Core Glossary
Core Glossary: The Gospel of Mark — English → Kannada
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md across Mark 1–16, cross-referenced by chapter of first/key occurrence, doctrine category, risk tier, and Kannada rendering. It is organized in two parts:
- Part 1 — Terms reused exactly from the Romans baseline
translation_memory.json. These renderings are locked; no deviation permitted. - Part 2 — New terms required by Mark’s narrative-Gospel content (healing/exorcism, Son of Man Christology, the Messianic Secret, the ransom saying, Passion Week), proposed here for formal addition to translation memory ahead of Phase 2.
Risk tiers follow the baseline’s doctrine_risk_registry.json definitions exactly: Critical (mandatory theologian review, every occurrence), High (mandatory theologian review), Medium (native speaker review recommended), Low (automated review sufficient).
Part 1 — Terms Reused Exactly from the Romans Baseline
| English/Greek Term | Kannada Rendering | Risk (per baseline) | Doctrine Category | Key Mark Occurrences | Reuse Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gospel (εὐαγγέλιον) | ಸುವಾರ್ತೆ | High | Gospel | 1:1, 1:14-15, 8:35, 10:29, 13:10, 14:9, 16:15 | Locked; flag 1:1 for cross-document consistency |
| Son of God (υἱὸς θεοῦ) | ದೇವರ ಮಗ | Critical | Deity/Sonship of Christ | 1:1, 3:11, 5:7, 15:39 | Locked; flag 1:1/15:39 inclusio for verbatim consistency |
| Messiah (Χριστός as concept) | ಮೆಸ್ಸೀಯ | Critical | Messianic Promise | 8:29 (concept), 13:22, 14:61 | Locked; reserved for contexts foregrounding OT-promise concept |
| Christ (Χριστός as proper name/title) | ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತ | Critical | Christology | 1:1, 8:29, 9:41, 12:35, 14:61, 15:32 | Established transliterated proper-name form per baseline 12_ai_translation_requirements.md |
| Lord (κύριος) | ಕರ್ತ | Critical | Lordship of Christ | 1:3, 2:28, 5:19, 7:28, 11:3, 11:9, 12:36-37 | Locked; note contrast with negative κατακυριεύω in 10:42 |
| faith (πίστις) | ನಂಬಿಕೆ | High | Faith | 2:5, 4:40, 5:34, 9:23-24, 10:52, 11:22 | Locked |
| holy (ἅγιος), Holy Spirit (πνεῦμα ἅγιον) | ಪವಿತ್ರ / ಪವಿತ್ರಾತ್ಮ | High/Critical | Sanctification / God | 1:8, 1:24, 3:29, 12:36, 13:11 | Locked; never ಪರಮಾತ್ಮ |
| God (θεός) | ದೇವರು | Critical | Deity of Christ / God | throughout | Locked; never ಭಗವಂತ or ಪರಶಿವ |
| Jesus (Ἰησοῦς) | ಯೇಸು | Critical | Lordship of Christ | throughout | Locked; never ಈಸಾ |
| Father (πατήρ) | ತಂದೆ | Critical | Adoption/Sonship | 8:38, 11:25, 13:32, 14:36 | Locked |
| Abba (ἀββά) | ಅಬ್ಬಾ | High | Adoption/Intimacy with Father | 14:36 | Locked; paired with ತಂದೆ |
| resurrection (ἀνάστασις) | ಪುನರುತ್ಥಾನ | Critical | Resurrection of Christ | 8:31, 9:9-10, 9:31, 10:34, 12:18-27, 16:6 | Locked; never ಪುನರ್ಜನ್ಮ |
| glory (δόξα) | ಮಹಿಮೆ | High | Deity of Christ | 8:38, 10:37, 13:26 | Locked |
| covenant (διαθήκη) | ಒಡಂಬಡಿಕೆ | High | Davidic Covenant / New Covenant | 14:24 | Locked |
| David (Δαυίδ) | ದಾವೀದ | Medium | Davidic Covenant | 2:25, 10:47-48, 11:10, 12:35-37 | Locked |
| Israel (Ἰσραήλ) | ಇಸ್ರಾಯೇಲ್ | Medium | Covenant | 12:29 (Shema), 15:32 | Locked |
| gentiles/nations (ἔθνη) | ಅನ್ಯಜನಾಂಗದವರು | Medium | Unity of Jews and Gentiles | 10:42 (generic sense — flag), 11:17, 13:10 | Locked; note semantic-range flag at 10:42 |
| apostle (ἀπόστολος) | ಅಪೊಸ್ತಲ | Medium | Apostleship | 3:14, 6:30 | Locked |
| called/calling (κλητός/κλῆσις) | ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ / ಕರೆ | High | Divine Calling | 1:20 (implicit), 2:17, 3:13 | Locked; context-sensitive per baseline note |
| election (ἐκλογή) | ದೇವರ ಆಯ್ಕೆ | High | Effectual Calling | 13:20, 13:22, 13:27 | Locked; never ಹಣೆಬರಹ/ವಿಧಿ |
| law (νόμος) | ನಿಯಮಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ | High | Fulfillment of Prophecy | 1:44, 2:23-28, 7:1-13, 10:2-9, 12:28-31 | Locked; never ಧರ್ಮ |
| sin (ἁμαρτία) | ಪಾಪ | High | Universal Human Accountability | 1:4-5, 2:5-10, 3:28-29, 14:41 | Locked |
| power of God (δύναμις θεοῦ) | ದೇವರ ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯ | High | Power of God for Salvation | 5:30, 6:2, 6:14, 9:1, 13:25-26 | Locked; never ಶಕ್ತಿ |
| prophet/prophecy (προφήτης/προφητεία) | ಪ್ರವಾದಿ / ಪ್ರವಾದನೆ | Low | Fulfillment of Prophecy | 1:2, 6:4, 6:15, 8:28, 11:32 | Locked |
| peace (εἰρήνη) | ಶಾಂತಿ | Medium | Peace with God | 5:34, 9:50 | Locked |
| thanksgiving (εὐχαριστέω) | ಕೃತಜ್ಞತಾಸ್ತುತಿ | Low | Thanksgiving | 8:6, 14:23 | Locked |
| salvation/save/heal (σῴζω, soteriological sense) | ರಕ್ಷಣೆ | Critical | Salvation | 8:35, 10:26, 13:13, 16:16 | Locked; never ಮೋಕ್ಷ/ಮುಕ್ತಿ/ಐಕ್ಯ; see Part 2 for physical-healing sense of same Greek verb |
Part 2 — New Terms Introduced by Mark (Proposed Translation Memory Additions)
Critical Risk (mandatory theologian review, every occurrence)
| Term (Greek/Translit.) | Kannada Rendering | Doctrine Category | Key Occurrences | Alternatives Rejected | Risk Reason |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ransom (λύτρον, lytron) | ವಿಮೋಚನ ಕ್ರಯ (vimōcana kraya) | The Ransom for Many | 10:45 | ಮೋಕ್ಷ, ಮುಕ್ತಿ (both forbidden per baseline “salvation” rules) | Highest-priority term in curriculum. ವಿಮೋಚನ’s proximity to moksha/mukti liberation-from-samsara vocabulary risks assimilating a costly, one-time, substitutionary payment by a specific Redeemer into a self-attained or cyclical-liberation category. Mandatory translator’s note every occurrence. |
| ransom for many, compound (λύτρον ἀντὶ πολλῶν) | ಅನೇಕರ ಬದಲಾಗಿ ವಿಮೋಚನಕ್ರಯವಾಗಿ | The Ransom for Many | 10:45 | Any single-word rendering; a generic “for the benefit of many” that loses ἀντί’s substitutionary force | Treat as a fixed compound doctrinal phrase, analogous to baseline’s “imputed_righteousness” and “justification.” Must preserve the vicarious/substitutionary sense of ἀντί, not just general benefit. |
| in place of / instead of many (ἀντὶ πολλῶν, anti pollōn) | ಅನೇಕರ ಬದಲಾಗಿ | The Ransom for Many | 10:45 | ಅನೇಕರಿಗಾಗಿ (softer “for many,” used for the distinct ὑπέρ construction at 14:24) | ἀντί is a stronger substitutionary preposition than ὑπέρ; must not be flattened to match 14:24’s wording, though both describe the same death. |
| soul/life, in self-giving/ransom sense (ψυχή, psychē) | ಪ್ರಾಣ (prāṇa) — preferred over ಆತ್ಮ (ātma) | Ransom for Many; Faith and Discipleship | 8:35-37, 10:45 | ಆತ್ಮ (risks Vedantic ātman/moksha-dissolution associations) | Must convey mortal, embodied life freely laid down in death, not an eternal quasi-divine self destined for merger/liberation. |
| Son of Man (υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, huios tou anthrōpou) | ಮನುಷ್ಯಕುಮಾರ (manuṣyakumāra) | Suffering Servant and Son of God; Messianic Secret | 2:10, 2:28, 8:31, 9:9, 9:31, 10:33, 10:45, 13:26, 14:21, 14:41, 14:62 | ಮನುಷ್ಯ ಮಗ (flatter, loses titular force); collapsing into ದೇವರ ಮಗ (loses Daniel 7 background) | Mark’s central self-designation (14x); must be held distinct from “Son of God” as a complementary, not synonymous, title conveying Daniel 7’s exalted-yet-human authority-bearer. |
| it is necessary / must (δεῖ, dei — necessity of suffering) | ಆಗಲೇಬೇಕು (āgalēbēku) | The Necessity of the Cross | 8:31, 9:31 (implicit), 10:33-34 | ಹಣೆಬರಹ (fatalism), ಕರ್ಮದ ನಿಯಮ (impersonal karmic law) — both forbidden per baseline providence/election rules | The cross is scripturally-grounded divine redemptive necessity, not impersonal fate or karmic inevitability. |
| cross (σταυρός, stauros) | ಶಿಲುಬೆ (śilube) | The Necessity of the Cross | 8:34, 10:21 (implicit), 15:13-32 | Any rendering permitting generic “burden/hardship” metaphor drift | Must remain the specific, literal Roman execution-instrument; never softened to a metaphor for enduring life’s hardships or one’s karma/duty. |
| ”I am” absolute self-disclosure (ἐγώ εἰμι, egō eimi) | ನಾನೇ (nānē) | Deity of Christ; Lordship of Christ | 6:50 (lower weight), 14:62 (climactic) | Any hedged/qualified rendering | Echoes the divine self-disclosure formula (Exodus 3:14 LXX); at 14:62 this is Mark’s fullest, most direct Christological self-disclosure and must not be softened. |
| tomb (μνημεῖον, mnēmeion) | ಸಮಾಧಿ (samādhi) — retained as necessary standard term, with mandatory disambiguating note | Resurrection of Christ | 15:46, 16:2-8 | No viable alternative Kannada word exists; retain with explanatory note | ಸಮಾಧಿ also names the yogic meditative-absorption state and the burial-shrines of gurus/saints believed by some devotional traditions to house an ongoingly “present” teacher rather than a truly dead one. Every resurrection-narrative occurrence requires a translator’s note clarifying this is a literal, empty, vacated rock-hewn tomb, evidencing a genuine bodily resurrection — not an ongoing samādhi-state of subtle presence. |
| Peter’s confession, “You are the Christ” (Σὺ εἶ ὁ Χριστός) | ನೀನೇ ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತನು | Messianic Secret; Suffering Servant and Son of God | 8:29 | — | Structural turning-point confession of the Gospel; flag for verbatim cross-document consistency. |
| Son of Man coming in glory (13:26 compound) | ಮೋಡಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಮಹಾಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯದಿಂದಲೂ ಮಹಿಮೆಯಿಂದಲೂ ಬರುವ ಮನುಷ್ಯಕುಮಾರ | Messianic Secret (resolution); Kingdom of God Breaking In | 13:26 | — | The eschatological unveiling toward which the Messianic Secret motif builds; combines several Critical-tier terms. |
| centurion’s confession (15:39) | ಇವನು ನಿಜವಾಗಿಯೂ ದೇವರ ಮಗನಾಗಿದ್ದನು | Deity/Sonship of Christ | 15:39 | — | Climactic bookend to 1:1; flag for verbatim consistency. |
| my body / my blood of the covenant, poured out for many (14:22-24) | ನನ್ನ ದೇಹ … ಅನೇಕರಿಗೋಸ್ಕರ ಸುರಿಸಲ್ಪಡುವ ನನ್ನ ಒಡಂಬಡಿಕೆಯ ರಕ್ತ | Ransom for Many; New Covenant | 14:22-25 | — | Parallels and must remain doctrinally consistent with 10:45’s ransom saying. |
High Risk (mandatory theologian review)
| Term (Greek/Translit.) | Kannada Rendering | Doctrine Category | Key Occurrences | Risk Reason |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| baptism/baptize (βάπτισμα/βαπτίζω) | ದೀಕ್ಷಾಸ್ನಾನ (dīkṣāsnāna) | Faith and Discipleship | 1:4-11, 10:38-39, 16:16 | Collides with Hindu guru-dīkṣā (initiation) and ritual snana (purificatory bathing), and specifically with Lingayat iṣṭaliṅga-dīkṣā conferred by a Jangama guru; requires translator’s note distinguishing a one-time identification-rite from repeatable ritual purification or guru-conferred initiation. |
| demon / unclean spirit (δαιμόνιον / πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον) | ದೆವ್ವ (devva) / ಅಶುದ್ಧಾತ್ಮ (aśuddhātma) | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 1:23-27, 1:32-34, 3:11, 3:22, 5:1-20, 6:7, 7:25-30, 9:17-29 | Never ಭೂತ (bhūta) — collides with coastal Karnataka’s Tulu Nadu Bhuta Kola/Daiva spirit-worship tradition, where bhūtas are honored, propitiated local deities, not uniformly hostile powers subject to a superior authority. |
| disciple (μαθητής) | ಶಿಷ್ಯ / ಶಿಷ್ಯರು (śiṣya/śiṣyaru) | Faith and Discipleship | throughout | Standard pan-Indian guru-śiṣya term; must be taught as following a living, exclusive Lord toward a shared, already-accomplished salvation, not toward the disciple’s own progressive self-attainment (as in Lingayat guru-śiṣya paths toward Aikya). |
| slave (δοῦλος) | ದಾಸ (dāsa) | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | 10:44 | Collides with Karnataka’s Haridasa bhakti tradition’s self-designation “dāsa” (servant/slave of a chosen personal deity); genuine partial resonance (joyful total self-surrender) but must be redirected toward Christ-patterned mutual servanthood among disciples, not devotee-chosen devotional submission to a chosen deity. |
| forgiveness / forgive sins (ἄφεσις ἁμαρτιῶν / ἀφίημι) | ಪಾಪಕ್ಷಮೆ (pāpakṣame) | Jesus’ Authority over Sin | 2:5-10, 11:25 | Must preserve the scandal of a unique divine prerogative being exercised by Jesus (2:7); distinguish from baseline’s justification vocabulary (a related but distinct forensic concept). |
| authority (ἐξουσία) | ಅಧಿಕಾರ (adhikāra) | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 1:22, 1:27, 2:10, 11:28-33, 13:34 | Must convey inherent, self-authenticating divine authority, not derivative teaching-license or guru-attained spiritual authority; same root used negatively at 10:42 (worldly domination) — contrast should be taught explicitly. |
| rebuke/silence, Messianic Secret (ἐπιτιμάω) | ಗದರಿಸು (gadarisu) | Messianic Secret | 1:25, 3:12, 8:30, 8:33, 9:25 | Must be understood as purposeful, temporary redemptive-historical concealment (avoiding premature political messianism), not an esoteric-initiation secrecy pattern (tantric/Lingayat private guru-disciple transmission). |
| common/defile (κοινός/κοινόω) | ಅಶುದ್ಧ (aśuddha) | Jesus’ Authority over Sin (ritual vs. moral purity) | 7:2-23 | Engages caste-purity/pollution codes deeply embedded in Karnataka social-religious life; genuine partial convergence with the historic Lingayat critique of ritual-purity hierarchy, but must affirm Jesus’s positive claim — defilement is a moral-spiritual reality of the heart requiring forgiveness, not merely the abolition of external boundary markers. |
| hand over/betray (παραδίδωμι) | ಒಪ್ಪಿಸು / ಹಿಡಿದುಕೊಡು | The Necessity of the Cross | 9:31, 10:33, 14:10-44 | Dual register (human treachery + divine sovereign purpose) must be preserved without collapsing into either fatalism (excusing Judas) or pure human-villain narrative (obscuring divine redemptive purpose). |
| Son of David, direct address (υἱὲ Δαυίδ) | ದಾವೀದನ ಮಗ (Dāvīdana maga) | Davidic Covenant; Messianic Secret | 10:47-48 | Distinct from baseline’s “seed_of_david” (lineage phrase); a direct messianic title/address, notably confessed openly by an outsider immediately before the Passion narrative. |
| King of the Jews (βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων) | ಯೆಹೂದ್ಯರ ಅರಸನು (Yehūdyara arasanu) | Kingdom of God Breaking In (redefined kingship) | 15:2, 15:9, 15:12, 15:18, 15:26 | Sustained dramatic irony (mocking title is, in fact, true) redefines kingship through the cross; must not be resolved or softened by the translation itself. |
| cry of dereliction (Ἐλωΐ Ἐλωΐ λεμὰ σαβαχθανί) | ಎಲೋಈ ಎಲೋಈ ಲೆಮಾ ಸಬಕ್ತಾನೀ (transliteration + gloss) | Suffering Servant; Necessity of the Cross | 15:34 | Genuine anguish of judicial abandonment bearing sin (Ps 22 fulfillment); must not be softened, yet must be framed so as not to imply severed Trinitarian relations. |
| blasphemy against the Holy Spirit (βλασφημία εἰς τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον) | ಪವಿತ್ರಾತ್ಮನಿಗೆ ವಿರುದ್ಧವಾದ ದೂಷಣೆ | Jesus’ Authority over Sin | 3:28-29 | Requires precise framing (attributing the Spirit’s clearly-evidenced work to Satan) given the doctrine’s severity and pastoral sensitivity. |
| elect/the elect (ἐκλεκτοί) | ಆಯ್ಕೆಗೊಂಡವರು (āykegoṇḍavaru) | Kingdom of God Breaking In | 13:20, 13:22, 13:27 | Reuse baseline “election” caution: never ಹಣೆಬರಹ or ವಿಧಿ; God’s personal, purposive choosing. |
| ascension/exaltation (ἀνελήμφθη εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν) | ಆಕಾಶಕ್ಕೆ ಎತ್ತಲ್ಪಟ್ಟನು | Deity/Lordship of Christ | 16:19 (Longer Ending) | Reinforces deity and lordship doctrines; textual-critical status of 16:9-20 should be flagged alongside doctrinal risk. |
Medium Risk (native speaker review recommended)
| Term (Greek/Translit.) | Kannada Rendering | Doctrine Category | Key Occurrences | Risk Reason |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| repentance (μετάνοια/μετανοέω) | ಮಾನಸಾಂತರ (mānasāntara) | Faith and Discipleship | 1:4, 1:15, 6:12 | Must convey decisive moral-relational turning toward God, not mere regret or a self-directed meditative technique. |
| beloved (ἀγαπητός) | ಪ್ರಿಯ (priya) | Suffering Servant and Son of God | 1:11, 9:7, 12:6 | Some helpful resonance with bhakti “priya” devotional address; ensure exclusive divine-Sonship sense is retained. |
| follow (ἀκολουθέω) | ಹಿಂಬಾಲಿಸು (hinbālisu) | Faith and Discipleship | 1:18, 2:14, 8:34, 10:21, 10:28, 10:52 | Distinguish from following a guru toward one’s own eventual attainment; here a summons issued by Jesus himself. |
| save/heal (σῴζω, physical-healing sense) | ಗುಣಪಡಿಸು / ಗುಣವಾಗು (guṇapaḍisu/guṇavāgu) | Jesus’ Authority over Sickness | 5:23, 5:28, 5:34, 6:56, 10:52 | Same Greek verb as “salvation” (ρκ σαξη); case-by-case judgment needed to preserve Mark’s deliberate double meaning without over- or under-theologizing individual healing narratives. |
| fear (φόβος/φοβέομαι) | ಭಯ (bhaya) | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 4:41, 5:33, 6:50, 9:6, 9:32, 10:32, 16:8 | Recurring Markan motif pairing fear with (developing) faith; must not be resolved into simple triumphalism nor confused with fatalistic dread. |
| mystery of the kingdom (μυστήριον) | ರಹಸ್ಯ (rahasya) | Kingdom of God Breaking In | 4:11 | Distinguish sovereignly-given revelation from esoteric occult/tantric “secret knowledge” attained by personal technique. |
| watch/be alert (γρηγορέω) | ಎಚ್ಚರವಾಗಿರಿ (eccaravāgiri) | Kingdom of God Breaking In; Necessity of the Cross | 13:33-37, 14:34-38 | Distinguish eschatological readiness for Christ’s return from generic contemplative “mindfulness” practice. |
| transfigured (μετεμορφώθη) | ರೂಪಾಂತರಗೊಂಡನು (rūpāntaragoṇḍanu) | Suffering Servant and Son of God | 9:2 | Momentary unveiling of Christ’s own pre-existing glory, not a newly-acquired divine status or attainable mystical state. |
| love (ἀγάπη/ἀγαπάω) | ಪ್ರೀತಿ (prīti) | Servanthood; Kingdom ethics | 10:21, 12:30-31, 12:33 | Distinguish exclusive covenantal love for the one God (paired with neighbor-love) from bhakti’s cultivated devotional emotion toward a chosen deity among several. |
| tribulation (θλῖψις) | ಸಂಕಟ (saṅkaṭa) | Kingdom of God Breaking In (eschatology) | 13:19, 13:24 | Standard vocabulary; low inherent syncretism risk but doctrinally significant end-times context. |
| the vineyard/beloved son parable complex | ದ್ರಾಕ್ಷಿತೋಟ / ಪ್ರಿಯ ಮಗ | Necessity of the Cross; Suffering Servant | 12:1-12 | Ties rejection-and-death imagery to the Son-of-God doctrine in narrative/allegorical form. |
| rejected stone/cornerstone (λίθον… κεφαλὴν γωνίας) | ಕಟ್ಟುವವರು ತಿರಸ್ಕರಿಸಿದ ಕಲ್ಲು / ಮೂಲೆಗಲ್ಲು | Necessity of the Cross (rejection-to-vindication pattern) | 12:10-11 | Implicit resurrection-vindication prophecy; reversal logic must be preserved. |
| Caesar’s coin / civil authority (δότε Καίσαρι) | ಕೈಸರನಿಗೆ ಸಲ್ಲಿಸಬೇಕಾದದ್ದನ್ನು ಕೈಸರನಿಗೆ | Kingdom of God (civil vs. ultimate allegiance) | 12:13-17 | Government/authority passages route to native speaker review per baseline convention. |
Low Risk (automated review sufficient)
| Term (Greek/Translit.) | Kannada Rendering | Key Occurrences | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| parable (παραβολή) | ಸಾಮ್ಯ (sāmya) | 4:2-34, 12:1-12 | Standard Kannada Bible term for Jesus’s teaching-story form. |
| leper (λεπρός) | ಕುಷ್ಠರೋಗಿ (kuṣṭharōgi) | 1:40, 14:3 | Standard medical/biblical term. |
| Legion (Λεγιών) | ಲೀಗ್ಯೋನ್ (transliteration) | 5:9, 5:15 | Proper name; gloss “great multitude/army.” |
| Talitha koum / Ephphatha / Abba (Aramaic preservations) | ತಲಿತಾ ಕೂಮ್ / ಎಫ್ಫಥಾ / ಅಬ್ಬಾ | 5:41, 7:34, 14:36 | Follow Mark’s own bilingual (transliterate-then-gloss) convention. |
| Beelzebul (Βεελζεβούλ) | ಬೆಲ್ಜೆಬೂಲ್ (transliteration) | 3:22 | Proper name; gloss “prince of demons.” |
| Hosanna (ὡσαννά) | ಹೊಸಾನ್ನ (transliteration) | 11:9-10 | Standard transliterated liturgical acclamation. |
| commandment (ἐντολή) | ಆಜ್ಞೆ (ājñe) | 7:8-9, 12:28-31 | Standard vocabulary. |
| neighbor (πλησίον) | ನೆರೆಯವನು (nereyavanu) | 12:31, 12:33 | Standard vocabulary. |
| widow’s two coins (χήρα, δύο λεπτά) | ವಿಧವೆ / ಎರಡು ಸಣ್ಣ ನಾಣ್ಯಗಳು | 12:41-44 | Strong illustrative link to servanthood/greatness doctrine; low linguistic risk. |
| Passover (Πάσχα) | ಪಸ್ಕ ಹಬ್ಬ (paska habba) | 14:1, 14:12, 14:14, 14:16 | Established term. |
| perfumed ointment (μύρον) | ಸುಗಂಧತೈಲ (sugandhataila) | 14:3-9 | Standard descriptive term. |
| rooster crowed (ἀλέκτωρ ἐφώνησεν) | ಹುಂಜ ಕೂಗಿತು (huñja kūgitu) | 14:72 | Straightforward narrative detail; strong illustrative anchor for fear/discipleship doctrine. |
| young man/angel at tomb (νεανίσκος) | ಯುವಕ (yuvaka) | 16:5 | Understated divine-messenger description. |
| temple veil torn (καταπέτασμα) | ಪರದೆ (parade) | 15:38 | Background-knowledge gap rather than syncretism risk; significant theological image. |
| divorce (ἀπολύω) | ವಿಚ್ಛೇದನ ಮಾಡು (vicchēdana māḍu) | 10:2-12 | Standard legal/marital term. |
| eternal life (ζωὴ αἰώνιος) | ನಿತ್ಯಜೀವ (nityajīva) | 10:17, 10:30 | Distinguish from cyclical-existence concepts; qualitatively full, unending life with God. |
| tradition of the elders (παράδοσις τῶν πρεσβυτέρων) | ಹಿರಿಯರ ಸಂಪ್ರದಾಯ (hiriyara sampradāya) | 7:3-13 | Distinguish from ನಿಯಮಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ (the Law itself, baseline term). |
| heart (καρδία) | ಹೃದಯ (hṛdaya) | 7:6, 7:19, 7:21 | Standard term; Hebraic moral-volitional sense should be taught. |
| house of prayer / den of robbers (οἶκος προσευχῆς / σπήλαιον λῃστῶν) | ಪ್ರಾರ್ಥನಾ ಮನೆ / ಕಳ್ಳರ ಗವಿ | 11:17 | Ties “for all nations” universal-access theme to baseline gentiles doctrine. |
| abomination of desolation (βδέλυγμα τῆς ἐρημώσεως) | ಹಾಳುಗೆಡಹುವ ಅಸಹ್ಯ ವಸ್ತು | 13:14 | Requires Daniel-background scaffolding; primarily a comprehension, not syncretism, risk. |
| false christs / false prophets (ψευδόχριστοι/ψευδοπροφῆται) | ಸುಳ್ಳು ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತರು / ಸುಳ್ಳು ಪ್ರವಾದಿಗಳು | 13:22 | Standard compound of established terms. |
Glossary Coverage Statement
Every chapter of Mark (1–16) is represented in this glossary either through terms listed above or through explicit reuse of Romans-baseline terms noted in Part 1. No chapter has been silently omitted. Chapters not separately itemized here in Part 2 because their load-bearing vocabulary is fully covered by terms already tabulated (e.g., repeated occurrences of ἐξουσία, παραδίδωμι, φόβος, σῴζω, and the various reused baseline terms across chapters 1–16) are cross-referenced by “Key Occurrences” columns above rather than re-listed, per the full-book coverage mandate.
Risk Summary
| Risk Tier | Count (new Mark terms) | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 12 | Human theologian, every occurrence |
| High | 16 | Human theologian |
| Medium | 13 | Native speaker review recommended |
| Low | 15 | Automated review sufficient |
Combined with the reused Romans-baseline terms (Part 1, all Critical/High/Medium per their original baseline tier), this glossary gives full doctrinal-risk coverage for Phase 2 translation of the Mark curriculum.
Critical Risk Terms
Salvation
Approved rendering: ರಕ್ಷಣೆ
Transliteration: rakṣaṇe
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ಮೋಕ್ಷ, ಮುಕ್ತಿ, ಐಕ್ಯ
Original: σωτηρία / σῴζω (soteriological sense)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (exact match). NEVER ಮೋಕ್ಷ, ಮುಕ್ತಿ, or ಐಕ್ಯ. Mark occurrences: the explicit soteriological uses of σῴζω at 8:35, 10:26, 13:13, 16:16 (Longer Ending). See ‘healing_save’ in Section B for the same Greek verb’s distinct physical-healing sense (5:23, 5:28, 5:34, 6:56, 10:52), which requires case-by-case theological judgment rather than automatic use of this term.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: ಪುನರುತ್ಥಾನ
Transliteration: punarutthāna
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ಪುನರ್ಜನ್ಮ
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package (exact match). CRITICAL: NEVER ಪುನರ್ಜನ್ಮ. Mark occurrences: 8:31, 9:9-10, 9:31, 10:34 (passion predictions); 12:18-27 (Sadducee debate); 16:6 (empty-tomb announcement). See ‘tomb’ entry in Section B for the ಸಮಾಧಿ disambiguation required at every resurrection-narrative occurrence.
Lord
Approved rendering: ಕರ್ತ
Transliteration: karta
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ಸ್ವಾಮಿ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package (exact match). Mark occurrences: 1:3 (Isaiah 40:3 citation, applied to Jesus), 2:28 (Sabbath lordship), 5:19, 7:28, 11:3, 11:9, 12:36-37. Must be contrasted explicitly in teaching material with the negative κατακυριεύω (‘lord it over,’ 10:42), whose Kannada rendering necessarily uses a different root, since the Greek wordplay is not reproducible verbatim.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: ದೇವರ ಮಗ
Transliteration: Dēvara Maga
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ದೇವಮಾನವ
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package (exact match). Mark occurrences: 1:1, 3:11, 5:7, 15:39. 1:1 and 15:39 form a deliberate inclusio and must be rendered identically. Must not read as an honorific bestowed on an elevated human teacher, the closest available Lingayat category being a Sharana figure who attained Aikya.
Messiah
Approved rendering: ಮೆಸ್ಸೀಯ
Transliteration: Messīya
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: ಅವತಾರಪುರುಷ
Original: Χριστός / מָשִׁיחַ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package (exact match). Reserved for contexts explicitly foregrounding the OT-promise concept: 8:29 (Peter’s confession), 13:22, 14:61 (high priest’s question). Elsewhere use the transliterated proper-name/title form ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತ — see ‘christ_title’ in Section B for that register distinction.
Jesus
Approved rendering: ಯೇಸು
Transliteration: Yēsu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ಈಸಾ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package (exact match). Never ಈಸಾ. Used throughout Mark.
God
Approved rendering: ದೇವರು
Transliteration: Dēvaru
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ಭಗವಂತ, ಪರಶಿವ
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (exact match). Never ಭಗವಂತ or ಪರಶಿವ. Used throughout Mark.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: ಪವಿತ್ರಾತ್ಮ
Transliteration: Pavitrātma
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: ಪರಮಾತ್ಮ
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (exact match). Never ಪರಮಾತ್ಮ. Mark occurrences: 1:8, 1:10, 1:24 (adjectival, unclean spirit contrast), 3:29 (blasphemy against the Holy Spirit), 12:36, 13:11.
Father
Approved rendering: ತಂದೆ
Transliteration: Tande
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: ಸೃಷ್ಟಿಕರ್ತ
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (exact match). Mark occurrences: 8:38, 11:25, 13:32, 14:36 (Gethsemane, paired with ಅಬ್ಬಾ).
Incarnation
Approved rendering: ದೇಹಧಾರಣೆ
Transliteration: dēhadhāraṇe
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: ಅವತಾರ
Inherited from Romans package (exact match). CRITICAL: NEVER ಅವತಾರ. Mark does not use this exact term directly, but it names the theological background of 1:3-style ‘seed of David… according to the flesh’ concepts implicit in Mark’s Christology (e.g. 10:47-48’s Son of David address, the humanity affirmed alongside ‘Son of Man’). Retained here for cross-document consistency and because Lingayat-background readers who reject avatar theology may still be tempted to receive Christ as an exceptionally realized human teacher (a Sharana figure who attained Aikya) rather than the eternal, uncreated Son who took on flesh once.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: ನೀತಿವಂತಿಕೆ
Transliteration: nītivantike
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ಧರ್ಮ, ಪುಣ್ಯ
Inherited from Romans package (exact match). Not directly used as a standalone term in Mark’s narrative text, but retained because Mark’s ‘forgiveness’ doctrine (2:5-10) must be kept explicitly distinct from this forensic-standing concept — see ‘forgiveness’ in Section B, which cancels the debt of specific sins and is not synonymous with this term’s declared-righteous-standing sense.
Justification
Approved rendering: ನೀತಿವಂತರೆಂದು ನಿರ್ಣಯಿಸುವುದು
Transliteration: nītivantarendu nirṇayisuvudu
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ಕ್ಷಮೆ ಪಡೆಯುವುದು, ಪುಣ್ಯ ಗಳಿಸುವುದು
Inherited from Romans package (exact match). Retained for cross-document consistency and specifically because Mark’s bible_term_registry.json flags this exact rejected-alternatives list (ಕ್ಷಮೆ ಪಡೆಯುವುದು) when distinguishing ಪಾಪಕ್ಷಮೆ (forgiveness) from this forensic declaration — the two concepts must remain clearly separated in teaching material.
Christ Title
Approved rendering: ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತ
Transliteration: Krista
Doctrine: Messianic Secret
Rejected alternatives: always defaulting to ಮೆಸ್ಸೀಯ regardless of register
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
New term for Mark. The Anointed One functioning as a proper name/title in narrative address (1:1, 9:41, 12:35, 14:61, 15:32), distinct in register from ಮೆಸ್ಸೀಯ, which is reserved for contexts explicitly foregrounding the OT-promise concept (8:29, 13:22, 14:61 — note 14:61 uses both registers in close proximity and must be handled carefully). Established transliterated proper-name form per baseline transliteration standards.
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: ಮನುಷ್ಯಕುಮಾರ
Transliteration: manuṣyakumāra
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Rejected alternatives: ಮನುಷ್ಯ ಮಗ (flatter, loses titular force), collapsing into ದೇವರ ಮಗ (loses Daniel 7 background)
Original: υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology
New term for Mark, fixed coinage. Mark’s central self-designation for Jesus (14 occurrences: 2:10, 2:28, 8:31, 8:38, 9:9, 9:12, 9:31, 10:33, 10:45, 13:26, 14:21, 14:41, 14:62), drawn from Daniel 7:13-14’s exalted, authority-bearing figure. Must be held distinct from ದೇವರ ಮಗ (Son of God) as a complementary, not synonymous, title. Must not be read as merely ‘an ordinary human being,’ a rendering compatible with an elevated-teacher category such as a Sharana figure who attained Aikya. Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence.
Ego Eimi
Approved rendering: ನಾನೇ
Transliteration: nānē
Doctrine: The Trial Confession, “I Am”
Rejected alternatives: any hedged or qualified rendering
Original: ἐγώ εἰμι
Category: Christology
New term for Mark. The absolute divine self-disclosure formula, used with lower theological weight at 6:50 and with climactic, unqualified force at 14:62, echoing Exodus 3:14 LXX. At 14:62 this is Mark’s fullest, most direct Christological self-disclosure and must be rendered with the same unqualified directness the Romans baseline requires for ‘Jesus is Lord’ (Romans 10:9) — no softening, no hedging. Flag both occurrences for consistency and note the escalating theological weight between them.
Ransom
Approved rendering: ವಿಮೋಚನ ಕ್ರಯ
Transliteration: vimōcana kraya
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: ಮೋಕ್ಷ, ಮುಕ್ತಿ, any standalone use of ವಿಮೋಚನ without controlling context
Original: λύτρον
Category: Salvation
New term for Mark, fixed coinage. THE SINGLE HIGHEST-PRIORITY TERM IN THE CURRICULUM (Mark 10:45). A commercial/legal term for the price paid to redeem a slave from bondage or a captive from custody. ವಿಮೋಚನ’s proximity in ordinary Kannada religious register to the moksha/mukti liberation-from-samsara vocabulary family means it must never stand alone without controlling context. Every occurrence requires a mandatory translator’s note distinguishing this costly, one-time, substitutionary transaction — resulting in the redeemed remaining a distinct person in restored relationship, not merged or dissolved — from ಮೋಕ್ಷ/ಮುಕ್ತಿ/ಐಕ್ಯ. Mandatory theologian review, every occurrence, no exceptions.
Ransom Anti Pollon
Approved rendering: ಅನೇಕರ ಬದಲಾಗಿ
Transliteration: anēkara badalāgi
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: ಅನೇಕರಿಗಾಗಿ (reserved for the softer ὑπέρ construction at 14:24)
Original: ἀντὶ πολλῶν
Category: Salvation
New term for Mark. ‘Instead of / in place of many’ (Mark 10:45) — ἀντί is a strong substitutionary preposition establishing Christ’s death as vicarious substitution for the many, echoing Isaiah 53:11-12. Must not be flattened into a generic ‘for the sake of many.’ The full compound λύτρον ἀντὶ πολλῶν should be treated as a fixed doctrinal unit: ಅನೇಕರ ಬದಲಾಗಿ ವಿಮೋಚನಕ್ರಯವಾಗಿ, analogous to the Romans baseline’s ‘imputed_righteousness’ and ‘justification’ compound-phrase requirement.
Cross
Approved rendering: ಶಿಲುಬೆ
Transliteration: śilube
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Rejected alternatives: any rendering permitting generic ‘burden/hardship’ metaphor drift
Original: σταυρός
Category: Necessity of the Cross
New term for Mark. The literal Roman execution-instrument, made a discipleship metaphor for costly, potentially fatal, self-renouncing allegiance to Jesus (8:34, cf. 10:21 implicit), and the literal instrument of his own execution (15:13-32). Must never be softened into a generic metaphor for ‘life’s burdens’ or one’s karma/duty to be patiently borne — a drift risk especially acute where popular devotional and karmic frameworks already supply ready-made vocabulary for ‘enduring one’s lot.’ Must remain the specific, literal Roman execution-instrument.
Dei Necessity
Approved rendering: ಆಗಲೇಬೇಕು
Transliteration: āgalēbēku
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Rejected alternatives: ಹಣೆಬರಹ, ಕರ್ಮದ ನಿಯಮ
Original: δεῖ
Category: Necessity of the Cross
New term for Mark, fixed coinage. Divine, scriptural, redemptive necessity binding together the Son of Man’s suffering, rejection, death, and rising as one foreordained sequence (8:31, 9:31, 10:33-34). Must never be rendered with, or heard alongside, ಹಣೆಬರಹ (fatalism, ‘forehead-writing’) or ಕರ್ಮದ ನಿಯಮ (impersonal law of karma), both explicitly forbidden in the Romans baseline for providence/election. The cross is the Father’s personal, purposive, scripturally-promised plan, willingly embraced by the Son, not an unavoidable fate under an impersonal cosmic law.
Psyche Life
Approved rendering: ಪ್ರಾಣ
Transliteration: prāṇa
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: ಆತ್ಮ
Original: ψυχή
Category: Salvation
New term for Mark. Mortal, embodied life freely laid down in death; used both of the disciple’s cost-of-following (8:35-37) and of Jesus’s own self-giving (10:45). ಪ್ರಾಣ is preferred over ಆತ್ಮ, which carries Vedantic ātman associations — the eternal, quasi-divine inner self ultimately destined, in Advaita and Veerashaiva Aikya thought, for merger/dissolution. ಪ್ರಾಣ isolates the mortal-life sense intended, parallel to 8:35’s ‘whoever would save his life will lose it.’ Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence.
Tomb
Approved rendering: ಸಮಾಧಿ
Transliteration: samādhi
Doctrine: The Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: no viable alternative Kannada word exists; retained with mandatory disambiguating note
Original: μνημεῖον
Category: Eschatology
New term for Mark. A rock-hewn burial chamber, sealed with a rolled stone; Joseph of Arimathea’s tomb (15:46), found empty at 16:1-8. ಸಮಾಧಿ is the necessary standard word, but it also names the yogic meditative-absorption state and the burial-shrines of gurus/saints, popularly believed in some devotional traditions to house an ongoingly ‘present’ teacher rather than a truly dead one (jīva samādhi shrines). Every resurrection-narrative occurrence requires a translator’s note clarifying this is a literal, emptied, vacated tomb evidencing genuine bodily resurrection, not an ongoing samādhi-state of subtle presence.
Peters Confession
Approved rendering: ನೀನೇ ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತನು
Transliteration: nīnē kristanu
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
New fixed-phrase term for Mark. Peter’s confession (8:29), ‘You are the Christ’ — the structural turning-point confession of the whole Gospel, immediately followed by strict silencing (Messianic Secret) and the first passion prediction. Flag for verbatim cross-document consistency, parallel to how the Romans baseline flagged Romans 10:9-10.
Last Supper Institution
Approved rendering: ನನ್ನ ದೇಹ … ಅನೇಕರಿಗೋಸ್ಕರ ಸುರಿಸಲ್ಪಡುವ ನನ್ನ ಒಡಂಬಡಿಕೆಯ ರಕ್ತ
Transliteration: nanna dēha … anēkarigōskara surisalpaḍuva nanna oḍambaḍikeya rakta
Doctrine: The Last Supper and the New Covenant
Rejected alternatives: harmonizing ὑπέρ with 10:45’s ἀντί into one identical phrase
New fixed-phrase term for Mark (14:22-25). ‘My body… my blood of the covenant, poured out for many’ — parallels and must remain doctrinally consistent with 10:45’s ransom saying, both describing the same single, once-for-all substitutionary death. Uses ಅನೇಕರಿಗೋಸ್ಕರ (the softer ὑπέρ construction), kept deliberately distinct from 10:45’s ಅನೇಕರ ಬದಲಾಗಿ (ἀντί); teaching notes should explain the distinction without implying doctrinal contradiction.
Son Of Man Glory Return
Approved rendering: ಮೋಡಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಮಹಾಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯದಿಂದಲೂ ಮಹಿಮೆಯಿಂದಲೂ ಬರುವ ಮನುಷ್ಯಕುಮಾರ
Transliteration: mōḍagaḷalli mahāsāmarthyadindalū mahimeyindalū baruva manuṣyakumāra
Doctrine: The Son of Man’s Return in Glory
Rejected alternatives: softening ಮನುಷ್ಯಕುಮಾರ toward ‘an ordinary human being’ at this climactic occurrence
New fixed-phrase term for Mark (13:26). ‘The Son of Man coming in clouds with great power and glory’ — direct allusion to Daniel 7:13-14; the eschatological resolution of the entire Messianic Secret motif, where the hidden Son of Man is revealed as Daniel 7’s glorious returning judge/king. Combines several Critical-tier terms (ಮನುಷ್ಯಕುಮಾರ, ದೇವರ ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯ-adjacent ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯ, ಮಹಿಮೆ); mandatory theologian review.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: ಸುವಾರ್ತೆ
Transliteration: suvārte
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: ಸುದ್ದಿ
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (exact match). Established Kannada Christian term (su- ‘good’ + vārte ‘news’). Avoid the generic ಸುದ್ದಿ (news), which lacks the technical sense of the one saving proclamation. Mark occurrences: 1:1 (programmatic title, bookended by 15:39’s Son-of-God confession), 1:14-15, 8:35, 10:29, 13:10, 14:9, 16:15. Must be distinguished from any general positive teaching or devotional composition (Haridasa kirtane, Sharana vachana literature) circulating in Karnataka’s religious landscape — Mark’s gospel is one specific historical proclamation about the crucified/risen Son of Man.
Faith
Approved rendering: ನಂಬಿಕೆ
Transliteration: nambike
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: ಭಕ್ತಿ
Original: πίστις / πιστεύω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package (exact match). Personal trust in Christ specifically; ಭಕ್ತಿ carries the devotional-surrender sense of Haridasa/Lingayat devotion. Mark occurrences: 2:5, 4:40, 5:34, 9:23-24, 10:52, 11:22. Contrasted throughout Mark with φόβος/ಭಯ (fear) as the disciples’ developing but imperfect response — see ‘fear’ entry in Section B.
Called
Approved rendering: ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ
Transliteration: kareyalpaṭṭa
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: ಆಮಂತ್ರಿತ
Original: κλητός / κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (exact match). Mark occurrences: 1:16-20 (implicit, the first disciples’ summons), 2:17 (‘I came not to call the righteous, but sinners’), 3:13 (naming of the Twelve). God’s initiating call must be distinguished from the devotee-initiated path of Lingayat spiritual ascent or the Haridasa pattern of a devotee choosing to become a ‘dasa.‘
Calling
Approved rendering: ಕರೆ
Transliteration: kare
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: ಆಹ್ವಾನ
Inherited from Romans package (exact match). Noun form paired with ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ; supports the ‘Call to Discipleship’ doctrine across Mark 1:16-20, 2:14, 3:13-19, 8:34, 10:21, 10:28.
Holy
Approved rendering: ಪವಿತ್ರ
Transliteration: pavitra
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: ಶುದ್ಧ
Inherited from Romans package (exact match). Set apart for God and morally pure. Mark occurrences: forms the adjective in ಪವಿತ್ರಾತ್ಮ (Holy Spirit, 1:8, 1:24, 3:29, 12:36, 13:11).
Law
Approved rendering: ನಿಯಮಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ
Transliteration: niyamaśāstra
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: ಧರ್ಮ
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package (exact match). NEVER ಧರ್ಮ. Mark occurrences: 1:44 (leprosy-cleansing instruction), 2:23-28 (Sabbath), 7:1-13 (tradition vs. written law), 10:2-9 (divorce), 12:28-31 (Greatest Commandment).
Sin
Approved rendering: ಪಾಪ
Transliteration: pāpa
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: ಅಧರ್ಮ
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package (exact match). Mark occurrences: 1:4-5 (John’s baptism of repentance), 2:5-10 (forgiven by Jesus’s unique authority), 3:28-29 (blasphemy warning), 7:21-23 (heart-defilements list), 14:41.
Glory
Approved rendering: ಮಹಿಮೆ
Transliteration: mahime
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ತೇಜಸ್ಸು
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (exact match). Mark occurrences: 8:38, 9:2-8 (Transfiguration), 10:37 (James and John’s misdirected request), 13:26 (Son of Man’s eschatological coming). Avoid light-only/mystical-illumination associations from Aikya devotional literature; at 10:37 must not be read as a worldly court-rank scene, which the ransom saying (10:45) itself corrects.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: ದೇವರ ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯ
Transliteration: Dēvara Sāmarthya
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ಶಕ್ತಿ
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (exact match). NEVER ಶಕ್ತಿ. Mark occurrences: 5:30, 6:2, 6:14, 9:1, 13:25-26.
Covenant
Approved rendering: ಒಡಂಬಡಿಕೆ
Transliteration: oḍambaḍike
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: ಒಪ್ಪಂದ
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package (exact match). Mark occurrence: 14:24, ‘my blood of the covenant, poured out for many’ — must remain doctrinally and, where required, verbatim consistent with 10:45’s ransom saying, since both describe the same substitutionary death. See ‘last_supper_institution’ in Section B.
Election
Approved rendering: ದೇವರ ಆಯ್ಕೆ
Transliteration: Dēvara Āyke
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: ಹಣೆಬರಹ, ವಿಧಿ
Inherited from Romans package (exact match). Never ಹಣೆಬರಹ or ವಿಧಿ. Underlies Mark’s ‘elect’ (ἐκλεκτοί) term at 13:20, 13:22, 13:27 — see ‘elect’ in Section B.
Abba
Approved rendering: ಅಬ್ಬಾ
Transliteration: Abbā
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: ἀββά
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (exact match). Mark occurrence: 14:36 (Gethsemane prayer, paired with ತಂದೆ as ‘ಅಬ್ಬಾ ತಂದೆಯೇ’). Frames the Gospel’s clearest window into the necessity of the cross being embraced, not merely imposed.
Providence
Approved rendering: ದೇವರ ಪರಿಪಾಲನೆ
Transliteration: Dēvara Paripālane
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: ಹಣೆಬರಹ, ಕರ್ಮದ ನಿಯಮ
Inherited from Romans package (exact match). Directly cited as the model for Mark’s new ‘dei_necessity’ term (ಆಗಲೇಬೇಕು, Section B): the same forbidden-substitution caution against ಹಣೆಬರಹ (fatalism) and ಕರ್ಮದ ನಿಯಮ (impersonal karmic law) applies to the Necessity-of-the-Cross doctrine (8:31, 9:31, 10:33-34).
King Of The Jews
Approved rendering: ಯೆಹೂದ್ಯರ ಅರಸನು
Transliteration: Yehūdyara arasanu
Doctrine: Crucifixion and the Irony of Kingship
Rejected alternatives: any rendering that resolves or explains away the mocking irony
Original: ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων
Category: Christology
New term for Mark. A mocking yet, in Mark’s narrative irony, genuinely true title, repeated five times through the trial and crucifixion (15:2, 15:9, 15:12, 15:18, 15:26), climaxing in the written inscription over the cross. The irony must be preserved intact in Kannada, not resolved by the translation itself.
Transfigured
Approved rendering: ರೂಪಾಂತರಗೊಂಡನು
Transliteration: rūpāntaragoṇḍanu
Doctrine: Transfiguration and Divine Glory
Rejected alternatives: any rendering evoking yogic transformation-of-consciousness or an avatar’s radiant self-revealing appearance
Original: μετεμορφώθη
Category: Christology
New term for Mark. Jesus’s visible, temporary transformation revealing his hidden divine glory to Peter, James, and John (9:2). A momentary unveiling of the eternal Son’s own pre-existing glory (ಮಹಿಮೆ), not a newly acquired divine status or a mystical state disciples themselves could attain.
Cry Of Dereliction
Approved rendering: ಎಲೋಈ ಎಲೋಈ ಲೆಮಾ ಸಬಕ್ತಾನೀ
Transliteration: Elōī Elōī lemā sabaktānī
Doctrine: The Cry of Dereliction
Rejected alternatives: softened, spiritualized, or merely rhetorical renderings
Original: Ἐλωΐ Ἐλωΐ λεμὰ σαβαχθανί
Category: Christology
New term for Mark. Jesus’s cry from the cross (15:34) quoting Psalm 22:1, retained as transliteration with Mark’s own built-in gloss (‘ದೇವರೇ, ದೇವರೇ, ಯಾಕೆ ನನ್ನನ್ನು ಕೈಬಿಟ್ಟಿ?’). Must not be softened or explained as merely rhetorical, yet must be framed so as not to imply severed eternal Trinitarian relations.
Ascension
Approved rendering: ಆಕಾಶಕ್ಕೆ ಎತ್ತಲ್ಪಟ್ಟನು
Transliteration: ākāśakke ettalpaṭṭanu
Doctrine: The Great Commission (Longer Ending)
Original: ἀνελήμφθη εἰς τὸν οὐρανόν
Category: Christology
New term for Mark, occurring only in the Longer Ending (16:19). Christ’s being taken up into heaven and seated at God’s right hand, reinforcing his ongoing deity and lordship. The textual-critical status of 16:9-20 (absent from the earliest manuscripts, Codex Sinaiticus and Vaticanus) should be flagged alongside doctrinal risk; Phase 2 should follow standard bracket/footnote convention rather than silent inclusion or omission.
Forgiveness
Approved rendering: ಪಾಪಕ್ಷಮೆ
Transliteration: pāpakṣame
Doctrine: Forgiveness of Sins
Rejected alternatives: casual interpersonal ಕ್ಷಮೆ, collapsing into justification vocabulary
Original: ἄφεσις ἁμαρτιῶν / ἀφίημι
Category: Salvation
New term for Mark. Full cancellation of moral debt/guilt by the one with rightful authority to do so; exercised uniquely by Jesus in the healing of the paralytic (2:5-10) and taught as reciprocal in 11:25. Must preserve the scribes’ registered scandal (2:7, ‘who can forgive sins but God alone?’) and not flatten into casual interpersonal pardon; distinguish from the baseline’s rejected phrase for justification (ಕ್ಷಮೆ ಪಡೆಯುವುದು) — forgiveness cancels the debt of specific sins; justification is the distinct forensic declaration of righteous standing.
Repentance
Approved rendering: ಮಾನಸಾಂತರ
Transliteration: mānasāntara
Doctrine: Repentance and the Nearness of the Kingdom
Rejected alternatives: ಪಶ್ಚಾತ್ತಾಪ (regret/remorse without necessary reorientation), a yogic self-directed meditative turning-inward technique
Original: μετάνοια / μετανοέω
Category: Faith
New term for Mark. A decisive turning from sin toward God, inward reorientation with outward consequence, John’s and Jesus’s shared opening summons (1:4, 1:15, 6:12). Must convey decisive relational turning toward the one true God in response to his kingdom drawing near.
Disciple
Approved rendering: ಶಿಷ್ಯ
Transliteration: śiṣya
Doctrine: The Call to Discipleship
Original: μαθητής
Category: Faith
New term for Mark (plural ಶಿಷ್ಯರು). The Twelve and the broader circle of learners who follow Jesus, used throughout Mark. Standard pan-Indian guru-śiṣya term, used across Hindu, Haridasa, and Lingayat teacher-disciple relationships. Teaching material must state explicitly that Jesus’s ಶಿಷ್ಯರು follow a living, exclusive Lord toward a shared mission and finished salvation already accomplished for them (10:45), not toward each disciple’s own progressive self-attainment of a higher spiritual state — the call originates entirely with Jesus’s sovereign summons, reversing the guru-śiṣya convention in which a seeker approaches a chosen teacher.
Son Of David
Approved rendering: ದಾವೀದನ ಮಗ
Transliteration: Dāvīdana maga
Doctrine: Davidic Messianic Hope
Rejected alternatives: conflating with ದಾವೀದನ ವಂಶದಿಂದ (baseline ‘seed_of_david,’ a lineage phrase)
Original: υἱὲ Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
New term for Mark. A direct messianic vocative title, cried out by blind Bartimaeus (10:47-48), invoking Davidic-covenant hope. Distinct from the Romans baseline’s ‘seed_of_david’ phrase (physical lineage) — this is a direct messianic address/title. Requires OT covenant background largely absent from Haridasa bhakti or Veerashaiva tradition; risk that the address is read as one devotional title among many rather than the unique OT-promised deliverer’s fulfillment.
Common Defile
Approved rendering: ಅಶುದ್ಧ
Transliteration: aśuddha
Doctrine: Tradition versus the Purity of the Heart
Original: κοινός / κοινόω
Category: Sin
New term for Mark. Ritual impurity communicated by contact with the ‘unclean,’ radically relocated by Jesus to what proceeds from within the heart (7:2-23). Engages ritual purity/pollution codes tied to food, touch, and caste boundaries deeply embedded in Karnataka social-religious life; genuinely convergent with the historic Lingayat critique of ritual-purity hierarchy, but must affirm Jesus’s positive claim that defilement is a moral-spiritual reality of the heart requiring forgiveness, not merely the abolition of external boundary-markers.
Blasphemy Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: ಪವಿತ್ರಾತ್ಮನಿಗೆ ವಿರುದ್ಧವಾದ ದೂಷಣೆ
Transliteration: Pavitrātmanige viruddhavāda dūṣaṇe
Doctrine: Blasphemy against the Holy Spirit
Original: βλασφημία εἰς τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον
Category: Sin
New term for Mark. Attributing the Holy Spirit’s own evidenced work to Satan, Mark’s uniquely severe ‘unforgivable sin’ warning (3:28-29). Requires precise framing given the doctrine’s severity and potential for pastoral misapplication; must be distinguished from ordinary doubt or any and every sin.
Elect
Approved rendering: ಆಯ್ಕೆಗೊಂಡವರು
Transliteration: āykegoṇḍavaru
Doctrine: The Son of Man’s Return in Glory
Rejected alternatives: ಹಣೆಬರಹ, ವಿಧಿ
Original: ἐκλεκτοί
Category: Salvation
New term for Mark, built on baseline ‘election’ entry (ದೇವರ ಆಯ್ಕೆ). Those sovereignly chosen by God, gathered by the returning Son of Man (13:20, 13:22, 13:27). Never ಹಣೆಬರಹ or ವಿಧಿ (fatalism/impersonal destiny); this is God’s personal, purposive choosing and gathering of his people.
Slave
Approved rendering: ದಾಸ
Transliteration: dāsa
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Discipleship
New term for Mark. One wholly owned by and obligated to a master, with no legal autonomy; the climactic status-reversal term in Jesus’s greatness teaching (10:44). ದಾಸ is the precise self-designation of Karnataka’s own Haridasa bhakti tradition (Purandara Dāsa, Kanaka Dāsa). Genuinely double-edged: helpful for evoking total self-surrender, but risks being heard as devotee-chosen devotional submission toward a chosen deity rather than Jesus’s specific point about mutual servanthood among disciples, following the Master’s own example (v.45). Requires theologian review.
Authority
Approved rendering: ಅಧಿಕಾರ
Transliteration: adhikāra
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Authority and Miracles
New term for Mark. Legitimate, inherent authority, first shown in Jesus’s teaching (1:22) and immediately extended over unclean spirits (1:27), sin (2:10), and questioned by Jerusalem authorities (11:28-33). Must convey inherent, self-authenticating divine authority — not derivative teaching-license (as scribes held) nor a guru’s authority earned through personal spiritual attainment. Same root as the negative κατεξουσιάζουσιν in 10:42; the contrast (Christ’s authority exercised as service, not domination) should be taught explicitly since the Greek wordplay cannot be reproduced with a single Kannada root.
Rebuke Silence
Approved rendering: ಗದರಿಸು
Transliteration: gadarisu
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Original: ἐπιτιμάω
Category: Messianic Secret
New term for Mark. Jesus’s repeated strict silencing of demons’ and disciples’ correct identifications of him (1:25, 3:12, 8:30, 8:33, 9:25), the core mechanism of the Messianic Secret. Must be understood as purposeful, temporary redemptive-historical concealment avoiding premature political messianism — not an esoteric-initiation secrecy pattern as in tantric or Lingayat private guru-disciple transmission of the iṣṭaliṅga’s meaning.
Demon Unclean Spirit
Approved rendering: ದೆವ್ವ / ಅಶುದ್ಧಾತ್ಮ
Transliteration: devva / aśuddhātma
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Rejected alternatives: ಭೂತ
Original: δαιμόνιον / πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον
Category: Authority and Miracles
New term for Mark. A malevolent, personal spiritual being under God’s ultimate authority, subject to Christ’s word (1:23-34, 3:11, 3:22, 5:1-20, 6:7, 7:25-30, 9:14-29). NEVER ಭೂತ (bhūta) — coastal Karnataka’s Tulu Nadu Bhuta Kola/Daiva spirit-worship tradition honors bhūtas as ritually propitiated, often protective, local deities. Using ಭೂತ would blur the categorical claim that these are hostile, illegitimate powers wholly subject to Christ’s absolute command, not entities to be honored, negotiated with, or ritually placated.
Healing Save
Approved rendering: ಗುಣಪಡಿಸು / ಗುಣವಾಗು
Transliteration: guṇapaḍisu / guṇavāgu
Doctrine: Faith and Healing
Rejected alternatives: flatly rendering as ರಕ್ಷಣೆ in every occurrence
Original: σῴζω (physical-healing sense)
Category: Authority and Miracles
New term for Mark. The same Greek verb σῴζω as ‘salvation,’ here denoting physical healing/rescue from mortal danger (5:23, 5:28, 5:34, 6:56, 10:52). Requires case-by-case theological judgment: flattening to ಗುಣಪಡಿಸು risks losing Mark’s deliberate double meaning (bodily healing as sign of fuller salvation); flattening to ರಕ್ಷಣೆ over-theologizes plain physical-healing narratives. Recommend ಗುಣಪಡಿಸು as the default with a translator’s note flagging the σῴζω wordplay specifically at 5:34 and 10:52, where faith and healing/salvation are explicitly linked.
Baptism
Approved rendering: ದೀಕ್ಷಾಸ್ನಾನ
Transliteration: dīkṣāsnāna
Doctrine: Baptism and Christian Identification
Original: βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω
Category: Faith
New term for Mark, established Kannada Christian term. Covers John’s baptism of repentance, Jesus’s own baptism (1:4-11), and the metaphorical ‘baptism’ of suffering he must undergo (10:38-39), plus 16:16 (Longer Ending). Collides with Hindu guru-dīkṣā (initiation) and ritual snana (purificatory bathing), specifically with Lingayat iṣṭaliṅga-dīkṣā conferred by a Jangama guru; requires a translator’s note at first occurrence (1:4) distinguishing this from a repeatable purification rite or guru-conferred initiation. The metaphorical extension at 10:38-39 (‘can you drink the cup… be baptized with the baptism’) has no ready cultural parallel at all and requires additional explanatory framing.
Hand Over Betray
Approved rendering: ಒಪ್ಪಿಸು / ಹಿಡಿದುಕೊಡು
Transliteration: oppisu / hiḍidukoḍu
Doctrine: Betrayal and Divine Sovereignty
Rejected alternatives: forcing a single word to carry both human-treachery and divine-purpose registers
Original: παραδίδωμι
Category: Necessity of the Cross
New term for Mark. ‘To hand over, deliver up, betray’; spans human treachery (Judas, 14:10-44) and, in the passive, divine sovereign action being accomplished through that treachery (9:31, 10:33). Both a human-treachery register (ಹಿಡಿದುಕೊಡು) and a divine-purpose register (ಒಪ್ಪಿಸಲ್ಪಡುತ್ತಾನೆ, passive, echoing Isaiah 53) should be available in teaching material, preserving this dual theological register without collapsing into fatalism (excusing Judas) or pure human-villainy narrative (obscuring God’s sovereign redemptive purpose).
Cornerstone
Approved rendering: ಕಟ್ಟುವವರು ತಿರಸ್ಕರಿಸಿದ ಕಲ್ಲು / ಮೂಲೆಗಲ್ಲು
Transliteration: kaṭṭuvavaru tiraskarisida kallu / mūlegallu
Doctrine: The Rejection of the Son (Parable of the Tenants)
New term for Mark (12:10, quoting Psalm 118:22-23). ‘The stone the builders rejected has become the cornerstone’ — a rejected building-stone unexpectedly becomes the structure’s most crucial stone. A direct messianic/resurrection reversal-image: rejection (the cross) leads to exaltation (resurrection, becoming foundational). The reversal logic must be preserved clearly, since it functions as an implicit resurrection prophecy in narrative context, ties to doctrines #2 (Necessity of the Cross), #8 (Resurrection), and #24 (Rejection of the Son).
Medium Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: ಅಪೊಸ್ತಲ
Transliteration: apostala
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: ಗುರು, ಜಂಗಮ
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package (exact match). Avoid ಗುರು or ಜಂಗಮ (Lingayat wandering mendicant-teacher office), both implying self-attained teaching status rather than delegated, sent commission. Mark occurrences: 3:14 (formal naming/commissioning of the Twelve), 6:30.
Peace
Approved rendering: ಶಾಂತಿ
Transliteration: śānti
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: ಮನಶ್ಶಾಂತಿ
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (exact match). Mark occurrences: 5:34 (spoken to the healed hemorrhaging woman), 9:50 (commended among disciples).
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: ದೇವರ ರಾಜ್ಯ
Transliteration: Dēvara Rājya
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package (exact match). Mark occurrences: 1:14-15 (thesis statement, MUST be verbatim-consistent across all curriculum documents, parallel to the baseline’s fixed Romans 1:16-17 rule — full fixed phrase is ದೇವರ ರಾಜ್ಯ ಸಮೀಪಿಸಿದೆ), 4:11 and throughout ch.4 parables, 9:1, 10:14-15, 11:10, 13:26, 15:2. Risk of political Davidic-restoration misreading on one side and flattening into inward/mystical bhakti or Lingayat inward-realization experience on the other.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: ಅನ್ಯಜನಾಂಗದವರು
Transliteration: anyajanāṅgadavaru
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: ವಿದೇಶಿಯರು
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package (exact match). Mark occurrences: 10:42 (generic ‘nations/Gentile rulers’ sense — flag this occurrence: it functions generically here, not in the Jew-Gentile ecclesial-unity sense central to Romans), 11:17 (‘a house of prayer for all nations’), 13:10.
David
Approved rendering: ದಾವೀದ
Transliteration: Dāvīda
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package (exact match). Mark occurrences: 2:25 (Sabbath dispute), 10:47-48 (Bartimaeus), 11:10 (triumphal entry), 12:35-37 (Davidic-psalm dispute).
Israel
Approved rendering: ಇಸ್ರಾಯೇಲ್
Transliteration: Isrāyēl
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package (exact match). Mark occurrences: 12:29 (the Shema), 15:32 (mocking crucifixion title).
Mission
Approved rendering: ಮಿಷನ್ / ಸುವಾರ್ತಾ ಪ್ರಸಾರ
Transliteration: miṣan / suvārtā prasāra
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Inherited from Romans package (exact match). Mark occurrence: 6:7-13 (sending of the Twelve, ἀποστέλλω); prefer ಸುವಾರ್ತಾ ಪ್ರಸಾರಕ್ಕಾಗಿ ಕಳುಹಿಸು framing given the baseline’s colonial-connotation caution around ‘mission.‘
Beloved
Approved rendering: ಪ್ರಿಯ
Transliteration: priya
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: ἀγαπητός
Category: Christology
New term for Mark. Used of Jesus by the Father’s voice (1:11, 9:7) and of the vineyard owner’s son in the tenants’ parable (12:6). Some helpful resonance with bhakti devotional address of ‘priya’; ensure the exclusive, unique divine-Sonship sense is retained rather than a generic term of affection among many possible devotional objects.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: ನಿತ್ಯಜೀವ
Transliteration: nityajīva
Doctrine: Riches and Eternal Life
Original: ζωὴ αἰώνιος
Category: Salvation
New term for Mark. Life of the age to come, already breaking in and to be fully realized, the object of the rich young ruler’s question (10:17, 10:30). Distinguish from a cyclical-existence concept of endless rebirth; ‘eternal’ names a qualitatively full, unending life with God after history’s terminus, not an unending cycle escaped through renunciation as spiritual technique.
Follow
Approved rendering: ಹಿಂಬಾಲಿಸು
Transliteration: hinbālisu
Doctrine: The Call to Discipleship
Original: ἀκολουθέω
Category: Faith
New term for Mark. Following as a settled way of life, modeled by the first disciples’ immediate response (1:18, 1:20) and tracked through the book’s fear/faith tension (2:14, 8:34, 10:21, 10:28, 10:52). Distinguish from following a guru toward one’s own eventual spiritual attainment; here it is a summons issued by a specific person (Jesus) toward himself, not a self-chosen path.
Fear
Approved rendering: ಭಯ
Transliteration: bhaya
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: φόβος / φοβέομαι
Category: Faith
New term for Mark. Ranges from ordinary fright to reverent awe before the divine; a recurring motif paired with faith across 4:41, 5:33, 6:50, 9:6, 9:32, 10:32, 14:29-31, 14:66-72, and 16:8. Teaching material should preserve Mark’s distinctive refusal to simply resolve fear into confident faith, especially at the earliest-attested ending (16:8), without smoothing into triumphalism or confusing it with fatalistic dread.
Tradition Of Elders
Approved rendering: ಹಿರಿಯರ ಸಂಪ್ರದಾಯ
Transliteration: hiriyara sampradāya
Doctrine: Tradition versus the Purity of the Heart
Original: παράδοσις τῶν πρεσβυτέρων
Category: Covenant
New term for Mark. Oral halakhic tradition surrounding, and sometimes nullifying, the written Mosaic law (7:3-13). Note the deliberate distinction from ನಿಯಮಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ (the written Law itself) — Jesus’s criticism targets human tradition, not the Law of Moses as such.
Sabbath
Approved rendering: ಸಬ್ಬತ್ ದಿನ
Transliteration: sabbat dina
Doctrine: Sabbath Lordship
Original: σάββατον
Category: Covenant
New term for Mark. The seventh-day rest commanded in the Mosaic law, over which Jesus claims lordship (2:23-3:6). Established transliterated term with limited independent syncretism exposure; tie to ನಿಯಮಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ when teaching Sabbath as part of the Mosaic law.
Mystery Of Kingdom
Approved rendering: ರಹಸ್ಯ
Transliteration: rahasya
Doctrine: Parables and the Mystery of the Kingdom
Original: μυστήριον
Category: Kingdom
New term for Mark. Previously hidden kingdom-truth now disclosed selectively to disciples (4:11). Must be distinguished from esoteric occult ‘secret knowledge’ (gupta vidyā/tantra) attained through initiation or personal mystical technique; here the mystery is sovereignly given by grace, not unlocked by the recipient’s own spiritual effort.
Watch Be Alert
Approved rendering: ಎಚ್ಚರವಾಗಿರಿ
Transliteration: eccaravāgiri
Doctrine: The Olivet Discourse and Watchfulness
Original: γρηγορέω
Category: Kingdom
New term for Mark. Eschatological readiness/vigilance for the Son of Man’s return (13:33-37), echoed at Gethsemane (14:34-38). Distinguish eschatological watchfulness for Christ’s return from a generic meditative ‘mindfulness/awareness’ practice common in yogic or contemplative Hindu vocabulary; this is active, hope-filled, ethically-engaged readiness for a specific historical event.
Tribulation
Approved rendering: ಸಂಕಟ
Transliteration: saṅkaṭa
Doctrine: The Olivet Discourse and Watchfulness
Original: θλῖψις
Category: Kingdom
New term for Mark. Severe end-times affliction of unprecedented scale preceding the Son of Man’s return (13:19, 13:24). Standard vocabulary; no inherent syncretism risk beyond ensuring the eschatological, historically-anchored sense is retained.
Servant
Approved rendering: ಸೇವಕ
Transliteration: sēvaka
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: διάκονος
Category: Discipleship
New term for Mark. One who renders practical service/attendance, the first rung of Jesus’s status-reversal ladder (10:43; also 10:45’s διακονῆσαι). Resonates with bhakti seva and, more specifically, Lingayat kayaka-dāsōha (sacred labor and generous sharing); genuine cultural bridge, but the servanthood Jesus commends is Christ-patterned status-reversal, not a disciplined path of merit-accumulating sacred work.
Love
Approved rendering: ಪ್ರೀತಿ
Transliteration: prīti
Doctrine: The Greatest Commandment
Original: ἀγάπη / ἀγαπάω
Category: Ethics
New term for Mark. Exclusive, covenantal love for the one God, paired with love of neighbor (12:30-31, 12:33), and used of Jesus’s regard for the rich young ruler (10:21). Distinguish from the bhakti devotee’s cultivated emotional devotion (prema-bhakti) directed toward a chosen personal deity among several possible choices; this is exclusive, covenantal love commanded toward the one God who has no rivals.
Divorce
Approved rendering: ವಿಚ್ಛೇದನ ಮಾಡು
Transliteration: vicchēdana māḍu
Doctrine: Covenant Ethics (Marriage)
Original: ἀπολύω
Category: Ethics
New term for Mark. Legal dissolution of a marriage covenant, addressed by Jesus’s creation-based teaching (10:2-12). Not independently named as a Mark doctrine in the risk registry, but standard legal/marital term; note the passage’s high view of covenant permanence reinforces the baseline ‘covenant’ teaching (ಒಡಂಬಡಿಕೆ).
Low Risk Terms
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: ಕೃತಜ್ಞತಾಸ್ತುತಿ
Transliteration: kṛtajñatāstuti
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package (exact match). Mark occurrences: 8:6, 14:23 (feeding miracle and Last Supper thanksgiving verb εὐχαριστέω).
Prophet
Approved rendering: ಪ್ರವಾದಿ
Transliteration: pravādi
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: ಜ್ಯೋತಿಷಿ
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package (exact match). Mark occurrences: 1:2 (forerunner citation), 6:4, 6:15 (rejection at Nazareth), 8:28, 11:32.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: ಪ್ರವಾದನೆ
Transliteration: pravādane
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: ಭವಿಷ್ಯಫಲ
Original: προφητεία
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package (exact match). Mark occurrences: 1:2-3 (opening OT citations).
Leper
Approved rendering: ಕುಷ್ಠರೋಗಿ
Transliteration: kuṣṭharōgi
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: λεπρός
Category: Authority and Miracles
New term for Mark. One afflicted with a serious skin disease, ritually excluding under Mosaic law, healed by Jesus’s touch (1:40-42, cf. 14:3). Standard medical/biblical term; the touch itself models the reversal of purity-exclusion, a theme intensified in ch.7.
Legion
Approved rendering: ಲೀಗ್ಯೋನ್
Transliteration: Līgyōn
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: Λεγιών
Category: Authority and Miracles
New term for Mark. Self-naming by the Gerasene demoniac’s possessing spirits, indicating overwhelming multitude and hostile power (5:9, 5:15). Retain as proper-name transliteration with a gloss (‘a great multitude/army’); no doctrinal syncretism risk.
Passover
Approved rendering: ಪಸ್ಕ ಹಬ್ಬ
Transliteration: paska habba
Doctrine: The Last Supper and the New Covenant
Original: Πάσχα
Category: Ritual
New term for Mark. The Jewish feast commemorating the Exodus, the setting for the Last Supper (14:1, 14:12-16). Established transliterated term; requires background-knowledge scaffolding rather than syncretism caution.
Fasting
Approved rendering: ಉಪವಾಸ
Transliteration: upavāsa
Doctrine: The Newness of the Gospel
Original: νηστεία
Category: Ritual
New term for Mark. Religious abstention from food, discussed in the new-wineskins teaching (2:18-22). Shared broadly across Indian religious traditions (Hindu vrata-fasting, Jain, etc.) without major syncretism risk.
Hosanna
Approved rendering: ಹೊಸಾನ್ನ
Transliteration: hosānna
Doctrine: The Triumphal Entry and True Kingship
Original: ὡσαννά
Category: Ritual
New term for Mark. A shout of messianic acclamation at the triumphal entry (11:9-10). Standard transliterated liturgical exclamation; gloss meaning at first occurrence.
Commandment
Approved rendering: ಆಜ್ಞೆ
Transliteration: ājñe
Doctrine: The Greatest Commandment
Original: ἐντολή
Category: Ethics
New term for Mark. A divine command, discussed in the tradition-of-elders debate (7:8-9) and the Greatest Commandment (12:28-31). Standard vocabulary; no significant syncretism risk.
Neighbor
Approved rendering: ನೆರೆಯವನು
Transliteration: nereyavanu
Doctrine: The Greatest Commandment
Original: πλησίον
Category: Ethics
New term for Mark. The object of the second Great Commandment (12:31, 12:33). Standard vocabulary.
Referenced passages