture of the early church, without requiring literal replication.
Referenced passages