Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Revelation (Kannada)
Section A — Baseline Terms Reused Exactly (from Romans translation_memory.json)
| English term | Kannada (established) | Baseline risk | Representative Revelation citations |
|---|---|---|---|
| God | ದೇವರು | Critical | ಪ್ರಕಟನೆ 1:1, 4:8, 21:3, 21:7, 22:5 |
| Lord | ಕರ್ತ | Critical | ಪ್ರಕಟನೆ 1:8, 11:15, 19:16, 22:21 |
| Jesus | ಯೇಸು | Critical | ಪ್ರಕಟನೆ 1:1, 1:9, 22:16, 22:20 |
| Holy Spirit | ಪವಿತ್ರಾತ್ಮ | Critical | ಪ್ರಕಟನೆ 2:7, 14:13, 22:17 |
| Father | ತಂದೆ | Critical | ಪ್ರಕಟನೆ 1:6, 3:5, 3:21 |
| Son of God | ದೇವರ ಮಗ | Critical | ಪ್ರಕಟನೆ 2:18 |
| Resurrection | ಪುನರುತ್ಥಾನ | Critical | ಪ್ರಕಟನೆ 20:5-6 |
| Salvation | ರಕ್ಷಣೆ | Critical | ಪ್ರಕಟನೆ 7:10, 12:10, 19:1 |
| Righteousness | ನೀತಿವಂತಿಕೆ | Critical | ಪ್ರಕಟನೆ 19:8, 19:11 |
| Grace | ಕೃಪೆ | High | ಪ್ರಕಟನೆ 1:4, 22:21 |
| Faith | ನಂಬಿಕೆ | High | ಪ್ರಕಟನೆ 2:13, 2:19, 13:10, 14:12 |
| Holy | ಪವಿತ್ರ | High | ಪ್ರಕಟನೆ 4:8, 21:2, 21:10 |
| Saints | ಪವಿತ್ರ ಜನರು | High | ಪ್ರಕಟನೆ 5:8, 8:3-4, 13:7, 13:10, 14:12, 19:8, 20:9 |
| Sanctification | ಪವಿತ್ರೀಕರಣ | High | (thematic; cf. 22:11) |
| Adoption / Son | ದತ್ತು ಪುತ್ರತ್ವ / ಮಗ | High | ಪ್ರಕಟನೆ 21:7 |
| Gospel | ಸುವಾರ್ತೆ | High | ಪ್ರಕಟನೆ 14:6 |
| Church | ಸಭೆ | Medium | ಪ್ರಕಟನೆ 1:4, 1:11, 2:1-3:22, 22:16 |
| Kingdom of God | ದೇವರ ರಾಜ್ಯ | Medium | ಪ್ರಕಟನೆ 1:6, 11:15, 12:10 |
| Gentiles/Nations | ಅನ್ಯಜನಾಂಗದವರು | Medium | ಪ್ರಕಟನೆ 7:9, 11:2, 21:24, 22:2 |
| Glory | ಮಹಿಮೆ | High | ಪ್ರಕಟನೆ 4:11, 5:12-13, 21:11, 21:23-24 |
| Israel | ಇಸ್ರಾಯೇಲ್ | Medium | ಪ್ರಕಟನೆ 7:4, 21:12 |
| David | ದಾವೀದ | Medium | ಪ್ರಕಟನೆ 3:7, 5:5, 22:16 |
| Messiah/Christ | ಮೆಸ್ಸೀಯ / ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತ | Critical | ಪ್ರಕಟನೆ 1:1, 11:15, 12:10, 20:4,6 |
| Prophet | ಪ್ರವಾದಿ | Low | ಪ್ರಕಟನೆ 10:7, 11:10, 22:6,9 |
| Prophecy | ಪ್ರವಾದನೆ | Low | ಪ್ರಕಟನೆ 1:3, 22:7,10,18-19 |
| Election / Calling | ದೇವರ ಆಯ್ಕೆ / ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ | High | ಪ್ರಕಟನೆ 17:14 |
| Power of God | ದೇವರ ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯ | High | ಪ್ರಕಟನೆ 12:10, 19:1 (root reused for “Almighty,” see Section B) |
| Apostle | ಅಪೊಸ್ತಲ | Medium | ಪ್ರಕಟನೆ 2:2, 18:20, 21:14 |
| Thanksgiving | ಕೃತಜ್ಞತಾಸ್ತುತಿ | Low | ಪ್ರಕಟನೆ 4:9, 7:12, 11:17 |
| Amen | ಆಮೆನ್ | Low (established) | ಪ್ರಕಟನೆ 1:6-7, 5:14, 22:20-21 |
| Hallelujah | ಹಲ್ಲೆಲೂಯಾ | Low (established) | ಪ್ರಕಟನೆ 19:1,3,4,6 |
| Sin | ಪಾಪ | High | ಪ್ರಕಟನೆ 1:5, 18:4-5 |
| Law | ನಿಯಮಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ | High | (thematic background; cf. 12:17, 14:12 “commandments of God”) |
All other baseline entries (justification, sanctification, providence, covenant, intercession, spiritual gifts, peace, fellowship, mission, exhort, imputed_righteousness, obedience_of_faith, abba, seed_of_david) remain available and must be reused exactly if the corresponding concept recurs in Revelation teaching material.
Section B — New Terms Introduced by Revelation
B.1 — CRITICAL Risk (Human theologian review required for every occurrence)
| English term | Greek / translit. | Proposed Kannada | Doctrine(s) | Primary passages | Alternatives rejected | Rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The Lamb | ἀρνίον / arnion | ಕುರಿಮರಿ (kurimari) | Worship of the Lamb; Return and Reign of Christ; Deity of Christ | 5:6-14; 6:16; 7:9-17; 12:11; 13:8; 14:1-10; 19:7-9; 21:22-23; 22:1,3 | generic “sacrificial animal” phrasing | Central christological title (28x). Must not be assimilated to folk Hindu/Shakta animal-sacrifice (bali) practice; conveys a unique, once-slain, now-reigning and worshiped divine person, not an ongoing ritual offering. |
| Almighty | παντοκράτωρ / pantokratōr | ಸರ್ವಸಮರ್ಥನಾದ ದೇವರು (sarva-samarthanāda Dēvaru) | Sovereignty of God over History; Worship of the Lamb | 1:8; 4:8; 11:17; 15:3; 16:14; 19:6,15; 21:22 | ಸರ್ವಶಕ್ತ (rejected — same root as forbidden ಶಕ್ತಿ) | Extends the baseline’s existing “power of God” forbidden-substitution rule. Recurs far more densely here than in Romans; the Shakta-tradition collision (Chamundeshwari) the baseline already documents for ಶಕ್ತಿ applies with equal force to any ಶಕ್ತ-rooted adjective. |
| Second death | ὁ θάνατος ὁ δεύτερος / ho thanatos ho deuteros | ಎರಡನೆಯ ಮರಣ (eraḍaneya maraṇa) | Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints | 2:11; 20:6,14; 21:8 | none viable | Must not be read through a rebirth-cycle lens (repeated deaths across incarnations); a single, final, terminal event after resurrection and judgment. |
| Lake of fire | ἡ λίμνη τοῦ πυρός / hē limnē tou pyros | ಬೆಂಕಿಯ ಕೆರೆ (beṅkiya kere) | Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints | 19:20; 20:10,14-15; 21:8 | none viable | Risk of assimilation to Puranic Naraka (multiple hell-realms, typically temporary purgation before rebirth in Garuḍa Purāṇa-style cosmology). Biblical lake of fire is final and unending. |
| Abyss / bottomless pit | ἄβυσσος / abyssos | ಅಗಾಧ ಕೂಪ (agādha kūpa) | Sovereignty of God over History; Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation | 9:1-2,11; 11:7; 17:8; 20:1-3 | ಪಾತಾಳ (rejected — Puranic Nāga-loka associations) | ಪಾತಾಳ names a specific, often splendorous, Nāga-inhabited lower world in Hindu cosmology; the biblical abyss is a sealed prison for demonic beings pending judgment, a different category entirely. |
| Hades | ᾅδης / hadēs | ಹೇಡಸ್ (Hēḍas, transliterated) | Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints | 1:18; 6:8; 20:13-14 | ಪಾತಾಳ (rejected, same reason as Abyss) | Following the baseline’s precedent for transliterating proper-noun-like terms lacking a safe native equivalent (cf. ಮೆಸ್ಸೀಯ, ಅಬ್ಬಾ). |
| Book of Life | τὸ βιβλίον τῆς ζωῆς / to biblion tēs zōēs | ಜೀವ ಪುಸ್ತಕ (jīva pustaka) | Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints; Assurance of God’s Final Victory over Evil | 3:5; 13:8; 17:8; 20:12,15; 21:27; 22:19 | none viable; requires teaching note | Sharpest collision with the popular Chitragupta karma-ledger tradition (Yama’s scribe recording deeds for rebirth-determination). Must be taught as a register of those who belong to God by grace through the Lamb, distinct from the “books of deeds” (20:12) which confirm rather than merit-earn final judgment. |
| Dragon / ancient serpent | δράκων / ὄφις ὁ ἀρχαῖος (drakōn / ophis ho archaios) | ಘೋರ ಸರ್ಪ (ghōra sarpa), explicitly glossed ಆದಿ ಸರ್ಪ (“ancient serpent”) and identified in-text as ಸೈತಾನ | Sovereignty of God over History; Assurance of God’s Final Victory over Evil | 12:3,7,9,13-17; 13:2,4,11; 16:13; 20:2 | ಡ್ರ್ಯಾಗನ್ (rejected — too foreign, loses vividness); ನಾಗ (rejected — names a revered serpent-deity) | Serpent (nāga) veneration is a living, widespread devotional practice across Karnataka (nāgakal shrines, Nāgapañcami). The text’s explicit identification of this figure as Satan (12:9) must be preserved without softening. |
| King of Kings and Lord of Lords | Βασιλεὺς βασιλέων καὶ Κύριος κυρίων | ಅರಸರ ಅರಸನೂ ಕರ್ತರ ಕರ್ತನೂ (reuse ಕರ್ತ) | Return and Reign of Christ; Deity of Christ | 17:14; 19:16 | ಸ್ವಾಮಿಗಳ ಸ್ವಾಮಿ (rejected per baseline ಕರ್ತ entry) | Must convey exclusive, singular, supreme sovereignty, not merely the greatest among comparable kings/lords. |
| Throne of God and of the Lamb (shared, singular) | ὁ θρόνος τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ τοῦ ἀρνίου | ದೇವರ ಮತ್ತು ಕುರಿಮರಿಯ ಸಿಂಹಾಸನ | Deity of Christ; Worship of the Lamb | 22:1,3 | rendering with plural “thrones” (rejected) | The singular Greek noun (one throne, not two) is the clearest grammatical evidence in the book for the Lamb’s undivided deity; must not be pluralized in translation. |
| Righteous deeds of the saints | τὰ δικαιώματα τῶν ἁγίων | ಪವಿತ್ರ ಜನರ ನೀತಿಯ ಕಾರ್ಯಗಳು (reuse ಪವಿತ್ರ ಜನರು, ನೀತಿ) | Church as Bride of Christ; (touches baseline’s Justification doctrine) | 19:8 | ”deeds that earn righteousness” (rejected) | Must not contradict the baseline’s Critical ಆರೋಪಿತ ನೀತಿ (imputed righteousness) entry: these are fruit, not ground, of righteousness. |
| Kingdom transferred to Christ | ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ κόσμου ἐγένετο τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν καὶ τοῦ Χριστοῦ αὐτοῦ | ಲೋಕದ ರಾಜ್ಯವು ನಮ್ಮ ಕರ್ತನ ಮತ್ತು ಆತನ ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತನ ರಾಜ್ಯವಾಯಿತು (reuse ದೇವರ ರಾಜ್ಯ, ಕರ್ತ) | Return and Reign of Christ; Sovereignty of God over History | 11:15 | partial/qualified renderings (rejected) | Must convey a total, accomplished, permanent transfer of sovereignty, not one kingdom merely added among continuing rival powers. |
B.2 — HIGH Risk (Human theologian review required)
| English term | Greek / translit. | Proposed Kannada | Doctrine(s) | Primary passages | Rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bride (of the Lamb) | νύμφη / nymphē | ವಧು (vadhu) | Church as Bride of Christ | 19:7-8; 21:2,9; 22:17 | Haridasa bhakti bridal-mysticism (madhurya bhāva, Radha-Krishna imagery) risks individualizing what Revelation presents as the corporate church’s consummation. |
| Marriage supper of the Lamb | ὁ γάμος τοῦ ἀρνίου | ಕುರಿಮರಿಯ ಮದುವೆಯ ಔತಣ (reuse ಕುರಿಮರಿ) | Church as Bride of Christ | 19:7,9 | Same bridal-mysticism collision as “Bride”; corporate, historically climactic, not private mystical union. |
| Throne (θρόνος, general use) | thronos | ಸಿಂಹಾಸನ (siṃhāsana) | Sovereignty of God over History; Worship of the Lamb | 4:2-11; 5:1,6-13; 7:9-17; 20:11 | Common word for enthroned Hindu deities (e.g., Chamundeshwari’s siṃhāsana); must convey unique divine sovereignty. |
| Worship (of God/the Lamb) | προσκυνέω / proskyneō | ಆರಾಧಿಸು (verb) / ಆರಾಧನೆ (noun) | Worship of the Lamb | 4:10; 5:14; 7:11; 19:4,10; 22:9 | ಆರಾಧನೆ is the generic Kannada word for worship of any deity; exclusivity must be taught alongside the term, reinforced by the book’s own worship-vs-idolatry contrasts. |
| Overcomer / conqueror | ὁ νικῶν / ho nikōn | ಜಯ ಹೊಂದುವವನು (jaya hoṅduvavanu) | Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution | 2:7,11,17,26; 3:5,12,21; 12:11; 21:7 | Risks self-attainment reading (parallels Lingayat shatsthala self-disciplined ascent); anchor to 12:11 (“by the blood of the Lamb”). |
| Testimony/witness (of Jesus) | μαρτυρία Ἰησοῦ / martyria Iēsou | ಯೇಸುವಿನ ಸಾಕ್ಷಿ (Yēsuvina sākṣi) | Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution | 1:2,9; 6:9; 12:11,17; 19:10; 20:4 | Must retain forensic, costly, public-confession sense, not softened to private belief. |
| Mark of the beast | χάραγμα / charagma | ಮೃಗದ ಗುರುತು (mṛgada gurutu) | Judgment of the Wicked; Perseverance | 13:16-17; 14:9,11; 16:2; 19:20; 20:4 | Parallels sectarian forehead-marking (tilaka/vibhūti); parody relationship to God’s seal (ch. 7) must be preserved. |
| Sealing on the forehead | σφραγίζω / sphragizō | ಹಣೆಯ ಮೇಲೆ ಮುದ್ರೆ ಹಾಕುವುದು | Sovereignty of God over History; Assurance of God’s Final Victory over Evil | 7:2-8; 9:4; 14:1; 22:4 | Direct parallel to Karnataka’s visible sectarian forehead-marking traditions (Lingayat vibhūti, Vaiṣṇava tilaka); must be God’s own act of ownership/protection, not a human ritual mark. |
| Beast | θηρίον / thērion | ಮೃಗ (mṛga) | Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation; Sovereignty of God over History | 11:7; 13:1-18; 14:9-11; 16:2,10,13; 17:3-17; 19:19-20; 20:4,10 | Must convey a monstrous, God-opposing world-power requiring interpretive framing, not merely an animal; sensitive to avoid being read as targeting any specific ethnic/national group. |
| Tribulation / affliction | θλῖψις / thlipsis | ಸಂಕಟ / ಶ್ರಮೆ (saṅkaṭa/śrame) | Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution | 1:9; 2:9-10,22; 7:14 | Must be read as suffering for the faith, not generic misfortune or karmic consequence. |
| Word of God (title for Christ) | ὁ Λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ | ದೇವರ ವಾಕ್ಯ (Dēvara vākya) | Deity of Christ; Return and Reign of Christ | 19:13 | Must be understood as a personal title for Christ, not merely “Scripture”; context must disambiguate from other uses of the same phrase. |
| New heaven and new earth | καινὸς οὐρανὸς καὶ καινὴ γῆ | ಹೊಸ ಆಕಾಶ ಮತ್ತು ಹೊಸ ಭೂಮಿ | The New Heaven and New Earth | 21:1 | Risk of assimilation to Hindu cyclical cosmology (pralaya/sṛṣṭi, yuga cycles) rather than a single, final, non-repeating renewal. |
| Death is no more | ὁ θάνατος οὐκ ἔσται ἔτι | ಇನ್ನು ಮರಣವಿರುವುದಿಲ್ಲ | New Heaven and New Earth; Assurance of God’s Final Victory over Evil | 21:4 | Risk of being read through moksha/mukti (escape from death-rebirth cycle into formlessness) rather than embodied resurrection life in a renewed physical creation. |
| Water/spring of life, given freely | δωρεάν / dōrean | ಉಚಿತವಾಗಿ (ucitavāgi) | Assurance of God’s Final Victory over Evil; (baseline Grace doctrine) | 21:6; 22:17 | Same grace-vs-merit contrast the baseline already flags for χάρις; must not be softened, and the “living water” image risks conflation with sacred-river veneration. |
| Reign forever (of the saints) | βασιλεύσουσιν εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων | ಅವರು ಯುಗಯುಗಾಂತರಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಆಳುವರು | Return and Reign of Christ; Assurance of God’s Final Victory over Evil | 22:5 | Must depict distinct persons reigning in ongoing relationship with God, not eventual Aikya-style merger/dissolution of identity. |
| Sonship confirmed (“I will be his God, he will be my son”) | ἔσομαι αὐτῷ θεὸς καὶ αὐτὸς ἔσται μοι υἱός | ನಾನು ಅವನಿಗೆ ದೇವರಾಗಿರುವೆನು, ಅವನು ನನಗೆ ಮಗನಾಗಿರುವನು (reuse ದೇವರು, ದತ್ತು ಪುತ್ರತ್ವ) | Church as Bride of Christ; (baseline Adoption doctrine) | 21:7 | Permanent, personal sonship, not a stage preceding dissolution into the divine. |
| Judgment / judged according to deeds | κρίσις, κρίμα / κατὰ τὰ ἔργα αὐτῶν | ನ್ಯಾಯತೀರ್ಪು / ಅವರವರ ಕ್ರಿಯೆಗಳಿಗನುಸಾರ ತೀರ್ಪು | Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints | 18:8,10,20; 19:2; 20:12-13 | Must be a personal, moral, one-time forensic verdict by God, not the impersonal law of karma (extends baseline’s providence/election risk pattern). |
| Morning star (messianic title) | ὁ ἀστὴρ ὁ λαμπρὸς ὁ πρωϊνός | ಉಜ್ವಲ ಉದಯ ನಕ್ಷತ್ರ | Messianic Promise (baseline); Return and Reign of Christ | 22:16 | Astrology/jyotiṣa is a widespread, normalized practice in Karnataka; must be read as a messianic self-title, not an astrological reference. |
| Thousand years (millennium) | χίλια ἔτη | ಸಾವಿರ ವರ್ಷಗಳು | Return and Reign of Christ; Sovereignty of God over History | 20:2-7 | Risk of assimilation into cyclical yuga cosmology rather than a bounded, linear-historical period. |
| Wrath of the Lamb / of God | ὀργὴ τοῦ ἀρνίου / τοῦ θεοῦ | ಕುರಿಮರಿಯ ಕೋಪ / ದೇವರ ಕೋಪ | Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints | 6:16-17; 14:10,19; 16:1,19; 19:15 | Must preserve the paradox (the slain Lamb is also the wrathful Judge) without smoothing into a generic angry-deity trope. |
| Grace of the Lord Jesus (closing benediction) | χάρις τοῦ κυρίου Ἰησοῦ | ಕರ್ತನಾದ ಯೇಸುವಿನ ಕೃಪೆ (baseline reuse ಕೃಪೆ, ಕರ್ತ) | (baseline Grace doctrine) | 22:21 | Inherits baseline High-risk status; closes Revelation exactly as Paul closes his letters. |
B.3 — MEDIUM Risk (Native speaker review recommended)
| English term | Greek / translit. | Proposed Kannada | Doctrine(s) | Primary passages | Rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Elders (24) | πρεσβύτεροι | ಹಿರಿಯರು | Worship of the Lamb | 4:4,10; 5:5-14; 7:11-17; 11:16; 14:3; 19:4 | Same word used for ordinary church elders; clarify distinct heavenly office. |
| Living creatures | ζῷα | ಜೀವಿಗಳು | Worship of the Lamb | 4:6-9; 5:6-14; 6:1-7; 14:3; 15:7; 19:4 | Risk of conflation with Vedantic/Jain jīva (bound individual soul) concept. |
| Book of the deeds (“the books”) | τὰ βιβλία | ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳು (ಕ್ರಿಯೆಗಳ ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳು) | Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints | 20:12 | Distinguish carefully from the Book of Life (Critical, B.1) and from the Chitragupta ledger tradition. |
| Seal (of the seven-sealed scroll) | σφραγίς | ಮುದ್ರೆ | Sovereignty of God over History; Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation | 5:1-9; 6:1-17; 8:1 | Standard term; risk mainly at the “seal on the forehead” sense (see High tier above). |
| Trumpet | σάλπιγξ | ತುತ್ತೂರಿ | Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation | 8:2-9:21; 11:15 | Low collision; standard word. |
| Bowl | φιάλη | ಬಟ್ಟಲು | Sovereignty of God over History | 15:7; 16:1-21 | Low collision; standard word. |
| Incense / prayers of the saints | θυμίαμα | ಧೂಪ / ಪವಿತ್ರ ಜನರ ಪ್ರಾರ್ಥನೆಗಳು | Prayer and Intercession (baseline) | 5:8; 8:3-4 | ಧೂಪ also central to Hindu puja; clarify symbolic, not ritually efficacious in itself. |
| Temple (ναός) | ναός | ದೇವಾಲಯ | New Heaven and New Earth | 3:12; 7:15; 11:1-2,19; 15:5-8; 16:1,17; 21:22 | Common word for Hindu temple structures; here the text itself denies the need for a temple, a positive theological point. |
| Mystery | μυστήριον | ಮರ್ಮ / ರಹಸ್ಯ | Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation | 1:20; 10:7; 17:5,7 | Risk of esoteric/tantric “hidden knowledge” association; must be openly revealed truth, not elite secret teaching. |
| Great prostitute / Babylon the great | ἡ πόρνη ἡ μεγάλη / Βαβυλὼν ἡ μεγάλη | ಮಹಾ ವೇಶ್ಯೆ / ಬಾಬಿಲೋನ್ | Judgment of the Wicked; (by contrast) Church as Bride of Christ | 14:8; 16:19; 17:1-18:24 | Socially sensitive; symbolic figure for corrupt idolatrous power-systems, requires pastoral framing in teaching material. |
| Number of the beast (666) | ὁ ἀριθμὸς τοῦ θηρίου | ಮೃಗದ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆ ೬೬೬ | Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation | 13:18 | Numerology/number-divination is popular in Indian folk practice; discourage speculative “code-breaking.” |
| Tree of life | τὸ ξύλον τῆς ζωῆς | ಜೀವ ವೃಕ್ಷ | New Heaven and New Earth | 2:7; 22:2,14,19 | Collision with kalpavṛkṣa (wish-fulfilling tree) motif; a gift of grace/healing, not a wish-granting tree. |
| River of the water of life | ποταμὸς ὕδατος ζωῆς | ಜೀವಜಲದ ನದಿ | New Heaven and New Earth | 22:1,17 | Collision with sacred-river veneration (Ganga, Kāvēri); flows only from the throne of God and the Lamb. |
| Curse (removed) | κατάθεμα | ಶಾಪ | New Heaven and New Earth | 22:3 | Established, correct term; anchor specifically to the reversed Genesis Fall-curse. |
| Tabernacling presence of God | σκηνόω / σκηνή | ವಾಸಿಸುವನು / ಗುಡಾರ ಹಾಕುವನು | New Heaven and New Earth; (baseline Incarnation doctrine) | 7:15; 21:3 | Must convey permanent co-residence, echoing John 1:14, not a temporary visitation/avatar-style descent. |
| Accuser | ὁ κατήγωρ | ಅಪವಾದಿ | Assurance of God’s Final Victory over Evil | 12:10 | Forensic term; low but real risk of flattening into generic “enemy.” |
| Robes washed white in the blood of the Lamb | ἔπλυναν … ἐν τῷ αἵματι τοῦ ἀρνίου | ಕುರಿಮರಿಯ ರಕ್ತದಲ್ಲಿ ತೊಳೆದು ಬಿಳುಪುಮಾಡಿಕೊಂಡ ನಿಲುವಂಗಿಗಳು | Assurance of God’s Final Victory over Evil; (baseline Salvation) | 7:14 | Preserve the paradox (blood → white), tied to grace-not-merit. |
| Glory and honor of the nations | δόξα καὶ τιμὴ τῶν ἐθνῶν | ಜನಾಂಗಗಳ ಮಹಿಮೆಯೂ ಗೌರವವೂ | Unity of Jews and Gentiles (baseline); New Heaven and New Earth | 21:24,26 | Universal, redeemed diversity; must not be qualified or narrowed. |
| Priesthood of believers | βασίλειον καὶ ἱερεῖς | ರಾಜ್ಯವೂ ಯಾಜಕರೂ | Worship of the Lamb; (baseline Kingdom of God) | 1:6; 5:10; 20:6 | ಯಾಜಕರು risks reading as caste-based hereditary priesthood (Brahmin priestly caste; Lingayat Jangama office); must be grace-given status shared by all believers. |
| Woman clothed with the sun | γυνὴ περιβεβλημένη τὸν ἥλιον | ಸೂರ್ಯ ಧರಿಸಿದ ಸ್ತ್ರೀ | Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation | 12:1 | Iconographic resonance with goddess imagery (crowned/celestial female figure); clarify symbolic representation of God’s covenant people, not a goddess-figure. |
| Two witnesses | οἱ δύο μάρτυρες | ಇಬ್ಬರು ಸಾಕ್ಷಿಗಳು | Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution | 11:3-12 | Standard, low-ambiguity reuse of ಸಾಕ್ಷಿ. |
| ”Come out of her, my people” | Ἐξέλθατε ὁ λαός μου ἐξ αὐτῆς | ನನ್ನ ಜನರೇ, ಆಕೆಯೊಳಗಿಂದ ಹೊರಗೆ ಬನ್ನಿ | Sanctification (baseline); Perseverance | 18:4 | Ethical call to separation from complicity in corrupt systems. |
B.4 — LOW Risk (Automated review sufficient)
| English term | Greek / translit. | Proposed Kannada | Primary passages | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Revelation/Apocalypse (book title) | ἀποκάλυψις | ಪ್ರಕಟನೆ | 1:1 | Established Kannada Bible book title. |
| Angel | ἄγγελος | ದೂತ | throughout | Established Christian term. |
| Michael (archangel) | Μιχαήλ | ಮೀಕಾಯೇಲ | 12:7 | Proper name. |
| Amen / Hallelujah | Ἀμήν / Ἁλληλούϊα | ಆಮೆನ್ / ಹಲ್ಲೆಲೂಯಾ | throughout | Established transliterations. |
| Armageddon | Ἁρμαγεδών | ಅರ್ಮಗೆದೋನ್ | 16:16 | Proper name, transliterated. |
| Abaddon / Apollyon | Ἀβαδδών / Ἀπολλύων | ಅಬದ್ದೋನ್ / ಅಪೊಲ್ಲುಯೋನ್ | 9:11 | Proper names, transliterated, glossed “Destroyer.” |
| Locusts | ἀκρίδες | ಮಿಡತೆಗಳು | 9:3-10 | Standard word; symbolic force carried by surrounding text. |
| Palm branches | φοίνικες | ಖರ್ಜೂರದ ಗರಿಗಳು | 7:9 | Festival/victory imagery. |
| Great multitude | ὄχλος πολύς | ಮಹಾ ಸಮೂಹ | 7:9; 19:1,6 | Universal-scope language; do not qualify. |
| New song | ᾠδὴ καινή | ಹೊಸ ಗೀತೆ | 5:9; 14:3 | Worship vocabulary. |
| Sword (from Christ’s mouth) | ῥομφαία | ಖಡ್ಗ | 1:16; 19:15,21 | Symbol of the powerful, judging word. |
| Harvest / sickle / winepress | θερισμός / δρέπανον / ληνός | ಸುಗ್ಗಿ / ಕುಡುಗೋಲು / ದ್ರಾಕ್ಷಿ ತೊಟ್ಟಿ | 14:14-20 | Agricultural judgment imagery. |
| Merchants of the earth | οἱ ἔμποροι τῆς γῆς | ಭೂಮಿಯ ವರ್ತಕರು | 18:3,11,15,23 | Symbolic economic complicity. |
| Foundations / gates / wall | θεμέλια / πυλῶνες / τεῖχος | ಅಸ್ತಿವಾರಗಳು / ಬಾಗಿಲುಗಳು / ಪ್ರಾಕಾರ | 21:12-19 | Architectural description. |
| Fine linen | βύσσινον | ನಯವಾದ ನಾರುಬಟ್ಟೆ | 19:8,14 | Symbol of the saints’ righteous deeds (paired with High-risk B.2 entry above). |
| Hidden manna / white stone | τὸ μάννα τὸ κεκρυμμένον / ψῆφος λευκή | ಗುಪ್ತ ಮನ್ನಾ / ಬಿಳಿಯ ಕಲ್ಲು | 2:17 | Symbolic reward imagery. |
| Synagogue of Satan | ἡ συναγωγὴ τοῦ Σατανᾶ | ಸೈತಾನನ ಸಭಾಮಂದಿರ | 2:9; 3:9 | Historically bounded polemical term. |
| Lukewarm | χλιαρός | ಬೆಚ್ಚಗಿನ / ಉಗುರುಬೆಚ್ಚಗಿನ | 3:16 | Standard descriptive term. |
| Gold refined by fire | χρυσίον πεπυρωμένον ἐκ πυρός | ಬೆಂಕಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಶುದ್ಧೀಕರಿಸಿದ ಚಿನ್ನ | 3:18 | Standard refining metaphor. |
| Little scroll | βιβλαρίδιον | ಚಿಕ್ಕ ಸುರುಳಿ | 10:2,9-10 | Diminutive form of “scroll.” |
| Key of David | ἡ κλεὶς τοῦ Δαυίδ | ದಾವೀದನ ಬೀಗದ ಕೈ | 3:7 | Reuses baseline ದಾವೀದ. |
| Open door | θύρα ἠνεῳγμένη | ತೆರೆದ ಬಾಗಿಲು | 3:8 | Standard image of opportunity. |
Notes for Phase 2 Preparation
- All Section A terms load directly from the existing Romans
translation_memory.json; no re-derivation needed. - All Section B terms are new and must be added to an updated
translation_memory.json/bible_term_registry.jsonfor the Revelation curriculum before Phase 2 segment translation begins, per the baseline’s “Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions.” - The Critical-tier extension of the baseline’s “never ಶಕ್ತಿ” rule to παντοκράτωρ / Almighty (ಸರ್ವಸಮರ್ಥ, never ಸರ್ವಶಕ್ತ) should be added explicitly to the forbidden-substitution list in any updated
12_ai_translation_requirements.mdfor this curriculum, since “Almighty” recurs far more densely in Revelation’s worship scenes than anywhere in Romans. - Two new forbidden-substitution candidates for the updated AI requirements: ಪಾತಾಳ (never for Abyss/Hades — Nāga-loka collision) and ಶರಣರು-style self-attainment framing (never for “overcomer” — must anchor to 12:11’s grace basis).
- The Book of Life / books-of-deeds distinction (B.1) should receive its own doctrine-risk-registry entry given the specificity and cultural weight of the Chitragupta-ledger collision risk.
See analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md for full verse-by-verse and chapter-by-chapter argumentation supporting every entry above.
Critical Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: ನೀತಿವಂತಿಕೆ
Transliteration: nītivantike
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ಧರ್ಮ, ಪುಣ್ಯ
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
(Inherited from Romans package.) CRITICAL: never ಧರ್ಮ. In Revelation, applied to Christ’s own judging (‘in righteousness he judges,’ 19:11) and to the fine linen ‘granted’ to the Bride (19:8) — see ‘righteous_deeds_of_saints’ for the fruit-not-ground distinction this requires.
Justification
Approved rendering: ನೀತಿವಂತರೆಂದು ನಿರ್ಣಯಿಸುವುದು
Transliteration: nītivantarendu nirṇayisuvudu
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ಕ್ಷಮೆ ಪಡೆಯುವುದು, ಪುಣ್ಯ ಗಳಿಸುವುದು
(Inherited from Romans package.) Compound phrase required; forensic declaration of right standing. Available if teaching material discusses the basis of standing before the Great White Throne (Revelation 20:11-15) alongside ‘imputed_righteousness’.
Salvation
Approved rendering: ರಕ್ಷಣೆ
Transliteration: rakṣaṇe
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ಮೋಕ್ಷ, ಮುಕ್ತಿ, ಐಕ್ಯ
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
(Inherited from Romans package.) CRITICAL: NEVER ಮೋಕ್ಷ, ಮುಕ್ತಿ, or ಐಕ್ಯ. In Revelation this is the great multitude’s declared confession (7:10; 12:10; 19:1) — the redeemed remain distinct persons from every nation, not identities dissolved into the divine. Sharpened by contrast with ‘second_death’ below.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: ಪುನರುತ್ಥಾನ
Transliteration: punarutthāna
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ಪುನರ್ಜನ್ಮ
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
(Inherited from Romans package.) CRITICAL: NEVER ಪುನರ್ಜನ್ಮ. Revelation guarantees this by naming Christ ‘the firstborn of the dead’ (1:5) and grounds the abolition of death (21:4) and the end-times sequence in ch.20 (see ‘first_resurrection’).
Lord
Approved rendering: ಕರ್ತ
Transliteration: karta
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ಸ್ವಾಮಿ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
(Inherited from Romans package.) CRITICAL: never ಸ್ವಾಮಿ. Recurs throughout Revelation, culminating in ‘King of kings and Lord of lords’ (17:14; 19:16, see new entry) and paired with ‘God the Almighty’ in doxologies (1:8; 11:15; 22:21).
Son Of God
Approved rendering: ದೇವರ ಮಗ
Transliteration: Dēvara Maga
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ದೇವಮಾನವ
Original: ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Christology
(Inherited from Romans package.) Full phrase required. Used as Christ’s self-title in the letter to Thyatira (2:18).
Incarnation
Approved rendering: ದೇಹಧಾರಣೆ
Transliteration: dēhadhāraṇe
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: ಅವತಾರ
(Inherited from Romans package.) CRITICAL: NEVER ಅವತಾರ. Available background doctrine for Revelation’s incarnational imagery (e.g., ‘the Word became flesh’ echoed by 19:13’s ‘Word of God’ title and 21:3’s tabernacling presence).
Messiah
Approved rendering: ಮೆಸ್ಸೀಯ
Transliteration: Messīya
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: ಅವತಾರಪುರುಷ
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
(Inherited from Romans package.) Transliterated term. In Revelation, ‘his Christ’ now visibly co-reigns over the kingdom of the world (11:15; 12:10; 20:4,6). Also rendered ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತ when used as a title alongside ಯೇಸು.
Jesus
Approved rendering: ಯೇಸು
Transliteration: Yēsu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ಈಸಾ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
(Inherited from Romans package.) Never ಈಸಾ. Source of the whole revelation (1:1) and speaker of the book’s closing words (22:16,20).
God
Approved rendering: ದೇವರು
Transliteration: Dēvaru
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ಭಗವಂತ, ಪರಶಿವ
Original: θεός
Category: God
(Inherited from Romans package.) Never ಭಗವಂತ or ಪರಶಿವ. Central to the throne-room worship scenes (ch. 4-5) and the closing vision (ch. 21-22); consistency with Romans lets learners recognize the same God across both books.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: ಪವಿತ್ರಾತ್ಮ
Transliteration: Pavitrātma
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: ಪರಮಾತ್ಮ
Original: τὸ πνεῦμα
Category: God
(Inherited from Romans package.) Never ಪರಮಾತ್ಮ. The refrain ‘what the Spirit says to the churches’ (chs. 2-3) and 22:17’s ‘the Spirit and the Bride say, Come’ both require the personal, Trinitarian sense.
Father
Approved rendering: ತಂದೆ
Transliteration: Tande
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: ಸೃಷ್ಟಿಕರ್ತ
Original: ὁ πατήρ
Category: God
(Inherited from Romans package.) God as personal Father. Revelation 21:7 (‘I will be his God and he will be my son’) and 1:6 (‘kingdom, priests to his God and Father’) both require this personal, relational sense.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: ಆರೋಪಿತ ನೀತಿ
Transliteration: āropita nīti
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: ಸ್ವಂತ ಸಾಧನೆಯ ನೀತಿ
(Inherited from Romans package.) Credited righteousness, NOT self-attained righteousness. This entry is the doctrinal anchor for the new ‘righteous_deeds_of_saints’ entry below (Revelation 19:8): the Bride’s fine linen is fruit, not ground, of a righteousness already credited.
Almighty
Approved rendering: ಸರ್ವಸಮರ್ಥನಾದ ದೇವರು
Transliteration: sarva-samarthanāda Dēvaru
Doctrine: The Almighty and the Nature of Divine Power
Rejected alternatives: ಸರ್ವಶಕ್ತ, ಸರ್ವಶಕ್ತಿಮಾನ್
Original: παντοκράτωρ
Category: God
(New: Revelation curriculum.) CRITICAL — extends the baseline’s forbidden ಶಕ್ತಿ-substitution rule for ‘power of God.’ Never ಸರ್ವಶಕ್ತ (ಶಕ್ತಿ root), which reads through Karnataka’s prominent Shakta tradition (Chamundeshwari of Mysore, tutelary royal deity) as a distinct divine-feminine power. παντοκράτωρ recurs 9x in Revelation’s worship liturgy (1:8; 4:8; 11:17; 15:3; 16:14; 19:6,15; 21:22), multiplying exposure far beyond Romans.
Lamb
Approved rendering: ಕುರಿಮರಿ
Transliteration: kurimari
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
Rejected alternatives: ಕುರಿ (generic sacrificial animal phrasing)
Original: ἀρνίον
Category: Christology
(New: Revelation curriculum.) CRITICAL. Central christological title (28 occurrences: 5:6-14; 6:16; 7:9-17; 12:11; 13:8; 14:1-10; 19:7-9; 21:22-23; 22:1,3). Must never be assimilated to folk Hindu/Shakta animal-sacrifice (bali) practice at regional shrines including Chamundeshwari; conveys a unique, once-slain, now-reigning and worshiped divine person, not an ongoing ritual offering. Anchor every occurrence to the finished, historical death of Christ.
King Of Kings Lord Of Lords
Approved rendering: ಅರಸರ ಅರಸನೂ ಕರ್ತರ ಕರ್ತನೂ
Transliteration: arasara arasanū kartara kartanū
Doctrine: The Return and Reign of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ಸ್ವಾಮಿಗಳ ಸ್ವಾಮಿ
Original: Βασιλεὺς βασιλέων καὶ Κύριος κυρίων
Category: Christology
(New: Revelation curriculum.) CRITICAL. Superlative title of Christ’s absolute, unrivaled sovereignty (17:14; 19:16). Must convey exclusive, singular, supreme sovereignty, not merely the greatest among many comparable kings/lords or enthroned deities — a real risk given India’s historical memory of many regional kingdoms and enthroned deity-images. Uses baseline ಕರ್ತ root; never ಸ್ವಾಮಿಗಳ ಸ್ವಾಮಿ.
Throne Of God And Lamb
Approved rendering: ದೇವರ ಮತ್ತು ಕುರಿಮರಿಯ ಸಿಂಹಾಸನ
Transliteration: Dēvara mattu Kurimariya Siṃhāsana
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ದೇವರ ಮತ್ತು ಕುರಿಮರಿಯ ಸಿಂಹಾಸನಗಳು (plural rendering)
Original: ὁ θρόνος τοῦ θεοῦ καὶ τοῦ ἀρνίου
Category: Christology
(New: Revelation curriculum.) CRITICAL. A single, shared, singular throne (22:1,3) — the clearest grammatical evidence in the book for the Lamb’s undivided deity. Any Kannada rendering implying two separate thrones would weaken this key Deity-of-Christ evidence; the singular noun must be preserved without exception.
Second Death
Approved rendering: ಎರಡನೆಯ ಮರಣ
Transliteration: eraḍaneya maraṇa
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: ὁ θάνατος ὁ δεύτερος
Category: Salvation
(New: Revelation curriculum.) CRITICAL. Final, terminal judgment following bodily resurrection and the Great White Throne (2:11; 20:6,14; 21:8). Must not be read through a rebirth-cycle lens; ‘second’ is a fixed, final ordinal — one bodily death, one final death of separation from God, with no further cycle in either direction. Pair consistently with ಪುನರುತ್ಥಾನ/ಪುನರ್ಜನ್ಮ distinction.
Lake Of Fire
Approved rendering: ಬೆಂಕಿಯ ಕೆರೆ
Transliteration: beṅkiya kere
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Rejected alternatives: ನರಕ
Original: ἡ λίμνη τοῦ πυρός
Category: Salvation
(New: Revelation curriculum.) CRITICAL. Never ನರಕ (Naraka), which in popular Puranic cosmology (e.g. Garuḍa Purāṇa) denotes temporary purgation preceding rebirth. The final destiny of the beast, false prophet, Death, Hades, Satan, and all not found in the book of life (19:20; 20:10,14-15; 21:8) is final and unending — the second death, not a stage within an ongoing rebirth cycle.
Book Of Life
Approved rendering: ಜೀವ ಪುಸ್ತಕ
Transliteration: jīva pustaka
Doctrine: Book of Life and the Ground of Final Judgment
Original: τὸ βιβλίον τῆς ζωῆς
Category: Salvation
(New: Revelation curriculum.) CRITICAL. The heavenly register of those who belong to God by grace through the Lamb, written before creation (3:5; 13:8; 17:8; 20:12,15; 21:27; 22:19). Sharpest collision point in the book with the popular Chitragupta tradition (Yama’s scribe, keeping a karma-ledger determining rebirth). Distinct from ‘books_of_deeds’ below, which confirm rather than merit-earn the verdict.
Righteous Deeds Of Saints
Approved rendering: ಪವಿತ್ರ ಜನರ ನೀತಿಯ ಕಾರ್ಯಗಳು
Transliteration: pavitra janara nītiya kāryagaḷu
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: ನೀತಿಯನ್ನು ಗಳಿಸುವ ಕಾರ್ಯಗಳು
Original: τὰ δικαιώματα τῶν ἁγίων
Category: Salvation
(New: Revelation curriculum.) CRITICAL. Righteous acts of God’s holy people, pictured as the Bride’s fine-linen garment (19:8). Must not be read as works that earn/establish righteousness, contradicting the baseline’s Critical ‘imputed_righteousness’ entry. Highlight the immediately following clause ‘it was granted her’ (ἐδόθη αὐτῇ): fruit, not ground, of a righteousness already credited.
Idolaters Vice List
Approved rendering: ವಿಗ್ರಹಾರಾಧಕರು
Transliteration: vigrahārādhakaru
Doctrine: Sin and Idolatry (the excluded and their end)
Original: εἰδωλολάτραι (and the full vice-list of 21:8; 22:15)
Category: Sin
(New: Revelation curriculum.) CRITICAL. Named among those excluded from the New Jerusalem, in direct antithesis to the overcomer (21:8; 22:15). The same root ಆರಾಧನೆ (worship) is used throughout Revelation for legitimate worship of God/the Lamb, so the contrast must remain doctrinally sharp — this names worship misdirected toward images/created things, not a blanket condemnation of the reader’s own family or wider devotional culture. Per the no-softening rule for exclusivity claims, the term itself must not be paraphrased away; pastoral framing belongs in teaching notes only.
Dragon
Approved rendering: ಘೋರ ಸರ್ಪ
Transliteration: ghōra sarpa
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and the Defeat of Satan
Rejected alternatives: ಡ್ರ್ಯಾಗನ್, ನಾಗ
Original: ὁ δράκων ὁ μέγας, ὁ ὄφις ὁ ἀρχαῖος
Category: Sin
(New: Revelation curriculum.) CRITICAL. The great dragon/ancient serpent, explicitly identified as ‘the Devil and Satan’ (12:3,7,9,13-17; 13:2,4,11; 16:13; 20:2). Serpent (nāga) veneration is a living, widespread devotional practice across Karnataka (nāgakal shrines, Nāgapañcami). ಡ್ರ್ಯಾಗನ್ rejected as too foreign/culturally inert; ನಾಗ rejected as it names a revered serpent-deity. Must gloss explicitly as ಆದಿ ಸರ್ಪ (‘ancient serpent’) identified in-text as ಸೈತಾನ.
Abyss
Approved rendering: ಅಗಾಧ ಕೂಪ
Transliteration: agādha kūpa
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and the Defeat of Satan
Rejected alternatives: ಪಾತಾಳ
Original: ἡ ἄβυσσος
Category: Sin
(New: Revelation curriculum.) CRITICAL. A sealed subterranean prison for demonic beings (9:1-2,11; 11:7; 17:8; 20:1-3). ಪಾತಾಳ explicitly rejected: in Puranic cosmology Pātāḷa is one of seven lower worlds, home to Nāgas and often depicted as splendorous, not punitive. ಅಗಾಧ ಕೂಪ avoids importing that mythological geography.
Hades
Approved rendering: ಹೇಡಸ್
Transliteration: Hēḍas
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and the Defeat of Satan
Rejected alternatives: ಪಾತಾಳ
Original: ᾅδης
Category: Sin
(New: Revelation curriculum.) CRITICAL. Realm/personification of the dead, paired with ‘Death’ and finally destroyed (1:18; 6:8; 20:13-14). Rejects ಪಾತಾಳ for the same Nāga-loka reason as ‘abyss.’ Following the baseline’s precedent for proper-noun-like terms lacking a safe native equivalent (cf. ಮೆಸ್ಸೀಯ, ಅಬ್ಬಾ), transliterated rather than translated.
First Resurrection
Approved rendering: ಮೊದಲನೆಯ ಪುನರುತ್ಥಾನ
Transliteration: modalaneya punarutthāna
Doctrine: The Return and Reign of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ಮೊದಲನೆಯ ಪುನರ್ಜನ್ಮ
Original: ἡ ἀνάστασις ἡ πρώτη
Category: Eschatology
(New: Revelation curriculum.) CRITICAL. A resurrection distinguished from a later, general resurrection, unique to Revelation’s end-times sequence (20:5-6). Inherits the baseline’s Critical flag on the ಪುನರುತ್ಥಾನ root: never ಪುನರ್ಜನ್ಮ.
Kingdom Transferred
Approved rendering: ಲೋಕದ ರಾಜ್ಯವು ನಮ್ಮ ಕರ್ತನ ಮತ್ತು ಆತನ ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತನ ರಾಜ್ಯವಾಯಿತು
Transliteration: lōkada rājyavu namma Kartana mattu ātana Kristana rājyavāyitu
Doctrine: The Return and Reign of Christ
Original: ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ κόσμου ἐγένετο τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν καὶ τοῦ Χριστοῦ αὐτοῦ
Category: Eschatology
(New: Revelation curriculum.) CRITICAL. Decisive, total transfer of ultimate sovereignty proclaimed at the seventh trumpet (11:15). Must be rendered as an accomplished, total, permanent transfer, not one kingdom added among continuing rival powers. Reuses baseline ದೇವರ ರಾಜ್ಯ and ಕರ್ತ roots.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: ಸುವಾರ್ತೆ
Transliteration: suvārte
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: ಸುದ್ದಿ
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Church
(Inherited from Romans package.) Established Kannada Christian term. Avoid the generic ಸುದ್ದಿ (news). In Revelation this recurs at 14:6 as the ‘eternal gospel’ proclaimed to every nation — see new entry ‘eternal_gospel’ for the intensified universal-proclamation nuance.
Grace
Approved rendering: ಕೃಪೆ
Transliteration: kṛpe
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: ಕರ್ಮಫಲ, ಪುಣ್ಯ
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
(Inherited from Romans package.) Unmerited favor apart from human merit; distinguish from Haridasa bhakti devotional exchange and Lingayat kayaka-dasoha ethics. Revelation opens (1:4) and closes (22:21) exactly as Paul’s letters do, and restates this doctrine at its climax via ‘water of life… without payment’ (21:6; 22:17, see ‘water_of_life_freely’).
Faith
Approved rendering: ನಂಬಿಕೆ
Transliteration: nambike
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: ಭಕ್ತಿ
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
(Inherited from Romans package.) Personal trust in Christ specifically, not ಭಕ್ತಿ’s devotional-surrender sense. Recurs in Revelation’s commendations of the churches under pressure (2:13,19; 13:10; 14:12).
Called
Approved rendering: ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ
Transliteration: kareyalpaṭṭa
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: ಆಮಂತ್ರಿತ
Original: κλητός
Category: Salvation
(Inherited from Romans package.) Context-sensitive per baseline usage. In Revelation, describes those who conquer with the Lamb: ‘called and chosen and faithful’ (17:14).
Calling
Approved rendering: ಕರೆ
Transliteration: kare
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: ಆಹ್ವಾನ
(Inherited from Romans package.) Noun form; pair with ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ. Available for teaching material on 17:14.
Holy
Approved rendering: ಪವಿತ್ರ
Transliteration: pavitra
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: ಶುದ್ಧ
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
(Inherited from Romans package.) Set apart for God, morally pure. In Revelation, used in the unceasing triple worship refrain ‘Holy, holy, holy’ (4:8) and of the holy city (21:2,10).
Saints
Approved rendering: ಪವಿತ್ರ ಜನರು
Transliteration: pavitra janaru
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: ಶರಣರು, ಸಂತರು
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
(Inherited from Romans package.) NEVER ಶರಣರು (the Veerashaiva Sharana poet-saint title, denoting elite attainment of Aikya). Recurs densely in Revelation (5:8; 8:3-4; 13:7,10; 14:12; 19:8; 20:9) — every believer, not an ascetic elite.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: ಪವಿತ್ರೀಕರಣ
Transliteration: pavitrīkaraṇa
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: ಶುದ್ಧೀಕರಣ
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
(Inherited from Romans package.) The Spirit’s ongoing work of making believers holy, distinct from Lingayat shatsthala self-cultivation. Thematic background to 22:11 (‘let the holy still be holy’).
Adoption
Approved rendering: ದತ್ತು ಪುತ್ರತ್ವ
Transliteration: dattu putratva
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: ದತ್ತು ತೆಗೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳುವುದು
(Inherited from Romans package.) Full son-status, permanent relationship, not a stage toward merger/dissolution. Confirmed at Revelation 21:7 (‘I will be his God and he will be my son’) and 22:5 (‘they will reign forever’).
Law
Approved rendering: ನಿಯಮಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ
Transliteration: niyamaśāstra
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: ಧರ್ಮ
Original: νόμος / ἐντολαί τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Covenant
(Inherited from Romans package.) NEVER ಧರ್ಮ. In Revelation, ‘the commandments of God’ kept by the saints alongside the testimony of Jesus (12:17; 14:12).
Sin
Approved rendering: ಪಾಪ
Transliteration: pāpa
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: ಅಧರ್ಮ
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
(Inherited from Romans package.) Moral transgression before a personal God. In Revelation, Christ ‘freed us from our sins by his blood’ (1:5); characterizes Babylon (18:4-5).
Glory
Approved rendering: ಮಹಿಮೆ
Transliteration: mahime
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ತೇಜಸ್ಸು
Original: δόξα
Category: God
(Inherited from Romans package.) God’s radiant honor. Intensified in Revelation: the city ‘has no need of sun or moon’ because God’s glory illumines it (21:11,23; 22:5) — must not merge with Aikya-adjacent mystical-illumination imagery.
Obedience Of Faith
Approved rendering: ನಂಬಿಕೆಯ ವಿಧೇಯತ್ವ
Transliteration: nambikeya vidhēyatva
Doctrine: Obedience of Faith
Rejected alternatives: ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕ ಕರ್ತವ್ಯ
(Inherited from Romans package.) Obedience flowing from faith already granted. Available background for Revelation’s ‘keep the commandments of God and hold to the testimony of Jesus’ (12:17; 14:12).
Power Of God
Approved rendering: ದೇವರ ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯ
Transliteration: Dēvara Sāmarthya
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ಶಕ್ತಿ
Original: δύναμις
Category: God
(Inherited from Romans package.) Never ಶಕ್ತಿ (Chamundeshwari/Shakta collision). Celebrated in Revelation’s heavenly refrains (‘salvation and glory and power belong to our God,’ 19:1). See new Critical entry ‘almighty’ for the intensified, liturgically-dense version of this rule specific to Revelation.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: ಪ್ರವಾದನೆ
Transliteration: pravādane
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: ಭವಿಷ್ಯಫಲ
Original: προφητεία
Category: Covenant
(Inherited from Romans package; risk elevated from Low to High for this curriculum.) Revelation names itself ‘the words of this prophecy’ with a self-authenticating claim and a severe warning against addition/subtraction (1:3; 22:7,10,18-19), distinguishing it from vachana/kirtane devotional literature.
Covenant
Approved rendering: ಒಡಂಬಡಿಕೆ
Transliteration: oḍambaḍike
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: ಒಪ್ಪಂದ
(Inherited from Romans package.) Binding relational bond, not a transactional contract. Available background for the Davidic-covenant imagery in Revelation 5:5; 22:16.
Election
Approved rendering: ದೇವರ ಆಯ್ಕೆ
Transliteration: Dēvara Āyke
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: ಹಣೆಬರಹ, ವಿಧಿ
Original: ἐκλογή / κλητοὶ καὶ ἐκλεκτοὶ καὶ πιστοί
Category: Salvation
(Inherited from Romans package.) Never ಹಣೆಬರಹ or ವಿಧಿ. Describes those who conquer with the Lamb, ‘called and chosen and faithful’ (Revelation 17:14).
Providence
Approved rendering: ದೇವರ ಪರಿಪಾಲನೆ
Transliteration: Dēvara Paripālane
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: ಹಣೆಬರಹ, ಕರ್ಮದ ನಿಯಮ
(Inherited from Romans package.) God’s personal, purposive governance, not ಹಣೆಬರಹ or ಕರ್ಮದ ನಿಯಮ. Directly relevant to Revelation’s seal-trumpet-bowl sequence being God’s own controlled unveiling of history, not an impersonal mechanism.
Abba
Approved rendering: ಅಬ್ಬಾ
Transliteration: Abbā
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
(Inherited from Romans package.) Aramaic term of intimacy. Retained for consistency though not itself used in Revelation’s text.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: ದಾವೀದನ ವಂಶದಿಂದ
Transliteration: Dāvīdana vaṃśadinda
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
(Inherited from Romans package.) Conveys physical lineage and OT covenant fulfillment. Directly relevant background to Revelation 22:16’s ‘root and offspring of David.‘
Word Of God Title
Approved rendering: ದೇವರ ವಾಕ್ಯ
Transliteration: Dēvara vākya
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: ὁ Λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ
Category: Christology
(New: Revelation curriculum.) Personal divine title for the rider on the white horse (19:13), echoing John 1:1,14. Must be understood as a personal name for Christ, not merely ‘Scripture’; the same Kannada phrase is used elsewhere for the written Scriptures, so context must disambiguate.
Alpha And Omega
Approved rendering: ಆಲ್ಫಾ ಮತ್ತು ಓಮೆಗಾ, ಆದಿಯೂ ಅಂತ್ಯವೂ
Transliteration: Ālphā mattu Ōmegā, ādiyū antyavū
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ಅಕಾರ-ಕ್ಷಕಾರ
Original: τὸ Ἄλφα καὶ τὸ Ὦ
Category: Christology
(New: Revelation curriculum.) Divine self-identification for total sovereignty over history, used of both God (1:8; 21:6) and Christ (22:13). Retain the Greek letter-names rather than a Kannada/Sanskrit letter-pair, which would obscure the universally recognized divine title and add unwanted local scriptural resonance.
Morning Star
Approved rendering: ಉಜ್ವಲ ಉದಯ ನಕ್ಷತ್ರ
Transliteration: ujvala udaya nakṣatra
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: ὁ ἀστὴρ ὁ λαμπρὸς ὁ πρωϊνός
Category: Christology
(New: Revelation curriculum.) Messianic self-title fulfilling Numbers 24:17 (22:16). Astrology (jyotiṣa) is a widespread, normalized practice in Karnataka; must be clarified as a messianic self-title, not an astrological or planetary-deity reference.
Water Of Life Freely
Approved rendering: ಉಚಿತವಾಗಿ
Transliteration: ucitavāgi
Doctrine: Grace
Original: δωρεάν
Category: Salvation
(New: Revelation curriculum.) ‘Freely, without cost’ — the manner of giving the water of life (21:6; 22:17). Same grace-vs-merit contrast the baseline flags for χάρις; must not be softened. The ‘living water’ image also risks conflation with sacred-river veneration (Ganga, Kāvēri); clarify this water flows uniquely from the throne of God and the Lamb (22:1), received, not earned by ritual bathing.
Books Of Deeds
Approved rendering: ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳು (ಕ್ರಿಯೆಗಳ ಪುಸ್ತಕಗಳು)
Transliteration: pustakagaḷu (kriyegaḷa pustakagaḷu)
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: τὰ βιβλία … κατὰ τὰ ἔργα αὐτῶν
Category: Salvation
(New: Revelation curriculum.) Records of deeds opened at the Great White Throne (20:12-13). Must be distinguished sharply from the Book of Life and from the Chitragupta karma-ledger tradition: these books confirm the justice of a one-time, final, personal judgment, not a merit-tally determining the soul’s next rebirth.
Overcomer
Approved rendering: ಜಯ ಹೊಂದುವವನು
Transliteration: jaya hoṅduvavanu
Doctrine: Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution
Original: ὁ νικῶν
Category: Salvation
(New: Revelation curriculum.) The one who conquers/prevails through persevering faith (refrain of chs. 2-3; resolved 21:7). Risks a self-attained-accomplishment reading paralleling the Lingayat shatsthala ascent toward Aikya. MUST always be anchored, via translator note, to 12:11 (‘by the blood of the Lamb and the word of their testimony’) — victory secured by Christ’s finished work, received by persevering faith, not merit.
Testimony Of Jesus
Approved rendering: ಯೇಸುವಿನ ಸಾಕ್ಷಿ
Transliteration: Yēsuvina sākṣi
Doctrine: Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution
Original: ἡ μαρτυρία Ἰησοῦ
Category: Faith
(New: Revelation curriculum.) Central refrain (1:2,9; 6:9; 12:11,17; 19:10; 20:4): public, costly, forensic witness-bearing to Christ, often unto martyrdom. Must not be softened to private personal belief.
Tribulation
Approved rendering: ಸಂಕಟ / ಶ್ರಮೆ
Transliteration: saṅkaṭa / śrame
Doctrine: Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution
Original: θλῖψις
Category: Faith
(New: Revelation curriculum.) Affliction/persecution shared by the seven churches (1:9; 2:9-10,22; 7:14). Must be read as suffering specifically for the faith, not generic misfortune or an impersonal karmic consequence.
Bride
Approved rendering: ವಧು
Transliteration: vadhu
Doctrine: The Church as Bride of Christ
Original: νύμφη
Category: Church
(New: Revelation curriculum.) Corporate people of God, consummated in permanent covenant union with Christ (19:7; 21:2,9; 22:17). Haridasa-bhakti madhurya bhāva (an individual soul as bride longing for Krishna) risks individualizing what Revelation presents as the covenant community’s climactic, one-time consummation; a translator note distinguishing corporate ecclesial identity from private bridal-mystical devotion is required at every occurrence.
Marriage Supper Of Lamb
Approved rendering: ಕುರಿಮರಿಯ ಮದುವೆಯ ಔತಣ
Transliteration: Kurimariya maduveya autaṇa
Doctrine: The Church as Bride of Christ
Original: ὁ γάμος τοῦ ἀρνίου
Category: Church
(New: Revelation curriculum.) Consummation of the covenant relationship between Christ and his people (19:7,9). Same bridal-mysticism collision as ‘bride’; must be taught as corporate and historically climactic, not a private mystical union.
Sealing Of Forehead
Approved rendering: ಹಣೆಯ ಮೇಲೆ ಮುದ್ರೆ ಹಾಕುವುದು
Transliteration: haṇeya mēle mudre hākuvudu
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: σφραγίζω
Category: Sanctification
(New: Revelation curriculum.) God’s own act of marking his people for protection/ownership on the forehead (7:2-8; 9:4; 14:1; 22:4). Forehead-marking is a live, highly visible sectarian practice across Karnataka (Lingayat vibhūti, Vaiṣṇava tilaka/namam, kumkum); must be God’s own sovereign act through the Spirit, not a human ritual mark, and sharply distinguished from the beast’s parodying ‘mark_of_the_beast’ (ch. 13).
Beast
Approved rendering: ಮೃಗ
Transliteration: mṛga
Doctrine: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
Original: τὸ θηρίον
Category: Sin
(New: Revelation curriculum.) A monstrous, hybrid political-religious power opposing God, empowered by the dragon (11:7; 13:1-18; 14:9-11; 16:2,10,13; 17:3-17; 19:19-20; 20:4,10). Requires interpretive framing distinguishing symbolic beast-imagery from any specific ethnic or national group.
Mark Of The Beast
Approved rendering: ಮೃಗದ ಗುರುತು
Transliteration: mṛgada gurutu
Doctrine: Sin and Idolatry (the excluded and their end)
Original: τὸ χάραγμα
Category: Sin
(New: Revelation curriculum.) Engraved/stamped mark of allegiance on hand or forehead, parodying God’s seal (13:16-17; 14:9,11; 16:2; 19:20; 20:4). Same forehead-marking sensitivity as ‘sealing_of_forehead’; the parody relationship must be preserved and taught explicitly.
Wrath Of The Lamb
Approved rendering: ಕುರಿಮರಿಯ ಕೋಪ / ದೇವರ ಕೋಪ
Transliteration: Kurimariya kōpa / Dēvara kōpa
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: ἡ ὀργὴ τοῦ ἀρνίου / τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Sin
(New: Revelation curriculum.) Righteous judicial wrath, paradoxically executed by the same Lamb who was slain (6:16-17; 14:10,19; 16:1,19; 19:15). Must preserve the paradox intact, without smoothing into a generic angry-deity trope.
Judgment According To Deeds
Approved rendering: ನ್ಯಾಯತೀರ್ಪು
Transliteration: nyāyatīrpu
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: κρίσις / κρίμα … κατὰ τὰ ἔργα αὐτῶν
Category: Sin
(New: Revelation curriculum.) God’s personal, moral, one-time forensic verdict according to deeds (18:8,10,20; 19:2; 20:12-13). Must be a personal verdict by a personal God, not the impersonal, self-operating law of karma.
Thousand Years
Approved rendering: ಸಾವಿರ ವರ್ಷಗಳು
Transliteration: sāvira varṣagaḷu
Doctrine: The Thousand-Year Reign and Linear (Non-Cyclical) History
Original: χίλια ἔτη
Category: Eschatology
(New: Revelation curriculum.) A specific, bounded period of Christ’s reign, named six times in ch. 20. Risk of assimilation into the cyclical yuga cosmology of mainstream Hindu thought (repeating cosmic ages across millions of years); must be taught as a bounded, historically real, linear period.
New Heaven And New Earth
Approved rendering: ಹೊಸ ಆಕಾಶ ಮತ್ತು ಹೊಸ ಭೂಮಿ
Transliteration: hosa ākāśa mattu hosa bhūmi
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
Original: καινὸς οὐρανὸς καὶ καινὴ γῆ
Category: Eschatology
(New: Revelation curriculum.) The renewed created order, climax of the whole biblical story (21:1, core passage). Kannada readers instinctively map ‘world ends, new world appears’ onto the pralaya/sṛṣṭi dissolution-recreation cycle recurring across cosmic ages; must be taught as a single, final, non-repeating renewal.
Death No More
Approved rendering: ಇನ್ನು ಮರಣವಿರುವುದಿಲ್ಲ
Transliteration: innu maraṇavirvudilla
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
Original: ὁ θάνατος οὐκ ἔσται ἔτι
Category: Eschatology
(New: Revelation curriculum.) The final, permanent abolition of death, mourning, crying, and pain (21:4, core passage). Risk of being read through a moksha/mukti lens (escape from the death-rebirth cycle into formlessness) rather than embodied bodily-resurrection life in a renewed physical creation.
Reign Forever
Approved rendering: ಅವರು ಯುಗಯುಗಾಂತರಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಆಳುವರು
Transliteration: avaru yugayugāntaragaḷalli āḷuvaru
Doctrine: The Return and Reign of Christ
Original: βασιλεύσουσιν εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων
Category: Eschatology
(New: Revelation curriculum.) The redeemed’s permanent, personal participation in Christ’s reign (22:5). Must depict distinct persons reigning in ongoing relationship with God, not eventual Aikya-style merger/dissolution of identity.
Throne
Approved rendering: ಸಿಂಹಾಸನ
Transliteration: siṃhāsana
Doctrine: Sovereignty of God over History
Original: θρόνος
Category: Worship
(New: Revelation curriculum.) Seat of God’s royal, cosmic authority, central image of the whole book (~45 occurrences). Common word also used for Hindu deity thrones/seats in temple iconography (e.g., Chamundeshwari’s siṃhāsana at Mysore); must be clear this is the unique cosmic throne of the one true God, ultimately shared without division with the Lamb (see ‘throne_of_god_and_lamb’).
Worship
Approved rendering: ಆರಾಧಿಸು / ಆರಾಧನೆ
Transliteration: ārādhisu / ārādhane
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
Original: προσκυνέω
Category: Worship
(New: Revelation curriculum.) Bowing down before and rendering homage to God/the Lamb, refrain of throne-room scenes (4:10; 5:14; 7:11; 19:4,10; 22:9). ಆರಾಧನೆ is the generic Kannada word for worship of any deity; exclusivity must be taught alongside the term, reinforced by the book’s own worship-vs-idolatry contrasts (e.g., the angel’s refusal of worship, 19:10; 22:9).
Robes Washed In Blood Of Lamb
Approved rendering: ಕುರಿಮರಿಯ ರಕ್ತದಲ್ಲಿ ತಮ್ಮ ನಿಲುವಂಗಿಗಳನ್ನು ತೊಳೆದು ಬಿಳುಪುಮಾಡಿಕೊಂಡರು
Transliteration: Kurimariya raktadalli tamma niluvaṅgigaḷannu toḷedu biḷupumāḍikoṇḍaru
Doctrine: Grace
Original: ἔπλυναν τὰς στολὰς αὐτῶν καὶ ἐλεύκαναν αὐτὰς ἐν τῷ αἵματι τοῦ ἀρνίου
Category: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
(New: Revelation curriculum.) The paradoxical image of garments made white by being washed in blood (7:14). Must retain the paradox (blood makes white) rather than smoothing it into a generic purity metaphor; ties directly to grace-not-merit doctrine — salvation achieved solely through Christ’s atoning death.
Medium Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: ಅಪೊಸ್ತಲ
Transliteration: apostala
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: ಗುರು, ಜಂಗಮ
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
(Inherited from Romans package.) Never ಗುರು or ಜಂಗಮ. In Revelation, named on the foundations of the New Jerusalem alongside the twelve tribes on its gates (21:14; also 2:2; 18:20).
Peace
Approved rendering: ಶಾಂತಿ
Transliteration: śānti
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: ಮನಶ್ಶಾಂತಿ
(Inherited from Romans package.) Relational peace with God through justification, not devotional/meditative inner tranquility. Available for Revelation 1:4’s greeting formula.
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: ಆತ್ಮಿಕ ವರಗಳು
Transliteration: ātmika varagaḷu
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Rejected alternatives: ವರ, ಸಿದ್ಧಿ
(Inherited from Romans package.) Never ವರ or ಸಿದ್ಧಿ alone. Retained for consistency though not prominent in Revelation’s own vocabulary.
Church
Approved rendering: ಸಭೆ
Transliteration: sabhe
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನ, ಗುಡಿ
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
(Inherited from Romans package.) Never ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನ/ಗುಡಿ. Names the seven historical congregations addressed in chs. 2-3 and the whole redeemed community elsewhere (1:4,11; 22:16).
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: ದೇವರ ರಾಜ್ಯ
Transliteration: Dēvara Rājya
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Eschatology
(Inherited from Romans package.) God’s sovereign reign, not a territorial kingdom. Recurs at 1:6; 11:15; 12:10; see new entry ‘kingdom_transferred’ for the Critical-tier climactic statement at 11:15.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: ಅನ್ಯಜನಾಂಗದವರು
Transliteration: anyajanāṅgadavaru
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: ವಿದೇಶಿಯರು
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Eschatology
(Inherited from Romans package.) Non-Jewish peoples. Drawn from every nation in the final worship scene and New Jerusalem (7:9; 21:24; 22:2).
Intercession
Approved rendering: ಮಧ್ಯಸ್ಥಿಕೆ
Transliteration: madhyasthike
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
(Inherited from Romans package.) Prayer on behalf of others. Available for teaching material connecting to ‘incense_prayers_of_saints’ (5:8; 8:3-4).
Mission
Approved rendering: ಮಿಷನ್ / ಸುವಾರ್ತಾ ಪ್ರಸಾರ
Transliteration: miṣan / suvārtā prasāra
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
(Inherited from Romans package.) Available for teaching material on the ‘eternal gospel’ proclaimed to every nation, tribe, tongue, and people (Revelation 14:6).
David
Approved rendering: ದಾವೀದ
Transliteration: Dāvīda
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: Δαυίδ
Category: Eschatology
(Inherited from Romans package.) Established proper name. Invoked in the ‘key of David’ (3:7), the ‘root of David’ (5:5), and ‘the root and offspring of David’ (22:16).
Israel
Approved rendering: ಇಸ್ರಾಯೇಲ್
Transliteration: Isrāyēl
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Eschatology
(Inherited from Romans package.) The twelve tribes named on the New Jerusalem’s gates (7:4; 21:12).
Priesthood Of Believers
Approved rendering: ರಾಜ್ಯವೂ ಯಾಜಕರೂ
Transliteration: rājyavū yājakarū
Doctrine: Priesthood and Royal Identity of Believers
Original: βασίλειον καὶ ἱερεῖς
Category: Church
(New: Revelation curriculum.) Corporate royal-priestly identity of the redeemed (1:6; 5:10; 20:6). ಯಾಜಕರು risks being read as a hereditary/caste-based priestly office (Brahmin priestly caste; Lingayat Jangama office); must be a grace-given status shared by all believers, never used alone without ರಾಜ್ಯವೂ.
Elders
Approved rendering: ಹಿರಿಯರು
Transliteration: hiriyaru
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
Original: πρεσβύτεροι
Category: Church
(New: Revelation curriculum.) The twenty-four robed, crowned heavenly figures around God’s throne (4:4,10; 5:5-14; 7:11-17; 11:16; 14:3; 19:4). Same word used for ordinary local church elders; clarify this is a distinct heavenly representative office.
Come Out Of Her
Approved rendering: ನನ್ನ ಜನರೇ, ಆಕೆಯೊಳಗಿಂದ ಹೊರಗೆ ಬನ್ನಿ
Transliteration: nanna janarē, ākeyoḷaginda horage banni
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: Ἐξέλθατε ὁ λαός μου ἐξ αὐτῆς
Category: Church
(New: Revelation curriculum.) Call to God’s people to separate from complicity in corrupt, idolatrous systems (18:4). Must convey active separation, not merely inward disapproval.
Tabernacling Presence
Approved rendering: ವಾಸಿಸುವನು / ಗುಡಾರ ಹಾಕುವನು
Transliteration: vāsisuvanu / guḍāra hākuvanu
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
Original: σκηνόω / σκηνή
Category: Sanctification
(New: Revelation curriculum.) God’s permanent dwelling with his people (7:15; 21:3), echoing the wilderness Tabernacle and John 1:14. Must convey permanent, unending co-residence, not a temporary visitation or avatar-style periodic descent (already Critical for incarnation in the baseline).
False Prophet
Approved rendering: ಸುಳ್ಳು ಪ್ರವಾದಿ
Transliteration: suḷḷu pravādi
Doctrine: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
Original: ὁ ψευδοπροφήτης
Category: Sin
(New: Revelation curriculum.) The second beast, deceptively performing signs (13:11-18; named 16:13; 19:20; 20:10). Direct antithesis of baseline ಪ್ರವಾದಿ.
Number Of The Beast
Approved rendering: ಮೃಗದ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆ ೬೬೬
Transliteration: mṛgada saṅkhye 666
Doctrine: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
Original: ὁ ἀριθμὸς τοῦ θηρίου
Category: Sin
(New: Revelation curriculum.) The number 666, requiring wisdom and calculation to interpret (13:18). Numerology/number-divination is a live popular practice in Indian folk religion; discourage speculative numerological ‘code-breaking.‘
Accuser
Approved rendering: ಅಪವಾದಿ
Transliteration: apavādi
Doctrine: Assurance of God’s Final Victory over Evil
Original: ὁ κατήγωρ
Category: Sin
(New: Revelation curriculum.) Satan’s legal-forensic role as prosecutor, decisively ended by being ‘thrown down’ (12:10). Risk of flattening into a generic word for ‘enemy’ that loses the legal-accusation sense.
Great Prostitute Babylon
Approved rendering: ಮಹಾ ವೇಶ್ಯೆ / ಬಾಬಿಲೋನ್
Transliteration: mahā vēśye / Bābilōn
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: ἡ πόρνη ἡ μεγάλη / Βαβυλὼν ἡ μεγάλη
Category: Sin
(New: Revelation curriculum.) Symbolic figure of idolatrous, seductive, corrupt world-power allied with earthly rulers (14:8; 16:19; 17:1-18:24). Socially sensitive; present as it functions in the text — antithesis of the pure Bride — not as commentary on any individual or group. Pastoral care in teaching material advised.
Holy City New Jerusalem
Approved rendering: ಪವಿತ್ರ ನಗರ, ಹೊಸ ಯೆರೂಸಲೇಮ್
Transliteration: pavitra nagara, hosa Yerūsalēm
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
Original: ἡ πόλις ἡ ἁγία, Ἰερουσαλὴμ καινή
Category: Eschatology
(New: Revelation curriculum.) Consummated, corporate dwelling-place of God with his redeemed people, descending from God (21:2,10, core passage). Risk lies in readers treating this as a purely metaphorical ‘state of enlightenment’ rather than the concrete future reality Revelation portrays with architectural detail (21:9-27).
No More Curse
Approved rendering: ಇನ್ನು ಶಾಪವಿರುವುದಿಲ್ಲ
Transliteration: innu śāpavirvudilla
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
Original: οὐκ ἔσται ἔτι κατάθεμα
Category: Eschatology
(New: Revelation curriculum.) Definitive reversal of the Genesis 3 curse (22:3). ಶಾಪ is a vivid, well-known, and already-standard Kannada Bible word (cf. sage’s-curse motifs in Kannada epic/folklore); anchor specifically to the Genesis Fall-curse being reversed, not a generic mythological curse-motif.
Tree Of Life
Approved rendering: ಜೀವ ವೃಕ್ಷ
Transliteration: jīva vṛkṣa
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
Original: τὸ ξύλον τῆς ζωῆς
Category: Eschatology
(New: Revelation curriculum.) Access to unending, God-given life, echoing Eden, leaves for the healing of the nations (2:7; 22:2,14,19). Collision risk with the Hindu/Buddhist kalpavṛkṣa (wish-fulfilling tree) motif; clarify as the restored Edenic tree, a gift of grace, not a wish-granting object accessed through ritual devotion.
River Of Water Of Life
Approved rendering: ಜೀವಜಲದ ನದಿ
Transliteration: jīvajalada nadi
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
Original: ποταμὸς ὕδατος ζωῆς
Category: Eschatology
(New: Revelation curriculum.) A river flowing from the throne of God and of the Lamb (22:1,17). Collision risk with sacred-river veneration (Ganga, Kāvēri); must be clear this river flows specifically and only from the throne of God and the Lamb, conveying life as a gift, not merit accrued through ritual bathing.
Glory And Honor Of Nations
Approved rendering: ಜನಾಂಗಗಳ ಮಹಿಮೆಯೂ ಗೌರವವೂ
Transliteration: janāṅgagaḷa mahimeyū gauravavū
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles (consummated in the New Jerusalem)
Original: ἡ δόξα καὶ ἡ τιμὴ τῶν ἐθνῶν
Category: Eschatology
(New: Revelation curriculum.) The nations’ own honor and wealth, redeemed and brought into the eternal city (21:24,26). Universal, redeemed diversity; must not be qualified or narrowed.
Worthy
Approved rendering: ಯೋಗ್ಯ
Transliteration: yōgya
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
Original: ἄξιος
Category: Worship
(New: Revelation curriculum.) Deserving, fit to receive honor; central question of ch. 5, answered only by the slain Lamb. Must be read as Christ’s unique worthiness by virtue of his sacrificial death and resurrection, not a generalized notion of merit assimilable to the karma-merit economy.
Living Creatures
Approved rendering: ಜೀವಿಗಳು
Transliteration: jīvigaḷu
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
Original: τὰ ζῷα
Category: Worship
(New: Revelation curriculum.) Four angelic throne-guardian beings leading unceasing worship (4:6-9; 5:6-14; 6:1-7; 14:3; 15:7; 19:4). ಜೀವಿ risks conflation with the Vedantic/Jain philosophical concept of jīva (the individual bound soul within saṃsāra); clarify these are specific, unique angelic beings, not a reference to souls in general.
Eternal Gospel
Approved rendering: ನಿತ್ಯ ಸುವಾರ್ತೆ
Transliteration: nitya suvārte
Doctrine: Gospel
Original: εὐαγγέλιον αἰώνιον
Category: Church
(New: Revelation curriculum.) The one gospel proclaimed universally by an angel flying in midheaven (14:6). Reuses baseline ಸುವಾರ್ತೆ; risk is primarily ensuring the universal, angel-proclaimed scope is not lost.
Mystery
Approved rendering: ಮರ್ಮ / ರಹಸ್ಯ
Transliteration: marma / rahasya
Doctrine: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
Original: μυστήριον
Category: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
(New: Revelation curriculum.) A previously hidden divine plan or symbol, now revealed and often interpreted within the text itself (1:20; 10:7; 17:5,7). Risk of esoteric/tantric ‘secret knowledge’ association (guru-transmitted teaching for initiates); must be clarified as truth God has now openly revealed to all.
Seal
Approved rendering: ಮುದ್ರೆ
Transliteration: mudre
Doctrine: Sovereignty of God over History
Original: σφραγίς
Category: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
(New: Revelation curriculum.) A mark of ownership, authentication, or closure; the scroll’s seven seals opened one by one (5:1-9; 6:1-17; 8:1). The forehead-marking sense (ch. 7) carries the greater risk, documented separately under ‘sealing_of_forehead.‘
Incense Prayers Of Saints
Approved rendering: ಧೂಪ / ಪವಿತ್ರ ಜನರ ಪ್ರಾರ್ಥನೆಗಳು
Transliteration: dhūpa / pavitra janara prārthanegaḷu
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Original: θυμίαμα / αἱ προσευχαὶ τῶν ἁγίων
Category: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
(New: Revelation curriculum.) Incense symbolically carrying the prayers of God’s people to his throne (5:8; 8:3-4). ಧೂಪ is also central to Hindu puja ritual; clarify this is a symbolic image for prayer’s heavenly reception, not a claim that ritual incense-offering itself carries spiritual efficacy.
Temple Naos
Approved rendering: ದೇವಾಲಯ
Transliteration: dēvālaya
Doctrine: The New Heaven and New Earth
Original: ναός
Category: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
(New: Revelation curriculum.) The inner sanctuary of God’s dwelling, climactically absent from the New Jerusalem (3:12; 7:15; 11:1-2,19; 15:5-8; 16:1,17; 21:22). Common word for Hindu temple structures; here the text itself denies the need for a temple building — a positive theological payoff (direct, unmediated access to God) to be highlighted, not obscured.
Two Witnesses
Approved rendering: ಇಬ್ಬರು ಸಾಕ್ಷಿಗಳು
Transliteration: ibbaru sākṣigaḷu
Doctrine: Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution
Original: οἱ δύο μάρτυρες
Category: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
(New: Revelation curriculum.) Prophetic figures who testify, are killed, and are raised (11:3-12). Standard, low-ambiguity reuse of ಸಾಕ್ಷಿ.
Woman Clothed With Sun
Approved rendering: ಸೂರ್ಯ ಧರಿಸಿದ ಸ್ತ್ರೀ
Transliteration: sūrya dharisida strī
Doctrine: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
Original: γυνὴ περιβεβλημένη τὸν ἥλιον
Category: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
(New: Revelation curriculum.) A symbolic crowned, celestial female figure representing the covenant people of God (12:1). Iconographic resonance with goddess imagery common in Hindu religious art; must be clarified as a symbolic representation of God’s covenant people, not a goddess-figure in her own right.
Great Multitude
Approved rendering: ಮಹಾ ಸಮೂಹ
Transliteration: mahā samūha
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles (consummated in the New Jerusalem)
Original: ὄχλος πολύς
Category: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
(New: Revelation curriculum.) An uncountable crowd from every nation, tribe, people, and language (7:9; 19:1,6). Directly grounds Unity of Jews and Gentiles at its most expansive; universality must not be softened.
Low Risk Terms
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: ಕೃತಜ್ಞತಾಸ್ತುತಿ
Transliteration: kṛtajñatāstuti
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστία
Category: Faith
(Inherited from Romans package.) Standard term. Recurs in the heavenly worship refrains (4:9; 7:12; 11:17).
Fellowship
Approved rendering: ಅನ್ಯೋನ್ಯತೆ
Transliteration: anyōnyate
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: ಸ್ನೇಹ
(Inherited from Romans package.) Shared participation in Christ, not mere social friendship. Retained for consistency.
Prophet
Approved rendering: ಪ್ರವಾದಿ
Transliteration: pravādi
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: ಜ್ಯೋತಿಷಿ
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
(Inherited from Romans package.) God’s spokesperson, not an astrologer. Category to which John and the two witnesses belong (10:7; 11:10; 22:6,9).
Exhort
Approved rendering: ಪ್ರೋತ್ಸಾಹಿಸುವುದು
Transliteration: prōtsāhisuvudu
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
(Inherited from Romans package.) Context-sensitive. Retained for consistency with the seven letters’ exhortation-and-warning pattern.
New Song
Approved rendering: ಹೊಸ ಗೀತೆ
Transliteration: hosa gīte
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
Original: ᾠδὴ καινή
Category: Worship
(New: Revelation curriculum.) A fresh song of praise marking a new redemptive act, sung to the worthy Lamb (5:9; 14:3). Standard worship vocabulary; low ambiguity.
Trumpet
Approved rendering: ತುತ್ತೂರಿ
Transliteration: tuttūri
Doctrine: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
Original: σάλπιγξ
Category: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
(New: Revelation curriculum.) Instrument of alarm/summons; the seven trumpet-judgments (8:2-9:21; 11:15). Standard word; symbolic freight carried by teaching notes.
Bowl
Approved rendering: ಬಟ್ಟಲು
Transliteration: baṭṭalu
Doctrine: Sovereignty of God over History
Original: φιάλη
Category: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
(New: Revelation curriculum.) Shallow libation bowls containing the final plagues (15:7; 16:1-21). Standard word; low collision risk.
Armageddon
Approved rendering: ಅರ್ಮಗೆದೋನ್
Transliteration: Armagedōn
Doctrine: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
Original: Ἁρμαγεδών
Category: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
(New: Revelation curriculum.) Proper name for the site of final eschatological conflict (16:16). Transliterated; low ambiguity risk.
Abaddon Apollyon
Approved rendering: ಅಬದ್ದೋನ್ / ಅಪೊಲ್ಲುಯೋನ್
Transliteration: Abaddōn / Apollyōn
Doctrine: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
Original: Ἀβαδδών / Ἀπολλύων
Category: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
(New: Revelation curriculum.) Hebrew and Greek names, both meaning ‘Destroyer,’ for the angel-king of the abyss’s locusts (9:11). Transliterated, glossed ‘ನಾಶಕ’ (destroyer).
Angel
Approved rendering: ದೂತ
Transliteration: dūta
Doctrine: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
Original: ἄγγελος
Category: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
(New: Revelation curriculum.) Heavenly messenger/servant of God, agent of revelation and judgment throughout the book. Established Kannada Christian term.
Revelation Apocalypse Title
Approved rendering: ಪ್ರಕಟನೆ
Transliteration: Prakaṭane
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Original: ἀποκάλυψις
Category: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
(New: Revelation curriculum.) The book’s title: an unveiling/disclosure of things God says must soon take place (1:1). Established Kannada Bible book title; use in all citations (e.g., ಪ್ರಕಟನೆ 21:8).
Little Scroll
Approved rendering: ಚಿಕ್ಕ ಸುರುಳಿ
Transliteration: cikka suruḷi
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Original: βιβλαρίδιον
Category: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
(New: Revelation curriculum.) A small scroll, sweet in the mouth but bitter in the stomach, John is commanded to eat (10:2,9-10). Standard descriptive term; pictures the costliness of prophetic ministry.
Key Of David
Approved rendering: ದಾವೀದನ ಬೀಗದ ಕೈ
Transliteration: Dāvīdana bīgada kai
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: ἡ κλεὶς τοῦ Δαυίδ
Category: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
(New: Revelation curriculum.) Messianic authority to open/shut, echoing Isaiah 22:22 (3:7). Reuses baseline ದಾವೀದ.
Open Door
Approved rendering: ತೆರೆದ ಬಾಗಿಲು
Transliteration: terada bāgilu
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Original: θύρα ἠνεῳγμένη
Category: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
(New: Revelation curriculum.) Opportunity/access granted by God to Philadelphia (3:8). Standard image of opportunity; low ambiguity.
Lukewarm
Approved rendering: ಬೆಚ್ಚಗಿನ / ಉಗುರುಬೆಚ್ಚಗಿನ
Transliteration: beccagina / uguru-beccagina
Doctrine: Perseverance and Faithful Witness under Persecution
Original: χλιαρός
Category: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
(New: Revelation curriculum.) Neither hot nor cold; Laodicea’s spiritual complacency (3:16). Standard descriptive term.
Gold Refined By Fire
Approved rendering: ಬೆಂಕಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಶುದ್ಧೀಕರಿಸಿದ ಚಿನ್ನ
Transliteration: beṅkiyalli śuddhīkarisida cinna
Doctrine: Grace
Original: χρυσίον πεπυρωμένον ἐκ πυρός
Category: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
(New: Revelation curriculum.) Purified, tested faith/wealth, offered to Laodicea in place of self-sufficiency (3:18). Standard refining metaphor; echoes the grace-not-merit pattern.
Synagogue Of Satan
Approved rendering: ಸೈತಾನನ ಸಭಾಮಂದಿರ
Transliteration: Saitānana sabhāmandira
Doctrine: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
Original: ἡ συναγωγὴ τοῦ Σατανᾶ
Category: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
(New: Revelation curriculum.) Polemical designation for a hostile religious group (2:9; 3:9). Historically specific first-century conflict language.
Harvest Sickle Winepress
Approved rendering: ಸುಗ್ಗಿ, ಕುಡುಗೋಲು, ದ್ರಾಕ್ಷಿ ತೊಟ್ಟಿ
Transliteration: suggi, kuḍugōlu, drākṣi toṭṭi
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: ὁ θερισμός … τὸ δρέπανον … ἡ ληνός
Category: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
(New: Revelation curriculum.) Agricultural judgment imagery: reaping and treading grapes (14:14-20). Vivid apocalyptic symbolism; interpretive framing recommended.
Merchants Of Earth
Approved rendering: ಭೂಮಿಯ ವರ್ತಕರು
Transliteration: bhūmiya vartakaru
Doctrine: Judgment of the Wicked and Vindication of the Saints
Original: οἱ ἔμποροι τῆς γῆς
Category: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
(New: Revelation curriculum.) Symbolic of economic systems complicit in Babylon’s corruption (18:3,11,15,23). Standard descriptive term.
Foundations Gates Wall
Approved rendering: ಅಸ್ತಿವಾರಗಳು, ಬಾಗಿಲುಗಳು, ಪ್ರಾಕಾರ
Transliteration: astivāragaḷu, bāgilugaḷu, prākāra
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles (consummated in the New Jerusalem)
Original: τὰ θεμέλια … οἱ πυλῶνες … τὸ τεῖχος
Category: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
(New: Revelation curriculum.) Architectural description of the New Jerusalem, naming the twelve tribes and twelve apostles (21:12-19). Symbolically unites the whole people of God, old and new covenant.
Song Of Moses And Lamb
Approved rendering: ಮೋಶೆಯ ಗೀತೆಯೂ ಕುರಿಮರಿಯ ಗೀತೆಯೂ
Transliteration: Mōśeya gīteyū Kurimariya gīteyū
Doctrine: Worship of the Lamb
Original: ἡ ᾠδὴ Μωϋσέως καὶ ἡ ᾠδὴ τοῦ ἀρνίου
Category: Symbolic and Apocalyptic Interpretation
(New: Revelation curriculum.) A single unified song linking the Exodus deliverance to the final deliverance in Christ (15:3-4). Ties one continuous redemptive story, Exodus to Revelation.
Referenced passages