Core Glossary
08 — Core Glossary: Galatians (English → Kannada)
How to Read This Glossary
- Status: Baseline reuse — term already exists in the Romans
translation_memory.json; rendering is locked and reused verbatim. Contextual notes here describe any Galatians-specific nuance only. - Status: NEW (proposed) — term introduced by Galatians with no baseline entry; the Kannada rendering below is proposed by this analysis for confirmation before Phase 2. All NEW entries must be added to
translation_memory.json(with version increment) before any Phase 2 translation of Galatians proceeds, per the Pre-flight Checklist in12_ai_translation_requirements.md. - Risk tiers (Critical/High/Medium/Low) follow the identical definitions used in the baseline
doctrine_risk_registry.json.
A. Terms Reused Exactly from the Romans Baseline
| Term (EN) | Kannada | Transliteration | Risk | First Galatians Occurrence | Galatians-Specific Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gospel | ಸುವಾರ್ತೆ | suvārte | High | 1:6-9 | Contrasted here with a specific counterfeit (“different gospel”); see NEW terms below. |
| Grace | ಕೃಪೆ | kṛpe | High | 1:3 | Central to Law/Grace doctrine; contrasted with ἔργα νόμου throughout. |
| Faith | ನಂಬಿಕೆ | nambike | High | 2:16 | Appears in the Core Passage three times in one verse; anchor term of the whole epistle. |
| Righteousness | ನೀತಿವಂತಿಕೆ | nītivantike | Critical | 2:16, 21; 3:6; 5:5 | Never ಧರ್ಮ. |
| Justification | ನೀತಿವಂತರೆಂದು ನಿರ್ಣಯಿಸುವುದು | nītivantarendu nirṇayisuvudu | Critical | 2:16 (×3), 17 | The Core Passage’s central verb; must never be abbreviated. |
| Salvation | ರಕ್ಷಣೆ | rakṣaṇe | Critical | (conceptually present; term itself less frequent than in Romans) | Never ಮೋಕ್ಷ/ಮುಕ್ತಿ/ಐಕ್ಯ. |
| Apostle | ಅಪೊಸ್ತಲ | apostala | Medium | 1:1 | Paul stresses non-human origin of his apostleship here more explicitly than in Romans. |
| Called / Calling | ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ / ಕರೆ | kareyalpaṭṭa / kare | High | 1:6, 15; 5:8, 13 | Set-apart-from-the-womb calling (1:15) intensifies the sovereign, unearned sense. |
| Holy Spirit | ಪವಿತ್ರಾತ್ಮ | Pavitrātma | Critical | 3:2-5; 4:6; 5:16-25 | Central to chs. 3-5; never ಪರಮಾತ್ಮ. |
| Father | ತಂದೆ | Tande | Critical | 1:1, 3, 4; 4:6 | — |
| Abba | ಅಬ್ಬಾ | Abbā | High | 4:6 | Verbatim parallel to Romans 8:15; render identically. |
| Son of God | ದೇವರ ಮಗ | Dēvara Maga | Critical | 2:20; 4:4 | Anchors both the Core Passage and the incarnation text of 4:4. |
| Lord | ಕರ್ತ | karta | Critical | 6:14, 18 | Never ಸ್ವಾಮಿ. |
| Resurrection | ಪುನರುತ್ಥಾನ | punarutthāna | Critical | 1:1 | Never ಪುನರ್ಜನ್ಮ. |
| Peace | ಶಾಂತಿ | śānti | Medium | 1:3; 5:22; 6:16 | Also appears as a Fruit of the Spirit item (5:22) — same rendering, no separate sense. |
| Fellowship | ಅನ್ಯೋನ್ಯತೆ | anyōnyate | Low | 2:9 | ”Right hand of fellowship.” |
| Church | ಸಭೆ | sabhe | Medium | 1:2, 13, 22 | — |
| Law | ನಿಯಮಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ | niyamaśāstra | High | 2:16 and throughout chs. 2-5 | Never ಧರ್ಮ. Reserved exclusively for the Mosaic law; kept distinct from the NEW term “law of Christ” (6:2, see below). |
| Sin | ಪಾಪ | pāpa | High | 1:4; 2:15, 17; 3:22 | — |
| Gentiles | ಅನ್ಯಜನಾಂಗದವರು | anyajanāṅgadavaru | Medium | 1:16; 2:2-15; 3:8, 14 | — |
| Glory | ಮಹಿಮೆ | mahime | High | 1:5, 24 | — |
| Covenant | ಒಡಂಬಡಿಕೆ | oḍambaḍike | High | 3:15, 17; 4:24 | Kept terminologically distinct from the NEW term “promise” (ವಾಗ್ದಾನ); see below. |
| Israel | ಇಸ್ರಾಯೇಲ್ | Isrāyēl | Medium | 6:16 | ”The Israel of God” — referent debated; flag for theologian review. |
| Jesus | ಯೇಸು | Yēsu | Critical | throughout | — |
| God | ದೇವರು | Dēvaru | Critical | throughout | 4:8’s “those who by nature are not gods” directly engages this term’s exclusivity claim. |
| Adoption | ದತ್ತು ಪುತ್ರತ್ವ | dattu putratva | High | 4:5 | Co-anchor passage with Romans 8; render identically across curricula. |
| Imputed Righteousness | ಆರೋಪಿತ ನೀತಿ | āropita nīti | Critical | 3:6 | Identical Genesis 15:6 citation as Romans 4:3; must render identically. |
| Exhort | ಪ್ರೋತ್ಸಾಹಿಸುವುದು | prōtsāhisuvudu | Low | 6:1 (implied, “restore… gently”) | — |
B. NEW Terms Proposed for Galatians (Not in Romans Baseline)
B.1 Gospel, Truth, and False Teaching
| Term (EN) | Greek | Kannada | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Passage | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Different/false gospel | ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον | ಬೇರೊಂದು ಸುವಾರ್ತೆ | bēroṃdu suvārte | High | True Gospel vs. False Gospels | 1:6 | Must not read as a second legitimate religious option; Paul denies (1:7) it is a gospel at all. |
| To distort/pervert | μεταστρέψαι | ವಿಕೃತಗೊಳಿಸುವುದು | vikṛtagoḷisuvudu | Medium | True Gospel vs. False Gospels | 1:7 | — |
| Accursed / let him be cursed | ἀνάθεμα | ಶಾಪಗ್ರಸ್ತನಾಗಲಿ | śāpagrastanāgali | Critical | True Gospel vs. False Gospels | 1:8-9 | Covenantal-judicial repudiation formula; not folk-magic ಶಾಪ. |
| Truth of the gospel | ἀλήθεια τοῦ εὐαγγελίου | ಸುವಾರ್ತೆಯ ಸತ್ಯ | suvārteya satya | High | True Gospel vs. False Gospels | 2:5, 14 | Doctrinal core Paul will not compromise even under apostolic social pressure. |
| Hypocrisy | ὑπόκρισις | ಕಪಟ | kapaṭa | Medium | True Gospel vs. False Gospels | 2:13 | Names inconsistency between confessed truth and practice. |
B.2 Apostleship and Divine Origin
| Term (EN) | Greek | Kannada | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Passage | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Revelation | ἀποκάλυψις | ಪ್ರಕಟಣೆ | prakaṭaṇe | Medium | Paul’s Apostleship | 1:12 | Direct divine unveiling, not human instruction. |
| Judaism | Ἰουδαϊσμός | ಯೆಹೂದ್ಯ ಮತ | Yehūdya mata | Medium-High | Paul’s Apostleship | 1:13-14 | Uses ಮತ, never ಧರ್ಮ. |
| Tradition(s) of the fathers | παραδόσεις | ಸಂಪ್ರದಾಯಗಳು | sampradāyagaḷu | Medium-High | Paul’s Apostleship | 1:14 | Same word used across Hindu devotional lineages; here names Paul’s own pre-conversion inheritance only. |
| Pillars (apostolic leaders) | στῦλοι | ಸ್ತಂಭಗಳು | stambhagaḷu | Low | Paul’s Apostleship | 2:9 | — |
B.3 Law and Grace / Justification
| Term (EN) | Greek | Kannada | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Passage | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Works of the law | ἔργα νόμου | ನಿಯಮಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದ ಕಾರ್ಯಗಳು | niyamaśāstrada kāryagaḷu | Critical | Justification by Faith / Law and Grace | 2:16 (×2), 3:2, 5, 10 | Must not generalize into “good deeds” or karma-merit/kayaka-labor framing; anchor tightly to circumcision/food-law/Sabbath boundary markers. |
| Servant/minister (of sin) | διάκονος | ಸೇವಕ | sēvaka | Medium | Justification by Faith | 2:17 | Kept distinct from δοῦλος-family (ದಾಸ/ಗುಲಾಮ). |
| ”May it never be!“ | μὴ γένοιτο | ಅದು ಎಂದಿಗೂ ಆಗದಿರಲಿ | adu endigū āgadirali | Medium | Justification by Faith | 2:17; 6:14 | Fixed rhetorical formula; must retain emphatic force. |
| Transgressor | παραβάτης | ಉಲ್ಲಂಘಿಸುವವನು | ullaṅghisuvavanu | Medium | Law’s Purpose | 2:18 | — |
| Nullify/set aside (grace) | ἀθετέω | ನಿರಾಕರಿಸು | nirākarisu | Medium-High | Law and Grace | 2:21 | Strong legal-covenantal “voiding,” not mild disregard. |
| In vain / for nothing | δωρεάν | ವ್ಯರ್ಥವಾಗಿ | vyarthavāgi | High | Justification by Faith | 2:21 | Distinct from the “freely given” sense of the same Greek word elsewhere; check context every occurrence. |
| Bewitched | βασκαίνω | ಮರುಳುಗೊಳಿಸಿದ್ದಾರೆ | marauḷugoḷisiddāre | Critical | True Gospel vs. False Gospels | 3:1 | Avoid ಮಾಟಮಂತ್ರ (literal sorcery) given live folk-magic/evil-eye salience in Karnataka; flag for theologian review. |
| Blessing | εὐλογία | ಆಶೀರ್ವಾದ | āśīrvāda | Medium | Abrahamic Covenant | 3:8, 14 | Distinguish God’s covenantal favor from a human elder’s/guru’s ritual blessing. |
| Curse (of the law) | κατάρα | ಶಾಪ | śāpa | Critical | Law’s Purpose / Abrahamic Covenant | 3:10, 13 | Distinguish from Puranic sage/deity curse narratives; impersonal covenantal consequence, not a reversible personal curse. |
| Redeem/redemption | ἐξαγοράζω | ವಿಮೋಚಿಸು / ವಿಮೋಚನೆ | vimōcisu / vimōcane | Critical | Abrahamic Covenant / Adoption | 3:13; 4:5 | Never ಮೋಕ್ಷ/ಮುಕ್ತಿ; a legal purchase-transaction, not attained liberation of consciousness. |
| Promise | ἐπαγγελία | ವಾಗ್ದಾನ | vāgdāna | High | Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | 3:14-29; 4:23, 28 | Kept distinct from ಒಡಂಬಡಿಕೆ (covenant); promise grounds and precedes covenant-formalization. |
| Seed/offspring (singular) | σπέρμα | ಸಂತಾನ | santāna | Critical | Abrahamic Covenant | 3:16, 19, 29 | Preserve collective-singular grammatical reading; mandatory translator footnote on Paul’s argument. |
| Mediator | μεσίτης | ಮಧ್ಯಸ್ಥ | madhyastha | Medium-High | Law’s Purpose | 3:19-20 | Distinct from ಮಧ್ಯಸ್ಥಿಕೆ (intercession); a time-bound salvation-historical office, not a permanent guru-mediator role. |
| Guardian/custodian (paidagōgos) | παιδαγωγός | ಪಾಲಕ | pālaka | High | The Law’s Purpose | 3:24-25 | Not “teacher/guru”; a temporary, custodial, now-obsolete function. |
| Heir | κληρονόμος | ವಾರಸುದಾರ | vārasudāra | Medium-High | Abrahamic Covenant / Adoption | 3:29; 4:1, 7 | Pairs with adoption doctrine. |
| Baptized into Christ | βαπτίζω (εἰς Χριστόν) | ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತನಲ್ಲಿ ಬಾಪ್ತಿಸ್ಮ ಪಡೆಯುವುದು | Kristanalli bāptisma paḍeyuvudu | Medium-High | Circumcision and New Creation | 3:27 | Use transliterated ಬಾಪ್ತಿಸ್ಮ, never ದೀಕ್ಷೆ (guru-initiation rite). |
| Put on Christ (clothed) | ἐνδύω | ಧರಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವುದು | dharisikoḷḷuvudu | Medium | Circumcision and New Creation | 3:27 | — |
B.4 Christology and Incarnation
| Term (EN) | Greek | Kannada | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Passage | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crucified with Christ | συσταυρόω | ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತನೊಂದಿಗೆ ಶಿಲುಬೆಗೆ ಹಾಕಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿದ್ದೇನೆ | Kristanondige śilubege hākalpaṭṭiddēne | Critical | Crucified with Christ | 2:19-20; 6:14 | Christ-accomplished, once-for-all union, not self-mortification (tapas) or shatsthala self-effort. |
| Love (self-giving) | ἀγάπη / ἀγαπάω | ಪ್ರೀತಿ | prīti | High | Crucified with Christ / Faith Working through Love | 2:20; 5:6, 13, 22 | Distinguish from bhakti-love directed devotee-to-deity; here initiated by Christ toward the sinner. |
| Gave himself up (for me) | παραδίδωμι | ತನ್ನನ್ನು ತಾನೇ ಒಪ್ಪಿಸಿಕೊಟ್ಟನು | tannannu tānē oppisikoṭṭanu | Critical | Crucified with Christ | 1:4; 2:20 | Substitutionary atonement language; mandatory theologian review per existing baseline rule. |
| Fullness of time | πλήρωμα τοῦ χρόνου | ಕಾಲದ ಪರಿಪೂರ್ಣತೆ | kālada paripūrṇate | High | Incarnation | 4:4 | Linear salvation-historical climax, not yuga-cycle timing or astrological muhurta. |
| The present evil age | ὁ αἰὼν ὁ ἐνεστὼς πονηρός | ಪ್ರಸ್ತುತ ದುಷ್ಟ ಯುಗ | prastuta duṣṭa yuga | Medium-High | True Gospel vs. False Gospels | 1:4 | ಯುಗ is the cyclical-cosmic-age word; clarify this is one linear, morally-qualified epoch already being overcome. |
| Elemental things/basic principles | στοιχεῖα | ಪ್ರಾಥಮಿಕ ಬೋಧನೆಗಳು | prāthamika bōdhanegaḷu | Critical | The Law’s Purpose | 4:3, 9 | Avoid astrological/pañcabhūta cosmological reading; “elementary/preparatory teaching,” now superseded. |
| Those who by nature are not gods | τοῖς φύσει μὴ οὖσιν θεοῖς | ಸ್ವಭಾವತಃ ದೇವರಲ್ಲದವರಿಗೆ | svabhāvataḥ dēvarallada avarige | High/Critical | Law and Grace / Freedom in Christ | 4:8 | Extends baseline’s God-exclusivity Critical rating; register should remain historical-descriptive of Galatians’ own past. |
| Christ formed in you | μορφωθῇ Χριστός | ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತನು ರೂಪುಗೊಳ್ಳುವುದು | Kristanu rūpugoḷḷuvudu | Medium | Adoption and Sonship | 4:19 | Relational Spirit-wrought formation, not mystical identity-merger. |
| Allegory (typological reading) | ἀλληγορέω | ಸಾಂಕೇತಿಕ ಅರ್ಥ | sāṅketika artha | Medium | Abrahamic Covenant | 4:24 | Controlled, apostolically-authorized typology, not open-ended mystical hermeneutics. |
| Jerusalem above | ἡ ἄνω Ἱερουσαλήμ | ಮೇಲಣ ಯೆರೂಸಲೇಮ್ | mēlaṇa Yerūsalēm | Medium | Freedom in Christ | 4:26 | Real future/present heavenly city and citizenship, not a plane to be mystically merged with. |
B.5 Slavery, Freedom, and Sonship
| Term (EN) | Greek | Kannada | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Passage | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Servant/slave of Christ (positive) | δοῦλος (Χριστοῦ) | ದಾಸ | dāsa | High | Paul’s Apostleship / Freedom in Christ | 1:10; 5:13 | Direct collision with Haridasa bhakti self-designation “dāsa”; keep sense Christ-exclusive and apostolically-commissioned. |
| Slave (negative, under law/sin) | δοῦλος | ಗುಲಾಮ | gulāma | High | Law and Grace / Adoption and Sonship | 4:1, 7-9; 5:1 | Deliberately distinct Kannada word from ದಾಸ above; do not conflate the two senses. |
| Slavery/bondage | δουλεία | ಗುಲಾಮಗಿರಿ | gulāmagiri | Medium-High | Freedom in Christ | 2:4; 4:24; 5:1 | — |
| Yoke of slavery | ζυγῷ δουλείας | ಗುಲಾಮಗಿರಿಯ ನೊಗ | gulāmagiriya noga | Critical | Freedom in Christ | 5:1 | Anchor verse of the doctrine; full liberating force must be retained. |
| Freedom/liberty | ἐλευθερία | ಸ್ವಾತಂತ್ರ್ಯ | svātantrya | High | Freedom in Christ | 2:4; 5:1, 13 | Distinguish from Indian political-independence connotations and from moksha-style release; freedom FOR sonship/service, not an end in itself. |
| Fallen away from grace | ἐκπίπτω τῆς χάριτος | ಕೃಪೆಯಿಂದ ದೂರ ಬಿದ್ದಿದ್ದೀರಿ | kṛpeyinda dūra biddiddīri | Critical | Law and Grace | 5:4 | Refers specifically to re-adopting law-based justification, not general moral failure or karma-demerit loss of standing. |
| Circumcision | περιτομή | ಸುನ್ನತಿ | sunnati | High | Circumcision and the New Creation | 2:3-9, 12; 5:2-6, 11; 6:12-15 | Old Testament covenant-sign controversy; not a contemporary interfaith comparison to Islamic practice. |
B.6 Flesh, Spirit, and Fruit
| Term (EN) | Greek | Kannada | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Passage | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Flesh (physical, neutral) | σάρξ | ಶರೀರ | śarīra | Medium | Crucified with Christ | 2:20; 4:13-14 | Neutral bodily existence; not itself sinful. |
| Flesh (moral/theological sense) | σάρξ | ಶರೀರಭಾವ | śarīrabhāva | High | Flesh versus Spirit | 5:13, 16-17, 19, 24; 6:8 | Fallen disposition, not materiality/embodiment itself; distinguish from ascetic body-denigration frameworks. |
| Faith working through love | πίστις δι’ ἀγάπης ἐνεργουμένη | ಪ್ರೀತಿಯ ಮೂಲಕ ಕಾರ್ಯಸಾಧಿಸುವ ನಂಬಿಕೆ | prītiya mūlaka kāryasādhisuva nambike | Critical | Faith Working through Love | 5:6 | Love as faith’s fruit/expression, not a co-ground of justification alongside faith. |
| Stumbling block of the cross | σκάνδαλον τοῦ σταυροῦ | ಶಿಲುಬೆಯ ಎಡವುಗಲ್ಲು | śilubeya eḍavugallu | High | True Gospel vs. False Gospels | 5:11 | Preserve the scandal of a crucified savior; do not soften for palatability. |
| Walk by the Spirit | πνεύματι περιπατεῖτε | ಆತ್ಮನಿಂದ ನಡೆಯಿರಿ | Ātmaninda naḍeyiri | High | Flesh versus Spirit | 5:16 | Ongoing Spirit-empowered conduct, not a mystical “path”/mārga of self-effort ascent. |
| Works of the flesh | ἔργα τῆς σαρκός | ಶರೀರಭಾವದ ಕಾರ್ಯಗಳು | śarīrabhāvada kāryagaḷu | Critical | Flesh versus Spirit | 5:19-21 | Full list must be translated plainly, without euphemism. |
| — Idolatry (list item) | εἰδωλολατρία | ವಿಗ್ರಹಾರಾಧನೆ | vigrahārādhane | Critical | Flesh versus Spirit | 5:20 | Direct collision with mūrti/vigraha worship; translate plainly, pair with pastoral framing in lesson material. |
| — Sorcery (list item) | φαρμακεία | ಮಾಟಮಂತ್ರ / ಮಂತ್ರವಾದ | māṭamantra / mantravāda | Critical | Flesh versus Spirit | 5:20 | Live, socially volatile folk-practice/accusation category in Karnataka; flag for theologian and native-speaker review. |
| Fruit of the Spirit | καρπὸς τοῦ πνεύματος | ಆತ್ಮನ ಫಲ | Ātmana phala | Critical | Fruit of the Spirit | 5:22-23 | ಫಲ collides directly with pan-Indian karma-phala doctrine; must be framed as Spirit-given organic growth, not self-generated karmic merit. Single highest-priority cultural-collision term in this curriculum. |
| Keep in step with the Spirit | στοιχέω (πνεύματι) | ಆತ್ಮನ ಹೆಜ್ಜೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ನಡೆಯೋಣ | Ātmana hejjeyalli naḍeyōṇa | Medium | Flesh versus Spirit | 5:25 | — |
B.7 Community, Burden-Bearing, and Closing
| Term (EN) | Greek | Kannada | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Passage | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bear one another’s burdens | ἀλλήλων τὰ βάρη βαστάζετε | ಒಬ್ಬರ ಹೊರೆಯನ್ನು ಒಬ್ಬರು ಹೊರುವುದು | obbara horeyannu obbaru horuvudu | High | Bearing One Another’s Burdens | 6:2 | Shared trials/moral failings; keep visibly distinct from “own load” below. |
| One’s own load | φορτίον (ἴδιον) | ಸ್ವಂತ ಹೊರೆ | svanta hore | High | Bearing One Another’s Burdens | 6:5 | Personal accountability; different Greek word from 6:2 — mandatory translator note explaining the apparent tension. |
| Law of Christ | νόμος τοῦ Χριστοῦ | ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತನ ನಿಯಮ | Kristana niyama | High | Bearing One Another’s Burdens | 6:2 | Uses generic ನಿಯಮ, never ನಿಯಮಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ (reserved for Mosaic law), to avoid implying Torah-reinstatement. |
| Sow/reap | σπείρω / θερίζω | ಬಿತ್ತು / ಕೊಯ್ಯು | bittu / koyyu | Critical | Flesh versus Spirit | 6:7-8 | Collides with the proverbial Kannada karma-expression “ಬಿತ್ತಿದಂತೆ ಬೆಳೆ”; clarify personal Spirit-relational outcome, not impersonal karmic mechanics. |
| Household of faith | οἰκεῖοι τῆς πίστεως | ನಂಬಿಕೆಯ ಮನೆಯವರು | nambikeya maneyavaru | Low-Medium | Bearing One Another’s Burdens | 6:10 | — |
| Boast | καυχάομαι | ಹೆಮ್ಮೆಪಡುವುದು | hemmepaḍuvudu | Medium-High | Crucified with Christ | 6:13-14 | Paradox of glorying in a criminal’s execution-instrument. |
| New creation | καινὴ κτίσις | ಹೊಸ ಸೃಷ್ಟಿ | hosa sṛṣṭi | Critical | Circumcision and the New Creation | 6:15 | Epistle’s climactic statement; ಸೃಷ್ಟಿ collides with cyclical Hindu creation-cosmology (ಸೃಷ್ಟಿ-ಸ್ಥಿತಿ-ಲಯ); must convey a linear, once-for-all remaking. |
| Israel of God | Ἰσραὴλ τοῦ θεοῦ | ದೇವರ ಇಸ್ರಾಯೇಲ್ | Dēvara Isrāyēl | Medium-High | Unity/Abrahamic Covenant (extension) | 6:16 | Referent debated; flag as genuine ambiguity, do not silently resolve. |
| Marks of Jesus | τὰ στίγματα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ | ಯೇಸುವಿನ ಗುರುತುಗಳು | Yēsuvina gurutugaḷu | High/Critical | Paul’s Apostleship | 6:17 | Distinguish from intentional devotional body-marking (namam, vibhūti, ishtalinga); these are involuntary persecution-scars, evidence of costly faithfulness. |
C. Risk Summary for Galatians NEW Terms
| Risk Tier | Count | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 17 | Human theologian (mandatory, every occurrence) |
| High | 18 | Human theologian |
| Medium-High | 9 | Human theologian (recommended) / Native speaker (minimum) |
| Medium | 12 | Native speaker review |
| Low / Low-Medium | 4 | Automated review sufficient |
Highest-priority collision terms for Phase 2 attention (in order of cultural salience):
- ಫಲ (phala) in “fruit of the Spirit” (5:22-23) — direct collision with pan-Indian karma-phala doctrine.
- ಬಿತ್ತು/ಕೊಯ್ಯು (sow/reap) (6:7-8) — collision with the proverbial Kannada karma-expression “ಬಿತ್ತಿದಂತೆ ಬೆಳೆ.”
- ದಾಸ/ಗುಲಾಮ (dāsa/gulāma) split rendering for δοῦλος — collision with Haridasa bhakti “dāsa” self-designation.
- ಶಾಪ (curse) (3:10, 13) — collision with Puranic sage/deity curse narratives.
- ಪ್ರಾಥಮಿಕ ಬೋಧನೆಗಳು (stoicheia) (4:3, 9) — collision with astrological/pañcabhūta cosmology.
- ಯೇಸುವಿನ ಗುರುತುಗಳು (marks of Jesus) (6:17) — collision with devotional body-marking traditions (namam, vibhūti, ishtalinga).
- ಹೊಸ ಸೃಷ್ಟಿ (new creation) (6:15) — collision with cyclical ಸೃಷ್ಟಿ-ಸ್ಥಿತಿ-ಲಯ cosmology.
- ಮಾಟಮಂತ್ರ/ಮಂತ್ರವಾದ (sorcery) and ಮರುಳುಗೊಳಿಸಿದ್ದಾರೆ (bewitched) (3:1; 5:20) — collision with live Karnataka folk-magic/evil-eye belief and practice.
All entries in Section B are proposed additions to translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json, and all doctrines named in Section B’s “Doctrine” column are proposed additions to doctrine_risk_registry.json, to be formalized in the subsequent Phase 1 steps of this pipeline.
Critical Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: ನೀತಿವಂತಿಕೆ
Transliteration: nītivantike
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: ಧರ್ಮ, ಪುಣ್ಯ
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: never ಧರ್ಮ. Load-bearing at Galatians 2:16, 21; 3:6; 5:5.
Justification
Approved rendering: ನೀತಿವಂತರೆಂದು ನಿರ್ಣಯಿಸುವುದು
Transliteration: nītivantarendu nirṇayisuvudu
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: ಕ್ಷಮೆ ಪಡೆಯುವುದು, ಪುಣ್ಯ ಗಳಿಸುವುದು
Original: δικαιόω / δικαίωσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Appears three times in Galatians 2:16 alone — the single most theologically load-bearing sentence in the epistle. Never abbreviated to a single word.
Salvation
Approved rendering: ರಕ್ಷಣೆ
Transliteration: rakṣaṇe
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Rejected alternatives: ಮೋಕ್ಷ, ಮುಕ್ತಿ, ಐಕ್ಯ
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies Galatians’ Freedom in Christ and Justification by Faith doctrines even where the noun itself is less frequent than in Romans. Never ಮೋಕ್ಷ/ಮುಕ್ತಿ/ಐಕ್ಯ.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: ಪವಿತ್ರಾತ್ಮ
Transliteration: Pavitrātma
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Rejected alternatives: ಪರಮಾತ್ಮ
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον / τὸ πνεῦμα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Central to Galatians 3-6 (reception by faith, Abba-cry, walking by the Spirit, fruit of the Spirit). Never ಪರಮಾತ್ಮ.
Father
Approved rendering: ತಂದೆ
Transliteration: Tande
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Rejected alternatives: ಸೃಷ್ಟಿಕರ್ತ
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 1:1, 3, 4; 4:6.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: ದೇವರ ಮಗ
Transliteration: Dēvara Maga
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Rejected alternatives: ದೇವಮಾನವ
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Anchors both the Core Passage (2:20) and the incarnation-adjacent text of 4:4. Full phrase required; never metaphorical/honorary sonship.
Lord
Approved rendering: ಕರ್ತ
Transliteration: karta
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Rejected alternatives: ಸ್ವಾಮಿ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 6:14, 18. Never ಸ್ವಾಮಿ.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: ಪುನರುತ್ಥಾನ
Transliteration: punarutthāna
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: ಪುನರ್ಜನ್ಮ
Original: ἀνάστασις / ἐγείρω
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 1:1 grounds Paul’s apostolic commission in the Father who raised Christ. Never ಪುನರ್ಜನ್ಮ.
Jesus
Approved rendering: ಯೇಸು
Transliteration: Yēsu
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Rejected alternatives: ಈಸಾ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Used throughout Galatians.
God
Approved rendering: ದೇವರು
Transliteration: Dēvaru
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: ಭಗವಂತ, ಪರಶಿವ
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 4:8’s ‘those who by nature are not gods’ directly engages this term’s exclusivity claim.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: ಆರೋಪಿತ ನೀತಿ
Transliteration: āropita nīti
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Rejected alternatives: ಸ್ವಂತ ಸಾಧನೆಯ ನೀತಿ
Original: ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Identical Genesis 15:6 citation as Romans 4:3, quoted again at Galatians 3:6; must render identically across curricula.
Christ
Approved rendering: ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತ
Transliteration: Krista
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
NEW entry (not separately keyed in Romans TM, though transliteration standard already established there). Established Kannada Christian transliterated proper name/title, used constantly throughout Galatians; never interchanged with a generic honorific.
Anathema
Approved rendering: ಶಾಪಗ್ರಸ್ತನಾಗಲಿ
Transliteration: śāpagrastanāgali
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Rejected alternatives: ಅನಾಥೆಮಾ (bare transliteration, judged too opaque)
Original: ἀνάθεμα
Category: Gospel
Galatians 1:8-9. A covenantal-judicial pronouncement of total repudiation, not folk-magic ಶಾಪ (a personal, often-reversible curse in Puranic narrative). Must be strong enough to match total covenantal repudiation without invoking folk-curse associations.
Fallen From Grace
Approved rendering: ಕೃಪೆಯಿಂದ ದೂರ ಬಿದ್ದಿದ್ದೀರಿ
Transliteration: kṛpeyinda dūra biddiddīri
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Original: ἐκπίπτω τῆς χάριτος
Category: Salvation
Galatians 5:4. Refers specifically to re-adopting law-based justification (circumcision controversy), NOT general moral failure or the Hindu idea of losing accumulated spiritual merit through a karmic-demerit event.
Faith Working Through Love
Approved rendering: ಪ್ರೀತಿಯ ಮೂಲಕ ಕಾರ್ಯಸಾಧಿಸುವ ನಂಬಿಕೆ
Transliteration: prītiya mūlaka kāryasādhisuva nambike
Doctrine: Faith Working through Love
Rejected alternatives: ಪ್ರೀತಿಯಿಂದ ಕೂಡಿದ ನಂಬಿಕೆ (judged to risk implying love as co-ground of justification)
Original: πίστις δι’ ἀγάπης ἐνεργουμένη
Category: Faith
Galatians 5:6. Must not imply love is a second, added requirement for justification alongside faith, which would contradict 2:16’s threefold justification-by-faith argument earlier in the same letter. Fixed compound; treat any deviation as a Critical-tier flag.
Works Of The Law
Approved rendering: ನಿಯಮಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದ ಕಾರ್ಯಗಳು
Transliteration: niyamaśāstrada kāryagaḷu
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: ಕಾರ್ಯಗಳು (bare, rejected as too generalizable), ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕ ಕರ್ತವ್ಯಗಳು
Original: ἔργα νόμου
Category: Salvation
Galatians 2:16 (x2), 3:2, 5, 10. Exposed to the same collision risk the baseline flags for ಧರ್ಮ: must not generalize into ‘good deeds,’ karma-merit, or Lingayat kayaka-labor framing. Anchor tightly to circumcision/food-law/Sabbath boundary markers. Never abbreviated.
Marks Of Jesus
Approved rendering: ಯೇಸುವಿನ ಗುರುತುಗಳು
Transliteration: Yēsuvina gurutugaḷu
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: τὰ στίγματα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ
Category: Apostleship
Galatians 6:17. Must be distinguished from intentional devotional body-marking (Vaishnava ನಾಮ, Shaiva ವಿಭೂತಿ, Lingayat ಇಷ್ಟಲಿಂಗ); these are involuntary persecution-scars, evidence of costly faithfulness, not a chosen badge of piety.
Curse Of The Law
Approved rendering: ಶಾಪ
Transliteration: śāpa
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: κατάρα τοῦ νόμου
Category: Covenant
Galatians 3:10, 13. Distinguish from Puranic sage/deity curse narratives (personal, often reversible by penance); this is an impersonal, textually-fixed covenantal consequence, lifted once-for-all by Christ’s substitutionary curse-bearing.
Redemption
Approved rendering: ವಿಮೋಚನೆ
Transliteration: vimōcane
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Rejected alternatives: ಮೋಕ್ಷ, ಮುಕ್ತಿ
Original: ἐξαγοράζω
Category: Salvation
Galatians 3:13; 4:5. Never ಮೋಕ್ಷ/ಮುಕ್ತಿ. A legal, once-for-all purchase-transaction (buying out of the slave market), not a gradually attained liberation of consciousness.
Seed Offspring Singular
Approved rendering: ಸಂತಾನ
Transliteration: santāna
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Rejected alternatives: ಸಂತತಿಗಳು (plural, would defeat Paul’s argument)
Original: σπέρμα
Category: Covenant
Galatians 3:16, 19, 29. Must preserve the collective-singular grammatical reading Paul’s argument depends on (the promised ‘seed’ is Christ, not many descendants); mandatory translator footnote explaining the argument.
Crucified With Christ
Approved rendering: ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತನೊಂದಿಗೆ ಶಿಲುಬೆಗೆ ಹಾಕಲ್ಪಟ್ಟಿದ್ದೇನೆ
Transliteration: Kristanondige śilubege hākalpaṭṭiddēne
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Rejected alternatives: ತಪಸ್ಸು ಮಾಡಿದ್ದೇನೆ, ಆತ್ಮಸಂಯಮ ಮಾಡಿಕೊಂಡಿದ್ದೇನೆ
Original: Χριστῷ συνεσταύρωμαι
Category: Christology
Galatians 2:19-20; 6:14. CRITICAL: never assimilated to Hindu ascetic tapas (self-imposed mortification accumulating merit) or the Lingayat shatsthala devotee’s progressive self-effort toward Aikya. Something done TO Paul, in Christ, once — not an ongoing self-mortification technique.
Gave Himself Up
Approved rendering: ತನ್ನನ್ನು ತಾನೇ ಒಪ್ಪಿಸಿಕೊಟ್ಟನು
Transliteration: tannannu tānē oppisikoṭṭanu
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Rejected alternatives: ಸಹಾಯ ಮಾಡಿದನು (judged to lose substitutionary force)
Original: παραδίδωμι (ἑαυτόν)
Category: Christology
Galatians 1:4; 2:20. Substitutionary atonement language; mandatory theologian review per the baseline’s existing escalation rule. Must not be diluted into a generic ‘he helped/served’ sense.
Elemental Things Stoicheia
Approved rendering: ಪ್ರಾಥಮಿಕ ಬೋಧನೆಗಳು
Transliteration: prāthamika bōdhanegaḷu
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Rejected alternatives: ಪಂಚಭೂತಗಳು, ಗ್ರಹಗಳ ಶಕ್ತಿ
Original: τὰ στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου
Category: Law
Galatians 4:3, 9. Karnataka’s living navagraha/astrological culture and pañcabhūta elemental cosmology make a literal ‘elements’ rendering highly likely to be misread; this names elementary/preparatory teaching, now superseded, not a cosmic force.
Not Gods By Nature
Approved rendering: ಸ್ವಭಾವತಃ ದೇವರಲ್ಲದವರಿಗೆ
Transliteration: svabhāvataḥ dēvarallada avarige
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Original: τοῖς φύσει μὴ οὖσιν θεοῖς
Category: God
Galatians 4:8. Extends the baseline’s Critical ದೇವರು exclusivity rating into a passage denying other worshiped beings’ divinity; register should remain historical-descriptive of the Galatians’ own past, not a generalized present-tense polemic.
Yoke Of Slavery
Approved rendering: ಗುಲಾಮಗಿರಿಯ ನೊಗ
Transliteration: gulāmagiriya noga
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: ζυγῷ δουλείας
Category: Freedom
Galatians 5:1, the doctrine’s thesis-verse. Must retain full force of decisive, past, Christ-accomplished liberation with an ongoing responsibility to ‘stand firm’ against re-enslavement to law-based righteousness.
Works Of The Flesh
Approved rendering: ಶರೀರಭಾವದ ಕಾರ್ಯಗಳು
Transliteration: śarīrabhāvada kāryagaḷu
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: τὰ ἔργα τῆς σαρκός
Category: Sanctification
Galatians 5:19-21, the full vice catalogue. Must be translated plainly and without euphemism per the doctrinal-preservation mandate.
Idolatry
Approved rendering: ವಿಗ್ರಹಾರಾಧನೆ
Transliteration: vigrahārādhane
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: εἰδωλολατρία
Category: Sin
Galatians 5:20. Direct doctrinal collision with widespread Kannada mūrti/vigraha worship. Translate plainly; accompanying lesson material (not the translation itself) should distinguish the doctrinal statement from personal attack on Hindu neighbors/family.
Sorcery
Approved rendering: ಮಾಟಮಂತ್ರ
Transliteration: māṭamantra
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Rejected alternatives: ಮಂತ್ರವಾದ
Original: φαρμακεία
Category: Sin
Galatians 5:20. A live, socially volatile folk-magic/evil-eye practice and accusation-category in contemporary Karnataka. Translate plainly and without euphemism but flag for theologian AND native-speaker review given social salience.
Bewitched
Approved rendering: ಮರುಳುಗೊಳಿಸಿದ್ದಾರೆ
Transliteration: marauḷugoḷisiddāre
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Rejected alternatives: ಮಾಟಮಂತ್ರ ಮಾಡಿದ್ದಾರೆ (literal, rejected as too occult-specific)
Original: ἐβάσκανεν
Category: Gospel
Galatians 3:1. Avoid literal occult-sorcery imagery given live folk-magic/evil-eye (ದೃಷ್ಟಿ) belief in Karnataka. Paul’s point is the deceptive power of false teaching, not a literal occult attack; flag for theologian review with translator note.
Fruit Of The Spirit
Approved rendering: ಆತ್ಮನ ಫಲ
Transliteration: Ātmana phala
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Rejected alternatives: ಆತ್ಮನ ಪರಿಣಾಮ (judged weaker, loses horticultural metaphor)
Original: ὁ καρπὸς τοῦ πνεύματος
Category: Sanctification
Galatians 5:22-23. HIGHEST-PRIORITY CULTURAL COLLISION in the curriculum: ಫಲ is the foundational pan-Indian karma-phala term (the self-generated ‘fruit/result’ of one’s own action). Mandatory dedicated translator note at every occurrence distinguishing Spirit-given organic growth from self-generated karmic merit, reinforced by 5:25.
Sow Reap
Approved rendering: ಬಿತ್ತಿದ್ದನ್ನೇ ಬೆಳೆಯುವನು
Transliteration: bittiddannē beḷeyuvanu
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Original: ὃ ἐὰν σπείρῃ ἄνθρωπος, τοῦτο καὶ θερίσει
Category: Sanctification
Galatians 6:7-8. Collides with the proverbial Kannada expression ‘ಬಿತ್ತಿದಂತೆ ಬೆಳೆ,’ a near-universal karma-consequence idiom. Paul’s point is personal, Spirit-relational orientation, not an impersonal cosmic ledger; translator note required.
New Creation
Approved rendering: ಹೊಸ ಸೃಷ್ಟಿ
Transliteration: hosa sṛṣṭi
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Original: καινὴ κτίσις
Category: Salvation
Galatians 6:15, the epistle’s climactic statement. ಸೃಷ್ಟಿ is the standard term for the ‘creation’ phase of the cyclical ಸೃಷ್ಟಿ-ಸ್ಥಿತಿ-ಲಯ cosmology (repeating without end); must convey a decisive, once-for-all, linear, non-repeating divine remaking.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: ಸುವಾರ್ತೆ
Transliteration: suvārte
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Rejected alternatives: ಸುದ್ದಿ
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Gospel
Inherited from Romans package. In Galatians the term is immediately contrasted with a named counterfeit (1:6-9); ಸುವಾರ್ತೆ must read as the one authoritative announcement Paul refuses to let be pluralized alongside Karnataka’s own devotional ‘good teachings.‘
Grace
Approved rendering: ಕೃಪೆ
Transliteration: kṛpe
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: ಕರ್ಮಫಲ, ಪುಣ್ಯ
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians’ entire argument is built on ಕೃಪೆ standing against ನಿಯಮಶಾಸ್ತ್ರದ ಕಾರ್ಯಗಳು; must never be conflated with karma-merit or the Lingayat kayaka-dasoha ethic.
Faith
Approved rendering: ನಂಬಿಕೆ
Transliteration: nambike
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: ಭಕ್ತಿ
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Appears three times in Galatians 2:16, the epistle’s doctrinal anchor verse; never ಭಕ್ತಿ, which carries Haridasa/Lingayat devotional-surrender connotations.
Obedience Of Faith Verb
Approved rendering: ನಂಬಿದೆವು
Transliteration: nambidevu
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: ಭಕ್ತಿಯಿಟ್ಟೆವು
New verb form, root shared with baseline ನಂಬಿಕೆ. Galatians 2:16, ‘we believed in Christ Jesus’ — the decisive act of trust that grounds the Core Passage’s argument.
Apostle
Approved rendering: ಅಪೊಸ್ತಲ
Transliteration: apostala
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: ಗುರು, ಜಂಗಮ
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Apostleship
Inherited from Romans package (rated Medium there); ELEVATED to High for Galatians because Paul opens the letter (1:1) explicitly denying any human origin or appointment for his apostleship, intensifying the baseline’s caution against ಗುರು/ಜಂಗಮ collision.
Called
Approved rendering: ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ
Transliteration: kareyalpaṭṭa
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: ಆಮಂತ್ರಿತ
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 1:15 (‘set apart from my mother’s womb… called’) intensifies the sovereign, unearned sense beyond Romans 1:1; must not read as a devotee’s chosen entry into a bhakti dāsa-identity or Lingayat shatsthala path.
Calling
Approved rendering: ಕರೆ
Transliteration: kare
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: ಆಹ್ವಾನ
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 1:6; 5:8, 13.
Abba
Approved rendering: ಅಬ್ಬಾ
Transliteration: Abbā
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: Ἀββά
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Verbatim parallel to Romans 8:15 at Galatians 4:6; must render identically across both curricula per baseline cross-document consistency rule.
Law
Approved rendering: ನಿಯಮಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ
Transliteration: niyamaśāstra
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Rejected alternatives: ಧರ್ಮ
Original: νόμος
Category: Law
Inherited from Romans package. Never ಧರ್ಮ. Reserved exclusively for the Mosaic Torah throughout Galatians and kept visibly distinct from the new term ‘law of Christ’ (ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತನ ನಿಯಮ, 6:2).
Sin
Approved rendering: ಪಾಪ
Transliteration: pāpa
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: ಅಧರ್ಮ
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 1:4; 2:15, 17; 3:22 (‘Scripture imprisoned everything under sin’).
Glory
Approved rendering: ಮಹಿಮೆ
Transliteration: mahime
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: ತೇಜಸ್ಸು
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 1:5, 24, opening and closing doxologies.
Covenant
Approved rendering: ಒಡಂಬಡಿಕೆ
Transliteration: oḍambaḍike
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Rejected alternatives: ಒಪ್ಪಂದ
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Must be kept terminologically distinct from the new term ‘promise’ (ವಾಗ್ದಾನ) throughout Galatians 3-4; the chapter’s argument depends on this distinction.
Adoption
Approved rendering: ದತ್ತು ಪುತ್ರತ್ವ
Transliteration: dattu putratva
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Rejected alternatives: ದತ್ತು ತೆಗೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳುವುದು
Original: υἱοθεσία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Co-anchor passage with Romans 8 at Galatians 4:5; must render identically across curricula.
Different Gospel
Approved rendering: ಬೇರೊಂದು ಸುವಾರ್ತೆ
Transliteration: bēroṃdu suvārte
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Rejected alternatives: ಇನ್ನೊಂದು ನಿಜವಾದ ಸುವಾರ್ತೆ
Original: ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Gospel
Galatians 1:6. Must never read as a second legitimate religious option alongside Karnataka’s own flourishing devotional traditions; Paul explicitly denies (1:7) it is a gospel at all.
Truth Of The Gospel
Approved rendering: ಸುವಾರ್ತೆಯ ಸತ್ಯ
Transliteration: suvārteya satya
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: ἀλήθεια τοῦ εὐαγγελίου
Category: Gospel
Galatians 2:5, 14. Fixed doctrinal content Paul will not compromise even under apostolic social pressure; not one perspective among many valid perspectives.
Nullify Grace
Approved rendering: ನಿರಾಕರಿಸು
Transliteration: nirākarisu
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: ಕಡೆಗಣಿಸು (judged too mild)
Original: ἀθετέω
Category: Salvation
Galatians 2:21. Strong legal-covenantal ‘voiding’ sense, not a mild ‘I do not ignore’; pairs directly with ಕೃಪೆ.
In Vain
Approved rendering: ವ್ಯರ್ಥವಾಗಿ
Transliteration: vyarthavāgi
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: ಉಚಿತವಾಗಿ (the ‘freely given’ sense, wrong for this verse)
Original: δωρεάν
Category: Salvation
Galatians 2:21. Must not be confused with the same Greek word’s ‘freely given, without cost’ sense (as in Rom 3:24); this verse’s sense is deliberately severe — Christ’s death would have been wasted, not merely free. Check context at every occurrence.
Apostle Pauls Ministry
Approved rendering: ಅಪೊಸ್ತಲತ್ವ
Transliteration: apostalatva
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: ಗುರುತ್ವ, ಜಂಗಮತ್ವ
Doctrine-name noun form for Paul’s Apostleship (distinct from the office-noun ಅಪೊಸ್ತಲ); used in doctrine-summary headings.
Judaism
Approved rendering: ಯೆಹೂದ್ಯ ಮತ
Transliteration: Yehūdya mata
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: ಯೆಹೂದ್ಯ ಧರ್ಮ
Original: Ἰουδαϊσμός
Category: Apostleship
Galatians 1:13-14. Deliberately uses ಮತ (‘sect/school’), never ಧರ್ಮ, consistent with the baseline’s blanket caution against ಧರ್ಮ for Jewish-law-related concepts.
Traditions Of The Fathers
Approved rendering: ಸಂಪ್ರದಾಯಗಳು
Transliteration: sampradāyagaḷu
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: πατρικαὶ παραδόσεις
Category: Apostleship
Galatians 1:14. ಸಂಪ್ರದಾಯ is used identically across Hindu devotional lineages (Vaishnava, Lingayat sampradaya); must name Paul’s own pre-conversion inheritance only, not a blanket critique of ‘tradition’ as a category.
Circumcision
Approved rendering: ಸುನ್ನತಿ
Transliteration: sunnati
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Original: περιτομή
Category: Covenant
Galatians 2:3-9, 12; 5:2-6, 11; 6:12-15. Most culturally associated in contemporary Karnataka with Islamic practice; must be anchored to the OT/Jewish covenant sign and its status for Gentile believers, not a contemporary interfaith comparison.
Promise
Approved rendering: ವಾಗ್ದಾನ
Transliteration: vāgdāna
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: ἐπαγγελία
Category: Covenant
Galatians 3:14-29; 4:23, 28. Kept terminologically distinct from ಒಡಂಬಡಿಕೆ (covenant); the promise given 430 years before the law cannot be annulled by the law — this argument depends on the two terms remaining visibly distinct.
Mediator
Approved rendering: ಮಧ್ಯಸ್ಥ
Transliteration: madhyastha
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: μεσίτης
Category: Covenant
Galatians 3:19-20, Moses’ role. Distinct from baseline ಮಧ್ಯಸ್ಥಿಕೆ (intercession); a time-bound, salvation-historical office, now superseded, not a permanently necessary guru-mediator role.
Guardian Paidagogos
Approved rendering: ಪಾಲಕ
Transliteration: pālaka
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Rejected alternatives: ಗುರು, ಶಿಕ್ಷಕ
Original: παιδαγωγός
Category: Law
Galatians 3:24-25. Never ‘teacher/guru,’ which would wrongly elevate the law’s now-obsolete custodial function into an ongoing revered teaching office.
Heir
Approved rendering: ವಾರಸುದಾರ
Transliteration: vārasudāra
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: κληρονόμος
Category: Covenant
Galatians 3:29; 4:1, 7. Pairs directly with ದತ್ತು ಪುತ್ರತ್ವ; must retain full inheritance-rights sense.
Baptized Into Christ
Approved rendering: ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತನಲ್ಲಿ ಬಾಪ್ತಿಸ್ಮ ಪಡೆಯುವುದು
Transliteration: Kristanalli bāptisma paḍeyuvudu
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Rejected alternatives: ದೀಕ್ಷೆ ಪಡೆಯುವುದು
Original: εἰς Χριστὸν ἐβαπτίσθητε
Category: Covenant
Galatians 3:27. Use transliterated ಬಾಪ್ತಿಸ್ಮ, never ದೀಕ್ಷೆ (the Hindu guru-initiation rite conferring lineage-membership); this is union with Christ’s death/resurrection.
Love Agape
Approved rendering: ಪ್ರೀತಿ
Transliteration: prīti
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Rejected alternatives: ಭಕ್ತಿ-ಪ್ರೀತಿ
Original: ἀγάπη / ἀγαπάω
Category: Christology
Galatians 2:20; 5:6, 13, 22. Ordinary Kannada word for love in all registers; the specific covenantal, self-sacrificial content must be carried by context and consistent linkage to the cross. Distinguish from bhakti-love directed devotee-to-deity; here Christ initiates love toward the sinner.
Fullness Of Time
Approved rendering: ಕಾಲದ ಪರಿಪೂರ್ಣತೆ
Transliteration: kālada paripūrṇate
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Rejected alternatives: ಶುಭ ಮುಹೂರ್ತ (astrological auspicious-moment framing, rejected)
Original: τὸ πλήρωμα τοῦ χρόνου
Category: Christology
Galatians 4:4. A single, linear, God-appointed moment within salvation history — not yuga-cycle cosmology nor astrological muhurta, a live and commonly consulted Kannada cultural practice.
Present Evil Age
Approved rendering: ಪ್ರಸ್ತುತ ದುಷ್ಟ ಯುಗ
Transliteration: prastuta duṣṭa yuga
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: ὁ αἰὼν ὁ ἐνεστὼς πονηρός
Category: Christology
Galatians 1:4. ಯುಗ is the exact term for the Krita/Treta/Dvapara/Kali cosmic ages; must be clarified as one linear, morally-qualified epoch the cross has already begun to overcome, not a turn of an impersonal repeating cosmic cycle.
Servant Of Christ Positive
Approved rendering: ದಾಸ
Transliteration: dāsa
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: ಗುಲಾಮ (reserved for the negative sense)
Original: δοῦλος (Χριστοῦ)
Category: Apostleship
Galatians 1:10; 5:13. Direct, high-salience collision with the Haridasa bhakti self-designation (Purandara Dāsa, Kanaka Dāsa, Dāsa Sāhitya). Always pair with ‘of Christ’ explicitly; never left as a bare title. Kept lexically split from ಗುಲಾಮ.
Slave Negative
Approved rendering: ಗುಲಾಮ
Transliteration: gulāma
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Rejected alternatives: ದಾಸ (reserved for the positive sense)
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Law
Galatians 4:1, 7-9; 5:1. Deliberately distinct Kannada word from ದಾಸ; using one word for both senses would erase Paul’s own carefully maintained contrast between honorable Christ-servanthood and condemned law/sin-bondage.
Slavery Bondage
Approved rendering: ಗುಲಾಮಗಿರಿ
Transliteration: gulāmagiri
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: δουλεία
Category: Freedom
Galatians 2:4; 4:24; 5:1. The state of bondage from which Christ has freed believers; negative counterpart to the Freedom in Christ doctrine.
Freedom
Approved rendering: ಸ್ವಾತಂತ್ರ್ಯ
Transliteration: svātantrya
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: ἐλευθερία
Category: Freedom
Galatians 2:4; 5:1, 13. Distinguish from India’s political-independence connotation (Swatantrya Samara) and from moksha/mukti-style metaphysical release; this freedom is relational — freedom FOR sonship and service, not an end in itself.
Flesh Moral
Approved rendering: ಶರೀರಭಾವ
Transliteration: śarīrabhāva
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Rejected alternatives: ಶರೀರ (reserved for the neutral sense)
Original: σάρξ (moral/theological)
Category: Anthropology
Galatians 5:13, 16-17, 19, 24; 6:8. The fallen human disposition oriented against God — a moral-relational orientation, not embodiment itself; several Hindu ascetic/yogic traditions denigrate the body as such, a distinct risk this term must avoid.
Walk By The Spirit
Approved rendering: ಆತ್ಮನಿಂದ ನಡೆಯಿರಿ
Transliteration: Ātmaninda naḍeyiri
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Rejected alternatives: ಆತ್ಮನ ಮಾರ್ಗದಲ್ಲಿ ನಡೆಯಿರಿ (ಮಾರ್ಗ rejected)
Original: πνεύματι περιπατεῖτε
Category: Sanctification
Galatians 5:16. Ongoing lived conduct empowered by the Holy Spirit; never ಮಾರ್ಗ (path), which invokes the Lingayat shatsthala or yogic sādhana graduated self-effort ascent.
Stumbling Block Of Cross
Approved rendering: ಶಿಲುಬೆಯ ಎಡವುಗಲ್ಲು
Transliteration: śilubeya eḍavugallu
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: τὸ σκάνδαλον τοῦ σταυροῦ
Category: Gospel
Galatians 5:11. Must preserve the paradox that a crucified savior (a shameful, criminal death) is itself the scandalous center of the gospel; do not smooth over for palatability.
Bear One Anothers Burdens
Approved rendering: ಒಬ್ಬರ ಹೊರೆಯನ್ನು ಒಬ್ಬರು ಹೊರುವುದು
Transliteration: obbara horeyannu obbaru horuvudu
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: ἀλλήλων τὰ βάρη βαστάζετε
Category: Community
Galatians 6:2 (βάρος). Must be kept visibly distinct from ‘one’s own load’ (φορτίον, 6:5); mandatory translator note explaining the two different Greek burden-words within three verses.
Ones Own Load
Approved rendering: ಸ್ವಂತ ಹೊರೆ
Transliteration: svanta hore
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Rejected alternatives: ಹೊರೆ (bare, would collapse the 6:2/6:5 distinction)
Original: τὸ ἴδιον φορτίον
Category: Community
Galatians 6:5 (φορτίον). Personal accountability the community cannot bear on one’s behalf; deliberately distinct phrasing from 6:2’s ಹೊರೆ.
Law Of Christ
Approved rendering: ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತನ ನಿಯಮ
Transliteration: Kristana niyama
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Rejected alternatives: ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತನ ನಿಯಮಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ (rejected — would imply Torah-reinstatement)
Original: ὁ νόμος τοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Law
Galatians 6:2. Deliberately uses generic ನಿಯಮ, never ನಿಯಮಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ (reserved exclusively for the Mosaic Torah), to avoid implying Paul reinstates Torah-observance under a new name.
Boast
Approved rendering: ಹೆಮ್ಮೆಪಡುವುದು
Transliteration: hemmepaḍuvudu
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Original: καυχάομαι
Category: Christology
Galatians 6:13-14. Must preserve the cultural paradox of glorying in (rather than being shamed by) a criminal’s execution-instrument.
Israel Of God
Approved rendering: ದೇವರ ಇಸ್ರಾಯೇಲ್
Transliteration: Dēvara Isrāyēl
Doctrine: Unity in Christ (Jew/Greek, Slave/Free, Male/Female)
Original: ὁ Ἰσραὴλ τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Covenant
Galatians 6:16. Referent (ethnic Israel / believing Jews / the whole church) is genuinely debated among interpreters; flag for theologian review as open ambiguity, do not silently resolve.
Unity In Christ
Approved rendering: ಯೆಹೂದ್ಯರಾಗಲಿ ಗ್ರೀಕರಾಗಲಿ, ಗುಲಾಮರಾಗಲಿ ಸ್ವತಂತ್ರರಾಗಲಿ, ಗಂಡಾಗಲಿ ಹೆಣ್ಣಾಗಲಿ ಭೇದವಿಲ್ಲ
Transliteration: Yehūdyarāgali Grīkarāgali, gulāmarāgali svatantrarāgali, gaṇḍāgali heṇṇāgali bhēdavilla
Doctrine: Unity in Christ (Jew/Greek, Slave/Free, Male/Female)
Original: οὐκ ἔνι Ἰουδαῖος οὐδὲ Ἕλλην, οὐκ ἔνι δοῦλος οὐδὲ ἐλεύθερος, οὐκ ἔνι ἄρσεν καὶ θῆλυ
Category: Church
Galatians 3:28. Extends the baseline’s Jew-Gentile unity doctrine to slave/free and male/female; the full, unqualified sweep across all three pairs must be retained without softening, per the baseline’s instruction never to qualify universality claims.
Medium Risk Terms
Peace
Approved rendering: ಶಾಂತಿ
Transliteration: śānti
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Rejected alternatives: ಮನಶ್ಶಾಂತಿ
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Also a Fruit of the Spirit list item (5:22) and in the closing benediction (6:16); same rendering, no separate sense required.
Church
Approved rendering: ಸಭೆ
Transliteration: sabhe
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನ, ಗುಡಿ
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 1:2, 13, 22.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: ಅನ್ಯಜನಾಂಗದವರು
Transliteration: anyajanāṅgadavaru
Doctrine: Unity in Christ (Jew/Greek, Slave/Free, Male/Female)
Rejected alternatives: ವಿದೇಶಿಯರು
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Central to the Gentile-inclusion controversy of Galatians 1-3.
Israel
Approved rendering: ಇಸ್ರಾಯೇಲ್
Transliteration: Isrāyēl
Doctrine: Unity in Christ (Jew/Greek, Slave/Free, Male/Female)
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Combined with ‘of God’ at Galatians 6:16; see israel_of_god entry for the interpretive-ambiguity flag.
Pervert Distort
Approved rendering: ವಿಕೃತಗೊಳಿಸುವುದು
Transliteration: vikṛtagoḷisuvudu
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: μεταστρέψαι
Category: Gospel
Galatians 1:7. Standard Kannada term for distortion; low collision risk.
Hypocrisy
Approved rendering: ಕಪಟ
Transliteration: kapaṭa
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: ὑπόκρισις
Category: Gospel
Galatians 2:13, Peter’s withdrawal from Gentile table-fellowship. Names inconsistency between confessed truth and practice; risk of under-emphasis if softened to mere ‘mistake.‘
Diakonos Servant
Approved rendering: ಸೇವಕ
Transliteration: sēvaka
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: ದಾಸ, ಗುಲಾಮ
Original: διάκονος
Category: Salvation
Galatians 2:17, Paul’s rhetorical ‘agent of sin’ question. Kept lexically distinct from the ದಾಸ/ಗುಲಾಮ (doulos) word-family used elsewhere in the epistle.
Me Genoito
Approved rendering: ಅದು ಎಂದಿಗೂ ಆಗದಿರಲಿ
Transliteration: adu endigū āgadirali
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: ಇಲ್ಲ (judged too weak)
Original: μὴ γένοιτο
Category: Faith
Galatians 2:17; 6:14. Fixed rhetorical formula of emphatic negation; risk is under-translation, not doctrinal collision. Must render consistently at both occurrences.
Transgressor
Approved rendering: ಉಲ್ಲಂಘಿಸುವವನು
Transliteration: ullaṅghisuvavanu
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: παραβάτης
Category: Law
Galatians 2:18. Must be understood as a legal-covenantal violation category, not generic wrongdoing, to preserve Paul’s irony.
Revelation
Approved rendering: ಪ್ರಕಟಣೆ
Transliteration: prakaṭaṇe
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: ἀποκάλυψις
Category: Apostleship
Galatians 1:12. Direct divine unveiling of the gospel, not human instruction, mystical-experience narrative, or apostolic tradition-transmission.
Blessing
Approved rendering: ಆಶೀರ್ವಾದ
Transliteration: āśīrvāda
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: εὐλογία
Category: Covenant
Galatians 3:8, 14. Must be read as God’s own covenantal favor, not a human elder’s/guru’s ritual blessing (a near-universal Kannada touching-feet practice).
Put On Christ
Approved rendering: ಧರಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವುದು
Transliteration: dharisikoḷḷuvudu
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Original: Χριστὸν ἐνεδύσασθε
Category: Covenant
Galatians 3:27. Standard clothing metaphor for new identity; ensure not read as a mere costume/role rather than real identity-change.
Christ Formed In You
Approved rendering: ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತನು ರೂಪುಗೊಳ್ಳುವುದು
Transliteration: Kristanu rūpugoḷḷuvudu
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: μορφωθῇ Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν
Category: Sanctification
Galatians 4:19. Relational, Spirit-wrought conforming of character over time; not a mystical merging of identity or step toward Aikya-style dissolution.
Allegory
Approved rendering: ಸಾಂಕೇತಿಕ ಅರ್ಥ
Transliteration: sāṅketika artha
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: ἀλληγορούμενα
Category: Covenant
Galatians 4:24. Paul’s controlled, apostolically-authorized typological reading of Hagar/Sarah; not a license for open-ended mystical or multi-layered hermeneutics.
Jerusalem Above
Approved rendering: ಮೇಲಣ ಯೆರೂಸಲೇಮ್
Transliteration: mēlaṇa Yerūsalēm
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: ἡ ἄνω Ἱερουσαλήμ
Category: Eschatology
Galatians 4:26. A real future/present heavenly city and citizenship, our ‘mother’; not a plane of consciousness to be mystically ascended to or merged with.
Flesh Physical
Approved rendering: ಶರೀರ
Transliteration: śarīra
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: σάρξ (neutral)
Category: Anthropology
Galatians 2:20; 4:13-14. Neutral, physical-body sense; must be kept lexically distinct from ಶರೀರಭಾವ (moral sense) so Paul’s ongoing bodily life is not implied to be itself sinful.
Keep In Step With Spirit
Approved rendering: ಆತ್ಮನ ಹೆಜ್ಜೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ನಡೆಯೋಣ
Transliteration: Ātmana hejjeyalli naḍeyōṇa
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Original: στοιχῶμεν
Category: Sanctification
Galatians 5:25. Companion exhortation to 5:16; tracks the same Spirit-empowered-conduct framing.
Household Of Faith
Approved rendering: ನಂಬಿಕೆಯ ಮನೆಯವರು
Transliteration: nambikeya maneyavaru
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: οἱ οἰκεῖοι τῆς πίστεως
Category: Community
Galatians 6:10. Fellow believers as members of the same spiritual household; reuses ನಂಬಿಕೆ root.
Low Risk Terms
Fellowship
Approved rendering: ಅನ್ಯೋನ್ಯತೆ
Transliteration: anyōnyate
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: ಸ್ನೇಹ
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 2:9, ‘the right hand of fellowship.‘
Exhort
Approved rendering: ಪ್ರೋತ್ಸಾಹಿಸುವುದು
Transliteration: prōtsāhisuvudu
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: παρακαλέω / implied restoration language
Category: Community
Inherited from Romans package. Galatians 6:1, ‘restore… gently.‘
Pillars
Approved rendering: ಸ್ತಂಭಗಳು
Transliteration: stambhagaḷu
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: στῦλοι
Category: Apostleship
Galatians 2:9, metaphor for James, Cephas, John as recognized leaders.
Referenced passages