Core Glossary
Core Glossary: Matthew 1–28 (English → Kannada)
Purpose
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md, citing terms from every chapter of Matthew. Terms already present in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked REUSE and carry their exact baseline rendering forward unchanged — no alternative renderings are proposed for these. Terms new to this curriculum are marked NEW and receive a full risk assessment here for the first time, to be added to translation_memory.json in Phase 2 per the Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md.
Risk tiers follow the baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json definitions: Critical (human theologian review, every occurrence) / High (human theologian review) / Medium (native speaker review) / Low (automated review).
Section A — Terms Reused Exactly from the Romans Baseline
| English Term | Greek | Kannada (Baseline, reuse exactly) | Risk | Matthew Chapters Where Load-Bearing |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gospel | εὐαγγέλιον | ಸುವಾರ್ತೆ | High | 4, 9, 24, 26, 28 |
| Grace | χάρις | ಕೃಪೆ | High | 18 (unforgiving servant), 20 (vineyard workers) |
| Faith | πίστις | ನಂಬಿಕೆ | High | 8, 9, 14, 15, 17, 21 |
| Righteousness | δικαιοσύνη | ನೀತಿವಂತಿಕೆ | Critical | 3, 5, 6, 21 |
| Salvation | σωτηρία / σῴζω | ರಕ್ಷಣೆ | Critical | 1, 8, 9, 10, 24, 27 |
| Called / Calling | κλητός / κλῆσις | ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ / ಕರೆ | High | 4 (calling of disciples), 9, 22 (“many are called”) |
| Holy | ἅγιος | ಪವಿತ್ರ | High | throughout (Holy Spirit references) |
| Saints | ἅγιοι | ಪವಿತ್ರ ಜನರು | High | 27:52 (raised saints) |
| Sanctification | ἁγιασμός | ಪವಿತ್ರೀಕರಣ | High | thematic (holiness of Kingdom ethic, ch. 5–7) |
| Adoption (conceptual parallel) | υἱοθεσία (concept; cf. “sons of God” 5:9, 5:45) | ದತ್ತು ಪುತ್ರತ್ವ | High | 5 |
| Resurrection | ἀνάστασις | ಪುನರುತ್ಥಾನ | Critical | 12, 17, 22, 27, 28 |
| Lord | κύριος | ಕರ್ತ | Critical | throughout (address to Jesus) |
| Son of God | υἱὸς θεοῦ | ದೇವರ ಮಗ | Critical | 3, 4, 8, 14, 16, 26, 27 |
| Incarnation (doctrinal concept) | ὁ λόγος σὰρξ ἐγένετο (concept; Matt 1:18-25) | ದೇಹಧಾರಣೆ | Critical | 1 |
| Peace | εἰρήνη | ಶಾಂತಿ | Medium | 5 (peacemakers), 10 |
| Spiritual Gifts (conceptual parallel) | χαρίσματα (concept; cf. healing/authority gifts) | ಆತ್ಮಿಕ ವರಗಳು | Medium | 10 |
| Thanksgiving | εὐχαριστέω | ಕೃತಜ್ಞತಾಸ್ತುತಿ | Low | 26 (Last Supper) |
| Fellowship | κοινωνία (concept) | ಅನ್ಯೋನ್ಯತೆ | Low | 18 (gathered in his name) |
| Church | ἐκκλησία | ಸಭೆ | Medium | 16, 18 |
| Kingdom of God | βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ | ದೇವರ ರಾಜ್ಯ | Medium | 12:28, 19:24, 21:31, 21:43 |
| Law | νόμος | ನಿಯಮಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ | High | 5, 7, 11, 12, 22, 23 |
| Sin | ἁμαρτία | ಪಾಪ | High | 1, 3, 9, 26 |
| Gentiles | ἔθνη | ಅನ್ಯಜನಾಂಗದವರು | Medium | 4, 10, 12, 20, 24, 28 |
| Glory | δόξα | ಮಹಿಮೆ | High | 6, 16, 17, 19, 24, 25 |
| Power of God | δύναμις θεοῦ | ದೇವರ ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯ | High | 22:29 |
| Messiah / Christ | Χριστός | ಮೆಸ್ಸೀಯ (ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತ per transliteration convention) | Critical | 1, 2, 11, 16, 22, 24, 26, 27 |
| Prophet | προφήτης | ಪ್ರವಾದಿ | Low | 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 13, 21, 23 |
| Prophecy (concept) | προφητεία | ಪ್ರವಾದನೆ | Low | 1, 2, 13, 21 |
| Covenant | διαθήκη | ಒಡಂಬಡಿಕೆ | High | 26 |
| Election (conceptual parallel) | ἐκλεκτοί (“the elect,” 24:22, 24:24, 24:31) | ದೇವರ ಆಯ್ಕೆ | High | 24 |
| Intercession (conceptual parallel) | ἐντυγχάνω-family (concept; Jesus’ prayer patterns) | ಮಧ್ಯಸ್ಥಿಕೆ | Medium | 26 (Gethsemane) |
| Providence | πρόνοια (concept; 6:25-34, 10:29-31) | ದೇವರ ಪರಿಪಾಲನೆ | High | 6, 10 |
| Mission | ἀποστολή / πέμπω (concept) | ಮಿಷನ್ / ಸುವಾರ್ತಾ ಪ್ರಸಾರ | Medium | 10, 28 |
| David | Δαυίδ | ದಾವೀದ | Medium | 1, 9, 12, 15, 20, 21, 22 |
| Israel | Ἰσραήλ | ಇಸ್ರಾಯೇಲ್ | Medium | 2, 8, 10, 15, 19, 27 |
| Jesus | Ἰησοῦς | ಯೇಸು | Critical | throughout |
| God | θεός | ದೇವರು | Critical | throughout |
| Holy Spirit | Πνεῦμα Ἅγιον | ಪವಿತ್ರಾತ್ಮ | Critical | 1, 3, 4, 10, 12, 28 |
| Father | πατήρ | ತಂದೆ | Critical | 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 23, 26, 28 |
| Exhort (conceptual parallel) | παρακαλέω (concept; 5:4 “comforted”) | ಪ್ರೋತ್ಸಾಹಿಸುವುದು | Low | 5 |
| Seed of David (conceptual parallel; distinct title, see Section B) | σπέρμα Δαυίδ (concept; note Matthew prefers υἱὸς Δαυίδ, see Section B) | ದಾವೀದನ ವಂಶದಿಂದ | High | 1 (genealogy) |
| Imputed Righteousness (conceptual parallel) | ἐλογίσθη… εἰς δικαιοσύνην (concept; cf. 22:11-14 wedding garment) | ಆರೋಪಿತ ನೀತಿ | Critical | 22 |
Section B — New Terms Introduced by Matthew (Full Risk Assessment)
| # | English Term | Greek / Transliteration | Kannada Rendering | Kannada Transliteration | Risk Tier | Doctrine Category | First Occurrence | Alternatives Rejected | Rationale / Kannada Rendering Risk Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Kingdom of Heaven | βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν / basileia tōn ouranōn | ಪರಲೋಕ ರಾಜ್ಯ | paraloka rājya | Critical | The Kingdom of Heaven | 3:2 | ಸ್ವರ್ಗ ರಾಜ್ಯ | NEVER ಸ್ವರ್ಗ. ಸ್ವರ್ಗ names Indra’s heaven / a merit-based temporary paradise within the Hindu cosmological cycle, from which beings eventually return to further rebirth once accumulated merit is exhausted. ಪರಲೋಕ (“the world beyond/other world”) is the established, more neutral Kannada Christian term for the eschatological heaven and avoids this cyclical-paradise association. Matthew’s phrase is theologically synonymous with baseline’s ದೇವರ ರಾಜ್ಯ (Kingdom of God) but is Matthew’s own reverential circumlocution avoiding direct use of the divine name; render consistently as ಪರಲೋಕ ರಾಜ್ಯ wherever the Greek reads βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν specifically, reserving ದೇವರ ರಾಜ್ಯ for the rarer βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ occurrences (12:28, 19:24, 21:31, 21:43), while teaching their referential equivalence explicitly in study notes. |
| 2 | Son of David (title) | υἱὸς Δαυίδ / huios Dauid | ದಾವೀದನ ಮಗ | Dāvīdana Maga | High | Jesus as the Promised Messiah and Son of David | 1:1 (title use from 9:27) | (kept distinct from, not substituted for, ದಾವೀದನ ವಂಶದಿಂದ) | Distinct glossary entry from baseline’s “seed_of_david” (ದಾವೀದನ ವಂಶದಿಂದ), which names bare lineage descent (Rom 1:3). Here it functions as a living confessional title used by petitioners recognizing Jesus’ messianic office (9:27; 15:22; 20:30-31; 21:9, 21:15). Conflating the two phrases would blur factual lineage from active messianic confession. |
| 3 | Fulfill / Fulfillment | πληρόω / plēroō | ನೆರವೇರಿಸು | neravērisu | High | Fulfillment of Old Testament Prophecy | 1:22 | ಪೂರೈಸು (weaker sense: “complete a task/quota”) | Aligns with the doctrine name already established in the baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json (ಪ್ರವಾದನೆಯ ನೆರವೇರಿಕೆ). Must convey a one-time, linear historical accomplishment of a specific prior promise, not a repeatable cyclical pattern or generic task-completion. |
| 4 | Authority | ἐξουσία / exousia | ಅಧಿಕಾರ | adhikāra | High | Authority of Jesus’ Teaching | 7:29 | ಶಕ್ತಿ (rejected — reserved per baseline exclusively as the forbidden substitution for “power of God,” to avoid Shakta-tradition associations) | Must convey inherent, self-possessed authority (Jesus “not as their scribes”) distinct from a guru’s authority derived from lineage, ascetic attainment, or scholarly citation. Distinguish delegated authority (given to apostles/church, 10:1, 16:19, 18:18) from Jesus’ own underived authority (7:29, 28:18) — both use the same Greek word but represent different theological categories that must remain traceable in study notes. |
| 5 | Disciple | μαθητής / mathētēs | ಶಿಷ್ಯ | śiṣya | High | Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus | 5:1 | ಭಕ್ತ (devotee — rejected, implies devotional worship-object relationship rather than an apprentice-follower relationship) | ಶಿಷ್ಯ is the standard Kannada word for “disciple” but is also the exact term for a student in the guru-shishya paramparā (lineage-based master-disciple relationship) central to Hindu, Haridasa-bhakti, and Lingayat tradition, where a disciple may study under several gurus across a lifetime and progress toward personal spiritual attainment. Christian discipleship, by contrast, is a single, exclusive, costly, lifelong allegiance to one Lord (10:37-38, 16:24-26), not one stage in a multi-teacher spiritual journey. Retain ಶಿಷ್ಯ (no better established alternative exists) but require a standing translator/catechetical note distinguishing the two frameworks wherever discipleship is taught as a distinct doctrine (esp. ch. 4, 10, 16, 28). |
| 6 | Follow (discipleship sense) | ἀκολουθέω / akoloutheō | ಹಿಂಬಾಲಿಸು | himbālisu | Medium | Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus | 4:20 | — | Must convey committed, exclusive personal allegiance (leaving nets/family/livelihood), not casual admiration or intellectual assent. |
| 7 | Son of Man | Υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου / huios tou anthrōpou | ಮನುಷ್ಯಕುಮಾರ | manuṣyakumāra | Critical | Judgment and the End of the Age; Authority of Jesus’ Teaching | 8:20 (first; central from 12:8, 12:40) | ಮನುಷ್ಯಪುತ್ರ (acceptable variant, not preferred — ಮನುಷ್ಯಕುಮಾರ is the more established Kannada Christian form) | Matthew’s dominant Christological self-designation for Jesus, combining full humanity with the exalted end-time judge/ruler figure of Daniel 7:13-14. Must not be flattened to mean merely “a human being” (losing the Danielic authority sense) nor read as implying a lesser, non-divine status than “Son of God” — the two titles are complementary, not competing, in Matthew’s Christology. |
| 8 | Repentance / Repent | μετάνοια, μετανοέω / metanoia, metanoeō | ಪಶ್ಚಾತ್ತಾಪ (ಪಡು) | paścāttāpa (paḍu) | High | The Kingdom of Heaven (entry requirement); Judgment and the End of the Age | 3:2 | ಪ್ರಾಯಶ್ಚಿತ್ತ (rejected) | ಪ್ರಾಯಶ್ಚಿತ್ತ names Hindu ritual expiatory acts performed to remove sin/ritual pollution or offset karmic demerit — a self-performed remedial act. Biblical μετάνοια is an inward, Spirit-enabled reorientation of mind and allegiance, the doorway into grace, not a self-performed atoning act. |
| 9 | Baptism / Baptize | βάπτισμα, βαπτίζω / baptisma, baptizō | ದೀಕ್ಷಾಸ್ನಾನ (transliteration alternative: ಬಾಪ್ತಿಸ್ಮ) | dīkṣāsnāna / bāptisma | Critical | The Great Commission | 3:6 (John’s baptism); 28:19 (Trinitarian baptism) | (retained with mandatory disambiguating note rather than replaced, given no unproblematic established alternative) | ದೀಕ್ಷೆ (dīkṣā) is the specific technical term for the Lingayat/Veerashaiva guru-administered initiation rite bestowing the personal iṣṭaliṅga and marking entry into that religious community and its shatsthala path. Using ದೀಕ್ಷಾಸ್ನಾನ for Christian baptism risks importing this guru-mediated, community-specific initiation framework. Require a standing translator/catechetical note: Christian baptism is a once-for-all identification with Christ’s death and resurrection, administered in the Triune Name, entered by grace through faith — not a guru-bestowed sacred object or a stage within a personal ascent path. Where maximal disambiguation is desired, prefer the transliteration ಬಾಪ್ತಿಸ್ಮ. |
| 10 | Bind and Loose | δέω καὶ λύω / deō kai lyō | ಕಟ್ಟುವುದು ಮತ್ತು ಬಿಚ್ಚುವುದು | kaṭṭuvudu mattu biccuvudu | High | The Church and Church Discipline | 16:19; 18:18 | — | Rabbinic technical language for authoritative teaching-rulings (forbidding/permitting) and disciplinary judgments, exercised corporately and derivatively under Christ’s own authority (ch. 28’s πᾶσα ἐξουσία). Requires a mandatory translator note distinguishing this derived, corporate, restoration-oriented church authority from any folk-religious mantra-based “binding and loosing” ritual/curse-release practice found in some regional folk traditions, which operates on a magical-causation model foreign to this text. |
| 11 | Ransom | λύτρον (ἀντὶ πολλῶν) / lytron (anti pollōn) | ವಿಮೋಚನಾ ಕ್ರಯ | vimocanā kraya | Critical | (Atonement, underlying Kingdom/Salvation doctrines) | 20:28 | ವಿಮೋಚನೆ ಮಾತ್ರ (bare “liberation,” rejected as insufficiently substitutionary) | The Gospel’s clearest substitutionary-atonement statement. Must preserve the vicarious “in place of many” (ἀντὶ πολλῶν) sense and must not drift toward a bare-liberation reading that could be assimilated to ಮುಕ್ತಿ/ಮೋಕ್ಷ, already forbidden absolutely for “salvation” in the baseline. |
| 12 | Parousia / Second Coming | παρουσία / parousia | ಪುನರಾಗಮನ | punarāgamana | Critical | Judgment and the End of the Age | 24:3 | ಪುನರ್ಜನ್ಮ-ಆಧಾರಿತ ಯಾವುದೇ ಪದ (any rebirth-rooted coinage — absolutely rejected) | HIGH PHONETIC/ROOT COLLISION RISK: ಪುನರಾಗಮನ shares the “punar-” (again) prefix with the absolutely forbidden ಪುನರ್ಜನ್ಮ (rebirth/reincarnation) and with baseline’s ಪುನರುತ್ಥಾನ (resurrection). Translators and reviewers must take particular care that this term is never confused with, or drift toward, a reincarnation concept: Christ’s parousia is a single, visible, bodily, historical return in glory — not a repeatable cyclical event. Mandatory theologian review and a standing disambiguation note for every occurrence. |
| 13 | End of the Age | συντέλεια τοῦ αἰῶνος / synteleia tou aiōnos | ಕಾಲದ ಅಂತ್ಯ | kālada antya | Critical | Judgment and the End of the Age | 13:39-40, 49; 24:3; 28:20 | ಯುಗದ ಅಂತ್ಯ / ಯುಗಾಂತ್ಯ (rejected as primary choice) | AVOID building the primary rendering on ಯುಗ (yuga). ಯುಗ is the loaded Hindu cosmological term for one of a cyclically repeating sequence of cosmic ages (Satya/Tretā/Dvāpara/Kali yuga), which end only to begin again without final consummation. Matthew’s “end of the age” is a LINEAR, ONE-TIME, final consummation of history at Christ’s return and the last judgment — the opposite of yuga-cycle cosmology. Recommend ಕಾಲದ ಅಂತ್ಯ (“end of the era/time”) or ಲೋಕದ ಅಂತ್ಯ (“world’s end”) instead. If a translator team judges ಯುಗಾಂತ್ಯ unavoidable due to existing regional Bible tradition, this MUST be paired with a mandatory, permanent disambiguating footnote every occurrence, flagged for theologian review — this is treated with the same severity as the baseline’s forbidden-substitution list. |
| 14 | Gehenna / Hell | γέεννα / geenna | ನರಕ | naraka | Critical | Judgment and the End of the Age | 5:22, 29-30; 10:28; 18:9; 23:15, 33 | (no viable alternative identified; retained with mandatory note) | ನರಕ is the near-universal established Indian-language Bible rendering for Gehenna, but in mainstream Hindu cosmology naraka is typically a temporary punitive realm from which a soul is eventually released back into the rebirth cycle after karmic debt is discharged. Matthew’s γέεννα denotes a final, irrevocable destiny following the last judgment, paired with κόλασιν αἰώνιον (“eternal punishment,” 25:46) — not a purgatorial way-station. Retain ನರಕ (no unproblematic alternative exists) but require a mandatory theologian-reviewed catechetical note distinguishing final, unending divine judgment from any temporary karmic-purgation concept, every time this doctrine is taught. |
| 15 | Eternal Life / Eternal Punishment | ζωὴ αἰώνιος / κόλασις αἰώνιος | ನಿತ್ಯ ಜೀವ / ನಿತ್ಯ ಶಿಕ್ಷೆ | nitya jīva / nitya śikṣe | High | Judgment and the End of the Age | 19:16, 29; 25:46 | ಶಾಶ್ವತ (acceptable synonym, secondary) | αἰώνιος conveys final, unending, belonging-to-the-age-to-come permanence, contrasted at 25:46 in the same verse (eternal punishment / eternal life use the identical adjective) — translators must render both occurrences with the same underlying permanence-word so the parallel is visible, not treat one as “a long time” and the other as “forever.” |
| 16 | Blessed (Beatitude sense) | μακάριος / makarios | ಧನ್ಯ | dhanya | Medium | The Kingdom of Heaven | 5:3-11 | ಸಂತೋಷ (subjective happiness, rejected), ಪುಣ್ಯ (merit-badge, rejected) | A declarative pronouncement of God’s favor and eschatological well-being upon a described state/action, not a wish or subjective emotional report, and not a merit-badge earned by the disposition. |
| 17 | Meek / Gentle | πραΰς / praus | ಸೌಮ್ಯ | saumya | Medium | The Kingdom of Heaven; Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees | 5:5 (also 11:29; 21:5, describing Jesus himself) | ದುರ್ಬಲ (weakness, rejected) | Disciplined, God-submitted strength that does not grasp for power, not timidity or passivity. Consistently applied to Jesus himself (11:29, 21:5), modeling the Kingdom ethic he teaches — keep rendering identical across all three occurrences so the intertextual link is visible. |
| 18 | Pure in Heart | καθαρὸς τῇ καρδίᾳ / katharos tē kardia | ಹೃದಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಶುದ್ಧರು | hṛdayadalli śuddharu | Medium | Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees | 5:8 (developed 15:1-20; 23:25-28) | — | ಶುದ್ಧ is deliberately used here (contrast with baseline’s general reservation of ಶುದ್ಧ against ಪವಿತ್ರ for “holy”) precisely because Matthew’s own argument is an inward-heart-purity-vs-external-ritual-purity contrast; must not be generalized elsewhere in this curriculum as a synonym for “holy.” |
| 19 | Peacemakers | εἰρηνοποιός / eirēnopoios | ಶಾಂತಿ ಸ್ಥಾಪಿಸುವವರು | śānti sthāpisuvavaru | Medium | The Kingdom of Heaven | 5:9 | ಶಾಂತಸ್ವಭಾವದವರು (merely “peaceful people,” rejected — loses the active “making” sense) | Reuses baseline ಶಾಂತಿ; must retain the active, reconciling-work sense (compound of “peace” + “make/do”), not mere personal placidity or the inner tranquility (ಮನಶ್ಶಾಂತಿ) baseline already distinguishes from relational/covenantal peace. |
| 20 | Cross (discipleship metaphor) | σταυρός / stauros | ಶಿಲುಬೆ | śilube | High | Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus | 10:38; 16:24 | ಕಷ್ಟ/ಭಾರ (generic “hardship/burden,” rejected) | Must retain the sense of a literal, shameful Roman execution instrument voluntarily taken up in self-denying allegiance, not softened into generic hardship-language, which would blunt the radical cost-of-discipleship claim. Track alongside its literal use at the crucifixion itself (ch. 27, σταυρόω, separately entered). |
| 21 | Crucify (literal event) | σταυρόω / stauroō | ಶಿಲುಬೆಗೆ ಹಾಕು | śilubege hāku | Critical | (Atonement/Resurrection foundation for all doctrines) | 27:22-26, 31, 35 | — | The literal historical execution underlying the discipleship metaphor (see #20); must be kept distinct in reference while sharing the base noun ಶಿಲುಬೆ, so readers can trace both the historical event and its metaphorical application. |
| 22 | Regeneration / Renewal of All Things | παλιγγενεσία / palingenesia | ನವಸೃಷ್ಟಿ | nava-sṛṣṭi | Critical | Judgment and the End of the Age; The Kingdom of Heaven | 19:28 | ಪುನರ್ಜನ್ಮ-ಆಧಾರಿತ ಯಾವುದೇ ಪದ (any rebirth-rooted coinage — absolutely rejected) | The Greek root (πάλιν “again” + γένεσις “birth/becoming”) makes this a prime candidate for accidental rendering with a reincarnation-adjacent Kannada compound. This is the eschatological, singular, cosmic renewal of all things at Christ’s return, NOT individual reincarnation. Mandatory theologian review; never render with any compound built on ಜನ್ಮ (janma, “birth”). |
| 23 | Worship (of Christ) | προσκυνέω / proskyneō | ಆರಾಧಿಸು | ārādhisu | High | Jesus as the Promised Messiah and Son of David (implicit deity claim) | 2:2, 11; 8:2; 14:33; 28:9, 17 | ಪೂಜಿಸು (rejected in religious-worship contexts) | Must be reserved for worship due exclusively to God/Christ, distinct from ಪೂಜಿಸು (to perform puja before a deity-image among many worship-objects), which would place Christ within a polytheistic worship framework. Where the context is merely social prostration before a human superior (e.g., before Herod’s court officials, if applicable), a neutral non-worship phrase should be used instead. |
| 24 | Hypocrite | ὑποκριτής / hypokritēs | ಕಪಟಿ | kapaṭi | Medium | Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees | 6:2, 5, 16; 7:5; 15:7; 22:18; 23:13-29 | — | Names performed public religiosity without inward reality — central to the recurring critique structuring chs. 5-7 and ch. 23. |
| 25 | Make Disciples (Great Commission verb) | μαθητεύσατε / mathēteusate | ಶಿಷ್ಯರನ್ನಾಗಿ ಮಾಡಿರಿ | śiṣyarannāgi māḍiri | Critical | The Great Commission | 28:19 | — | The Church’s foundational, programmatic mandate; built on ಶಿಷ್ಯ (see #5) and inherits the same guru-shishya disambiguation caution — Great Commission disciple-making is bringing people into exclusive allegiance to Christ through baptism and taught obedience, not enrolling them in a lineage-based teacher-student relationship of the regional devotional pattern. |
| 26 | Scribes and Pharisees | γραμματεῖς καὶ Φαρισαῖοι / grammateis kai Pharisaioi | ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರಿಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಫರಿಸಾಯರು | śāstrigaḷu mattu Pharisāyaru | Medium | Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees | 5:20; 23 (throughout) | — | Transliterated proper group-names naming the historical foil against which Kingdom-righteousness is defined; keep rendering consistent across all occurrences (esp. the extended woes of ch. 23). |
| 27 | Great Commandment | μεγάλη ἐντολή / megalē entolē | ಮಹಾ ಆಜ್ಞೆ | mahā ājñe | Medium | Authority of Jesus’ Teaching | 22:36-40 | — | Jesus’ authoritative interpretive summary of “the Law and the Prophets” (love of God and neighbor). |
| 28 | Talents (parable unit) | τάλαντα / talanta | ತಲಾಂತು | talāntu | Low-Medium | Judgment and the End of the Age | 25:14-30 | — | A large monetary unit entrusted for stewardship; note for translators that the common English idiom “talent = natural ability” does not exist in the Greek and should not be imported into teaching material. |
| 29 | Sheep and Goats (judgment scene) | πρόβατα / ἐρίφια | ಕುರಿ / ಆಡು | kuri / āḍu | Medium | Judgment and the End of the Age | 25:32-33 | — | Agricultural separation imagery for the final judgment; connect explicitly to “the least of these brothers” criterion (#30). |
| 30 | Least of These Brothers | ἐλάχιστοι ἀδελφοί / elachistoi adelphoi | ಕಿರಿಯ ಸಹೋದರರು | kiriya sahōdararu | Medium | Judgment and the End of the Age | 25:40, 45 | — | Judgment criteria hinging on concrete mercy toward the vulnerable; echoes 5:7 “blessed are the merciful” (ಕರುಣೆಯುಳ್ಳವರು) — preserve the intertextual link in study notes. |
| 31 | Emmanuel | Ἐμμανουήλ / Emmanouēl | ಇಮ್ಮಾನುವೇಲ್ (ದೇವರು ನಮ್ಮೊಂದಿಗೆ) | Immānuvēl (Dēvaru nammondige) | Critical | Jesus as the Promised Messiah; Fulfillment of Old Testament Prophecy | 1:23 | — | Directly names the Incarnation doctrine (baseline: ದೇಹಧಾರಣೆ, never ಅವತಾರ) — God himself uniquely, permanently present in this child, not a temporary divine descent. |
| 32 | Virgin | παρθένος / parthenos | ಕನ್ಯೆ | kanye | Critical | Jesus as the Promised Messiah; Fulfillment of Old Testament Prophecy | 1:23 | ಯುವತಿ (“young woman,” rejected) | Must not be softened to a generic “young woman,” which would undercut the miraculous virgin-conception claim central to the Incarnation doctrine. |
| 33 | Magi / Wise Men | μάγοι / magoi | ಪೂರ್ವದಿಂದ ಬಂದ ಜ್ಞಾನಿಗಳು | pūrvadinda banda jñānigaḷu | Medium | The Great Commission (Gentile inclusion foreshadowed) | 2:1 | ಜ್ಯೋತಿಷಿ (rejected) | ಜ್ಯೋತಿಷಿ already rejected in the Romans baseline for “prophet” due to fortune-teller/astrologer connotations that would cast the Magi as occult practitioners rather than honored Gentile worshipers recognizing the Messiah. |
| 34 | Transfiguration | μεταμορφόω / metamorphoō | ರೂಪಾಂತರ | rūpāntara | High | Jesus as the Promised Messiah and Son of David (deity of Christ) | 17:2 | — | A momentary revelatory unveiling of Christ’s already-existing divine glory, not a new descent or a repeatable divine “form-change” narrative of the kind familiar from regional devotional literature (cf. baseline caution on ಅವತಾರ). |
| 35 | Sanhedrin | συνέδριον / synedrion | ಮಹಾಸಭೆ | mahāsabhe | Medium | The Church and Church Discipline (contrast: Jewish council vs. Christ’s ἐκκλησία) | 26:59 | — | Built on ಸಭೆ (“assembly,” baseline church term) with the intensifier ಮಹಾ (“great”) to name the Jewish ruling council; keep visually/lexically distinct from ಸಭೆ alone (reserved for the Christian church) despite the shared root, via context and consistent capitalization/qualification in study materials. |
| 36 | Covenant Blood / Body (Last Supper) | σῶμα / αἷμα (τῆς διαθήκης) | ಶರೀರ / ರಕ್ತ (ಒಡಂಬಡಿಕೆಯ) | śarīra / rakta (oḍambaḍikeya) | High | (Sacramental foundation for Salvation/Atonement doctrines) | 26:26-28 | — | Institution of the New Covenant; reuse ಒಡಂಬಡಿಕೆ exactly from baseline; body/blood terms are standard vocabulary but doctrinally weighty in this specific sacramental context — flag for theologian review. |
Section C — Terms Reviewed with No New Rendering Required
The following chapters/passages were reviewed in full and found to introduce no new theological vocabulary beyond terms already catalogued in Sections A and B above (variant grammatical forms of already-tracked terms, e.g., ὀλιγόπιστος “little faith” as an intensified form of πίστις, do not require separate glossary entries but should be rendered by combining the tracked base term with a standard intensifier/diminutive, as noted in 07_semantic_analysis.md):
- Matthew 14 — Death of John the Baptist; feeding of the 5,000; walking on water. Reuses πίστις (ನಂಬಿಕೆ), βασιλεία (ರಾಜ್ಯ) framework terms.
- Matthew 15 (narrative portions beyond παράδοσις/κοινόω, already tabulated above) — Feeding of the 4,000; the Canaanite woman’s “great faith” reuses πίστις (ನಂಬಿಕೆ) intensified.
All other chapters (1–13, 16–28) are documented above with their specific new-term contributions in 07_semantic_analysis.md Part 2.
Cross-Reference Notes for Phase 2
- All Section A terms must be pulled directly from the baseline
translation_memory.jsonat load time — do not re-derive or re-argue these renderings. - All Section B terms are candidates for addition to
translation_memory.jsonandbible_term_registry.jsonin the next pipeline step; each carries a proposed risk tier consistent with the baseline’s risk_definitions. - Terms flagged Critical in Section B (#1, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 21, 22, 31, 32) require the same “mandatory theologian review, every occurrence” routing the baseline assigns to its own Critical-tier terms.
- The three terms carrying the sharpest syncretism-collision risk newly identified in Matthew — Kingdom of Heaven (ಸ್ವರ್ಗ vs. ಪರಲೋಕ), End of the Age (ಯುಗ cyclical-time risk), and Baptism (ದೀಕ್ಷೆ/Lingayat-initiation risk) — should be treated with the same severity as the baseline’s existing forbidden-substitution list and considered for explicit addition to the “CRITICAL FORBIDDEN SUBSTITUTIONS” block of a future
12_ai_translation_requirements.mdrevision for this curriculum. - Terms sharing the Sanskrit-Kannada “punar-” (again) root — ಪುನರುತ್ಥಾನ (resurrection, baseline), ಪುನರಾಗಮನ (parousia, new), and the forbidden ಪುನರ್ಜನ್ಮ (rebirth) — require special reviewer attention across the whole curriculum, since the same phonetic family carries three theologically distinct (and in one case forbidden) referents.
Critical Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: ನೀತಿವಂತಿಕೆ
Transliteration: nītivantike
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ಧರ್ಮ, ಪುಣ್ಯ
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Matthew usage carries a DUAL sense not fully present in Romans: forensic right-standing AND lived Kingdom-conduct that ‘exceeds’ Pharisaic righteousness (5:20). Track which sense is active at each occurrence (5:6, 5:10, 5:20, 6:1, 6:33, 21:32). NEVER ಧರ್ಮ.
Justification
Approved rendering: ನೀತಿವಂತರೆಂದು ನಿರ್ಣಯಿಸುವುದು
Transliteration: nītivantarendu nirṇayisuvudu
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ಕ್ಷಮೆ ಪಡೆಯುವುದು, ಪುಣ್ಯ ಗಳಿಸುವುದು
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Not independently prominent in Matthew’s own vocabulary, but retained for cross-curriculum consistency and for teaching the Wedding Garment parable (22:11-14), which conceptually parallels forensic imputed righteousness.
Salvation
Approved rendering: ರಕ್ಷಣೆ
Transliteration: rakṣaṇe
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ಮೋಕ್ಷ, ಮುಕ್ತಿ, ಐಕ್ಯ
Original: σωτηρία / σῴζω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Matthew 1:21 ties salvation explicitly to Jesus’ own name and to forgiveness of sin (‘he will save his people from their sins’), not liberation from a cosmic rebirth cycle. NEVER ಮೋಕ್ಷ/ಮುಕ್ತಿ/ಐಕ್ಯ.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: ಪುನರುತ್ಥಾನ
Transliteration: punarutthāna
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ಪುನರ್ಜನ್ಮ
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Central at Matt 12:39-40 (sign of Jonah), 22:23-32 (Sadducees), and chs. 27-28 (Christ’s own resurrection). NEVER ಪುನರ್ಜನ್ಮ. Reviewers must also distinguish this term from the newly-coined ಪುನರಾಗಮನ (parousia) despite the shared ‘punar-’ root — see parousia entry.
Lord
Approved rendering: ಕರ್ತ
Transliteration: karta
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ಸ್ವಾಮಿ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Matthew usage: repeated direct address to Jesus (8:25; 14:28-33; 15:22) and climactically ‘all authority… has been given to me’ (28:18). Matt 7:21-23 warns that confessing ‘Lord, Lord’ without obedience is insufficient — guard against a merely verbal confession.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: ದೇವರ ಮಗ
Transliteration: Dēvara Maga
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ದೇವಮಾನವ
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Matthew occurrences: baptism (3:17), temptation (4:3,6), Peter’s confession (16:16), transfiguration (17:5), trial (26:63-64). Must be kept lexically distinct from the plural ‘sons of God’ used of believers (5:9, 5:45; see sons_of_god_believers).
Incarnation
Approved rendering: ದೇಹಧಾರಣೆ
Transliteration: dēhadhāraṇe
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: ಅವತಾರ
Original: ὁ λόγος σὰρξ ἐγένετο (concept; Matt 1:18-25)
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Matt 1:18-25’s Emmanuel citation (1:23) is one of the Gospel’s strongest Incarnation texts. NEVER ಅವತಾರ — especially salient given the Haridasa Krishna-bhakti avatar-descent framework and the distinct Lingayat risk of receiving Christ as an exceptionally realized human Sharana figure.
Messiah
Approved rendering: ಮೆಸ್ಸೀಯ
Transliteration: Messīya
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: ಅವತಾರಪುರುಷ
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Used interchangeably with the established transliteration ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತ. Frames the Gospel from 1:1 through Peter’s confession (16:16) and the trial (26:63-64). Keep distinct from ದಾವೀದನ ಮಗ (see son_of_david_title) and from any avatar-descent reading.
Jesus
Approved rendering: ಯೇಸು
Transliteration: Yēsu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ಈಸಾ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Matt 1:21 explicitly glosses the name’s meaning (‘YHWH saves’). Never ಈಸಾ.
God
Approved rendering: ದೇವರು
Transliteration: Dēvaru
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ಭಗವಂತ, ಪರಶಿವ
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Never ಭಗವಂತ or ಪರಶಿವ in doctrinally precise contexts; retain the Lingayat Aikya-merger caution wherever monotheistic claims about ದೇವರು are taught.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: ಪವಿತ್ರಾತ್ಮ
Transliteration: Pavitrātma
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: ಪರಮಾತ್ಮ
Original: Πνεῦμα Ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Descends at Jesus’ baptism (3:16), overshadows Mary (1:18,20), and anchors the Trinitarian baptismal formula (28:19) and the unforgivable-sin warning (12:31-32). NEVER ಪರಮಾತ್ಮ. Also see poor_in_spirit entry for the distinct ಆತ್ಮ (human spirit) disambiguation.
Father
Approved rendering: ತಂದೆ
Transliteration: Tande
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: ಸೃಷ್ಟಿಕರ್ತ
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Central across the Sermon on the Mount (chs. 5-7), the Lord’s Prayer (6:9), and the Trinitarian formula (28:19).
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: ಆರೋಪಿತ ನೀತಿ
Transliteration: āropita nīti
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: ಸ್ವಂತ ಸಾಧನೆಯ ನೀತಿ
Original: ἐλογίσθη… εἰς δικαιοσύνην (concept)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Conceptually present in the Wedding Garment parable (22:11-14, see wedding_garment entry), where the improperly-dressed guest lacks a granted, not self-supplied, righteousness.
Kingdom Of Heaven
Approved rendering: ಪರಲೋಕ ರಾಜ್ಯ
Transliteration: paraloka rājya
Doctrine: The Kingdom of Heaven
Rejected alternatives: ಸ್ವರ್ಗ ರಾಜ್ಯ
Original: βασιλεία τῶν οὐρανῶν
Category: Kingdom
NEW — Matthew’s signature phrase (32 occurrences), Matthew’s own reverential circumlocution for God’s reign. NEVER ಸ್ವರ್ಗ ರಾಜ್ಯ — ಸ್ವರ್ಗ names Indra’s heaven, a merit-based, temporary paradise within the Hindu cosmological rebirth cycle, exited once accumulated merit is exhausted. Reserve ದೇವರ ರಾಜ್ಯ (baseline) for the rarer βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ occurrences (12:28; 19:24; 21:31,43), teaching their referential equivalence explicitly. First occurrence 3:2. Treat with the same forbidden-substitution severity as the baseline’s own Critical list.
All Authority
Approved rendering: ಸಮಸ್ತ ಅಧಿಕಾರ
Transliteration: samasta adhikāra
Doctrine: The Great Commission
Original: πᾶσα ἐξουσία
Category: Christology
NEW — the intensified, total/universal form of ಅಧಿಕಾರ (‘in heaven and on earth,’ 28:18), the capstone Christological claim underlying the Great Commission’s mandate. Reserve exclusively for 28:18 so its singularity is visible against ordinary ಅಧಿಕಾರ occurrences elsewhere.
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: ಮನುಷ್ಯಕುಮಾರ
Transliteration: manuṣyakumāra
Doctrine: Judgment and the End of the Age
Rejected alternatives: ಮನುಷ್ಯಪುತ್ರ
Original: Υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology
NEW — Matthew’s dominant Christological self-designation, combining full humanity with the exalted end-time judge/ruler figure of Daniel 7:13-14 (8:20; 9:6; 12:8,40; 16:27-28; 24:27,30,37,44; 25:31; 26:64). Must not be flattened to mean merely ‘a human being,’ nor read as implying lesser, non-divine status than ‘Son of God’ — the titles are complementary. Retain the established Kannada Christian coinage ಮನುಷ್ಯಕುಮಾರ rather than the flatter ಮನುಷ್ಯಪುತ್ರ.
Baptism
Approved rendering: ದೀಕ್ಷಾಸ್ನಾನ (ಬಾಪ್ತಿಸ್ಮ)
Transliteration: dīkṣāsnāna (bāptisma)
Doctrine: Baptism
Original: βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω
Category: Church
NEW — John’s baptism of repentance (3:6,11,13-17) and the Trinitarian baptism of the Great Commission (28:19) must both be tracked. ದೀಕ್ಷೆ is the specific Lingayat/Veerashaiva guru-administered initiation rite bestowing the personal iṣṭaliṅga and marking entry into the shatsthala path — using ದೀಕ್ಷಾಸ್ನಾನ risks importing this guru-mediated framework. Prefer the transliteration ಬಾಪ್ತಿಸ್ಮ wherever maximal disambiguation is desired, especially at 28:19; require a standing note that Christian baptism is a once-for-all identification with Christ’s death/resurrection in the Triune Name, not a guru-bestowed sacred object.
Ransom
Approved rendering: ವಿಮೋಚನಾ ಕ್ರಯ
Transliteration: vimocanā kraya
Doctrine: Atonement and Ransom
Rejected alternatives: ವಿಮೋಚನೆ ಮಾತ್ರ
Original: λύτρον (ἀντὶ πολλῶν)
Category: Salvation
NEW — the Gospel’s clearest substitutionary-atonement statement (20:28, ‘a ransom for many’). Must preserve the vicarious ‘in place of many’ (ἀντὶ πολλῶν) sense and must not drift toward a bare-liberation reading assimilable to the already-forbidden ಮುಕ್ತಿ/ಮೋಕ್ಷ family.
Parousia
Approved rendering: ಪುನರಾಗಮನ
Transliteration: punarāgamana
Doctrine: The Parousia (Second Coming)
Original: παρουσία
Category: Eschatology
NEW — HIGH PHONETIC/ROOT COLLISION RISK: ಪುನರಾಗಮನ shares the ‘punar-’ (again) prefix with the absolutely forbidden ಪುನರ್ಜನ್ಮ (rebirth) and with baseline’s ಪುನರುತ್ಥಾನ (resurrection). Christ’s parousia (16:27; 24:3,27,37,39) is a single, visible, bodily, historical return in glory, never a repeatable cyclical event. Mandatory theologian review and a standing disambiguation note every occurrence.
End Of The Age
Approved rendering: ಕಾಲದ ಅಂತ್ಯ
Transliteration: kālada antya
Doctrine: Judgment and the End of the Age
Rejected alternatives: ಯುಗಾಂತ್ಯ
Original: συντέλεια τοῦ αἰῶνος
Category: Eschatology
NEW — the single, final, linear consummation of history at Christ’s return and the last judgment (13:39-40,49; 24:3; 28:20 — the Gospel’s very last words). AVOID building the primary rendering on ಯುಗ (cyclical Hindu cosmic ages that end only to begin again). If ಯುಗಾಂತ್ಯ is judged unavoidable by a translation team for regional-tradition reasons, pair every occurrence with a mandatory disambiguating footnote and theologian review.
Gehenna Hell
Approved rendering: ನರಕ
Transliteration: naraka
Doctrine: Eternal Punishment and Hell
Original: γέεννα
Category: Eschatology
NEW — the final, irrevocable destiny of the unrighteous following the last judgment, paired with ‘eternal punishment’ (25:46). ನರಕ is the near-universal established Indian-language rendering, but mainstream Hindu cosmology treats naraka as a temporary punitive realm from which a soul is eventually released back into the rebirth cycle. No unproblematic alternative exists; retain ನರಕ but require a mandatory theologian-reviewed note every time this doctrine is taught (5:22,29-30; 10:28; 18:9; 23:15,33).
Crucify
Approved rendering: ಶಿಲುಬೆಗೆ ಹಾಕು
Transliteration: śilubege hāku
Doctrine: Atonement and Ransom
Original: σταυρόω
Category: Christology
NEW — the literal historical Roman execution of Jesus (27:22-26,31,35), underlying the discipleship metaphor. Shares the base noun ಶಿಲುಬೆ with the discipleship metaphor but names the literal historical event; must be kept referentially distinct while lexically connected. Central to the entire Passion narrative; mandatory theologian review.
Regeneration Renewal
Approved rendering: ನವಸೃಷ್ಟಿ
Transliteration: nava-sṛṣṭi
Doctrine: The Renewal of All Things
Rejected alternatives: ಲೋಕದ ನವೀಕರಣ (acceptable secondary alternative)
Original: παλιγγενεσία
Category: Eschatology
NEW — the eschatological, singular, cosmic renewal of all things at Christ’s return (19:28). The Greek root (πάλιν ‘again’ + γένεσις ‘birth/becoming’) makes this a prime candidate for accidental rendering with a reincarnation-adjacent compound. NEVER render with any compound built on ಜನ್ಮ (‘birth’). Mandatory theologian review.
Make Disciples
Approved rendering: ಶಿಷ್ಯರನ್ನಾಗಿ ಮಾಡಿರಿ
Transliteration: śiṣyarannāgi māḍiri
Doctrine: The Great Commission
Original: μαθητεύσατε
Category: Church
NEW — the Great Commission’s central imperative verb, the Church’s foundational, ongoing mandate (28:19). Built on ಶಿಷ್ಯ and inherits the same guru-shishya disambiguation caution: this is bringing people into exclusive allegiance to Christ through baptism and taught obedience, not enrolling them in a lineage-based teacher-student relationship of the regional devotional pattern.
Emmanuel
Approved rendering: ಇಮ್ಮಾನುವೇಲ್ (ದೇವರು ನಮ್ಮೊಂದಿಗೆ)
Transliteration: Immānuvēl (Dēvaru nammondige)
Doctrine: Incarnation and Virgin Birth
Original: Ἐμμανουήλ
Category: Christology
NEW — Hebrew theophoric name meaning ‘God with us,’ cited in Matt 1:23 as prophetic fulfillment. Directly names the Incarnation doctrine — God himself uniquely, permanently present in the child, not a temporary divine descent. Retain the transliteration paired permanently with the gloss; flag for mandatory theologian review given the baseline’s forbidden-substitution rule against ಅವತಾರ.
Virgin
Approved rendering: ಕನ್ಯೆ
Transliteration: kanye
Doctrine: Incarnation and Virgin Birth
Rejected alternatives: ಯುವತಿ
Original: παρθένος
Category: Christology
NEW — Matt 1:23 cites Isa 7:14 LXX to ground the virgin conception. Must not be softened to a generic ‘young woman’ (ಯುವತಿ), which would undercut the miraculous virgin-conception doctrine central to the Incarnation.
Blasphemy Against Spirit
Approved rendering: ಪವಿತ್ರಾತ್ಮನಿಗೆ ವಿರುದ್ಧವಾದ ದೂಷಣೆ
Transliteration: Pavitrātmanige viruddhavāda dūṣaṇe
Doctrine: Blasphemy Against the Holy Spirit
Original: βλασφημία εἰς τὸ Πνεῦμα
Category: God
NEW — the unforgivable sin, attributing the Spirit’s clearly divine work to Satan (12:31-32). Reuse ಪವಿತ್ರಾತ್ಮ exactly; must be handled with theological precision given its unique unforgivable-sin status. Mandatory theologian review.
Cry Of Dereliction
Approved rendering: ಏಲೀ ಏಲೀ ಲಮಾ ಸಬಕ್ತಾನಿ (ನನ್ನ ದೇವರೇ, ನನ್ನ ದೇವರೇ, ಯಾಕೆ ನನ್ನನ್ನು ಕೈಬಿಟ್ಟಿರಿ?)
Transliteration: Ēlī Ēlī lamā sabaktāni
Doctrine: Atonement and Ransom
Original: Ἠλί Ἠλί λεμὰ σαβαχθανί
Category: Christology
NEW — Jesus’ cry of dereliction from the cross, citing Ps 22:1 (27:46). Displays the full weight of Christ bearing sin’s judgment; must not be softened or explained away. Retain the transliterated Aramaic with the Kannada gloss; theologically load-bearing for atonement doctrine; mandatory theologian review.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: ಸುವಾರ್ತೆ
Transliteration: suvārte
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: ಸುದ್ದಿ
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Matthew usage: always paired with ‘of the kingdom’ (4:23; 9:35; 24:14) — render the compound as ಪರಲೋಕ ರಾಜ್ಯದ ಸುವಾರ್ತೆ (see gospel_of_kingdom entry below). Must convey one authoritative announcement, not one teaching among Karnataka’s own devotional traditions.
Grace
Approved rendering: ಕೃಪೆ
Transliteration: kṛpe
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: ಕರ್ಮಫಲ, ಪುಣ್ಯ
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Matthew usage: load-bearing in the Unforgiving Servant (18:21-35) and Vineyard Workers (20:1-16) parables; both must preserve grace’s non-proportional, unearned character against a merit-reward or kayaka-dasoha misreading.
Faith
Approved rendering: ನಂಬಿಕೆ
Transliteration: nambike
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: ಭಕ್ತಿ
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Matthew usage: frequently intensified (ὀλιγόπιστος, ‘little faith,’ 6:30; 8:26; 14:31; 16:8) — render with ಅಲ್ಪ ನಂಬಿಕೆಯುಳ್ಳ prefixed to this base term rather than coining a new word. Never ಭಕ್ತಿ.
Called
Approved rendering: ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ
Transliteration: kareyalpaṭṭa
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: ಆಮಂತ್ರಿತ
Original: κλητός
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Matthew usage notably at 22:14, ‘many are called, but few are chosen’ — must not be softened into a merely invitational sense that erases the sovereign-summons force.
Calling
Approved rendering: ಕರೆ
Transliteration: kare
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: ಆಹ್ವಾನ
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Noun form retained for consistency with the calling of the first disciples (4:18-22) and the Great Commission’s mandate.
Holy
Approved rendering: ಪವಿತ್ರ
Transliteration: pavitra
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: ಶುದ್ಧ
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Matthew reserves ಶುದ್ಧ specifically for its own heart-purity-vs-ritual-purity contrast (5:8; 15:1-20; 23:25-28) — do not use ಶುದ್ಧ and ಪವಿತ್ರ interchangeably in this curriculum; ಪವಿತ್ರ remains the general holiness term throughout, esp. for the Holy Spirit.
Saints
Approved rendering: ಪವಿತ್ರ ಜನರು
Transliteration: pavitra janaru
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: ಶರಣರು, ಸಂತರು
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Matthew occurrence: 27:52, ‘the bodies of the saints who had fallen asleep were raised.’ NEVER ಶರಣರು (the Veerashaiva Sharana poet-saint title).
Sanctification
Approved rendering: ಪವಿತ್ರೀಕರಣ
Transliteration: pavitrīkaraṇa
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: ಶುದ್ಧೀಕರಣ
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. The thematic ground of the whole Sermon on the Mount ethic (chs. 5-7); the Spirit’s ongoing work, not the self-directed ascent of the Lingayat shatsthala path.
Adoption
Approved rendering: ದತ್ತು ಪುತ್ರತ್ವ
Transliteration: dattu putratva
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: ದತ್ತು ತೆಗೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳುವುದು
Original: υἱοθεσία (concept; cf. 5:9, 5:45)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Underlies Matthew’s ‘sons of God’ language for believers (5:9, 5:45) — see sons_of_god_believers below; keep distinct from the singular, Critical-risk ದೇವರ ಮಗ reserved for Christ alone.
Law
Approved rendering: ನಿಯಮಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ
Transliteration: niyamaśāstra
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: ಧರ್ಮ
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Central at Matt 5:17-20 (‘I have not come to abolish the Law… but to fulfill’) and 22:36-40 (Great Commandment). NEVER ಧರ್ಮ.
Sin
Approved rendering: ಪಾಪ
Transliteration: pāpa
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: ಅಧರ್ಮ
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Matt 1:21 and 9:2-6 (Jesus personally pronouncing forgiveness) and 26:28 (covenant blood ‘for the forgiveness of sins’) are load-bearing.
Glory
Approved rendering: ಮಹಿಮೆ
Transliteration: mahime
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ತೇಜಸ್ಸು
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Displayed visibly at the Transfiguration (17:1-8) and invoked for the Son of Man’s return in judgment (16:27; 24:30; 25:31).
Obedience Of Faith
Approved rendering: ನಂಬಿಕೆಯ ವಿಧೇಯತ್ವ
Transliteration: nambikeya vidhēyatva
Doctrine: Obedience of Faith
Rejected alternatives: ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕ ಕರ್ತವ್ಯ
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Conceptually parallels ‘teaching them to observe all that I have commanded’ (28:20) — obedience flowing from grace and taught relationship, not legalistic rule-keeping.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: ದೇವರ ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯ
Transliteration: Dēvara Sāmarthya
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ಶಕ್ತಿ
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Invoked at Matt 22:29, ‘you know neither the Scriptures nor the power of God.’ NEVER ಶಕ್ತಿ (Chamundeshwari/Shakta association).
Covenant
Approved rendering: ಒಡಂಬಡಿಕೆ
Transliteration: oḍambaḍike
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: ಒಪ್ಪಂದ
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Matt 26:28 institutes the New Covenant in Christ’s own blood (‘this is my blood of the covenant’); flag for theologian review given atonement weight. See also covenant_body_blood below.
Election
Approved rendering: ದೇವರ ಆಯ್ಕೆ
Transliteration: Dēvara Āyke
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: ಹಣೆಬರಹ, ವಿಧಿ
Original: ἐκλεκτοί (‘the elect’)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Occurs at Matt 24:22,24,31 within the Olivet Discourse (‘the elect’); must not be rendered with fatalism-idiom vocabulary.
Providence
Approved rendering: ದೇವರ ಪರಿಪಾಲನೆ
Transliteration: Dēvara Paripālane
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: ಹಣೆಬರಹ, ಕರ್ಮದ ನಿಯಮ
Original: πρόνοια (concept; 6:25-34; 10:29-31)
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Matt 6:25-34 (do not be anxious) and 10:29-31 (sparrows) are especially vulnerable to a ಹಣೆಬರಹ or impersonal-karma misreading.
Abba
Approved rendering: ಅಬ್ಬಾ
Transliteration: Abbā
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Matthew’s own Gethsemane account (26:39) uses πάτερ rather than Ἀββά directly; retained here for cross-Gospel harmonization consistency wherever Abba is referenced in study notes.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: ದಾವೀದನ ವಂಶದಿಂದ
Transliteration: Dāvīdana vaṃśadinda
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: σπέρμα Δαυίδ (concept; Matthew prefers υἱὸς Δαυίδ)
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Names bare physical lineage descent (Rom 1:3 pattern). Must be kept distinct from the confessional title ದಾವೀದನ ಮಗ (see son_of_david_title) — conflating the two blurs factual descent from an active act of messianic recognition.
Gospel Of Kingdom
Approved rendering: ಪರಲೋಕ ರಾಜ್ಯದ ಸುವಾರ್ತೆ
Transliteration: paraloka rājyada suvārte
Doctrine: Gospel
NEW — Matthew’s characteristic compound title for the message (4:23; 9:35; 24:14). Both component terms (ಸುವಾರ್ತೆ, ಪರಲೋಕ ರಾಜ್ಯ) are individually Critical/High-risk baseline/new terms; render the compound consistently every occurrence rather than varying the phrase.
Son Of David Title
Approved rendering: ದಾವೀದನ ಮಗ
Transliteration: Dāvīdana Maga
Doctrine: Jesus as the Promised Messiah and Son of David
Original: υἱὸς Δαυίδ
Category: Christology
NEW — a living, confessional messianic title of address used by petitioners recognizing Jesus’ messianic office (9:27; 15:22; 20:30-31; 21:9,15), distinct from ದಾವೀದನ ವಂಶದಿಂದ (see seed_of_david), which names bare lineage descent. Conflating the two phrases would blur factual descent from an active act of messianic recognition.
Fulfill
Approved rendering: ನೆರವೇರಿಸು
Transliteration: neravērisu
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Old Testament Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: ಪೂರೈಸು
Original: πληρόω
Category: Covenant
NEW — Matthew’s signature fulfillment-formula verb (~16 occurrences: 1:22; 2:15,17,23; 4:14; 5:17; 8:17; 12:17; 13:35; 21:4; 27:9). Must convey a one-time, linear historical accomplishment of a specific prior promise, never a repeatable cyclical pattern or generic task-completion (ಪೂರೈಸು is too weak). Aligns with the doctrine name already fixed in doctrine_risk_registry.json (ಪ್ರವಾದನೆಯ ನೆರವೇರಿಕೆ).
Authority
Approved rendering: ಅಧಿಕಾರ
Transliteration: adhikāra
Doctrine: The Authority of Jesus’ Teaching
Rejected alternatives: ಶಕ್ತಿ
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Christology
NEW — must convey inherent, self-possessed authority (7:29, ‘not as their scribes’) distinct from a guru’s authority derived from lineage or ascetic attainment. NEVER ಶಕ್ತಿ (reserved as forbidden substitution for ‘power of God’). Track separately whether a given occurrence is Jesus’ own underived authority (7:29; 9:6; 28:18) or authority he delegates to others (10:1; 16:19; 18:18; 21:23-27).
Disciple
Approved rendering: ಶಿಷ್ಯ
Transliteration: śiṣya
Doctrine: Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus
Rejected alternatives: ಭಕ್ತ
Original: μαθητής
Category: Discipleship
NEW — ಶಿಷ್ಯ is also the exact term for a student in the guru-shishya paramparā of Hindu, Haridasa-bhakti, and Lingayat tradition, where a disciple may study under several gurus and progress toward personal spiritual attainment. Christian discipleship is a single, exclusive, costly, lifelong allegiance to one Lord (10:37-38; 16:24-26), not one stage in a multi-teacher journey. No better-established alternative exists (ಭಕ್ತ implies a worship-object relationship instead). Require a standing translator note wherever discipleship is taught as a distinct doctrine (chs. 4, 10, 16, 28).
Repentance
Approved rendering: ಪಶ್ಚಾತ್ತಾಪ
Transliteration: paścāttāpa
Doctrine: Repentance
Rejected alternatives: ಪ್ರಾಯಶ್ಚಿತ್ತ
Original: μετάνοια / μετανοέω
Category: Salvation
NEW — the first public word of both John and Jesus (3:2; 4:17). Must be distinguished from ಪ್ರಾಯಶ್ಚಿತ್ತ, the Hindu concept of self-performed ritual expiatory acts that remove sin/ritual pollution or offset karmic demerit. Biblical μετάνοια is inward, Spirit-enabled reorientation of mind and allegiance, the doorway into grace, not a self-performed atoning act.
Bind And Loose
Approved rendering: ಕಟ್ಟುವುದು ಮತ್ತು ಬಿಚ್ಚುವುದು
Transliteration: kaṭṭuvudu mattu biccuvudu
Doctrine: The Church and Church Discipline
Original: δέω καὶ λύω
Category: Church
NEW — rabbinic technical language for authoritative teaching-rulings and disciplinary judgments, exercised corporately under Christ’s own authority (16:19; 18:18). Requires a mandatory standing translator note distinguishing this derived, corporate, restoration-oriented authority from any folk-religious mantra-based binding-curse/curse-release ritual practiced in regional folk traditions.
Keys Of Kingdom
Approved rendering: ರಾಜ್ಯದ ಬೀಗದ ಕೈಗಳು
Transliteration: rājyada bīgada kaigaḷu
Doctrine: Keys of the Kingdom and Delegated Authority
Original: κλεῖς τῆς βασιλείας
Category: Church
NEW — delegated stewardship authority to open/shut, admit/exclude, given to Peter and by extension the apostolic church (16:19). Must be understood as derived authority under Christ’s own supreme authority (7:29; 28:18), never as an independent priestly power comparable to a self-attained guru’s authority.
Eternal Life Punishment
Approved rendering: ನಿತ್ಯ ಜೀವ / ನಿತ್ಯ ಶಿಕ್ಷೆ
Transliteration: nitya jīva / nitya śikṣe
Doctrine: Eternal Life
Rejected alternatives: ಶಾಶ್ವತ (secondary, acceptable synonym)
Original: ζωὴ αἰώνιος / κόλασις αἰώνιος
Category: Eschatology
NEW — the same Greek adjective αἰώνιος describes both eternal life and eternal punishment in the identical verse (25:46) and elsewhere (19:16,29); both must be rendered with the same underlying permanence-word ನಿತ್ಯ so the parallel is visible, not treated as ‘a long time’ for one and ‘forever’ for the other.
Poor In Spirit
Approved rendering: ಆತ್ಮದಲ್ಲಿ ಬಡವರು
Transliteration: ātmadalli baḍavaru
Doctrine: Beatitudes and Kingdom Character
Rejected alternatives: ಬಡವರು (bare, rejected as economic-only)
Original: πτωχοὶ τῷ πνεύματι
Category: Kingdom
NEW — recognized spiritual bankruptcy/utter dependence on God, opening the core passage (5:3). The compound is required; standalone ಬಡವರು reads as economic poverty only. Critical disambiguation: ಆತ್ಮ here must be read strictly as the human inner self, never the Vedantic/Upanishadic ātman or the Lingayat/Advaita individual soul destined for Aikya-merger, and never conflated with ಪವಿತ್ರಾತ್ಮ (Holy Spirit).
Reward Misthos
Approved rendering: ಪ್ರತಿಫಲ
Transliteration: pratiphala
Doctrine: Stewardship and Reward
Original: μισθός
Category: Salvation
NEW — divine reward for faithful Kingdom living (5:12; 10:41-42; 20:1-16). Requires a mandatory standing translator note guarding against a wage/merit reading — the reward is the gracious fulfillment of what has already been declared theirs (5:3,10), not a separately earned bonus.
Sons Of God Believers
Approved rendering: ದೇವರ ಮಕ್ಕಳು
Transliteration: Dēvara Makkaḷu
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: υἱοὶ θεοῦ κληθήσονται
Category: Salvation
NEW — believers’ derived, granted filial identity (5:9, 5:45), conceptually aligned with baseline’s adoption (ದತ್ತು ಪುತ್ರತ್ವ). Use the plural ದೇವರ ಮಕ್ಕಳು for believers; reserve the singular ದೇವರ ಮಗ exclusively for Christ per baseline. Must never be confused with Christ’s eternal, unique Sonship.
Cross Discipleship
Approved rendering: ಶಿಲುಬೆ
Transliteration: śilube
Doctrine: Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus
Rejected alternatives: ಕಷ್ಟ, ಭಾರ
Original: σταυρός
Category: Discipleship
NEW — the metaphor of costly, self-denying discipleship, ‘take up his cross and follow me’ (10:38; 16:24). Must retain the sense of a literal, shameful Roman execution instrument voluntarily taken up, not softened into generic hardship-language, which would blunt the radical cost-of-discipleship claim. Track alongside its literal use at the crucifixion (see crucify entry).
Worship Proskyneo
Approved rendering: ಆರಾಧಿಸು
Transliteration: ārādhisu
Doctrine: Worship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ಪೂಜಿಸು
Original: προσκυνέω
Category: Christology
NEW — full religious worship due exclusively to God/Christ, escalating across the Gospel from the Magi’s homage (2:2,11) to the risen Christ’s worship (28:9,17). Must be distinguished from ಪೂಜಿಸು (to perform puja before a deity-image among many worship-objects), which would place Christ within a polytheistic worship frame. Use a neutral prostration phrase where the context is merely social homage before a human superior.
Transfiguration
Approved rendering: ರೂಪಾಂತರ
Transliteration: rūpāntara
Doctrine: Transfiguration and the Glory of Christ
Original: μεταμορφόω
Category: Christology
NEW — a momentary, visible unveiling of Jesus’ already-existing divine glory (17:1-8). Must not be conflated with regional devotional ‘form-changing divine appearance/avatar’ narratives; this reveals glory Christ already possesses, not a new descent or repeatable transformation.
Covenant Body Blood
Approved rendering: ಶರೀರ / ರಕ್ತ (ಒಡಂಬಡಿಕೆಯ)
Transliteration: śarīra / rakta (oḍambaḍikeya)
Doctrine: The New Covenant
Original: σῶμα / αἷμα (τῆς διαθήκης)
Category: Covenant
NEW — the Last Supper’s institution of the New Covenant in Christ’s body and blood (26:26-28). Standard vocabulary but doctrinally weighty in this sacramental context; reuse ಒಡಂಬಡಿಕೆ exactly; flag for theologian review alongside the ransom saying (ch. 20).
Devil Satan
Approved rendering: ಸೈತಾನ
Transliteration: saitāna
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and Temptation
Rejected alternatives: ದೆವ್ವ
Original: διάβολος / σατανᾶς
Category: Sin
NEW — the real, personal chief evil spiritual adversary of God and his Messiah (ch. 4; 6:13; 13:19,38-39; 16:23). ದೆವ್ವ is the generic Kannada folk-religious word for a malevolent ghost/spirit and risks reducing Satan to one of many local spirit-beings; prefer the transliterated ಸೈತಾನ.
Sign Of Jonah
Approved rendering: ಯೋನನ ಸೂಚನೆ
Transliteration: Yōnana sūcane
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Original: σημεῖον Ἰωνᾶ
Category: Eschatology
NEW — Jonah’s three days in the fish as a foretold type of Christ’s burial and resurrection (12:39-40). Ensure the resurrection referent is clear, reusing ಪುನರುತ್ಥಾನ exactly when this passage’s fulfillment is later discussed.
Wedding Garment
Approved rendering: ವಿವಾಹದ ಉಡುಪು
Transliteration: vivāhada uḍupu
Doctrine: Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees
Original: ἔνδυμα γάμου
Category: Salvation
NEW — the garment symbolizing a prepared, granted righteousness required for entry to the Kingdom banquet (22:11-14). Ties Kingdom-entry to a granted, not self-supplied, righteousness — echoes ಆರೋಪಿತ ನೀತಿ; ensure catechetical notes avoid a merit-achievement misreading.
False Christs Prophets
Approved rendering: ಸುಳ್ಳು ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತರು ಮತ್ತು ಸುಳ್ಳು ಪ್ರವಾದಿಗಳು
Transliteration: suḷḷu kristaru mattu suḷḷu pravādigaḷu
Doctrine: Judgment and the End of the Age
Original: ψευδόχριστοι καὶ ψευδοπροφῆται
Category: Eschatology
NEW — counterfeit messianic and prophetic claimants arising to deceive before the end (24:24). Reinforces the uniqueness and exclusivity of the true Messiah (ಮೆಸ್ಸೀಯ).
Medium Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: ಅಪೊಸ್ತಲ
Transliteration: apostala
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: ಗುರು, ಜಂಗಮ
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Matthew usage: ‘the twelve apostles’ (10:2) at the commissioning discourse. Avoid ಗುರು/ಜಂಗಮ, which imply self-attained teaching status rather than a delegated, sent commission.
Peace
Approved rendering: ಶಾಂತಿ
Transliteration: śānti
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: ಮನಶ್ಶಾಂತಿ
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Underlies the compound ಶಾಂತಿ ಸ್ಥಾಪಿಸುವವರು (‘peacemakers,’ 5:9, see peacemakers entry), which must retain the active, reconciling sense, not the inner tranquility (ಮನಶ್ಶಾಂತಿ) baseline already distinguishes.
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: ಆತ್ಮಿಕ ವರಗಳು
Transliteration: ātmika varagaḷu
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Rejected alternatives: ವರ, ಸಿದ್ಧಿ
Original: χαρίσματα (concept; cf. healing/authority gifts, ch. 10)
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Applies conceptually to the delegated healing/exorcism authority given the Twelve (10:1,8); never ಸಿದ್ಧಿ (yogic attained power) — same caution extends to Matthew’s own miracle vocabulary, see miracle_sign entry.
Church
Approved rendering: ಸಭೆ
Transliteration: sabhe
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನ, ಗುಡಿ
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Matt 16:18 (‘I will build my church’) is the term’s first NT occurrence in Jesus’ own teaching — treat as doctrinally foundational, flagged for mandatory theologian review despite the Medium tier. Keep visually distinct from ಮಹಾಸಭೆ (Sanhedrin, 26:59) despite the shared root.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: ದೇವರ ರಾಜ್ಯ
Transliteration: Dēvara Rājya
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. In Matthew this exact phrase is rarer (12:28; 19:24; 21:31,43) than Matthew’s own circumlocution ಪರಲೋಕ ರಾಜ್ಯ (see kingdom_of_heaven entry); teach their referential equivalence explicitly.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: ಅನ್ಯಜನಾಂಗದವರು
Transliteration: anyajanāṅgadavaru
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: ವಿದೇಶಿಯರು
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Central to the Great Commission mandate (‘make disciples of all nations,’ 28:19) and the Magi/centurion/Canaanite-woman narratives.
Intercession
Approved rendering: ಮಧ್ಯಸ್ಥಿಕೆ
Transliteration: madhyasthike
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Original: ἐντυγχάνω-family (concept)
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Conceptually present in Jesus’ Gethsemane prayer (26:36-46).
Mission
Approved rendering: ಮಿಷನ್ / ಸುವಾರ್ತಾ ಪ್ರಸಾರ
Transliteration: miṣan / suvārtā prasāra
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Original: ἀποστολή / πέμπω (concept)
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Grounds both the sending of the Twelve (ch. 10) and the Great Commission (ch. 28); prefer ಸುವಾರ್ತಾ ಪ್ರಸಾರ over bare ಮಿಷನ್ in exhortational/homiletic material given residual colonial-era connotation.
David
Approved rendering: ದಾವೀದ
Transliteration: Dāvīda
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Foundational to Matthew’s genealogy (ch. 1) and the ‘Son of David’ title (see son_of_david_title, seed_of_david).
Israel
Approved rendering: ಇಸ್ರಾಯೇಲ್
Transliteration: Isrāyēl
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Established proper name form, used throughout Matthew (2, 8, 10, 15, 19, 27).
Follow
Approved rendering: ಹಿಂಬಾಲಿಸು
Transliteration: himbālisu
Doctrine: Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus
Original: ἀκολουθέω
Category: Discipleship
NEW — first occurs at the calling of the first disciples (4:20), who leave nets and family. Must convey committed, exclusive personal allegiance, not casual admiration or mere intellectual assent to a teacher’s instruction.
Blessed Beatitude
Approved rendering: ಧನ್ಯ
Transliteration: dhanya
Doctrine: Beatitudes and Kingdom Character
Rejected alternatives: ಸಂತೋಷ, ಪುಣ್ಯ
Original: μακάριος
Category: Kingdom
NEW — a declarative pronouncement of God’s favor and eschatological well-being (5:3-11), not a wish or subjective emotional report, and not a merit-badge earned by the disposition described. Never ಸಂತೋಷ (subjective happiness) or ಪುಣ್ಯ (merit accrued through deeds).
Meek Gentle
Approved rendering: ಸೌಮ್ಯ
Transliteration: saumya
Doctrine: Beatitudes and Kingdom Character
Rejected alternatives: ದುರ್ಬಲ
Original: πραΰς
Category: Kingdom
NEW — disciplined, God-submitted strength that does not grasp for power, not timidity or weakness. Applied to believers (5:5) and to Jesus himself (11:29; 21:5) — keep the rendering identical across all three occurrences so the intertextual link is visible. Distinguish from a generic devotional self-effacement achieved by spiritual discipline.
Pure In Heart
Approved rendering: ಹೃದಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಶುದ್ಧರು
Transliteration: hṛdayadalli śuddharu
Doctrine: Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees
Original: καθαρὸς τῇ καρδίᾳ
Category: Sanctification
NEW — inward moral purity/sincerity, contrasted with merely external, ritual purity (5:8; developed 15:1-20; 23:25-28). ಶುದ್ಧ is deliberately used here precisely because Matthew’s own argument is inward-vs-ritual purity; must not be generalized elsewhere in this curriculum as a synonym for ಪವಿತ್ರ (holy).
Merciful
Approved rendering: ಕರುಣೆಯುಳ್ಳವರು
Transliteration: karuṇeyuḷḷavaru
Doctrine: Mercy and ‘the Least of These’
Original: ἐλεήμων
Category: Kingdom
NEW — active compassion expressed in concrete acts of mercy, reciprocating the mercy God has shown (5:7). Must not read as a merit-earning act that itself secures divine mercy in a karma-style bargain; echoed at 25:31-46’s ‘least of these.‘
Peacemakers
Approved rendering: ಶಾಂತಿ ಸ್ಥಾಪಿಸುವವರು
Transliteration: śānti sthāpisuvavaru
Doctrine: Beatitudes and Kingdom Character
Rejected alternatives: ಶಾಂತಸ್ವಭಾವದವರು
Original: εἰρηνοποιός
Category: Kingdom
NEW — active reconciling work reflecting God’s own reconciling character (5:9). Reuses baseline ಶಾಂತಿ; must retain the active ‘making’ sense, not merely ‘peaceful people’ or the inner tranquility (ಮನಶ್ಶಾಂತಿ) baseline already distinguishes.
Persecuted For Righteousness
Approved rendering: ನೀತಿವಂತಿಕೆಗಾಗಿ ಹಿಂಸೆಗೊಳಗಾದವರು
Transliteration: nītivantikegāgi hiṃsegoḷagādavaru
Doctrine: Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus
Original: δεδιωγμένοι ἕνεκεν δικαιοσύνης
Category: Discipleship
NEW — persecution as a direct consequence of Kingdom-character living (5:10-12), closing the Beatitudes’ inclusio with v.3 (both end ‘theirs is the kingdom of heaven’).
Hypocrite
Approved rendering: ಕಪಟಿ
Transliteration: kapaṭi
Doctrine: Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees
Original: ὑποκριτής
Category: Sanctification
NEW — one who performs righteousness for an audience rather than from genuine inward devotion; structures ch. 6 (almsgiving, prayer, fasting) and ch. 23’s woes. Must retain the sense of performed public religiosity, not merely ‘insincere person.‘
Scribes And Pharisees
Approved rendering: ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರಿಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಫರಿಸಾಯರು
Transliteration: śāstrigaḷu mattu Pharisāyaru
Doctrine: Righteousness Exceeding the Pharisees
Original: γραμματεῖς καὶ Φαρισαῖοι
Category: Covenant
NEW — Jewish legal experts and a lay-piety reform/separatist movement, the foil against which ‘righteousness exceeding’ is defined (5:20; ch. 23). Transliterated proper group-names; keep rendering consistent across all occurrences, especially the extended woes of ch. 23.
Great Commandment
Approved rendering: ಮಹಾ ಆಜ್ಞೆ
Transliteration: mahā ājñe
Doctrine: The Authority of Jesus’ Teaching
Original: μεγάλη ἐντολή
Category: Covenant
NEW — love of God and neighbor, Jesus’ authoritative interpretive summary of ‘the Law and the Prophets’ (22:36-40). Standard rendering; ties Authority of Jesus’ Teaching to a definitive interpretive hierarchy.
Talents Parable
Approved rendering: ತಲಾಂತು
Transliteration: talāntu
Doctrine: Stewardship and Reward
Original: τάλαντα
Category: Eschatology
NEW — a large monetary unit entrusted for stewardship (25:14-30), grounding accountability at the last judgment. Note for translators: the English idiom ‘talent = natural ability’ does not exist in the Greek and should not be imported into teaching material.
Sheep And Goats
Approved rendering: ಕುರಿ / ಆಡು
Transliteration: kuri / āḍu
Doctrine: Judgment and the End of the Age
Original: πρόβατα / ἐρίφια
Category: Eschatology
NEW — agricultural separation imagery for Matthew’s most explicit final-judgment scene (25:32-33). Connect explicitly to ‘the least of these brothers’ criterion in study materials.
Least Of These Brothers
Approved rendering: ಕಿರಿಯ ಸಹೋದರರು
Transliteration: kiriya sahōdararu
Doctrine: Mercy and ‘the Least of These’
Original: ἐλάχιστοι ἀδελφοί
Category: Discipleship
NEW — judgment criteria hinging on concrete acts of mercy toward the vulnerable (25:40,45). Echoes 5:7’s ‘blessed are the merciful’ (ಕರುಣೆಯುಳ್ಳವರು) — preserve this intertextual link in study notes.
Magi
Approved rendering: ಪೂರ್ವದಿಂದ ಬಂದ ಜ್ಞಾನಿಗಳು
Transliteration: pūrvadinda banda jñānigaḷu
Doctrine: Universal Scope and Gentile Inclusion
Rejected alternatives: ಜ್ಯೋತಿಷಿ
Original: μάγοι
Category: Church
NEW — Gentile learned men who recognize and worship the newborn king (ch. 2). Avoid ಜ್ಯೋತಿಷಿ (already rejected in the Romans baseline for ‘prophet’), which would cast them as occult practitioners rather than honored Gentile worshipers anticipating the Great Commission.
Sanhedrin
Approved rendering: ಮಹಾಸಭೆ
Transliteration: mahāsabhe
Doctrine: The Church and Church Discipline
Original: συνέδριον
Category: Church
NEW — the Jewish ruling council that condemned Jesus (26:59). Built on ಸಭೆ (‘assembly’) with the intensifier ಮಹಾ; keep lexically/visually distinct from ಸಭೆ alone, reserved for the Christian church, despite the shared root.
Temptation Testing
Approved rendering: ಶೋಧನೆ / ಪ್ರಲೋಭನೆ
Transliteration: śōdhane / pralōbhane
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and Temptation
Original: πειρασμός / πειράζω
Category: Sin
NEW — a trial proving character or an enticement to sin, depending on agent and context (ch. 4; 6:13). Keep consistent between the wilderness temptation and the Lord’s Prayer petition.
Mammon
Approved rendering: ಸಂಪತ್ತು / ಮಮೋನ
Transliteration: sampattu / mamōna
Doctrine: Discipleship and the Cost of Following Jesus
Original: μαμωνᾶς
Category: Discipleship
NEW — wealth personified as a rival master/deity, ‘you cannot serve God and mammon’ (6:24). Ensure the personifying, rival-master sense (‘serve’) is not lost by translating mammon as merely neutral wealth; ಮಮೋನ may be retained as a transliteration option.
Daily Bread
Approved rendering: ನಿತ್ಯ ಆಹಾರ
Transliteration: nitya āhāra
Doctrine: The Lord’s Prayer and Adoption
Original: ἐπιούσιος (ἄρτος)
Category: God
NEW — bread sufficient for today, teaching dependence on God’s provident care day by day (6:11). Must avoid any fatalistic framing (ಹಣೆಬರಹ), consistent with the baseline’s caution against fatalism-idioms for providence-related petitions.
Debts Forgiveness
Approved rendering: ಸಾಲಗಳು / ಅಪರಾಧಗಳು
Transliteration: sālagaḷu / aparādhagaḷu
Doctrine: Forgiveness and Grace within the Community
Original: ὀφειλήματα
Category: Sin
NEW — moral debt/trespass (sin) pictured through the financial-debt metaphor (6:12). Ensure the moral-debt sense is retained; may pair with ಪಾಪ for clarity in catechetical notes.
Tradition Of Elders
Approved rendering: ಹಿರಿಯರ ಸಂಪ್ರದಾಯ
Transliteration: hiriyara sampradāya
Doctrine: Human Tradition versus God’s Command
Original: παράδοσις τῶν πρεσβυτέρων
Category: Covenant
NEW — oral legal tradition supplementing written Torah, contrasted by Jesus with God’s actual commandment (15:1-9). ಸಂಪ್ರದಾಯ is an active word in Kannada religious life (Haridasa/Lingayat ಸಂಪ್ರದಾಯ); ensure the specific contrast Jesus draws is not misread as a blanket critique of tradition as such.
Abomination Of Desolation
Approved rendering: ಹಾಳುಗೆಡಹುವ ಅಸಹ್ಯ ವಸ್ತು
Transliteration: hāḷugeḍahuva asahya vastu
Doctrine: Judgment and the End of the Age
Original: βδέλυγμα τῆς ἐρημώσεως
Category: Eschatology
NEW — a specific sacrilegious act desecrating the Temple, marking acute end-time crisis (citing Daniel; 24:15). A culturally unfamiliar image requiring an explanatory footnote for readers with low OT literacy.
Temple Veil
Approved rendering: ಪರದೆ
Transliteration: parade
Doctrine: Sin and the Forgiveness of Sins
Original: καταπέτασμα
Category: Salvation
NEW — the barrier separating the Holy of Holies, torn ‘from top to bottom’ at Jesus’ death (27:51), signaling accomplished access to God. Pair with an explanatory note on the Holy of Holies for readers with low OT literacy.
Miracle Sign
Approved rendering: ಅದ್ಭುತ ಕಾರ್ಯ / ಸೂಚಕಕಾರ್ಯ
Transliteration: adbhuta kārya / sūcakakārya
Doctrine: The Authority of Jesus’ Teaching
Rejected alternatives: ಸಿದ್ಧಿ, ಶಕುನ
NEW — Matthew’s healing/exorcism/nature narratives (chs. 8-9, 12, 14-15, 17, 21) require a term for a Spirit-attested confirming act, distinct from ಆತ್ಮಿಕ ವರಗಳು (ongoing enablement) and from ಸಿದ್ಧಿ (yogic attained power). Also distinguish ‘sign’ (σημεῖον) contexts from ಶಕುನ (folk-astrological omen); sign-seeking Pharisees (12:38-39; 16:1-4) and Olivet ‘signs’ (24:3,30) must be rendered with a God-given confirming/revelatory sense, not omen-vocabulary.
Low Risk Terms
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: ಕೃತಜ್ಞತಾಸ್ತುತಿ
Transliteration: kṛtajñatāstuti
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Matthew occurrences: Last Supper (26:27) and Jesus’ own prayers of thanks (11:25; 14:19; 15:36).
Fellowship
Approved rendering: ಅನ್ಯೋನ್ಯತೆ
Transliteration: anyōnyate
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: ಸ್ನೇಹ
Original: κοινωνία (concept)
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Conceptually present at Matt 18:20, ‘where two or three are gathered in my name.‘
Prophet
Approved rendering: ಪ್ರವಾದಿ
Transliteration: pravādi
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: ಜ್ಯೋತಿಷಿ
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Frequent throughout Matthew’s fulfillment-citations (chs. 1-2, 13, 21) and the woes of ch. 23. Never ಜ್ಯೋತಿಷಿ (also never used for the Magi, see magi entry).
Prophecy
Approved rendering: ಪ್ರವಾದನೆ
Transliteration: pravādane
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: ಭವಿಷ್ಯಫಲ
Original: προφητεία
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Underlies Matthew’s fulfillment-formula citations throughout chs. 1-2, 13, 21.
Exhort
Approved rendering: ಪ್ರೋತ್ಸಾಹಿಸುವುದು
Transliteration: prōtsāhisuvudu
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω (concept; 5:4 ‘comforted’)
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Underlies the beatitude ‘they will be comforted’ (5:4, see mourn_comforted entry).
Mourn Comforted
Approved rendering: ದುಃಖಿಸುವವರು / ಸಂತೈಸಲ್ಪಡುವರು
Transliteration: duḥkhisuvavaru / santaisalpaḍuvaru
Doctrine: Beatitudes and Kingdom Character
Original: πενθέω / παρακαλέω
Category: Kingdom
NEW — deep grief over sin and the world’s brokenness, met by God’s own eschatological comfort (5:4). Standard rendering; ensure a translator note clarifies the mourning anticipates God’s eschatological comfort, not merely private bereavement.
Referenced passages