Core Glossary
2 Corinthians — Core Glossary (Phase 1, Step 1)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md, drawn from every chapter of 2 Corinthians (1-13), with the core passage (5:11-21) most heavily represented. Terms already present in the Romans baseline translation_memory.json are marked [BASELINE REUSE] and their recorded Kannada rendering is reused exactly, without alteration. New terms required for this curriculum are marked [NEW TERM] and are proposed here for addition to translation memory at the same risk tier used throughout the baseline (Critical / High / Medium / Low).
Section A — Baseline Terms Reused Exactly (No Change)
These terms recur throughout 2 Corinthians and MUST use the Romans baseline rendering without modification.
| Term (English) | Kannada (baseline) | Risk | 2 Corinthians occurrences (representative) |
|---|---|---|---|
| God | ದೇವರು (Dēvaru) | Critical | Throughout; esp. 1:3, 4:4 (“the god of this age” — contrast), 5:18-21 |
| Jesus | ಯೇಸು (Yēsu) | Critical | Throughout |
| Christ | ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತ (Krista) | Critical | Throughout; esp. 5:14-21 |
| Lord | ಕರ್ತ (karta) | Critical | 3:17-18 (“the Lord is the Spirit”); 4:5; 10:17-18; 13:14 |
| Holy Spirit | ಪವಿತ್ರಾತ್ಮ (Pavitrātma) | Critical | 1:22; 3:3-8, 17-18; 5:5; 13:14 |
| Father | ತಂದೆ (Tande) | Critical | 1:2-3; 6:18; 11:31 |
| grace | ಕೃಪೆ (kṛpe) | High | 1:2; 4:15; 6:1; 8:1,6,7,9,19; 9:8,14; 12:9; 13:14 |
| faith | ನಂಬಿಕೆ (nambike) | High | 1:24; 4:13; 5:7; 8:7; 10:15; 13:5 |
| righteousness | ನೀತಿವಂತಿಕೆ (nītivantike) | Critical | 3:9; 5:21; 6:7,14; 9:9-10; 11:15 |
| salvation | ರಕ್ಷಣೆ (rakṣaṇe) | Critical | 1:6; 6:2; 7:10 |
| resurrection (raised) | ಪುನರುತ್ಥಾನ (punarutthāna) | Critical | 4:14; 5:15 |
| apostle | ಅಪೊಸ್ತಲ (apostala) | Medium | 1:1; 11:5,13; 12:11-12 |
| holy | ಪವಿತ್ರ (pavitra) | High | 6:6; 7:1; 13:12 |
| sanctification (root) | ಪವಿತ್ರೀಕರಣ (pavitrīkaraṇa) | High | conceptual background to 3:18; 7:1 |
| saints | ಪವಿತ್ರ ಜನರು (pavitra janaru) | High | 1:1; 8:4; 9:1,12; 13:12-13 |
| covenant | ಒಡಂಬಡಿಕೆ (oḍambaḍike) | High | 3:6,14 |
| peace | ಶಾಂತಿ (śānti) | Medium | 13:11 |
| glory | ಮಹಿಮೆ (mahime) | High | 3:7-11,18; 4:4,6,17 |
| power of God | ದೇವರ ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯ (Dēvara sāmarthya) | High | 4:7; 6:7; 12:9; 13:4 |
| sin | ಪಾಪ (pāpa) | High | 5:21 |
| fellowship | ಅನ್ಯೋನ್ಯತೆ (anyōnyate) | Low | 6:14; 8:4; 13:14 |
| thanksgiving | ಕೃತಜ್ಞತಾಸ್ತುತಿ (kṛtajñatāstuti) | Low | 1:11; 2:14; 4:15; 9:11-12 |
| church | ಸಭೆ (sabhe) | Medium | 1:1; 8:1,18-24 |
| gospel | ಸುವಾರ್ತೆ (suvārte) | High | 2:12; 4:3-4; 9:13; 10:14; 11:4,7 |
| exhort (encourage / entreat) | ಪ್ರೋತ್ಸಾಹಿಸುವುದು (prōtsāhisuvudu) / ವಿನಂತಿ (entreaty sense) | Low | 1:4-6; 2:8; 5:20; 6:1; 10:1 |
| israel | ಇಸ್ರಾಯೇಲ್ (Isrāyēl) | Medium | 11:22 (Hebrews/Israelites/offspring of Abraham) |
| gentiles | ಅನ್ಯಜನಾಂಗದವರು (anyajanāṅgadavaru) | Medium | conceptual background, ministry to “the nations” (implicit) |
| imputed righteousness (concept root) | ಆರೋಪಿತ ನೀತಿ (āropita nīti) | Critical | conceptually underlies 5:19 (μὴ λογιζόμενος) and 5:21 |
| law (concept, background) | ನಿಯಮಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ (niyamaśāstra) | High | background contrast for 3:6-15 (old covenant) |
| amen | ಆಮೆನ್ (āmen) | Low | 1:20 |
Section B — New Terms for the 2 Corinthians Curriculum
Risk tiers follow the baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json framework: Critical = human theologian review required for every occurrence; High = human theologian review required; Medium = native speaker review recommended; Low = automated review sufficient.
| # | Term (English) | Original (Greek) | Transliteration | Kannada rendering | Risk | Doctrine | Key passages | Rationale / Forbidden alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | reconciled / reconciliation | καταλλάσσω / καταλλαγή | katallassō / katallagē | ಸಂಧಾನಪಡಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವುದು / ಸಂಧಾನ | Critical | Reconciliation with God | 5:18,19,20; 5:19 (κόσμον καταλλάσσων) | God’s own sovereign, gracious restoration of hostile humanity to himself through Christ — not a mutual negotiation of equals (a live secular sense of ಸಂಧಾನ in Kannada) and never assimilated to eventual Aikya-merger. Every occurrence requires theologian review. |
| 2 | ministry of reconciliation | διακονία τῆς καταλλαγῆς | diakonia tēs katallagēs | ಸಂಧಾನದ ಸೇವೆ | Critical | Reconciliation with God | 5:18 | Compound of #1 with “ministry/service”; same cautions apply. |
| 3 | word/message of reconciliation | λόγος τῆς καταλλαγῆς | logos tēs katallagēs | ಸಂಧಾನದ ವಾಕ್ಯ / ಸಂಧಾನದ ಸಂದೇಶ | Critical | Reconciliation with God | 5:19 | A summary-name for the gospel (ಸುವಾರ್ತೆ) itself; keep linked, not treated as a separate message. |
| 4 | be reconciled (imperative) | καταλλάγητε | katallagēte | ಸಂಧಾನಮಾಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳಿರಿ | Critical | Reconciliation with God | 5:20 | Passive imperative — receive God’s finished reconciling work; must not imply the hearer must generate reconciliation by self-effort, works, or ritual. |
| 5 | new creation | καινὴ κτίσις | kainē ktisis | ಹೊಸ ಸೃಷ್ಟಿ | Critical | New Creation in Christ | 5:17 | Doctrinal center of the core passage; must not be read as cyclical cosmic renewal (yuga) or reincarnation (ಪುನರ್ಜನ್ಮ, already forbidden for resurrection). A once-for-all, linear transformation. |
| 6 | one died for all (substitution) | ὑπὲρ πάντων ἀπέθανεν | hyper pantōn apethanen | ಎಲ್ಲರಿಗೋಸ್ಕರ ಸತ್ತನು | Critical | Reconciliation / Atonement | 5:14-15 | Substitutionary atonement; must not be softened to merely exemplary or sympathetic death. |
| 7 | he made him [to be] sin | ἁμαρτίαν ἐποίησεν | hamartian epoiēsen | ಆತನನ್ನು ಪಾಪವನ್ನಾಗಿ ಮಾಡಿದನು | Critical | Reconciliation / Atonement | 5:21 | Highest-priority term in the whole book. Never “made him a sinner” (implying personal corruption in Christ). Preserves the forensic “great exchange.” |
| 8 | not counting trespasses (non-imputation) | μὴ λογιζόμενος | mē logizomenos | ಲೆಕ್ಕಕ್ಕೆ ಹಾಕದೆ | Critical | Reconciliation / Justification | 5:19 | Same λογίζομαι root as baseline imputed_righteousness; cross-reference required in Phase 2 notes — the reverse movement of the same forensic-accounting doctrine. |
| 9 | new covenant / old covenant | καινὴ διαθήκη / παλαιὰ διαθήκη | kainē diathēkē / palaia diathēkē | ಹೊಸ ಒಡಂಬಡಿಕೆ / ಹಳೆ ಒಡಂಬಡಿಕೆ | High | New Covenant vs. Old | 3:6,14 | Built on baseline covenant; central to the letter’s doctrine “The New Covenant versus the Old.” |
| 10 | letter (written code) | γράμμα | gramma | ಅಕ್ಷರ (or ಬರಹ where ambiguity is a concern) | High | New Covenant vs. Old | 3:6 | Collision risk: ಅಕ್ಷರ also names akshara Brahman (the imperishable) in Vedantic usage; must be anchored as “written code,” not cosmic-absolute language. |
| 11 | transformed (into his image) | μεταμορφόω | metamorphoō | ರೂಪಾಂತರ ಹೊಂದುತ್ತೇವೆ | High | Sanctification (extension) | 3:18 | Must not read as mystical self-merging into the divine form (Aikya) or yogic transformation of consciousness. |
| 12 | image | εἰκών | eikōn | ಪ್ರತಿರೂಪ | Medium | Sanctification (extension) | 3:18 | Christ as the pattern of transformation. |
| 13 | veil | κάλυμμα | kalymma | ಮುಸುಕು | Medium | New Covenant vs. Old | 3:13-16 | Figurative spiritual blindness, removed only in Christ. |
| 14 | freedom / liberty | ἐλευθερία | eleutheria | ಸ್ವಾತಂತ್ರ್ಯ | Medium | New Covenant vs. Old | 3:17 | Distinguish from ಮೋಕ್ಷ/ಮುಕ್ತಿ (forbidden for salvation) — relational access-freedom, not cosmic release. |
| 15 | comfort | παράκλησις | paraklēsis | ಆದರಣೆ | High | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | 1:3-7; 7:6-7,13 | Personal divine consolation, not generic psychological calm (cf. baseline caution on ಮನಶ್ಶಾಂತಿ under peace). |
| 16 | affliction / suffering | θλῖψις | thlipsis | ಸಂಕಟ | High | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | 1:4,8; 4:17; 6:4; 7:4; 8:2 | Must not be read as karmic consequence; suffering endured within relationship with a comforting, personal God. |
| 17 | pledge / down payment of the Spirit | ἀρραβών | arrabōn | ಮುಂಗಡ / ಖಾತ್ರಿ | High | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry / Assurance | 1:22; 5:5 | Guarantee of future bodily/inheritance hope; parallels baseline adoption. |
| 18 | treasure in jars of clay | θησαυρὸς ἐν ὀστρακίνοις σκεύεσιν | thēsauros en ostrakinois skeuesin | ಮಣ್ಣಿನ ಪಾತ್ರೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ನಿಕ್ಷೇಪ | High | Power in Weakness | 4:7 | Anchor to ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯ (never ಶಕ್ತಿ). |
| 19 | eternal weight of glory | αἰώνιον βάρος δόξης | aiōnion baros doxēs | ನಿತ್ಯವಾದ ಭಾರವಾದ ಮಹಿಮೆ | High | Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | 4:17 | Built on baseline glory; avoid light-only/illumination imagery merging with mystical associations. |
| 20 | earthly tent / heavenly building | ἐπίγειος οἰκία τοῦ σκήνους / οἰκοδομὴ ἐκ θεοῦ | epigeios oikia / oikodomē ek theou | ಭೂಲೋಕದ ಗುಡಾರ / ದೇವರಿಂದ ಬರುವ ಕಟ್ಟಡ | High | Suffering and Comfort / Resurrection hope | 5:1-4 | Real, future, bodily resurrection hope — not escape into a formless/merged state. |
| 21 | judgment seat of Christ | βῆμα τοῦ Χριστοῦ | bēma tou Christou | ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತನ ನ್ಯಾಯಾಸನ | High | Assurance / Sincerity | 5:10 | Evaluation of a believer’s already-secured standing, not a karmic re-litigation of salvation. |
| 22 | sincerity | εἰλικρίνεια | eilikrineia | ಪ್ರಾಮಾಣಿಕತೆ | Medium | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 1:12; 2:17; 4:2 | Central vocabulary for the sincerity/authority doctrine. |
| 23 | peddling (God’s word) | καπηλεύω | kapēleuō | ದೇವರ ವಾಕ್ಯವನ್ನು ವ್ಯಾಪಾರ ಮಾಡುವವರು | Medium | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 2:17 | Mercenary false teaching vs. Paul’s sincere ministry. |
| 24 | commend (oneself) | συνιστάνω | synistanō | ಶಿಫಾರಸು ಮಾಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವುದು | Medium | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 3:1; 5:12; 10:12,18 | Contrast with false teachers’ self-promoting credentials. |
| 25 | ambassadors | πρεσβεύω | presbeuō | ರಾಯಭಾರಿಗಳು | High | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 5:20 | Delegated, authorized representation of Christ; not a self-appointed guru/teacher role. |
| 26 | grace/generosity in giving | χάρις (applied to giving) | charis | ಕೃಪೆ | High | Generosity and Grace in Giving | 8:1,6,7,9,19; 9:8,14 | Reuse baseline grace; must preserve grace-precedes-generosity logic against both karma-merit and kayaka-dasoha (sacred work/sharing) frameworks. |
| 27 | generosity / simplicity | ἁπλότης | haplotēs | ಔದಾರ್ಯ | Medium | Generosity and Grace in Giving | 8:2; 9:11,13 | Open-hearted, uncalculating giving. |
| 28 | equality | ἰσότης | isotēs | ಸಮಾನತೆ | Medium | Generosity and Grace in Giving | 8:13-14 | Fair mutual balance within the body, not merit redistribution. |
| 29 | riches / poverty of Christ | πλοῦτος / πτωχεία | ploutos / ptōcheia | ಐಶ್ವರ್ಯ / ಬಡತನ | High | Generosity and Grace in Giving | 8:9 | Christ’s voluntary incarnational self-giving; link to baseline incarnation (never ಅವತಾರ). |
| 30 | cheerful giver | ἱλαρὸς δότης | hilaros dotēs | ಸಂತೋಷದಿಂದ ಕೊಡುವವನು | Medium | Generosity and Grace in Giving | 9:7 | Joyful, not compelled or merit-seeking, giving. |
| 31 | sowing and reaping | σπείρω / θερίζω | speirō / therizō | ಬಿತ್ತುವುದು / ಕೊಯ್ಯುವುದು | Medium | Generosity and Grace in Giving | 9:6 | Personal, gracious divine provision — not a mechanistic karma-like law. |
| 32 | boasting | καυχάομαι / καύχησις | kauchaomai / kauchēsis | ಹೆಮ್ಮೆಪಡುವುದು / ಕೊಚ್ಚಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವುದು | High | Genuine vs. False Apostleship | 5:12; 10:8,13,17-18; 11:16-30; 12:1,5-9 | Distinguish sinful self-glorying (honor-shame rivalry) from legitimate “boasting in the Lord.” |
| 33 | false apostles | ψευδαπόστολοι | pseudapostoloi | ಸುಳ್ಳು ಅಪೊಸ್ತಲರು | Critical | Genuine vs. False Apostleship | 11:13 | Deceptive counterfeits of a divine commission; distinguish from both true ಅಪೊಸ್ತಲ and generic guru/ಜಂಗಮ categories. |
| 34 | angel of light (Satan disguised) | ἄγγελος φωτός | angelos phōtos | ಬೆಳಕಿನ ದೂತ | High | Genuine vs. False Apostleship | 11:14 | Counterfeit radiance; contrast with true light of the gospel (ch. 4) must stay unmistakable. |
| 35 | servants/ministers of righteousness (false) | διάκονοι δικαιοσύνης | diakonoi dikaiosynēs | ನೀತಿಯ ಸೇವಕರು | Critical | Genuine vs. False Apostleship | 11:15 | Direct collision risk with true ನೀತಿವಂತಿಕೆ doctrine; mark unmistakably as counterfeit. |
| 36 | godly jealousy | ζῆλος θεοῦ | zēlos theou | ದೇವರ ಆಸಕ್ತಿ | Medium | Genuine vs. False Apostleship | 11:2 | Protective zeal, not sinful envy (ಅಸೂಯೆ’s ordinary negative sense). |
| 37 | signs of an apostle | σημεῖα τοῦ ἀποστόλου | sēmeia tou apostolou | ಅಪೊಸ್ತಲನ ಗುರುತುಗಳು | Medium | Genuine vs. False Apostleship | 12:12 | Marks authenticating a true, sent apostle. |
| 38 | thorn in the flesh | σκόλοψ τῇ σαρκί | skolops tē sarki | ಶರೀರದಲ್ಲಿ ಮುಳ್ಳು | High | Power in Weakness | 12:7 | Unresolved suffering as the occasion for experiencing grace/power. |
| 39 | power is made perfect in weakness | ἡ δύναμις ἐν ἀσθενείᾳ τελεῖται | hē dynamis en astheneia teleitai | ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯವು ಬಲಹೀನತೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಪರಿಪೂರ್ಣವಾಗುತ್ತದೆ | Critical | Power in Weakness | 12:9 | Doctrinal core verse. NEVER ಶಕ್ತಿ for “power”; NEVER ಸಿದ್ಧಿ for “made perfect” (yogic-attainment collision, directly contradicting the doctrine of grace-given power). |
| 40 | weakness | ἀσθένεια | astheneia | ಬಲಹೀನತೆ | High | Power in Weakness | 4:7-12 (concept); 11:30; 12:5,9-10; 13:4,9 | Paradoxical showcase of God’s power; paired with ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯ. |
| 41 | godly grief | λύπη κατὰ θεόν | lypē kata theon | ದೇವರ ಪ್ರಕಾರವಾದ ದುಃಖ | High | Sincerity / Repentance (extension) | 7:9-10 | Sorrow aligned with God, leading to repentance and life. |
| 42 | repentance | μετάνοια | metanoia | ಮಾನಸಾಂತರ | High | Sincerity / Repentance (extension) | 7:9-10 | Forbidden substitution: NEVER ಪ್ರಾಯಶ್ಚಿತ್ತ (ritual expiation/penance) — a Spirit-wrought change of heart, not a self-performed compensatory ritual act. |
| 43 | worldly grief | ἡ τοῦ κόσμου λύπη | hē tou kosmou lypē | ಲೋಕದ ದುಃಖ | Medium | Sincerity / Repentance (extension) | 7:10 | Contrast term to godly grief. |
| 44 | unequally yoked | ἑτεροζυγέω | heterozygeō | ಅಸಮಾನವಾಗಿ ನೊಗ ಹೊರುವುದು | High | Sanctification (extension) | 6:14 | Distinction of faith-commitment, not caste-purity separation. |
| 45 | temple of God | ναὸς θεοῦ | naos theou | ದೇವರ ದೇವಾಲಯ | High | Sanctification (extension) | 6:16 | Distinct metaphorical use from church (ಸಭೆ); requires translator note distinguishing from actual Hindu temple reference given direct contrast with idols in the same verse. |
| 46 | idols | εἴδωλον | eidōlon | ವಿಗ್ರಹಗಳು | High | Sanctification (extension) | 6:16 | Culturally sensitive; theological incompatibility, not personal insult. |
| 47 | defilement | μολυσμός | molysmos | ಕಲ್ಮಶ / ಮಲಿನತೆ | High | Sanctification (extension) | 7:1 | Moral-spiritual, not caste/ritual-purity, defilement. |
| 48 | holiness | ἁγιωσύνη | hagiōsynē | ಪವಿತ್ರತೆ | High | Sanctification (extension) | 7:1 | Built on baseline holy; goal of the 6:14-7:1 appeal. |
| 49 | day of salvation / favorable time | ἡμέρα σωτηρίας / καιρὸς δεκτός | hēmera sōtērias / kairos dektos | ರಕ್ಷಣೆಯ ದಿನ | Critical | Reconciliation (extension) | 6:2 | Reuses baseline salvation; never ಮೋಕ್ಷ/ಮುಕ್ತಿ/ಐಕ್ಯ. |
| 50 | the god of this age | ὁ θεὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου | ho theos tou aiōnos toutou | ಈ ಯುಗದ ದೇವರು | High | (Christology/cosmology background) | 4:4 | Ironic naming of Satan; requires translator note it is not a second true deity, to avoid confusion with ದೇವರು. |
| 51 | light (of the gospel) | φωτισμός / φῶς | phōtismos / phōs | ಬೆಳಕು | High | (Gospel/Glory background) | 4:4,6 | Anchor to gospel content; avoid mystical-illumination merging (as with baseline glory). |
| 52 | forgive / grant graciously | χαρίζομαι | charizomai | ಕ್ಷಮಿಸು | Medium | Reconciliation (extension) | 2:7,10 | Root-linked to grace; forgiveness as gift, not discharged penance. |
| 53 | triumph (in Christ) | θριαμβεύω | thriambeuō | ಜಯದ ಮೆರವಣಿಗೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ನಡೆಸುತ್ತಾನೆ | Medium | (Ministry background) | 2:14 | Roman-triumph imagery; needs contextual gloss, no syncretism risk. |
| 54 | aroma/fragrance of Christ | εὐωδία / ὀσμή | euōdia / osmē | ಸುವಾಸನೆ | Medium | (Ministry background) | 2:15-16 | Note possible resonance with ritual-incense imagery; keep non-meritorious. |
| 55 | fear of the Lord | φόβος (κυρίου) | phobos (kyriou) | ಕರ್ತನ ಭಯ | Medium | (Core passage introduction) | 5:11 | Reverential awe, not fatalistic dread. |
| 56 | love of Christ (controls us) | ἀγάπη τοῦ Χριστοῦ / συνέχει | agapē tou Christou / synechō | ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತನ ಪ್ರೀತಿ … ಒತ್ತಾಯಿಸುತ್ತದೆ | Medium | (Core passage motivation) | 5:14 | Christ’s active self-giving love compelling ministry, not external duty. |
| 57 | according to the flesh | κατὰ σάρκα | kata sarka | ಶರೀರರೀತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ | Medium | (Core passage) | 5:16 | Human/worldly standard of evaluation; distinct from the affirming sense at Christ’s true incarnate humanity elsewhere. |
| 58 | visions and revelations | ἀποκαλύψεις | apokalypseis | ಪ್ರಕಟನೆಗಳು | Medium | Power in Weakness (background) | 12:1,7 | God-given disclosure, not self-attained mystical ascent. |
| 59 | examine yourselves | δοκιμάζετε | dokimazete | ನಿಮ್ಮನ್ನು ನೀವೇ ಪರೀಕ್ಷಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳಿರಿ | High | Sincerity and Apostolic Authority / Assurance | 13:5 | Test for genuine presence of Christ/faith, not a karmic merit-audit. |
| 60 | trinitarian benediction (grace, love, fellowship) | χάρις, ἀγάπη, κοινωνία | charis, agapē, koinōnia | ಕೃಪೆ, ಪ್ರೀತಿ, ಅನ್ಯೋನ್ಯತೆ | High | (Closing Trinitarian formula) | 13:14 | Distinct works of Son, Father, Spirit must remain clear and unmerged, consistent with same-rendering-across-documents rule in the baseline instruction set. |
Risk Summary for 2 Corinthians New Terms
| Risk Tier | Count (new terms, Section B) | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 9 | Human theologian (mandatory, every occurrence) |
| High | 26 | Human theologian |
| Medium | 24 | Native speaker review |
| Low | 1 | Automated review |
| Total new terms | 60 | — |
Combined with the 27 baseline terms reused exactly (Section A), this glossary covers 87 tracked terms for the 2 Corinthians curriculum.
Notes for Phase 2 Integration
- All Section A terms must be loaded from the existing Romans
translation_memory.jsonwithout modification; do not create duplicate or variant entries. - All Section B terms should be added to
translation_memory.jsonas new entries (version incremented) before Phase 2 segment translation begins, following the same JSON schema as the baseline. - Terms #6, #7, #8, #39 (substitutionary death, “made him sin,” non-imputation, “power made perfect in weakness”) require the highest scrutiny in this curriculum — each carries a specific forbidden-substitution risk (respectively: softened exemplary-death readings; “made him a sinner”; imputation logic disconnected from baseline
imputed_righteousness; and ಸಿದ್ಧಿ/ಶಕ್ತಿ substitutions) and should be added to an updated forbidden-substitution list alongside the baseline’s existing set. - Term #45 (temple of God) and #46 (idols) require special sensitivity review given the passage’s explicit rhetorical contrast with idol worship in a culturally live context; recommend native speaker + theologian joint review rather than either alone.
- Term #10 (γράμμα/ಅಕ್ಷರ) is a newly identified Karnataka-specific collision (Vedantic akshara Brahman) not previously documented in the Romans baseline and should be flagged prominently in the forthcoming doctrine risk registry update for 2 Corinthians.
This document extends, and must never contradict, the baseline translation_memory.json, bible_term_registry.json, and doctrine_risk_registry.json. It feeds into subsequent Phase 1 steps (doctrine risk registry update, AI translation requirements update) for the 2 Corinthians curriculum.
Critical Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: ನೀತಿವಂತಿಕೆ
Transliteration: nītivantike
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ಧರ್ಮ, ಪುಣ್ಯ
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
CRITICAL: never ಧರ್ಮ. In 2 Corinthians, the fullest statement is 5:21 (‘we might become the righteousness of God’), and it is counterfeited by false apostles posing as ‘servants of righteousness’ (11:15). [Inherited unchanged from the Romans baseline translation_memory.json.]
Justification
Approved rendering: ನೀತಿವಂತರೆಂದು ನಿರ್ಣಯಿಸುವುದು
Transliteration: nītivantarendu nirṇayisuvudu
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ಕ್ಷಮೆ ಪಡೆಯುವುದು, ಪುಣ್ಯ ಗಳಿಸುವುದು
Compound phrase required; a forensic declaration of right standing, never abbreviated to a single word. Conceptually underlies 2 Corinthians 5:19,21 alongside imputed_righteousness; retained for cross-reference even though the exact compound is not itself repeated in 2 Corinthians. [Inherited unchanged from the Romans baseline translation_memory.json.]
Salvation
Approved rendering: ರಕ್ಷಣೆ
Transliteration: rakṣaṇe
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ಮೋಕ್ಷ, ಮುಕ್ತಿ, ಐಕ್ಯ
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
CRITICAL: NEVER ಮೋಕ್ಷ or ಮುಕ್ತಿ and NEVER ಐಕ್ಯ (Lingayat final merger with Shiva). Occurs in 2 Corinthians at 1:6; 6:2 (‘day of salvation’); 7:10 (godly grief ‘produces salvation’). [Inherited unchanged from the Romans baseline translation_memory.json.]
Jesus
Approved rendering: ಯೇಸು
Transliteration: Yēsu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ಈಸಾ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
ಯೇಸು is the Kannada Christian standard; ಈಸಾ is associated with Muslim/Urdu usage. Occurs throughout 2 Corinthians, especially 4:5-14; 5:18-21; 11:4. [Inherited unchanged from the Romans baseline translation_memory.json.]
God
Approved rendering: ದೇವರು
Transliteration: Dēvaru
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ಭಗವಂತ, ಪರಶಿವ
Original: θεός
Category: God
CRITICAL. Note the ironic contrast at 2 Corinthians 4:4 (‘the god of this age’ = Satan), which requires careful glossing so as not to imply a second true ದೇವರು. [Inherited unchanged from the Romans baseline translation_memory.json.]
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: ಪವಿತ್ರಾತ್ಮ
Transliteration: Pavitrātma
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: ಪರಮಾತ್ಮ
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
CRITICAL: never ಪರಮಾತ್ಮ. Central to 2 Corinthians 3:3-8,17-18 (‘the Lord is the Spirit’), the down-payment of 1:22 and 5:5, and the benediction of 13:14. [Inherited unchanged from the Romans baseline translation_memory.json.]
Father
Approved rendering: ತಂದೆ
Transliteration: Tande
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: ಸೃಷ್ಟಿಕರ್ತ
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
God as personal Father. Occurs in 2 Corinthians 1:2-3 (‘Father of mercies’); 6:18; 11:31; 13:14. [Inherited unchanged from the Romans baseline translation_memory.json.]
Resurrection
Approved rendering: ಪುನರುತ್ಥಾನ
Transliteration: punarutthāna
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ಪುನರ್ಜನ್ಮ
Original: ἀνάστασις / ἐγείρω
Category: Eschatology
CRITICAL: NEVER ಪುನರ್ಜನ್ಮ. Occurs in 2 Corinthians at 4:14 (God ‘who raised the Lord Jesus’) and 5:15 (‘was raised’); grounds the believer’s future bodily hope (5:1-4). [Inherited unchanged from the Romans baseline translation_memory.json.]
Lord
Approved rendering: ಕರ್ತ
Transliteration: karta
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ಸ್ವಾಮಿ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
CRITICAL: never ಸ್ವಾಮಿ. Occurs in 2 Corinthians at 3:17-18 (‘the Lord is the Spirit’), 4:5, 10:17-18 (‘let the one who boasts, boast in the Lord’), and the benediction of 13:14. [Inherited unchanged from the Romans baseline translation_memory.json.]
Incarnation
Approved rendering: ದೇಹಧಾರಣೆ
Transliteration: dēhadhāraṇe
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: ಅವತಾರ
CRITICAL: NEVER ಅವತಾರ. Directly relevant to 2 Corinthians 8:9, Christ’s voluntary ‘becoming poor’ — his one, unique incarnational self-giving, never a repeatable divine descent. [Inherited unchanged from the Romans baseline translation_memory.json.]
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: ಆರೋಪಿತ ನೀತಿ
Transliteration: āropita nīti
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: ಸ್ವಂತ ಸಾಧನೆಯ ನೀತಿ
Original: ἐλογίσθη … εἰς δικαιοσύνην
Category: Salvation
Credited righteousness, not self-attained. In 2 Corinthians, the same λογίζομαι/accounting root underlies 5:19 (‘not counting their trespasses’) as its forensic mirror-image, and 5:21 states the doctrine in full. Cross-reference all three occurrences in Phase 2 segment notes. [Inherited unchanged from the Romans baseline translation_memory.json.]
Christ
Approved rendering: ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತ
Transliteration: Krista
Doctrine: Christology
Rejected alternatives: ಅವತಾರಪುರುಷ
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Formalized here as a standalone entry (not separately keyed in the Romans baseline TM, though used within compounds there). Established Kannada Christian transliteration; never substitute a title suggesting an avatar-descent or an honored human teacher. Used throughout 2 Corinthians, especially 5:14-21.
Reconciliation
Approved rendering: ಸಂಧಾನ / ಸಂಧಾನಪಡಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವುದು
Transliteration: sandhāna / sandhānapaḍisikoḷḷuvudu
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Rejected alternatives: ಐಕ್ಯ, ಒಂದಾಗುವುದು
Original: καταλλαγή / καταλλάσσω
Category: Reconciliation
ಸಂಧಾನ is the everyday secular Kannada word for a negotiated settlement or treaty between two roughly equal parties (including arranged-marriage negotiations); must be anchored every occurrence so readers understand God’s own sovereign, gracious initiative toward hostile humanity, not a mutual bargain. NEVER ಐಕ್ಯ (Veerashaiva merger, dissolving distinction). Key passages: 2 Corinthians 5:18,19,20; 6:2.
Ministry Of Reconciliation
Approved rendering: ಸಂಧಾನದ ಸೇವೆ
Transliteration: sandhānada sēve
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Original: διακονία τῆς καταλλαγῆς
Category: Reconciliation
Compound of the Critical ‘reconciliation’ term with ಸೇವೆ (service/ministry). An authorized task entrusted by God to Paul and, by extension, all believers, not a self-initiated mediating role. Key passage: 2 Corinthians 5:18.
Word Of Reconciliation
Approved rendering: ಸಂಧಾನದ ವಾಕ್ಯ
Transliteration: sandhānada vākya
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Original: λόγος τῆς καταλλαγῆς
Category: Reconciliation
A summary-name for ಸುವಾರ್ತೆ (the gospel), not a separate message; keep vocabulary consistent with the other reconciliation entries. Key passage: 2 Corinthians 5:19.
Be Reconciled Imperative
Approved rendering: ಸಂಧಾನಮಾಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳಿರಿ
Transliteration: sandhānamāḍikoḷḷiri
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Rejected alternatives: ಸ್ವಂತ ಪ್ರಯತ್ನದಿಂದ ಸಂಧಾನ ಮಾಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವುದು
Original: καταλλάγητε
Category: Reconciliation
Grammatically passive imperative in Greek — receive, do not generate, the reconciliation God has already accomplished. Must not imply the hearer must achieve reconciliation through effort, ritual, or discipline. Key passage: 2 Corinthians 5:20.
New Creation
Approved rendering: ಹೊಸ ಸೃಷ್ಟಿ
Transliteration: hosa sṛṣṭi
Doctrine: New Creation in Christ
Rejected alternatives: ಪುನರ್ಜನ್ಮ, ಯುಗಾಂತರ
Original: καινὴ κτίσις
Category: New Creation
Doctrinal center of the core passage. Must not be assimilated to a fresh turn of the cyclical yuga cosmology, or to personal rebirth (ಪುನರ್ಜನ್ಮ, already forbidden under ‘resurrection’). A once-for-all, linear, non-repeatable transformation of identity in Christ. Key passage: 2 Corinthians 5:17.
Died For All
Approved rendering: ಎಲ್ಲರಿಗೋಸ್ಕರ ಸತ್ತನು
Transliteration: ellarigōskara sattanu
Doctrine: Substitutionary Atonement
Rejected alternatives: ಎಲ್ಲರಿಗಾಗಿ ಮಾದರಿಯಾಗಿ ಸತ್ತನು
Original: ὑπὲρ πάντων ἀπέθανεν
Category: Reconciliation
Substitutionary, representative death; must not be softened to a merely exemplary or sympathetic death. ಗೋಸ್ಕರ (‘for the sake of’) must carry substitution consistently at 5:14, 15, and 21. Key passages: 2 Corinthians 5:14-15.
Made Him Sin
Approved rendering: ಆತನನ್ನು ಪಾಪವನ್ನಾಗಿ ಮಾಡಿದನು
Transliteration: ātanannu pāpavannāgi māḍidanu
Doctrine: Substitutionary Atonement
Rejected alternatives: ಆತನನ್ನು ಪಾಪಿಯನ್ನಾಗಿ ಮಾಡಿದನು
Original: ἁμαρτίαν ἐποίησεν
Category: Reconciliation
The single highest-priority term in this book. NEVER ‘made him a sinner’ (implying personal moral corruption in Christ). Preserves the paradoxical forensic force of the ‘great exchange,’ paired with ನೀತಿವಂತಿಕೆ in the same verse. Key passage: 2 Corinthians 5:21.
Not Counting Trespasses
Approved rendering: ಲೆಕ್ಕಕ್ಕೆ ಹಾಕದೆ
Transliteration: lekkakke hākade
Doctrine: Substitutionary Atonement
Rejected alternatives: ಕ್ಷಮಿಸಿ
Original: μὴ λογιζόμενος
Category: Reconciliation
Non-imputation of sin, the reverse forensic movement of imputed_righteousness (ಆರೋಪಿತ ನೀತಿ). Cross-reference both occurrences in Phase 2 notes so the shared accounting metaphor is recognized. Key passage: 2 Corinthians 5:19.
False Apostles
Approved rendering: ಸುಳ್ಳು ಅಪೊಸ್ತಲರು
Transliteration: suḷḷu apostalaru
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: ಅನಧಿಕೃತ ಬೋಧಕರು
Original: ψευδαπόστολοι
Category: Apostleship
Satan-empowered counterfeits of a divine commission; must not be softened to ‘unlicensed teachers,’ nor mapped onto local ಗುರು/ಜಂಗಮ teacher categories. Key passage: 2 Corinthians 11:13.
Servants Of Righteousness False
Approved rendering: ನೀತಿಯ ಸೇವಕರು
Transliteration: nītiya sēvakaru
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: διάκονοι δικαιοσύνης
Category: Apostleship
Direct collision risk with the Critical term ನೀತಿವಂತಿಕೆ; must be marked unmistakably as a counterfeit claim. Key passage: 2 Corinthians 11:15.
Power Made Perfect In Weakness
Approved rendering: ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯವು ಬಲಹೀನತೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಪರಿಪೂರ್ಣವಾಗುತ್ತದೆ
Transliteration: sāmarthyavu balahīnateyalli paripūrṇavāguttade
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Rejected alternatives: ಶಕ್ತಿಯು ಬಲಹೀನತೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಸಿದ್ಧಿಗೆ ಬರುತ್ತದೆ
Original: ἡ δύναμις ἐν ἀσθενείᾳ τελεῖται
Category: Power in Weakness
Doctrinal core verse. NEVER ಶಕ್ತಿ for ‘power’; NEVER ಸಿದ್ಧಿ for ‘made perfect’ (yogic-attainment collision, already forbidden under spiritual_gifts). Use ಪರಿಪೂರ್ಣ/ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣ instead. Key passage: 2 Corinthians 12:9.
Day Of Salvation
Approved rendering: ರಕ್ಷಣೆಯ ದಿನ
Transliteration: rakṣaṇeya dina
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God
Rejected alternatives: ಮೋಕ್ಷದ ದಿನ
Original: ἡμέρα σωτηρίας / καιρὸς δεκτός
Category: Reconciliation
Reuses baseline ರಕ್ಷಣೆ; never ಮೋಕ್ಷ/ಮುಕ್ತಿ/ಐಕ್ಯ. The urgency of ‘now’ must not collapse into fatalistic ಹಣೆಬರಹ. Key passage: 2 Corinthians 6:2.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: ಸುವಾರ್ತೆ
Transliteration: suvārte
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: ಸುದ್ದಿ
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Established Kannada Christian term (su- ‘good’ + vārte ‘news’). Avoid the generic ಸುದ್ದಿ (news), which lacks the technical sense of the one saving proclamation. In 2 Corinthians also distinguished from a rival ‘different gospel’ brought by false teachers (11:4). [Inherited unchanged from the Romans baseline translation_memory.json.]
Grace
Approved rendering: ಕೃಪೆ
Transliteration: kṛpe
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: ಕರ್ಮಫಲ, ಪುಣ್ಯ
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Unmerited favor apart from human merit. In 2 Corinthians 8-9, grace is specifically the wellspring of generous giving (8:1,6,7,9,19; 9:8,14) and must preserve the contrast against both the karma-merit economy and the Lingayat kayaka-dasoha (sacred work and sharing) ethic: grace received produces generosity, not generosity producing standing. Also central to 12:9 (‘my grace is sufficient’). [Inherited unchanged from the Romans baseline translation_memory.json.]
Faith
Approved rendering: ನಂಬಿಕೆ
Transliteration: nambike
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: ಭಕ್ತಿ
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Personal trust in Christ specifically; ಭಕ್ತಿ carries the devotional-surrender sense central to Haridasa Krishna-bhakti and Lingayat devotion. Occurs in 2 Corinthians at 1:24; 4:13; 5:7; 8:7; 10:15; 13:5, the last linked to self-examination. [Inherited unchanged from the Romans baseline translation_memory.json.]
Holy
Approved rendering: ಪವಿತ್ರ
Transliteration: pavitra
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: ಶುದ್ಧ
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Set apart for God and morally pure. Occurs in 2 Corinthians at 6:6; 7:1; 13:12 (holy kiss). [Inherited unchanged from the Romans baseline translation_memory.json.]
Saints
Approved rendering: ಪವಿತ್ರ ಜನರು
Transliteration: pavitra janaru
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: ಶರಣರು, ಸಂತರು
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Never ಶರಣರು (the Veerashaiva Sharana poet-saint title implying Aikya attainment). Occurs in 2 Corinthians at 1:1; 8:4; 9:1,12; 13:12-13, referring to ordinary believers, including recipients of the Jerusalem collection. [Inherited unchanged from the Romans baseline translation_memory.json.]
Sanctification
Approved rendering: ಪವಿತ್ರೀಕರಣ
Transliteration: pavitrīkaraṇa
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: ಶುದ್ಧೀಕರಣ
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
The Spirit’s ongoing work of making believers holy. Conceptually underlies the transformation-into-Christ’s-image doctrine (3:18) and the call to holiness (7:1). [Inherited unchanged from the Romans baseline translation_memory.json.]
Covenant
Approved rendering: ಒಡಂಬಡಿಕೆ
Transliteration: oḍambaḍike
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: ಒಪ್ಪಂದ
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Established Kannada Christian term for a binding relational bond, never the transactional ಒಪ್ಪಂದ. Foundational to the ‘New Covenant versus the Old’ doctrine of 2 Corinthians 3:6,14. [Inherited unchanged from the Romans baseline translation_memory.json.]
Law
Approved rendering: ನಿಯಮಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ
Transliteration: niyamaśāstra
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: ಧರ್ಮ
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Torah/Mosaic law. NEVER ಧರ್ಮ. Background contrast throughout 2 Corinthians 3 (old covenant). [Inherited unchanged from the Romans baseline translation_memory.json.]
Sin
Approved rendering: ಪಾಪ
Transliteration: pāpa
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: ಅಧರ್ಮ
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Moral transgression before a personal God. Central to 2 Corinthians 5:21, where Christ ‘who knew no sin’ was ‘made sin’ for believers. [Inherited unchanged from the Romans baseline translation_memory.json.]
Glory
Approved rendering: ಮಹಿಮೆ
Transliteration: mahime
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ತೇಜಸ್ಸು
Original: δόξα
Category: God
God’s radiant honor; avoid light-only imagery merging with mystical-illumination associations. Central to the comparative argument of 2 Corinthians 3:7-11,18 and to 4:4,6,17. [Inherited unchanged from the Romans baseline translation_memory.json.]
Power Of God
Approved rendering: ದೇವರ ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯ
Transliteration: Dēvara Sāmarthya
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ಶಕ್ತಿ
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: God
Use ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯ; never ಶಕ್ತಿ (Shakta divine-feminine power, e.g. Chamundeshwari at Mysore). Central to 2 Corinthians 4:7; 6:7; 12:9; 13:4, the doctrinal heart of ‘Power in Weakness.’ [Inherited unchanged from the Romans baseline translation_memory.json.]
New Covenant
Approved rendering: ಹೊಸ ಒಡಂಬಡಿಕೆ
Transliteration: hosa oḍambaḍike
Doctrine: New Covenant vs. Old
Rejected alternatives: ಹೊಸ ಒಪ್ಪಂದ
Original: καινὴ διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Built on baseline covenant (ಒಡಂಬಡಿಕೆ), never the transactional ಒಪ್ಪಂದ. Key passages: 2 Corinthians 3:6,14.
Old Covenant
Approved rendering: ಹಳೆ ಒಡಂಬಡಿಕೆ
Transliteration: haḷe oḍambaḍike
Doctrine: New Covenant vs. Old
Rejected alternatives: ಹಳೆ ಒಪ್ಪಂದ
Original: παλαιὰ διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Must not be rendered so as to disparage the Mosaic covenant as worthless; the text’s argument is comparative (lesser glory, not no glory). Key passages: 2 Corinthians 3:6,14.
Letter Written Code
Approved rendering: ಅಕ್ಷರ
Transliteration: akṣara
Doctrine: The Letter and the Spirit
Original: γράμμα
Category: Covenant
Karnataka-specific collision: ಅಕ್ಷರ is also the term in ‘akshara Brahman,’ a well-known Vedantic (Bhagavad Gita) epithet for the imperishable ultimate reality. Here the sense is the opposite — a mere written code, powerless without the Spirit. Anchor as ಬರೆದ ಅಕ್ಷರ (‘the written letter’) or substitute ಬರಹ (baraha, ‘writing’) where ambiguity risk is high. Key passage: 2 Corinthians 3:6.
Transformed Into Image
Approved rendering: ರೂಪಾಂತರ ಹೊಂದುತ್ತೇವೆ
Transliteration: rūpāntara hoṇduttēve
Doctrine: Transformation into Christ’s Image
Rejected alternatives: ಐಕ್ಯವಾಗುತ್ತೇವೆ
Original: μεταμορφόω
Category: Sanctification
Anchor to ಪವಿತ್ರಾತ್ಮ as active agent and ಪ್ರತಿರೂಪ (Christ’s image) as the fixed pattern. Must not read as mystical self-merging into the divine form (Aikya) or yogic transformation of consciousness. Key passage: 2 Corinthians 3:18.
Comfort
Approved rendering: ಆದರಣೆ
Transliteration: ādaraṇe
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Rejected alternatives: ಮನಶ್ಶಾಂತಿ
Original: παράκλησις
Category: Suffering and Comfort
Personal, active, relational divine consolation, not generic psychological calm or self-generated meditative equanimity. Theological keynote of chapter 1 (used ~10x in vv. 3-7); recurs at 7:6-7,13.
Affliction
Approved rendering: ಸಂಕಟ
Transliteration: saṅkaṭa
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Original: θλῖψις
Category: Suffering and Comfort
External hardship endured in gospel ministry; must not be read through the common Kannada folk-explanatory frame of accumulated-karma consequence. Key passages: 1:4,8; 4:17; 6:4; 7:4; 8:2; 11:23-33.
Pledge Of Spirit
Approved rendering: ಮುಂಗಡ
Transliteration: muṅgaḍa
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry / Assurance
Original: ἀρραβών
Category: Assurance
The Holy Spirit as God’s guarantee/down-payment of the believer’s future, full inheritance; tied to certainty of a future, bodily inheritance, paralleling baseline adoption. Also rendered ಖಾತ್ರಿ (guarantee) as a secondary gloss. Key passages: 1:22; 5:5.
Treasure In Jars Of Clay
Approved rendering: ಮಣ್ಣಿನ ಪಾತ್ರೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ನಿಕ್ಷೇಪ
Transliteration: maṇṇina pātregaḷalli nikṣēpa
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: θησαυρὸς ἐν ὀστρακίνοις σκεύεσιν
Category: Power in Weakness
The gospel’s surpassing power held in the frail human apostolic messenger; keep plainly connected to ದೇವರ ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯ, never ಶಕ್ತಿ. Key passage: 2 Corinthians 4:7.
Eternal Weight Of Glory
Approved rendering: ನಿತ್ಯವಾದ ಭಾರವಾದ ಮಹಿಮೆ
Transliteration: nityavāda bhāravāda mahime
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry
Original: αἰώνιον βάρος δόξης
Category: Suffering and Comfort
Built on baseline ಮಹಿಮೆ; avoid light-only imagery merging with mystical-illumination motifs. Key passage: 2 Corinthians 4:17.
Earthly Tent Heavenly Building
Approved rendering: ಭೂಲೋಕದ ಗುಡಾರ / ದೇವರಿಂದ ಬರುವ ಕಟ್ಟಡ
Transliteration: bhūlōkada guḍāra / Dēvarinda baruva kaṭṭaḍa
Doctrine: Resurrection Hope and the Heavenly Dwelling
Original: ἐπίγειος οἰκία τοῦ σκήνους / οἰκοδομὴ ἐκ θεοῦ
Category: Resurrection Hope
The mortal body as a temporary tent, contrasted with the permanent, God-given resurrection body. Must convey a real, future, bodily hope, not escape into a formless or merged spiritual state. Key passages: 2 Corinthians 5:1-4.
Judgment Seat Of Christ
Approved rendering: ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತನ ನ್ಯಾಯಾಸನ
Transliteration: Kristana nyāyāsana
Doctrine: The Judgment Seat of Christ
Original: βῆμα τοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Assurance
Evaluation of a believer’s already-secured standing and stewardship, not a karmic re-litigation of justification (cf. 5:21). Key passage: 2 Corinthians 5:10.
Ambassadors
Approved rendering: ರಾಯಭಾರಿಗಳು
Transliteration: rāyabhārigaḷu
Doctrine: Ambassadors of Christ
Original: πρεσβεύω
Category: Apostleship
Delegated, authorized representation of Christ’s own appeal; must be anchored so it is unmistakably Christ’s ambassador, not a freelance messenger or self-attained guru/teacher role. Key passage: 2 Corinthians 5:20.
Riches Poverty Of Christ
Approved rendering: ಐಶ್ವರ್ಯ ಮತ್ತು ಬಡತನ
Transliteration: aiśvarya mattu baḍatana
Doctrine: Christ’s Voluntary Poverty
Rejected alternatives: ಅವತಾರ
Original: πλοῦτος / πτωχεία
Category: Giving
Christ’s voluntary incarnational self-giving; must not be read as a repeatable divine descent (Haridasa Krishna-avatar pattern) nor as a detached moral example. Key passage: 2 Corinthians 8:9.
Boasting
Approved rendering: ಹೆಮ್ಮೆಪಡುವುದು
Transliteration: hemmepaḍuvudu
Doctrine: Legitimate versus Illegitimate Boasting
Original: καυχάομαι / καύχησις
Category: Apostleship
Distinguish sinful self-glorying/rivalry (a live honor-shame dynamic) from legitimate glorying in what the Lord has done (10:17, ಕರ್ತ). Key passages: 5:12; 10:8,13,17-18; 11:16-30; 12:1,5-9.
Angel Of Light
Approved rendering: ಬೆಳಕಿನ ದೂತ
Transliteration: beḷakina dūta
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: ἄγγελος φωτός
Category: Apostleship
Satan’s counterfeit radiance; shares root vocabulary with the true light of the gospel (ch. 4) — the contrast must stay unmistakable. Key passage: 2 Corinthians 11:14.
Thorn In Flesh
Approved rendering: ಶರೀರದಲ್ಲಿ ಮುಳ್ಳು
Transliteration: śarīrada muḷḷu
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: σκόλοψ τῇ σαρκί
Category: Power in Weakness
A persistent, unresolved affliction met by grace, not evidence of karmic debt or ritual impurity. Key passage: 2 Corinthians 12:7.
Weakness
Approved rendering: ಬಲಹೀನತೆ
Transliteration: balahīnate
Doctrine: Power in Weakness
Original: ἀσθένεια
Category: Power in Weakness
Paradoxical showcase of God’s power; must never be recast as shameful failure requiring concealment, since Paul explicitly boasts in it. Key passages: 4:7-12; 11:30; 12:5,9-10; 13:4,9.
Godly Grief
Approved rendering: ದೇವರ ಪ್ರಕಾರವಾದ ದುಃಖ
Transliteration: Dēvara prakāravāda duḥkha
Doctrine: Godly Grief and Repentance
Original: λύπη κατὰ θεόν
Category: Repentance
Sorrow aligned with God’s own values, producing repentance and life; central to the letter’s pastoral theology. Key passages: 2 Corinthians 7:9-10.
Repentance
Approved rendering: ಮಾನಸಾಂತರ
Transliteration: mānasāntara
Doctrine: Godly Grief and Repentance
Rejected alternatives: ಪ್ರಾಯಶ್ಚಿತ್ತ
Original: μετάνοια
Category: Repentance
FORBIDDEN SUBSTITUTION: never ಪ್ರಾಯಶ್ಚಿತ್ತ (Hindu/Jain ritual expiation/penance). A Spirit-wrought change of heart that receives grace, not a self-performed compensatory act. Key passages: 2 Corinthians 7:9-10.
Unequally Yoked
Approved rendering: ಅಸಮಾನವಾಗಿ ನೊಗ ಹೊರುವುದು
Transliteration: asamānavāgi noga horuvudu
Doctrine: Separation and Holiness
Original: ἑτεροζυγέω
Category: Sanctification
A distinction of faith-commitment (belief vs. unbelief), not a caste-purity or ritual-separation reading. Key passage: 2 Corinthians 6:14.
Temple Of God
Approved rendering: ದೇವರ ದೇವಾಲಯ
Transliteration: Dēvara dēvālaya
Doctrine: Temple of God and Idolatry
Original: ναὸς θεοῦ
Category: Sanctification
Believers corporately as God’s dwelling place, contrasted with idol-temples; ದೇವಾಲಯ is also the ordinary word for a Hindu temple, so a translator note is essential. Key passage: 2 Corinthians 6:16.
Idols
Approved rendering: ವಿಗ್ರಹಗಳು
Transliteration: vigrahagaḷu
Doctrine: Temple of God and Idolatry
Original: εἴδωλον
Category: Sanctification
Highly culturally sensitive; render with doctrinal clarity but without contemptuous phrasing toward practitioners of image veneration. Key passage: 2 Corinthians 6:16.
Defilement
Approved rendering: ಕಲ್ಮಶ
Transliteration: kalmaśa
Doctrine: Separation and Holiness
Original: μολυσμός
Category: Sanctification
Moral-spiritual contamination, not caste/ritual purity; anchor to baseline sanctification. Key passage: 2 Corinthians 7:1.
Holiness
Approved rendering: ಪವಿತ್ರತೆ
Transliteration: pavitrate
Doctrine: Separation and Holiness
Original: ἁγιωσύνη
Category: Sanctification
Built on baseline ಪವಿತ್ರ; goal of the 6:14-7:1 appeal, not the fruit of disciplined self-effort (Lingayat shatsthala ascent). Key passage: 2 Corinthians 7:1.
God Of This Age
Approved rendering: ಈ ಯುಗದ ದೇವರು
Transliteration: ī yugada dēvaru
Doctrine: Deity of Christ (background) / God
Original: ὁ θεὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου
Category: Christology
Ironic designation of Satan; requires a translator note clarifying this is not a second true deity, to avoid confusion with ದೇವರು. Key passage: 2 Corinthians 4:4.
Light Of Gospel
Approved rendering: ಬೆಳಕು
Transliteration: beḷaku
Doctrine: Gospel / Glory (background)
Original: φωτισμός / φῶς
Category: Gospel
Anchor explicitly to the gospel’s content (knowledge of Christ); avoid mystical-illumination merging per the baseline glory caution. Key passages: 2 Corinthians 4:4,6.
Examine Yourselves
Approved rendering: ನಿಮ್ಮನ್ನು ನೀವೇ ಪರೀಕ್ಷಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳಿರಿ
Transliteration: nim’mannu nīvē parīkṣisikoḷḷiri
Doctrine: Assurance and Self-Examination
Original: ἑαυτοὺς πειράζετε / δοκιμάζετε
Category: Assurance
Test for the genuine presence of Christ/faith already given, not a merit-scoring self-audit akin to a karmic ledger. Key passage: 2 Corinthians 13:5.
Trinitarian Benediction
Approved rendering: ಕೃಪೆ, ಪ್ರೀತಿ, ಅನ್ಯೋನ್ಯತೆ
Transliteration: kṛpe, prīti, anyōnyate
Doctrine: The Trinitarian Benediction
Original: ἡ χάρις … ἡ ἀγάπη … ἡ κοινωνία
Category: God
Names distinct works of Christ (grace), the Father (love), and the Spirit (fellowship); all three Persons and roles must remain clear and unmerged. Key passage: 2 Corinthians 13:14.
Medium Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: ಅಪೊಸ್ತಲ
Transliteration: apostala
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: ಗುರು, ಜಂಗಮ
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Transliterated, established Kannada Christian term. Occurs in 2 Corinthians at 1:1; 11:5,13; 12:11-12, directly contrasted with ‘super-apostles’ and ‘false apostles.’ [Inherited unchanged from the Romans baseline translation_memory.json.]
Peace
Approved rendering: ಶಾಂತಿ
Transliteration: śānti
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: ಮನಶ್ಶಾಂತಿ
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Relational peace with God, not the inner tranquility sought through bhakti devotion or Lingayat meditative discipline. Occurs in the closing greeting of 2 Corinthians 13:11. [Inherited unchanged from the Romans baseline translation_memory.json.]
Church
Approved rendering: ಸಭೆ
Transliteration: sabhe
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನ, ಗುಡಿ
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
The assembly of believers, never a Hindu temple. Occurs in 2 Corinthians at 1:1; 8:1,18-24, in the specific context of the Jerusalem collection. [Inherited unchanged from the Romans baseline translation_memory.json.]
Gentiles
Approved rendering: ಅನ್ಯಜನಾಂಗದವರು
Transliteration: anyajanāṅgadavaru
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: ವಿದೇಶಿಯರು
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Non-Jewish peoples; conceptual background to the letter’s broader mission concerns. [Inherited unchanged from the Romans baseline translation_memory.json.]
Israel
Approved rendering: ಇಸ್ರಾಯೇಲ್
Transliteration: Isrāyēl
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: יִשְׂרָאֵל
Category: Covenant
Proper name; established form. Occurs in 2 Corinthians 11:22 as Paul establishes his Hebrew/Israelite credentials against rival teachers’ claims. [Inherited unchanged from the Romans baseline translation_memory.json.]
Image Of Christ
Approved rendering: ಪ್ರತಿರೂಪ
Transliteration: pratirūpa
Doctrine: Transformation into Christ’s Image
Original: εἰκών
Category: Sanctification
Christ as the pattern into which believers are progressively transformed. Key passage: 2 Corinthians 3:18.
Veil
Approved rendering: ಮುಸುಕು
Transliteration: musuku
Doctrine: Veiled Minds and Spiritual Blindness
Original: κάλυμμα
Category: Covenant
The literal veil of Moses and, figuratively, the covering over the mind/heart removed only in Christ; keep the two senses distinguishable. Key passages: 2 Corinthians 3:13-16.
Freedom Liberty
Approved rendering: ಸ್ವಾತಂತ್ರ್ಯ
Transliteration: svātantrya
Doctrine: New Covenant vs. Old
Rejected alternatives: ಮೋಕ್ಷ, ಮುಕ್ತಿ
Original: ἐλευθερία
Category: Covenant
Relational freedom of access to a personal God through the Spirit, not release from a cosmic rebirth cycle. Key passage: 2 Corinthians 3:17.
Sincerity
Approved rendering: ಪ್ರಾಮಾಣಿಕತೆ
Transliteration: prāmāṇikate
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: εἰλικρίνεια
Category: Apostleship
Paul’s transparent, unmixed motive in ministry, before God (κατέναντι θεοῦ, 2:17); the ‘before God’ qualifier must never be dropped. Key passages: 1:12; 2:17; 4:2.
Peddling Gods Word
Approved rendering: ದೇವರ ವಾಕ್ಯವನ್ನು ವ್ಯಾಪಾರ ಮಾಡುವವರು
Transliteration: Dēvara vākyavannu vyāpāra māḍuvavaru
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: καπηλεύω
Category: Apostleship
Mercenary exploitation of God’s word for profit, contrasted with Paul’s sincere ministry. Key passage: 2 Corinthians 2:17.
Commend Self
Approved rendering: ಶಿಫಾರಸು ಮಾಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವುದು
Transliteration: śiphārasu māḍikoḷḷuvudu
Doctrine: Sincerity and Apostolic Authority
Original: συνιστάνω
Category: Apostleship
Self-promotion through credentials, contrasted with genuine ministry commended by God; must not read like a routine business reference. Key passages: 3:1; 5:12; 10:12,18.
Generosity Simplicity
Approved rendering: ಔದಾರ್ಯ
Transliteration: audārya
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Original: ἁπλότης
Category: Giving
Open-hearted, uncalculating generosity; keep syntactically subordinate to ಕೃಪೆ (fruit of grace, not an independent virtue). Key passages: 8:2; 9:11,13.
Equality Isotes
Approved rendering: ಸಮಾನತೆ
Transliteration: samānate
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Original: ἰσότης
Category: Giving
Fair mutual balance within the body of Christ, not merit-based redistribution; anchor to ‘at the present time’ as an occasional relief effort. Key passages: 2 Corinthians 8:13-14.
Cheerful Giver
Approved rendering: ಸಂತೋಷದಿಂದ ಕೊಡುವವನು
Transliteration: santōṣadinda koḍuvavanu
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Original: ἱλαρὸς δότης
Category: Giving
Joyful, not compelled or merit-seeking giving; echoes the same grace-precedes-generosity logic against the kayaka-dasoha ethic. Key passage: 2 Corinthians 9:7.
Sowing And Reaping
Approved rendering: ಬಿತ್ತುವುದು ಮತ್ತು ಕೊಯ್ಯುವುದು
Transliteration: bittuvudu mattu koyyuvudu
Doctrine: Generosity and Grace in Giving
Original: σπείρω / θερίζω
Category: Giving
Must not be assimilated to the pre-existing Kannada folk-karma proverb (‘ಬಿತ್ತಿದಂತೆ ಬೆಳೆ’); anchor to 9:10, where God personally supplies and multiplies the seed. Key passage: 2 Corinthians 9:6.
Godly Jealousy
Approved rendering: ದೇವರ ಆಸಕ್ತಿ
Transliteration: Dēvara āsakti
Doctrine: Godly Jealousy and Protective Love
Rejected alternatives: ಅಸೂಯೆ
Original: ζῆλος θεοῦ
Category: Apostleship
Protective, positive zeal, not sinful envy (ಅಸೂಯೆ’s ordinary negative sense); translator note recommended. Key passage: 2 Corinthians 11:2.
Signs Of Apostle
Approved rendering: ಅಪೊಸ್ತಲನ ಗುರುತುಗಳು
Transliteration: apostalana gurutugaḷu
Doctrine: Genuine versus False Apostleship
Original: σημεῖα τοῦ ἀποστόλου
Category: Apostleship
Marks authenticating a true, sent apostle, distinguishing Paul from the false apostles of chapter 11. Key passage: 2 Corinthians 12:12.
Worldly Grief
Approved rendering: ಲೋಕದ ದುಃಖ
Transliteration: lōkada duḥkha
Doctrine: Godly Grief and Repentance
Original: ἡ τοῦ κόσμου λύπη
Category: Repentance
Contrast term to godly grief; sorrow without reference to God, leading to death. Key passage: 2 Corinthians 7:10.
Forgive Grant Grace
Approved rendering: ಕ್ಷಮಿಸು
Transliteration: kṣamisu
Doctrine: Reconciliation with God (extension)
Rejected alternatives: ಪ್ರಾಯಶ್ಚಿತ್ತ ಮಾಡಿಸು
Original: χαρίζομαι
Category: Reconciliation
Root-linked to ಕೃಪೆ; forgiveness as a gracious act, not the discharge of a moral debt through penance. Key passages: 2 Corinthians 2:7,10.
Triumph In Christ
Approved rendering: ಜಯದ ಮೆರವಣಿಗೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ನಡೆಸುತ್ತಾನೆ
Transliteration: jayada meravaṇigeyalli naḍesuttāne
Doctrine: Ministry (background)
Original: θριαμβεύω
Category: Ministry
Roman military-triumph imagery requiring contextual explanation; no direct syncretism risk. Key passage: 2 Corinthians 2:14.
Aroma Of Christ
Approved rendering: ಸುವಾಸನೆ
Transliteration: suvāsane
Doctrine: Ministry (background)
Original: εὐωδία / ὀσμή
Category: Ministry
Could evoke Hindu ritual-incense imagery; a brief translator note is recommended so it is not read as ritual-offering merit theology. Key passages: 2 Corinthians 2:15-16.
Fear Of The Lord
Approved rendering: ಕರ್ತನ ಭಯ
Transliteration: kartana bhaya
Doctrine: Fear of the Lord and Persuasion
Original: φόβος (κυρίου)
Category: Ministry
Reverential awe before Christ’s coming judgment, not fatalistic dread associated with karmic retribution. Key passage: 2 Corinthians 5:11.
Love Of Christ Compels
Approved rendering: ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತನ ಪ್ರೀತಿ ಒತ್ತಾಯಿಸುತ್ತದೆ
Transliteration: Kristana prīti ottāyisuttade
Doctrine: Suffering and Comfort in Ministry (core passage motivation)
Original: ἀγάπη τοῦ Χριστοῦ / συνέχει
Category: Ministry
Christ’s active, self-giving love as the driving force of ministry; keep the direction (Christ to us, then compelling us outward) clear, distinct from bhakti devotional surrender. Key passage: 2 Corinthians 5:14.
Love
Approved rendering: ಪ್ರೀತಿ
Transliteration: prīti
Doctrine: The Trinitarian Benediction
Rejected alternatives: ಭಕ್ತಿ
God’s/Christ’s self-giving love; keep distinct from ಭಕ್ತಿ (devotee-directed devotional surrender). Used standalone in the benediction (13:14) and as part of ‘love of Christ compels’ (5:14).
According To The Flesh
Approved rendering: ಶರೀರರೀತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ
Transliteration: śarīrarītiyalli
Doctrine: (Core passage — epistemic standard)
Original: κατὰ σάρκα
Category: Christology
A merely external, human-level standard of evaluation, now abandoned; distinct sense from the same Greek phrase’s use for Christ’s genuine human descent (cf. Romans 1:3). Key passage: 2 Corinthians 5:16.
Visions And Revelations
Approved rendering: ಪ್ರಕಟನೆಗಳು
Transliteration: prakaṭanegaḷu
Doctrine: Visions and Revelations
Original: ἀποκαλύψεις
Category: Power in Weakness
Sovereignly given by God, not the fruit of the recipient’s own spiritual discipline or staged ascent (shatsthala framework). Key passages: 2 Corinthians 12:1,7.
Low Risk Terms
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: ಕೃತಜ್ಞತಾಸ್ತುತಿ
Transliteration: kṛtajñatāstuti
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστία
Category: Faith
Standard term. Occurs in 2 Corinthians at 1:11; 2:14; 4:15; 9:11-12. [Inherited unchanged from the Romans baseline translation_memory.json.]
Fellowship
Approved rendering: ಅನ್ಯೋನ್ಯತೆ
Transliteration: anyōnyate
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: ಸ್ನೇಹ
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
Shared participation in Christ, not mere social friendship. Occurs in 2 Corinthians at 6:14; 8:4 (participation in the collection); 13:14 (benediction). [Inherited unchanged from the Romans baseline translation_memory.json.]
Exhort
Approved rendering: ಪ್ರೋತ್ಸಾಹಿಸುವುದು
Transliteration: prōtsāhisuvudu
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Context-sensitive: use ವಿನಂತಿ for entreaty (e.g. 5:20); ಪ್ರೋತ್ಸಾಹ for encouragement (e.g. 1:4-6; 2:8). Shares its root with ‘comfort’ (παράκλησις) in chapter 1. [Inherited unchanged from the Romans baseline translation_memory.json.]
Amen
Approved rendering: ಆಮೆನ್
Transliteration: āmen
Doctrine: Worship
Original: ἀμήν
Category: Worship
Established transliterated liturgical affirmation, per the AI translation requirements transliteration standards; low doctrinal risk. Key passage: 2 Corinthians 1:20.
Referenced passages