Core Glossary
Hebrews — Core Glossary (Koine Greek → Kannada)
A. Reused Baseline Terms (appear in Hebrews; render EXACTLY as recorded in Romans baseline)
| English | Greek | Kannada | Risk | Hebrews chapters where load-bearing |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | θεός | ದೇವರು | Critical | 1, 3, 4, 6, 9, 11, 12, 13 |
| Jesus | Ἰησοῦς | ಯೇಸು | Critical | 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 12, 13 |
| Lord | κύριος | ಕರ್ತ | Critical | 1, 2, 7, 8, 12, 13 |
| Son of God | υἱὸς θεοῦ | ದೇವರ ಮಗ | Critical | 1, 4, 5, 6, 7 |
| Holy Spirit | πνεῦμα ἅγιον | ಪವಿತ್ರಾತ್ಮ | Critical | 2, 3, 6, 9, 10 |
| Father | πατήρ | ತಂದೆ | Critical | 1, 12 |
| resurrection | ἀνάστασις | ಪುನರುತ್ಥಾನ | Critical | 6, 11, 13 |
| incarnation (theol. category) | — (cf. 2:14, 10:5) | ದೇಹಧಾರಣೆ | Critical | 2, 10 |
| covenant | διαθήκη | ಒಡಂಬಡಿಕೆ | High | 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13 |
| faith | πίστις | ನಂಬಿಕೆ | High | 3, 4, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13 |
| grace | χάρις | ಕೃಪೆ | High | 2, 4, 10, 12, 13 |
| salvation | σωτηρία | ರಕ್ಷಣೆ | Critical | 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 9 |
| sin | ἁμαρτία | ಪಾಪ | High | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 |
| law | νόμος | ನಿಯಮಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ | High | 7, 8, 9, 10 |
| glory | δόξα | ಮಹಿಮೆ | High | 1, 2, 3, 9, 13 |
| called/calling | κλητός/κλῆσις | ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ/ಕರೆ | High | 3, 5, 9, 11 |
| holy | ἅγιος | ಪವಿತ್ರ | High | 2, 3, 6, 9, 10 |
| saints | ἅγιοι | ಪವಿತ್ರ ಜನರು | High | 13 |
| sanctification | ἁγιασμός/ἁγιάζω (covenantal sense) | ಪವಿತ್ರೀಕರಣ | High | 2, 9, 10, 12, 13 |
| church/assembly | ἐκκλησία | ಸಭೆ | Medium | 2, 12 |
| apostle | ἀπόστολος | ಅಪೊಸ್ತಲ | Medium | 3 |
| prophet | προφήτης | ಪ್ರವಾದಿ | Low | 1, 11 |
| messiah/christ | Χριστός | ಮೆಸ್ಸೀಯ / ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತ | Critical | throughout |
| David | Δαυίδ | ದಾವೀದ | Medium | 4, 11 |
| Israel | Ἰσραήλ | ಇಸ್ರಾಯೇಲ್ | Medium | 8, 11 |
| kingdom of God | βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ | ದೇವರ ರಾಜ್ಯ | Medium | 1, 12 |
| intercession | ἔντευξις/ἐντυγχάνω | ಮಧ್ಯಸ್ಥಿಕೆ | Medium | 7 |
| fellowship | κοινωνία | ಅನ್ಯೋನ್ಯತೆ | Low | 13 |
| thanksgiving | εὐχαριστία (cf. 12:28 εὐάρεστος/thankful posture) | ಕೃತಜ್ಞತಾಸ್ತುತಿ | Low | 12, 13 |
| exhort | παρακαλέω | ಪ್ರೋತ್ಸಾಹಿಸುವುದು | Low | 3, 10, 13 |
| gentiles | ἔθνη | ಅನ್ಯಜನಾಂಗದವರು | Medium | (background, minimal direct use) |
B. New Terms Introduced by Hebrews (proposed renderings, pending Step 2 confirmation)
B1. Priesthood & Sacrificial System
| English | Greek / translit. | Literal meaning | Kannada | Kannada translit. | Risk | Chapters | Collision note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| high priest | ἀρχιερεύς / archiereus | chief priest | ಮಹಾಯಾಜಕ | mahāyājaka | Critical | 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 | Never ಪುರೋಹಿತ/ಪುಜಾರಿ (Hindu temple ritualist) |
| priest | ἱερεύς / hiereus | one who performs sacred rites | ಯಾಜಕ | yājaka | High | 5,7,8,10 | Same collision as above |
| priesthood (office) | ἱερωσύνη / hierōsynē | priestly office | ಯಾಜಕತ್ವ | yājakatva | High | 7 | Must read as instituted office, not spiritual attainment |
| priestly service | ἱερατεία / hierateia | priestly ministry/function | ಯಾಜಕ ಸೇವೆ | yājaka sēve | Medium | 7,9 | — |
| Levitical priesthood | (descriptive, Λευιτικῆς) | priesthood of the tribe of Levi | ಲೇವಿಯ ಯಾಜಕತ್ವ | lēviya yājakatva | High | 7 | Requires OT tribal/genealogical background note |
| sacrifice / offering | θυσία, προσφορά / thysia, prosphora | that which is offered up | ಬಲಿ | bali | Critical | 5,7,8,9,10,11,13 | Never ಯಜ್ಞ (Vedic fire-sacrifice register) |
| to offer | προσφέρω / prosphero | to bring near, present | ಅರ್ಪಿಸು | arpisu | High | 5,7,8,9,10,11 | Retain reflexive force for “offered himself” |
| altar | θυσιαστήριον / thysiastērion | place of sacrifice | ಬಲಿಪೀಠ | balipīṭha | High | 13 | Never ಯಜ್ಞವೇದಿಕೆ |
| blood | αἷμα / haima | blood | ರಕ್ತ | rakta | High | 2,9,10,12,13 | Distinguish from repeated Shakta propitiatory blood-offering pattern |
| sprinkling | ῥαντισμός/ῥαντίζω / rhantismos | ceremonial sprinkling | ಸಿಂಪಡಣೆ / ಸಿಂಪಡಿಸು | simpaḍaṇe / simpaḍisu | Medium | 9,12 | Distinguish from tīrtha/holy-water ritual sprinkling |
| tabernacle / tent | σκηνή / skēnē | tent | ಗುಡಾರ | guḍāra | High | 8,9,13 | Never ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನ/ಗುಡಿ |
| holy place(s) | ἅγια / hagia | the holy [place] | ಪವಿತ್ರ ಸ್ಥಳ(ಗಳು) | pavitra sthaḷa(gaḷu) | Medium | 9 | — |
| Holy of Holies | ἅγια ἁγίων / hagia hagiōn | holy of holies | ಮಹಾ ಪವಿತ್ರ ಸ್ಥಳ | mahā pavitra sthaḷa | Medium | 9 | — |
| veil / curtain | καταπέτασμα / katapetasma | curtain | ಪರದೆ | parade | Medium | 9,10 | Link 9:3 and 10:19-20 as one argument |
| mercy seat | ἱλαστήριον / hilastērion | place/means of propitiation | ಕರುಣಾಸನ | karuṇāsana | Critical | 9 | Requires standing translator note (see propitiation below) |
| propitiation / atonement | ἱλασμός, ἱλάσκομαι / hilasmos | to appease, make favorable | ಪ್ರಾಯಶ್ಚಿತ್ತ ಬಲಿ | prāyaścitta bali | Critical | 2 | MANDATORY note: God-provided, once-for-all; not self-performed penance |
| forgiveness | ἄφεσις / aphesis | a sending away, release | ಕ್ಷಮೆ | kṣame | High | 9,10 | Grounded in substitutionary blood, not devotional overlooking of guilt |
| purification | καθαρισμός/καθαρίζω / katharismos | cleansing | ಶುದ್ಧೀಕರಣ (ceremonial) / ಪವಿತ್ರಗೊಳಿಸು (moral/conscience) | śuddhīkaraṇa / pavitragoḷisu | High | 9,10 | TWO distinct renderings required within ch.9 (see 9:13 vs 9:14) |
| conscience | συνείδησις / syneidēsis | self-awareness/moral faculty | ಮನಸ್ಸಾಕ್ಷಿ | manas-sākṣi | High | 9,10,13 | Inner moral witness, not ritual purity state |
| unblemished | ἄμωμος / amōmos | without blemish | ನಿರ್ದೋಷ | nirdōṣa | Medium | 9 | Retain sacrificial-inspection background |
| minister (liturgical) | λειτουργός / leitourgos | one who performs public/sacred service | ಸೇವಕ | sēvaka | Medium | 8 | Avoid ಪೂಜಾರಿ-adjacent vocabulary |
| ministry/service vessels | λειτουργία / leitourgia | (liturgical) service | ಆರಾಧನಾ ಸೇವೆ | ārādhanā sēve | Medium-High | 9 | Avoid ಪೂಜಾ |
| sacrifice of praise | θυσία αἰνέσεως / thysia aineseōs | praise-offering | ಸ್ತೋತ್ರ ಬಲಿ | stōtra bali | Low-Medium | 13 | Cultic vocabulary transposed to ethical/verbal praise |
B2. Covenant, Redemption & Atonement Doctrine
| English | Greek / translit. | Literal meaning | Kannada | Kannada translit. | Risk | Chapters | Collision note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| new covenant | καινή διαθήκη / kainē diathēkē | new covenant | ಹೊಸ ಒಡಂಬಡಿಕೆ | hosa oḍambaḍike | Critical | 8,9,12 | No structural equivalent in Hindu/Haridasa/Lingayat frameworks |
| first/old covenant | πρώτη διαθήκη / prōtē diathēkē | first covenant | ಮೊದಲನೆಯ ಒಡಂಬಡಿಕೆ | modalaneya oḍambaḍike | High | 8,9 | — |
| will/testament (legal sense) | διαθήκη (legal-testament sense) | a disposing document effective at death | ಉಯಿಲು | uyilu | Medium | 9 (vv.16-17) | Greek wordplay lost in Kannada; requires translator note, not a doctrinal risk |
| obsolete/made old | παλαιόω / palaioō | to make/become old | ಹಳೆಯದಾಗಿಸು | haḷeyadāgisu | High | 8 | Must convey genuine supersession, not neutral aging |
| once for all | ἅπαξ/ἐφάπαξ / hapax/ephapax | one single time, with permanent effect | ಒಂದೇ ಸಲ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಕಾಲಕ್ಕೂ | ondē sala ellā kālakkū | Critical | 7,9,10 | MUST be rendered identically at every occurrence |
| redemption | λύτρωσις/ἀπολύτρωσις / lytrōsis | ransom, buying back | ವಿಮೋಚನೆ | vimōcane | Critical | 9 | Never ಮೋಕ್ಷ/ಮುಕ್ತಿ; a price-paid historical deliverance, not release from rebirth |
| eternal | αἰώνιος / aiōnios | age-lasting, without end | ನಿತ್ಯ | nitya | High | 5,6,9,13 | Anchor to personal, historical referent, not impersonal Vedantic “eternal” |
| mediator | μεσίτης / mesitēs | go-between, guarantor | ಮಧ್ಯಸ್ಥ | madhyastha | High | 8,9,12 | Sole, exclusive mediator — not one intermediary among many (guru/ಜಂಗಮ) |
| guarantor/surety | ἔγγυος / engyos | one who personally guarantees a debt | ಖಾತ್ರಿದಾರ | khātridāra | Medium-High | 7 | Reinforces μεσίτης with legal-personal force |
| inheritance | κληρονομία / klēronomia | portion received as heir | ಸ್ವಾಸ್ತ್ಯ | svāstya | Medium | 1,6,9,11 | Gift through sonship, not merit |
| transgression | παράβασις / parabasis | stepping across a boundary/law | ಉಲ್ಲಂಘನೆ | ullaṅghane | Medium | 2,9 | Distinguish from general ಪಾಪ where a specific legal violation is meant |
| the blood of the covenant | αἷμα τῆς διαθήκης | covenant-ratifying blood | ಒಡಂಬಡಿಕೆಯ ರಕ್ತ | oḍambaḍikeya rakta | Critical | 9,10,13 | Identical rendering at every occurrence (9:20; 10:29; 13:20) |
B3. Christ’s Superiority (Angels, Moses, Priesthood) & Person of Christ
| English | Greek / translit. | Literal meaning | Kannada | Kannada translit. | Risk | Chapters | Collision note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| better/superior | κρείττων / kreittōn | better, stronger | ಶ್ರೇಷ್ಠ | śrēṣṭha | High | 1,6,7,8,9,10,11,12 | Same comparative used consistently to preserve cumulative argument |
| radiance/effulgence | ἀπαύγασμα / apaugasma | outshining ray of light from a source | ಮಹಿಮೆಯ ಪ್ರಕಾಶ | mahimeya prakāśa | Critical | 1 | Not gradual illumination of a devotee’s soul; eternal, undiminished co-glory |
| exact imprint (of nature) | χαρακτήρ τῆς ὑποστάσεως / charaktēr tēs hypostaseōs | engraved image of essential being | ಆತನ ಸ್ವರೂಪದ ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣ ಪ್ರತಿರೂಪ | ātana svarūpada sampūrṇa pratirūpa | Critical | 1 | Distinguish from ὑπόστασις at 11:1 (see B5) |
| angel | ἄγγελος / angelos | messenger | ದೇವದೂತ | dēvadūta | High | 1,2,12,13 | Not a deva/object of devotion; explicitly subordinate to and worshiping the Son |
| worship | προσκυνέω / proskyneō | to bow down/worship | ಆರಾಧಿಸು | ārādhisu | High | 1 | Not mere respectful obeisance (ನಮಸ್ಕಾರ); full religious worship reserved for the Son |
| founder/pioneer | ἀρχηγός / archēgos | one who originates/leads the way | ರಕ್ಷಣೆಯ ನಾಯಕ / ಮೂಲಕರ್ತ | rakṣaṇeya nāyaka / mūlakarta | Medium-High | 2,12 | Not “one leader/guru among options”; the trailblazing originator |
| forerunner | πρόδρομος / prodromos | one who runs ahead | ಪೂರ್ವಗಾಮಿ | pūrvagāmi | Low-Medium | 6 | Cross-reference ἀρχηγός |
| Melchizedek | Μελχισέδεκ | (proper name) | ಮೆಲ್ಕಿಜೆದೇಕ | Melkijedēka | Medium-High | 5,6,7 | Not a self-realized guru/Sharana figure; divinely-appointed eternal priest-type |
| order (priestly rank) | τάξις / taxis | rank, order | ಕ್ರಮ | krama | Low-Medium | 5,6,7 | — |
| permanent (priesthood) | ἀπαράβατος/ἀμετάθετος | without successor, unending | ಶಾಶ್ವತ | śāśvata | High | 6,7 | Genuine unbroken permanence, no successor needed |
| draw near (to God) | ἐγγίζω/προσέρχομαι / engizō, proserchomai | to approach | ಸಮೀಪಿಸು | samīpisu | Medium-High | 4,7,10,11,12 | Consistent across all occurrences; direct, unmediated access now open |
| Second Coming (“a second time”) | ἐκ δευτέρου / ek deuterou | a second time | ಎರಡನೆಯ ಸಲ | eraḍaneya sala | High | 9 | Single, future, bodily return — not a further avatar-cycle |
| firstborn (corporate) | πρωτότοκος / prōtotokos | first-born | ಜ್ಯೇಷ್ಠಪುತ್ರ | jyēṣṭhaputra | Medium | 12 | Corporate use of believers; must not diminish Christ’s unique Sonship (ch.1) |
B4. Warning, Apostasy & Perseverance
| English | Greek / translit. | Literal meaning | Kannada | Kannada translit. | Risk | Chapters | Collision note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| fall away / apostasy | παραπίπτω, ἀφίστημι / parapiptō | to fall aside/away | ನಂಬಿಕೆಯಿಂದ ಬಿದ್ದುಹೋಗುವುದು | nambikeyinda biddu hōguvudu | Critical | 3,6,10,12 | Never compound with ಧರ್ಮ |
| to crucify again | ἀνασταυρόω / anastauroō | to re-crucify | ಪುನಃ ಶಿಲುಬೆಗೆ ಹಾಕುವುದು | punaḥ śilubege hākuvudu | High | 6 | Preserve graphic force |
| to sin willfully | ἁμαρτάνω ἑκουσίως / hamartanō hekousiōs | to sin deliberately | ಬೇಕೆಂದೇ ಪಾಪ ಮಾಡುವುದು | bēkendē pāpa māḍuvudu | Critical | 10 | Flag for theologian review every occurrence |
| repentance | μετάνοια / metanoia | change of mind/heart | ಮಾನಸಾಂತರ | mānasāntara | High | 6,12 | Genuine God-enabled reorientation, not ritual penance |
| endurance/perseverance | ὑπομονή / hypomonē | remaining under (a trial) | ಸಹನೆ | sahane | Medium | 10,12 | Active, hope-fueled steadfastness, not fatalistic resignation |
| shrinking back | ὑποστολή / hypostolē | drawing back | ಹಿಂಜರಿಕೆ | hiñjarike | Medium | 10 | Antithetical to faith |
| hope | ἐλπίς / elpis | confident expectation | ನಿರೀಕ್ಷೆ | nirīkṣe | Medium | 3,6,7,10,11 | Grounded in God’s character/oath, not karmic expectation |
| oath | ὅρκος / horkos | sworn pledge | ಪ್ರಮಾಣ | pramāṇa | Medium | 6,7 | — |
| unchangeable | ἀμετάθετος / ametathetos | cannot be changed | ಅಚಲ | achala | Medium | 6 | God’s own guarantee, not fatalistic determinism |
| anchor (of the soul) | ἄγκυρα / ankyra | anchor | ಆತ್ಮದ ಲಂಗರು | ātmada laṅgaru | Low | 6 | — |
| eagerly wait | ἀπεκδέχομαι / apekdechomai | to wait out expectantly | ಕಾತುರದಿಂದ ನಿರೀಕ್ಷಿಸುವುದು | kāturadinda nirīkṣisuvudu | Medium | 9 | Active hope, not passive resignation |
| appointed/reserved (for judgment) | ἀπόκειται / apokeitai | it is laid up/fixed | ನಿಶ್ಚಯವಾಗಿ ನಿಗದಿಯಾಗಿದೆ | niśchayavāgi nigadiyāgide | High | 9 | Never ಹಣೆಬರಹ (forbidden fatalism idiom) |
| judgment | κρίσις / krisis | a deciding/judging | ನ್ಯಾಯವಿಚಾರಣೆ | nyāyavichāraṇe | High | 9,10 | Single final tribunal, not karmic reckoning across lives |
| discipline/chastening | παιδεία / paideia | child-training | ಶಿಸ್ತು | śistu | Medium | 12 | Fatherly, formative — not karmic punishment (ಶಿಕ್ಷೆ) |
| bear reproach | ὀνειδισμός / oneidismos | reproach, disgrace | ಅವಮಾನ | avamāna | Medium | 11,13 | Honor/shame-sensitive; native speaker review |
B5. Faith, Rest, Typology & Access
| English | Greek / translit. | Literal meaning | Kannada | Kannada translit. | Risk | Chapters | Collision note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| assurance/substance (of faith) | ὑπόστασις (11:1 sense) / hypostasis | underlying reality/confident ground | ದೃಢನಿಶ್ಚಯ | dṛḍhaniśchaya | High | 11 | Different Kannada word from ὑπόστασις at 1:3; cross-reference required |
| evidence/conviction | ἔλεγχος / elenchos | proof, demonstration | ದೃಢೀಕರಣ | dṛḍhīkaraṇa | Medium | 11 | — |
| rest | κατάπαυσις, σαββατισμός / katapausis | ceasing, resting | ವಿಶ್ರಾಂತಿ / ಸಬ್ಬತ್ ವಿಶ್ರಾಂತಿ | viśrānti / sabbat viśrānti | High | 3,4 | Relational rest by faith; not moksha-release or Aikya-dissolution |
| perfect / to perfect | τέλειος, τελειόω / teleios | to bring to completeness/goal | ಪರಿಪೂರ್ಣಗೊಳಿಸು | paripūrṇagoḷisu | High | 2,5,7,9,10,11,12 | Completed status via Christ’s finished work, not progressive self-attainment (shatsthala) |
| shadow | σκιά / skia | cast shadow/outline | ಛಾಯೆ | chāye | High | 8,10 | Real but incomplete OT preview; not Vedantic māyā-illusion |
| true form/substance | εἰκών / eikōn (10:1 sense) | the real, substantial thing itself | ಸತ್ಯಸ್ವರೂಪ | satyasvarūpa | Medium-High | 10 | Distinguished from ಛಾಯೆ within same verse |
| copy / pattern | ὑπόδειγμα, ἀντίτυπος / hypodeigma | model shown below, counterpart | ಪ್ರತಿರೂಪ | pratirūpa | High | 8,9 | Genuine historical pointer, not illusory appearance |
| confidence/boldness | παρρησία / parrēsia | freedom of speech, boldness | ಧೈರ್ಯ | dhairya | Medium | 3,4,10 | Direct, unmediated access — not graded/ritual-mediated approach |
| throne of grace | θρόνος τῆς χάριτος / thronos tēs charitos | grace’s throne | ಕೃಪಾಸನ | kṛpāsana | Medium-High | 4 | Access granted by grace, not devotional merit |
| confession (of faith) | ὁμολογία / homologia | shared declaration | ಅರಿಕೆ | arike | Medium | 3,4,10 | Confession OF faith, distinct from confession of sin |
| word of God (living, active) | λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ ζῶν / logos… zōn | living, active utterance | ಜೀವಸ್ವರೂಪ ದೇವರ ವಚನ | jīvasvarūpa dēvara vachana | Medium | 4 | Personal self-disclosure, not a ritual formula/mantra |
| living God | ζῶν Θεός / zōn Theos | the living God | ಜೀವಸ್ವರೂಪ ದೇವರು | jīvasvarūpa dēvaru | High | 3,9,10,12 | Not a consecrated image “awakened” by ritual |
| dead works | νεκρὰ ἔργα / nekra erga | lifeless deeds | ನಿರ್ಜೀವ ಕಾರ್ಯಗಳು | nirjīva kāryagaḷu | High | 6,9 | Same grace-vs-works freight as Romans 4:4-5/11:5-6 |
| unbelief | ἀπιστία / apistia | lack of trust | ಅವಿಶ್ವಾಸ | aviśvāsa | High | 3,4 | Direct antonym-formation on [BASELINE ನಂಬಿಕೆ] |
| unshakeable kingdom | βασιλεία ἀσάλευτος / basileia asaleutos | kingdom that cannot be shaken | ಅಚಲ ರಾಜ್ಯ | achala rājya | Medium | 12 | — |
| heavenly Jerusalem / Mount Zion | Ἰερουσαλήμ ἐπουράνιος / Σιὼν ὄρος | (proper names) | ಸ್ವರ್ಗೀಯ ಯೆರೂಸಲೇಮ್ / ಚೀಯೋನ್ ಪರ್ವತ | svargīya Yerūsalēm / Chīyōn parvata | Medium | 12 | Immediacy/welcome contrasted with Sinai’s mediated distance |
| assembly of the firstborn | ἐκκλησία πρωτοτόκων | church of the firstborn ones | ಜ್ಯೇಷ್ಠಪುತ್ರರ ಸಭೆ | jyēṣṭhaputrara sabhe | Medium | 12 | Built on [BASELINE ಸಭೆ] |
| city (promised/lasting) | πόλις / polis (11:10,16; 13:14) | city | ನಗರ | nagara | Medium-High | 11,12,13 | Real future city, not allegorical inner state |
| strangers and exiles | ξένοι καὶ παρεπίδημοι | foreigners and sojourners | ಪರದೇಶಿಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಪ್ರವಾಸಿಗಳು | paradēśigaḷu mattu pravāsigaḷu | Low | 11 | — |
| end of the ages | συντέλεια τῶν αἰώνων | completion of the ages | ಯುಗಗಳ ಪರಿಸಮಾಪ್ತಿ | yugagaḷa parisamāpti | High | 9 | Linear historical hinge-point, not cyclical yuga cosmology |
| to bear the sins of many | ἀνενέγκας ἁμαρτίας πολλῶν | having carried up the sins | ಅನೇಕರ ಪಾಪಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊತ್ತುಕೊಂಡು | anēkara pāpagaḷannu hottukoṇḍu | Critical | 9 | Substitutionary, vicarious bearing — core penal-substitution language |
C. Proper Names Newly Introduced (transliterate per established Kannada Bible convention; low risk if consistent)
| English | Kannada | Chapters |
|---|---|---|
| Melchizedek | ಮೆಲ್ಕಿಜೆದೇಕ | 5,6,7 |
| Abel | ಎಬೆಲ್ | 11,12 |
| Enoch | ಹನೋಕ್ | 11 |
| Noah | ನೋಹ | 11 |
| Sarah | ಸಾರಾ | 11 |
| Isaac | ಇಸಾಕ | 11 |
| Jacob | ಯಾಕೋಬ | 11 |
| Joseph | ಯೋಸೇಫ | 11 |
| Rahab | ರಹಾಬ್ | 11 |
| Gideon | ಗಿದ್ಯೋನ | 11 |
| Esau | ಏಸಾವ್ | 12 |
| Zion | ಚೀಯೋನ್ | 12 |
D. Notes for Phase 1 Step 2 (Linguistic Gap Analysis)
- All Section B entries are NEW and must be formally adjudicated (risk-confirmed, alternatives-rejected documented) before being written into an extended translation_memory.json for Hebrews.
- Critical-risk new terms requiring the heaviest scrutiny: ಪ್ರಾಯಶ್ಚಿತ್ತ ಬಲಿ (propitiation), ಕರುಣಾಸನ (mercy seat), ಒಂದೇ ಸಲ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಕಾಲಕ್ಕೂ (once for all), ವಿಮೋಚನೆ (redemption), ಹೊಸ ಒಡಂಬಡಿಕೆ (new covenant), ಮಹಿಮೆಯ ಪ್ರಕಾಶ (radiance of glory), ಆತನ ಸ್ವರೂಪದ ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣ ಪ್ರತಿರೂಪ (exact imprint of his nature), ಬೇಕೆಂದೇ ಪಾಪ ಮಾಡುವುದು (willful sin), ನಂಬಿಕೆಯಿಂದ ಬಿದ್ದುಹೋಗುವುದು (apostasy), ಒಡಂಬಡಿಕೆಯ ರಕ್ತ (blood of the covenant), ಅನೇಕರ ಪಾಪಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊತ್ತುಕೊಂಡು (bore the sins of many).
- ὑπόστασις’s two senses (1:3 vs. 11:1) must be entered as two SEPARATE translation-memory entries with an explicit cross-reference note, to prevent Phase 2 automated lookup from collapsing them into one rendering.
- διαθήκη’s dual sense at 9:16–17 (covenant vs. legal will) should be entered as a segment-level translator note rather than a new glossary term, since ಒಡಂಬಡಿಕೆ remains correct everywhere else in the book.
- All Section A (reused baseline) entries require NO further adjudication — enforce exactly as recorded.
Critical Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: ದೇವರು
Transliteration: Dēvaru
Doctrine: Deity of Christ / God
Rejected alternatives: ಭಗವಂತ, ಪರಶಿವ
Original: θεός / אֱלֹהִים / יהוה
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. In Hebrews, anchors ‘the living God’ (ಜೀವಸ್ವರೂಪ ದೇವರು) formula recurring at 3:12, 9:14, 10:31, 12:22 and the whole book’s Creator/Father/Judge vocabulary.
Jesus
Approved rendering: ಯೇಸು
Transliteration: Yēsu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ಈಸಾ
Original: Ἰησοῦς / יֵשׁוּעַ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Reused exactly throughout Hebrews 2-13.
Lord
Approved rendering: ಕರ್ತ
Transliteration: karta
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ಸ್ವಾಮಿ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. In Hebrews, ಕರ್ತ underwrites Christ’s supremacy over angels (ch.1), Moses (ch.3), and the Levitical priesthood (ch.7), and must never soften toward the Veerashaiva Aikya picture of eventual devotee-Lord merger.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: ದೇವರ ಮಗ
Transliteration: Dēvara Maga
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ದೇವಮಾನವ
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Hebrews 1 and 5 rest the entire angels/priesthood superiority argument on this unique Sonship; must not blur with the corporate ‘firstborn’ (ಜ್ಯೇಷ್ಠಪುತ್ರ, see new term below) applied to believers at 12:23.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: ಪವಿತ್ರಾತ್ಮ
Transliteration: Pavitrātma
Doctrine: Sanctification / Deity of the Spirit
Rejected alternatives: ಪರಮಾತ್ಮ
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Never ಪರಮಾತ್ಮ. Governs Hebrews 9:14’s ‘eternal Spirit’ through whom Christ offered himself — personal, willing agency, not an impersonal universal spirit.
Father
Approved rendering: ತಂದೆ
Transliteration: Tande
Doctrine: Divine Fatherly Discipline / Adoption
Rejected alternatives: ಸೃಷ್ಟಿಕರ್ತ
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. In Hebrews 12:5-11 grounds ಶಿಸ್ತು (fatherly discipline, new term below) as loving formation, not karmic retribution.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: ಪುನರುತ್ಥಾನ
Transliteration: punarutthāna
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ಪುನರ್ಜನ್ಮ
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. Never ಪುನರ್ಜನ್ಮ. Underwrites Hebrews 6:2, 11:19/35, and 13:20’s climactic ‘blood of the eternal covenant.‘
Incarnation
Approved rendering: ದೇಹಧಾರಣೆ
Transliteration: dēhadhāraṇe
Doctrine: Incarnation and Humanity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ಅವತಾರ
Original: — (theological category; cf. Hebrews 2:14, 10:5)
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Never ಅವತಾರ. Grounds Hebrews 2:14-18’s ‘partook of the same things’ as one real, permanent assumption of humanity, not a repeatable avatar-descent.
Salvation
Approved rendering: ರಕ್ಷಣೆ
Transliteration: rakṣaṇe
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ಮೋಕ್ಷ, ಮುಕ್ತಿ, ಐಕ್ಯ
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Never ಮೋಕ್ಷ/ಮುಕ್ತಿ/ಐಕ್ಯ. Ties directly to Christ’s unique high-priestly work at Hebrews 1:14, 2:3, 9:28.
Messiah
Approved rendering: ಮೆಸ್ಸೀಯ
Transliteration: Messīya
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: ಅವತಾರಪುರುಷ
Original: Χριστός / מָשִׁיחַ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. In Hebrews, ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತ (Krista) is also used interchangeably as the transliterated Christological title throughout; both forms refer to the unique OT-promised deliverer, never one avatar among many.
High Priest
Approved rendering: ಮಹಾಯಾಜಕ
Transliteration: mahāyājaka
Doctrine: Christ as the Great High Priest
Rejected alternatives: ಪುರೋಹಿತ, ಪುಜಾರಿ
Original: ἀρχιερεύς
Category: Priesthood
NEW term. Anchor of the whole book’s central doctrine. Never ಪುರೋಹಿತ/ಪುಜಾರಿ (Hindu temple ritual specialist performing puja before an image) — that substitution recasts Christ as one more temple functionary rather than the unique, final priest-king. Governs Hebrews 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10.
Sacrifice Offering
Approved rendering: ಬಲಿ
Transliteration: bali
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Rejected alternatives: ಯಜ್ಞ
Original: θυσία / προσφορά
Category: Sacrificial System
NEW term. Never ಯಜ್ಞ (the Vedic fire-sacrifice register bound to Brahmanical ritual technique). Every occurrence of Christ’s sacrifice must co-occur with ಒಂದೇ ಸಲ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಕಾಲಕ್ಕೂ to block a repeated-propitiation reading. Chapters 5,7,8,9,10,11,13.
Mercy Seat
Approved rendering: ಕರುಣಾಸನ
Transliteration: karuṇāsana
Doctrine: Propitiation and Atonement
Original: ἱλαστήριον
Category: Sacrificial System
NEW coined compound (ಕರುಣೆ ‘mercy’ + ಆಸನ ‘seat/throne’); no competing occupied Kannada slot exists. Requires the same mandatory translator note as propitiation: this is not a device by which Israel appeased a volatile deity through ritual technique, but the place God himself designated to meet his people in mercy on the basis of a divinely-appointed sacrifice (9:5). Pair with a narrative footnote on the Ark and Day of Atonement.
Propitiation
Approved rendering: ಪ್ರಾಯಶ್ಚಿತ್ತ ಬಲಿ
Transliteration: prāyaścitta bali
Doctrine: Propitiation and Atonement
Rejected alternatives: ಪ್ರಾಯಶ್ಚಿತ್ತ (used alone)
Original: ἱλασμός / ἱλάσκομαι
Category: Sacrificial System
NEW term. ಪ್ರಾಯಶ್ಚಿತ್ತ alone is deeply embedded general-Hindu vocabulary for self-performed penance/expiation, precisely inverted from Hebrews’ claim. MANDATORY translator note at every occurrence (2:17; cf. 9:5, 22) that this is God’s own gracious provision, accomplished BY Christ ON BEHALF OF the people, never self-performed, repeatable penance. Never use ಪ್ರಾಯಶ್ಚಿತ್ತ without ಬಲಿ.
New Covenant
Approved rendering: ಹೊಸ ಒಡಂಬಡಿಕೆ
Transliteration: hosa oḍambaḍike
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: καινή διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
NEW term. No structural equivalent in Hindu, Haridasa-bhakti, or Lingayat frameworks. Must communicate genuine newness/replacement, an internal Spirit-written covenant (8:10), and the first covenant’s resulting obsolescence. Chapters 8, 9, 12.
Once For All
Approved rendering: ಒಂದೇ ಸಲ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಕಾಲಕ್ಕೂ
Transliteration: ondē sala ellā kālakkū
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Original: ἅπαξ / ἐφάπαξ
Category: Sacrificial System
NEW term. MUST be rendered identically at EVERY occurrence (7:27; 9:12, 25-28; 10:2, 10) — this repetition IS the theological argument. Never shortened or paraphrased for fluency.
Redemption
Approved rendering: ವಿಮೋಚನೆ
Transliteration: vimōcane
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Rejected alternatives: ಮೋಕ್ಷ, ಮುಕ್ತಿ
Original: λύτρωσις
Category: Salvation
NEW term. Never ಮೋಕ್ಷ/ಮುಕ್ತಿ. A historical, price-paid deliverance accomplished once by Christ’s blood (9:12), not release from a rebirth cycle; reinforce with ಒಂದೇ ಸಲ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಕಾಲಕ್ಕೂ and ರಕ್ತ collocations.
Blood Of The Covenant
Approved rendering: ಒಡಂಬಡಿಕೆಯ ರಕ್ತ
Transliteration: oḍambaḍikeya rakta
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: αἷμα τῆς διαθήκης
Category: Covenant
NEW term. MUST be rendered identically at every occurrence (9:20; 10:29; 13:20) — the verbal thread tying the old covenant’s inauguration (Exodus 24:8) to the new’s; never softened to a merely symbolic ‘blood.‘
Radiance Of Glory
Approved rendering: ಮಹಿಮೆಯ ಪ್ರಕಾಶ
Transliteration: mahimeya prakāśa
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: ἀπαύγασμα
Category: Christology
NEW term. Hebrews 1:3, an outshining ray of the SAME glory (not a reflection from a separate source). Exceptionally exposed to bhakti mystical-illumination and Veerashaiva jyoti imagery of a soul’s gradual approach to Parashiva; must communicate the eternal, undiminished co-existence of the Son’s glory with the Father’s — the Son IS the shining, not a soul progressing toward divine light.
Exact Imprint Of Nature
Approved rendering: ಆತನ ಸ್ವರೂಪದ ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣ ಪ್ರತಿರೂಪ
Transliteration: ātana svarūpada sampūrṇa pratirūpa
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: χαρακτήρ τῆς ὑποστάσεως αὐτοῦ
Category: Christology
NEW term. Hebrews 1:3’s χαρακτήρ τῆς ὑποστάσεως — the most philosophically precise deity-of-Christ vocabulary in the NT. MUST be a DIFFERENT Kannada word from ὑπόστασις at 11:1 (see ದೃಢನಿಶ್ಚಯ below) to avoid either importing ontological-essence vocabulary into faith’s definition or flattening Christ’s unique divine nature into mere confident assurance.
Fall Away Apostasy
Approved rendering: ನಂಬಿಕೆಯಿಂದ ಬಿದ್ದುಹೋಗುವುದು
Transliteration: nambikeyinda biddu hōguvudu
Doctrine: The Danger of Apostasy and Warning Passages
Rejected alternatives: ಧರ್ಮ-ಸಂಯೋಜಿತ ಪದ
Original: παραπίπτω / ἀφίστημι
Category: Apostasy
NEW term. Never compound with ಧರ್ಮ. Render simply as departure from ನಂಬಿಕೆ or the ಸುವಾರ್ತೆ already received. Flag EVERY occurrence for human theologian review (3:12; 6:6; 10:26-31; 12:15-17).
Sin Willfully
Approved rendering: ಬೇಕೆಂದೇ ಪಾಪ ಮಾಡುವುದು
Transliteration: bēkendē pāpa māḍuvudu
Doctrine: The Danger of Apostasy and Warning Passages
Original: ἁμαρτάνω ἑκουσίως
Category: Apostasy
NEW term. Hebrews 10:26. Ties directly to the apostasy doctrine; flag for theologian review given severity and interpretive difficulty across Christian traditions. Never drop the ಬೇಕೆಂದೇ (‘deliberately’) qualifier.
Bear Sins Of Many
Approved rendering: ಅನೇಕರ ಪಾಪಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊತ್ತುಕೊಂಡು
Transliteration: anēkara pāpagaḷannu hottukoṇḍu
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Original: ἀνενέγκας ἁμαρτίας πολλῶν
Category: Salvation
NEW term. Hebrews 9:28, echoing Isaiah 53:12 LXX. The crux of penal/substitutionary atonement doctrine; must not be diluted into a generalized ‘took away’ that reads as mere removal rather than personal, vicarious bearing.
High Risk Terms
Covenant
Approved rendering: ಒಡಂಬಡಿಕೆ
Transliteration: oḍambaḍike
Doctrine: New Covenant versus the Old
Rejected alternatives: ಒಪ್ಪಂದ
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. In Hebrews 7-10, 12-13 forms ಹೊಸ ಒಡಂಬಡಿಕೆ / ಮೊದಲನೆಯ ಒಡಂಬಡಿಕೆ (new terms below). At 9:16-17 only, διαθήκη shifts to the legal ‘will/testament’ sense and must use ಉಯಿಲು instead (see new term), never ಒಡಂಬಡಿಕೆ there.
Faith
Approved rendering: ನಂಬಿಕೆ
Transliteration: nambike
Doctrine: Faith of the Old Testament Saints
Rejected alternatives: ಭಕ್ತಿ
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Hebrews 11’s roll call and 10:38-39’s Habakkuk citation make this the book’s second great pillar after priesthood/covenant; object of trust is always the one covenant-keeping God, not a chosen personal devotional deity.
Grace
Approved rendering: ಕೃಪೆ
Transliteration: kṛpe
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: ಕರ್ಮಫಲ, ಪುಣ್ಯ
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Grounds ಕೃಪಾಸನ (‘throne of grace,’ new term below, 4:16) — boldness earned by nothing, never by devotional merit or sacred labor.
Sin
Approved rendering: ಪಾಪ
Transliteration: pāpa
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: ಅಧರ್ಮ
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Pervasive throughout Hebrews’ sacrificial argument (chs.1-13); distinguish from the specific legal-violation sense ಉಲ್ಲಂಘನೆ (new term, transgression).
Law
Approved rendering: ನಿಯಮಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ
Transliteration: niyamaśāstra
Doctrine: New Covenant versus the Old
Rejected alternatives: ಧರ್ಮ
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Never ಧರ್ಮ. Hebrews 7:12 explicitly ties a change of priesthood to a change of law.
Glory
Approved rendering: ಮಹಿಮೆ
Transliteration: mahime
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ತೇಜಸ್ಸು
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Root of the new compound ಮಹಿಮೆಯ ಪ್ರಕಾಶ (radiance of glory, 1:3) below.
Called
Approved rendering: ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ
Transliteration: kareyalpaṭṭa
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: ಆಮಂತ್ರಿತ
Original: κλητός
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. At Hebrews 9:15, names those who receive the promised eternal inheritance under the new covenant.
Calling
Approved rendering: ಕರೆ
Transliteration: kare
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: ಆಹ್ವಾನ
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package.
Holy
Approved rendering: ಪವಿತ್ರ
Transliteration: pavitra
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: ಶುದ್ಧ
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Root for ಪವಿತ್ರ ಸ್ಥಳ / ಮಹಾ ಪವಿತ್ರ ಸ್ಥಳ (Hebrews 9, new terms below).
Saints
Approved rendering: ಪವಿತ್ರ ಜನರು
Transliteration: pavitra janaru
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: ಶರಣರು, ಸಂತರು
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Never ಶರಣರು. Governs Hebrews 13’s corporate address to the whole community; Hebrews 11’s OT roll call must not be styled as a Sharana-vachana-style hagiography of self-attained masters.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: ಪವಿತ್ರೀಕರಣ
Transliteration: pavitrīkaraṇa
Doctrine: Sanctification and the Cleansed Conscience
Rejected alternatives: ಶುದ್ಧೀಕರಣ
Original: ἁγιασμός / ἁγιάζω (covenantal sense)
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. In Hebrews 9:13-14 this baseline term is reserved specifically for the INWARD, conscience-level cleansing Christ accomplishes (9:14; 10:10, 14, 22, 29); the OUTWARD, ceremonial, flesh-level cleansing of 9:13 requires the distinct new term ಶುದ್ಧೀಕರಣ (purification_ceremonial, below) instead. Collapsing the two into one word destroys Hebrews’ lesser-to-greater argument.
Priest
Approved rendering: ಯಾಜಕ
Transliteration: yājaka
Doctrine: Christ as the Great High Priest
Rejected alternatives: ಪುರೋಹಿತ, ಪುಜಾರಿ
Original: ἱερεύς
Category: Priesthood
NEW term. Used of Melchizedek, Levitical priests, and, by extension, believers’ priestly access. Same collision guard as ಮಹಾಯಾಜಕ.
Priesthood
Approved rendering: ಯಾಜಕತ್ವ
Transliteration: yājakatva
Doctrine: The Superiority of Christ over the Levitical Priesthood
Rejected alternatives: ಜಂಗಮ ಪದವಿ, ಗುರುಪಟ್ಟ
Original: ἱερωσύνη
Category: Priesthood
NEW term. Hebrews 7:11-12 argues a change of priesthood entails a change of covenant/law; must read as a formal, instituted office, not a self-attained spiritual status (as the Lingayat ಜಂಗಮ office would suggest).
Levitical Priesthood
Approved rendering: ಲೇವಿಯ ಯಾಜಕತ್ವ
Transliteration: lēviya yājakatva
Doctrine: The Superiority of Christ over the Levitical Priesthood
Original: — (descriptive, Λευιτικῆς)
Category: Priesthood
NEW term. Requires an OT tribal/genealogical background note for readers with low OT-narrative literacy; superseded by Christ’s Melchizedekian priesthood (ch.7).
Permanent Priesthood
Approved rendering: ಶಾಶ್ವತ
Transliteration: śāśvata
Doctrine: The Superiority of Christ over the Levitical Priesthood
Original: ἀπαράβατος / ἀμετάθετος
Category: Priesthood
NEW term. Hebrews 7:24: Christ ‘holds his priesthood permanently… he continues forever.’ Must convey genuine, unbroken permanence with no successor, not merely ‘long-lasting’ — the argumentative payoff of the whole Melchizedek excursus.
Mediator
Approved rendering: ಮಧ್ಯಸ್ಥ
Transliteration: madhyastha
Doctrine: Christ’s Covenant Mediation and Ongoing Intercession
Rejected alternatives: ಗುರು, ಜಂಗಮ
Original: μεσίτης
Category: Covenant
NEW term. Distinct from ಮಧ್ಯಸ್ಥಿಕೆ (‘intercession,’ an activity). Must be marked singular and exclusive — not one devotional intermediary among many, as a guru or the Lingayat ಜಂಗಮ office might function for a devotee. Hebrews 8:6, 9:15, 12:24.
To Offer
Approved rendering: ಅರ್ಪಿಸು
Transliteration: arpisu
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Original: προσφέρω
Category: Sacrificial System
NEW term. Occurs some twenty times across Hebrews’ sacrificial argument; must retain reflexive force for ‘offered himself’ — Christ as both priest and victim, distinct from priests who repeatedly offer animal victims.
Altar
Approved rendering: ಬಲಿಪೀಠ
Transliteration: balipīṭha
Doctrine: Sacrifice of Praise and Ethical Worship
Rejected alternatives: ಯಜ್ಞವೇದಿಕೆ
Original: θυσιαστήριον
Category: Sacrificial System
NEW term. Never ಯಜ್ಞವೇದಿಕೆ. Hebrews 13:10’s ‘we have an altar’ is metaphorical — believers’ altar is Christ’s finished sacrifice, not an invitation to a literal ongoing cultic altar.
Blood
Approved rendering: ರಕ್ತ
Transliteration: rakta
Doctrine: Access to God through Christ’s Blood
Original: αἷμα
Category: Sacrificial System
NEW term. No safer lexical substitute exists. Karnataka’s live (not merely historical) Shakta and village-goddess blood-offering practices make this the single highest ambient-collision term in the letter (chs. 2, 9, 10, 12, 13). MANDATORY recurring translator note distinguishing Christ’s self-given, once-for-all blood from an ongoing propitiatory economy.
Tabernacle
Approved rendering: ಗುಡಾರ
Transliteration: guḍāra
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Rejected alternatives: ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನ, ಗುಡಿ
Original: σκηνή
Category: Sacrificial System
NEW term. Never ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನ/ಗುಡಿ. Also avoid conveying a fixed, static shrine — a mobile tent of meeting pointing to something greater (chs. 8, 9, 13).
Forgiveness
Approved rendering: ಕ್ಷಮೆ
Transliteration: kṣame
Doctrine: Propitiation and Atonement
Original: ἄφεσις
Category: Sacrificial System
NEW term. Hebrews 9:22’s climax, ‘without shedding of blood there is no forgiveness of sins,’ must be grounded in a real, historical, substitutionary death, not a devotional confidence that a compassionate deity may simply overlook sin/karma.
Purification Ceremonial
Approved rendering: ಶುದ್ಧೀಕರಣ
Transliteration: śuddhīkaraṇa
Doctrine: Sanctification and the Cleansed Conscience
NEW term, used ONLY for the OT ceremonial, outward, flesh-level cleansing at Hebrews 9:13 (‘sanctify for the purification of the flesh’). Must be kept distinct from the baseline ಪವಿತ್ರೀಕರಣ, reserved for the inward, conscience-level cleansing of 9:14 and 10:10,14,22,29. Collapsing both senses into one word destroys Hebrews’ central lesser-to-greater argument.
Conscience
Approved rendering: ಮನಸ್ಸಾಕ್ಷಿ
Transliteration: manas-sākṣi
Doctrine: Sanctification and the Cleansed Conscience
Rejected alternatives: ಮನಸ್ಸು (ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ)
Original: συνείδησις
Category: Faith
NEW term. Must clearly denote the inner moral witness that only Christ’s blood cleanses (9:14; 10:22; 13:18), not generic ‘mind’ or ritual-purity vocabulary — the pivot of Hebrews’ ‘how much more’ argument.
First Covenant
Approved rendering: ಮೊದಲನೆಯ ಒಡಂಬಡಿಕೆ
Transliteration: modalaneya oḍambaḍike
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: πρώτη διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
NEW term. Must retain its real, divinely-given status while being clearly marked provisional and now fulfilled (chs. 8, 9).
Obsolete
Approved rendering: ಹಳೆಯದಾಗಿಸು
Transliteration: haḷeyadāgisu
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: παλαιόω
Category: Covenant
NEW term. Hebrews 8:13 must communicate genuine, decisive supersession, not neutral aging; reinforce with adjacent framing so obsolescence reads as God’s own declared act.
Eternal
Approved rendering: ನಿತ್ಯ
Transliteration: nitya
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: αἰώνιος
Category: Salvation
NEW term (Hebrews-specific risk profile). ನಿತ್ಯ is standard Kannada Christian usage but is also the standard Vedantic term for the changeless, impersonal Absolute/Ātman. Every occurrence (5:9; 6:2; 9:12,14,15; 13:20) must be anchored to a personal, historical, relational referent, never left as an abstract metaphysical predicate.
Better Superior
Approved rendering: ಶ್ರೇಷ್ಠ
Transliteration: śrēṣṭha
Doctrine: The Superiority of Christ over Angels, Moses, and the Levitical Priesthood
Rejected alternatives: ಉತ್ತಮ, ಅಧಿಕ
Original: κρείττων
Category: Christology
NEW term. Hebrews’ single most repeated rhetorical marker (~13 occurrences: chs. 1,6,7,8,9,10,11,12). MUST use this same comparative consistently throughout to preserve the cumulative ‘better…better…better’ argument; treat synonym substitution as a validation failure.
Angel
Approved rendering: ದೇವದೂತ
Transliteration: dēvadūta
Doctrine: The Superiority of Christ over Angels
Original: ἄγγελος
Category: Christology
NEW term. Kannada readers hold a rich devotional cosmology of devas routinely petitioned or propitiated; ದೇವದೂತ is the safe established term, but the entire superiority argument (ch.1-2) must be preserved so readers do not assimilate angels to legitimate objects of devotion — angels here are explicitly NOT worshiped.
Worship
Approved rendering: ಆರಾಧಿಸು
Transliteration: ārādhisu
Doctrine: The Superiority of Christ over Angels / Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ನಮಸ್ಕರಿಸು (ಒಂದೇ ಪದವಾಗಿ)
Original: προσκυνέω
Category: Christology
NEW term. Hebrews 1:6, ‘let all God’s angels worship him.’ Avoid ನಮಸ್ಕರಿಸು alone, which can read as mere respectful obeisance to elders, gurus, or images; ಆರಾಧಿಸು preserves the force of angels rendering divine worship to the Son.
Second Coming
Approved rendering: ಎರಡನೆಯ ಸಲ
Transliteration: eraḍaneya sala
Doctrine: Final Judgment and Christ’s Second Coming
Original: ἐκ δευτέρου
Category: Eschatology
NEW term. Hebrews 9:28’s ‘a second time.’ Must denote a single, still-future, personal, bodily return, guarding against assimilation to a repeated-avatar-descent pattern familiar from Krishna-bhakti.
Crucify Again
Approved rendering: ಪುನಃ ಶಿಲುಬೆಗೆ ಹಾಕುವುದು
Transliteration: punaḥ śilubege hākuvudu
Doctrine: The Danger of Apostasy and Warning Passages
Original: ἀνασταυρόω
Category: Apostasy
NEW term. Hebrews 6:6’s graphic compound; preserve its force, never soften to a vague ‘hurting Christ again.‘
Repentance
Approved rendering: ಮಾನಸಾಂತರ
Transliteration: mānasāntara
Doctrine: The Danger of Apostasy and Warning Passages
Rejected alternatives: ಪ್ರಾಯಶ್ಚಿತ್ತ
Original: μετάνοια
Category: Apostasy
NEW term. Hebrews 6:1,6; 12:17. Must communicate a genuine, God-enabled reorientation of the whole person, guarding against collapse into ಪ್ರಾಯಶ್ಚಿತ್ತ-style self-performed ritual expiation.
Appointed Reserved
Approved rendering: ನಿಶ್ಚಯವಾಗಿ ನಿಗದಿಯಾಗಿದೆ
Transliteration: niśchayavāgi nigadiyāgide
Doctrine: Final Judgment and Christ’s Second Coming
Rejected alternatives: ಹಣೆಬರಹ
Original: ἀπόκειται
Category: Eschatology
NEW term. Hebrews 9:27. MUST NEVER be rendered ಹಣೆಬರಹ (the forbidden ‘forehead-writing’ fatalism idiom already fixed against in the Romans baseline for providence/election). This is the fixed moral order under a personal God, structurally contrasting with samsara’s rebirth-and-further-rebirth expectation.
Judgment
Approved rendering: ನ್ಯಾಯವಿಚಾರಣೆ
Transliteration: nyāyavichāraṇe
Doctrine: Final Judgment and Christ’s Second Coming
Rejected alternatives: ಕರ್ಮದ ನಿಯಮ
Original: κρίσις
Category: Eschatology
NEW term. Hebrews 9:27; 10:27,30. A single, final divine tribunal following each person’s one death, not a karmic account carried into a subsequent birth.
Assurance Substance Of Faith
Approved rendering: ದೃಢನಿಶ್ಚಯ
Transliteration: dṛḍhaniśchaya
Doctrine: Faith of the Old Testament Saints
Original: ὑπόστασις (Hebrews 11:1 sense)
Category: Faith
NEW term, ὑπόστασις’s SECOND sense (11:1 only) — ‘the underlying reality/confident ground’ faith provides. MUST be a DIFFERENT Kannada word from ಆತನ ಸ್ವರೂಪದ ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣ ಪ್ರತಿರೂಪ used for the SAME Greek word at 1:3. Also guard against absorption into Vedantic ‘ground of being’ (Brahman) vocabulary; this is subjective, Spirit-given confidence directed at objective, future divine promises, not a metaphysical claim about ultimate reality.
Rest
Approved rendering: ವಿಶ್ರಾಂತಿ
Transliteration: viśrānti
Doctrine: The Promised Rest of God
Rejected alternatives: ಮೋಕ್ಷ, ಮುಕ್ತಿ, ಐಕ್ಯ
Original: κατάπαυσις / σαββατισμός
Category: Salvation
NEW term. Closely echoes moksha’s release from samsaric striving and could be absorbed into the Lingayat Aikya-state’s promise of final union. Must be taught as relational, by-faith, with the believer remaining a distinct person in ongoing covenant relationship (chs. 3-4). Compound ಸಬ್ಬತ್ ವಿಶ್ರಾಂತಿ for the specific Sabbath-rest sense.
Perfect To Perfect
Approved rendering: ಪರಿಪೂರ್ಣಗೊಳಿಸು
Transliteration: paripūrṇagoḷisu
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Original: τέλειος / τελειόω
Category: Salvation
NEW term. Hebrews 10:14, ‘has perfected for all time those who are being sanctified’ by a single offering; a completed status via Christ’s finished work, sharply distinguished from the Lingayat shatsthala path’s progressive, self-disciplined ascent toward Aikya.
Shadow
Approved rendering: ಛಾಯೆ
Transliteration: chāye
Doctrine: Type and Fulfillment (Shadow, Copy, and Reality)
Original: σκιά
Category: Faith
NEW term. Hebrews 8:5, 10:1. A real, divinely-given, deliberately incomplete preview of a historical fulfillment now accomplished in Christ — NOT the Vedantic picture of the phenomenal world as māyā, an illusory shadow-projection of an impersonal Absolute.
Copy Pattern
Approved rendering: ಪ್ರತಿರೂಪ
Transliteration: pratirūpa
Doctrine: Type and Fulfillment (Shadow, Copy, and Reality)
Original: ὑπόδειγμα / ἀντίτυπος
Category: Faith
NEW term. Hebrews 8:5; 9:23-24. Guard against collapsing into the Advaita Vedanta picture of the visible world as māyā; Hebrews’ ‘copy’ is a genuine, historically instituted pointer to a genuine, greater, equally real heavenly original.
Living God
Approved rendering: ಜೀವಸ್ವರೂಪ ದೇವರು
Transliteration: jīvasvarūpa dēvaru
Doctrine: The Promised Rest of God
Original: ζῶν Θεός
Category: God
NEW term. Recurring Hebrews formula (3:12; 9:14; 10:31; 12:22). Must retain the ‘living’ contrast against dead idols/dead works, without importing generic ‘living deity’ devotional language (e.g., a temple image believed to be indwelt/awakened via prāṇa-pratiṣṭhā).
Dead Works
Approved rendering: ನಿರ್ಜೀವ ಕಾರ್ಯಗಳು
Transliteration: nirjīva kāryagaḷu
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Original: νεκρὰ ἔργα
Category: Salvation
NEW term. Hebrews 6:1; 9:14. Carries the same grace-versus-works freight flagged Critical in the Romans baseline; must plainly denote futile ritual/legal performance apart from faith, resisting collapse into the karma-merit economy or the Lingayat kayaka-dasoha ethic.
Unbelief
Approved rendering: ಅವಿಶ್ವಾಸ
Transliteration: aviśvāsa
Doctrine: The Promised Rest of God
Original: ἀπιστία
Category: Faith
NEW term. Direct antonym-formation on baseline ನಂಬಿಕೆ (3:12,19; 4:2,6,11); prefer this consistent ಅ- negative-formation over an unrelated word.
End Of The Ages
Approved rendering: ಯುಗಗಳ ಪರಿಸಮಾಪ್ತಿ
Transliteration: yugagaḷa parisamāpti
Doctrine: Final Judgment and Christ’s Second Coming
Original: συντέλεια τῶν αἰώνων
Category: Eschatology
NEW term. Hebrews 9:26. Locates Christ’s death at a single, linear, decisive historical point — the opposite of cyclical yuga cosmology shared broadly across Hindu cosmological thought.
Medium Risk Terms
Church
Approved rendering: ಸಭೆ
Transliteration: sabhe
Doctrine: Church and Mutual Exhortation
Rejected alternatives: ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನ, ಗುಡಿ
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Root for ಜ್ಯೇಷ್ಠಪುತ್ರರ ಸಭೆ (‘assembly of the firstborn,’ Hebrews 12:23, new term below).
Apostle
Approved rendering: ಅಪೊಸ್ತಲ
Transliteration: apostala
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: ಗುರು, ಜಂಗಮ
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Hebrews 3:1 uniquely applies this title to Jesus himself alongside ಮಹಾಯಾಜಕ — flag this collocation for elevated theologian attention even though the term itself remains baseline Medium risk.
David
Approved rendering: ದಾವೀದ
Transliteration: Dāvīda
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: דָּוִד
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Referenced in Hebrews 4:7 and 11:32.
Israel
Approved rendering: ಇಸ್ರಾಯೇಲ್
Transliteration: Isrāyēl
Doctrine: New Covenant versus the Old
Original: יִשְׂרָאֵל
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Recipients of the new covenant promise quoted from Jeremiah 31 in Hebrews 8.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: ದೇವರ ರಾಜ್ಯ
Transliteration: Dēvara Rājya
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package. Root for ಅಚಲ ರಾಜ್ಯ (‘unshakeable kingdom,’ Hebrews 12:28, new term below).
Intercession
Approved rendering: ಮಧ್ಯಸ್ಥಿಕೆ
Transliteration: madhyastike
Doctrine: Christ’s Covenant Mediation and Ongoing Intercession
Original: ἐντυγχάνω / ἔντευξις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. In Hebrews 7:25 names Christ’s ongoing heavenly ACTIVITY of intercession; keep distinct from the new term ಮಧ್ಯಸ್ಥ (mediator), which names the exclusive OFFICE/ROLE (9:15).
Gentiles
Approved rendering: ಅನ್ಯಜನಾಂಗದವರು
Transliteration: anyajanāṅgadavaru
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: ವಿದೇಶಿಯರು
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Background presence in Hebrews’ argument to a Jewish-Christian audience.
Priestly Service
Approved rendering: ಯಾಜಕ ಸೇವೆ
Transliteration: yājaka sēve
Doctrine: Christ as the Great High Priest
Original: ἱερατεία
Category: Priesthood
NEW term. The functional exercise of the priestly office (7:5, 9:6).
Sprinkling
Approved rendering: ಸಿಂಪಡಣೆ
Transliteration: simpaḍaṇe
Doctrine: Access to God through Christ’s Blood
Rejected alternatives: ತೀರ್ಥ ಸಿಂಪಡಣೆ
Original: ῥαντισμός / ῥαντίζω
Category: Sacrificial System
NEW term. Distinguish from tīrtha (holy-water) sprinkling in popular Hindu practice; this is OT ceremonial law now fulfilled, not an ongoing efficacious ritual act (9:13, 12:24).
Holy Place
Approved rendering: ಪವಿತ್ರ ಸ್ಥಳ
Transliteration: pavitra sthaḷa
Doctrine: Christ as the Great High Priest
Original: ἅγια
Category: Sacrificial System
NEW term. Context must clarify heavenly (9:12, plural) vs. earthly referent (9:2-3).
Holy Of Holies
Approved rendering: ಮಹಾ ಪವಿತ್ರ ಸ್ಥಳ
Transliteration: mahā pavitra sthaḷa
Doctrine: Christ as the Great High Priest
Original: ἅγια ἁγίων
Category: Sacrificial System
NEW term. The innermost sanctuary entered once yearly by the high priest alone (9:3).
Veil
Approved rendering: ಪರದೆ
Transliteration: parade
Doctrine: Access to God through Christ’s Blood
Original: καταπέτασμα
Category: Sacrificial System
NEW term. Link 9:3 (literal Tabernacle curtain) and 10:19-20 (Christ’s flesh as the curtain, now torn) as one continuous typological argument via a standing translator note.
Unblemished
Approved rendering: ನಿರ್ದೋಷ
Transliteration: nirdōṣa
Doctrine: The Once-for-All Atoning Sacrifice
Original: ἄμωμος
Category: Sacrificial System
NEW term. Drawn from sacrificial-animal inspection language, applied morally to Christ (9:14); must retain that background, not flatten to generic ‘good/pure.‘
Minister Liturgical
Approved rendering: ಸೇವಕ
Transliteration: sēvaka
Doctrine: Christ as the Great High Priest
Rejected alternatives: ಪೂಜಾರಿ
Original: λειτουργός
Category: Sacrificial System
NEW term. Christ as ‘minister of the holy places’ (8:2); avoid ಪೂಜಾರಿ-adjacent vocabulary.
Will Testament
Approved rendering: ಉಯಿಲು
Transliteration: uyilu
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: διαθήκη (legal-testament sense)
Category: Covenant
NEW term, used ONLY at Hebrews 9:16-17’s legal-testament sense of διαθήκη. Not a doctrinal-fidelity risk but a translation-mechanics flag: the Greek covenant/will wordplay is untranslatable, so a standing translator note explaining the legal analogy is mandatory at this passage.
Inheritance
Approved rendering: ಸ್ವಾಸ್ತ್ಯ
Transliteration: svāstya
Doctrine: Inheritance through Sonship
Original: κληρονομία
Category: Salvation
NEW term. A portion received as an heir, not earned by labor (1:2; 9:15); adjacent to baseline ದತ್ತು ಪುತ್ರತ್ವ (adoption) — must retain the sense of a gift received through sonship, not merit.
Transgression
Approved rendering: ಉಲ್ಲಂಘನೆ
Transliteration: ullaṅghane
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Original: παράβασις
Category: Sin
NEW term. Names violation of the Law’s specific stated terms (2:2; 9:15), distinct from the general ಪಾಪ, to preserve Hebrews’ precise legal-covenantal argument.
Firstborn Corporate
Approved rendering: ಜ್ಯೇಷ್ಠಪುತ್ರ
Transliteration: jyēṣṭhaputra
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: πρωτότοκος (corporate use)
Category: Church
NEW term. ‘Firstborn’ applied corporately to all believers (12:23); must not diminish Christ’s own unique, singular Sonship established in ch.1 — standing cross-reference note required.
Endurance Perseverance
Approved rendering: ಸಹನೆ
Transliteration: sahane
Doctrine: Perseverance and Assurance
Original: ὑπομονή
Category: Perseverance
NEW term. Everyday Kannada usage often connotes passive, fatalistic tolerance (‘what can’t be helped must be endured’); must be rendered as active, hope-fueled steadfastness under trial (10:36; 12:1), always paired with ನಿರೀಕ್ಷೆ where possible.
Shrinking Back
Approved rendering: ಹಿಂಜರಿಕೆ
Transliteration: hiñjarike
Doctrine: The Danger of Apostasy and Warning Passages
Original: ὑποστολή
Category: Apostasy
NEW term. Hebrews 10:39, directly antithetical to faith; must not be softened into a neutral ‘hesitation.‘
Hope
Approved rendering: ನಿರೀಕ್ಷೆ
Transliteration: nirīkṣe
Doctrine: Perseverance and Assurance
Original: ἐλπίς
Category: Perseverance
NEW term. Confident, forward-looking expectation grounded in God’s promise (6:11,18-19; 7:19; 10:23; 11:1); distinguish from generic optimism and from fatalistic karmic expectation.
Oath
Approved rendering: ಪ್ರಮಾಣ
Transliteration: pramāṇa
Doctrine: Perseverance and Assurance
Original: ὅρκος
Category: Covenant
NEW term. God’s own sworn pledge undergirding his promise (6:16-18); supports assurance grounded in God’s character, not ritual performance.
Unchangeable
Approved rendering: ಅಚಲ
Transliteration: achala
Doctrine: Perseverance and Assurance
Original: ἀμετάθετος
Category: Perseverance
NEW term. God’s own guarantee (6:17-18), not fatalistic determinism. Also feeds ಅಚಲ ರಾಜ್ಯ (unshakeable kingdom, below).
Eagerly Wait
Approved rendering: ಕಾತುರದಿಂದ ನಿರೀಕ್ಷಿಸುವುದು
Transliteration: kāturadinda nirīkṣisuvudu
Doctrine: Final Judgment and Christ’s Second Coming
Original: ἀπεκδέχομαι
Category: Perseverance
NEW term. Hebrews 9:28, awaiting Christ’s return; active, confident, hope-filled waiting, not passive resignation to an impersonal cosmic unfolding.
Discipline
Approved rendering: ಶಿಸ್ತು
Transliteration: śistu
Doctrine: Divine (Fatherly) Discipline
Rejected alternatives: ಶಿಕ್ಷೆ, ಕರ್ಮದ ನಿಯಮ
Original: παιδεία
Category: Perseverance
NEW term. Hebrews 12:5-11. Purposeful, loving, fatherly formation, never karmic retribution or an impersonal law of cause-and-effect; avoid ಶಿಕ್ಷೆ as the primary sense.
Bear Reproach
Approved rendering: ಅವಮಾನ
Transliteration: avamāna
Doctrine: Faith of the Old Testament Saints / Perseverance and Assurance
Original: ὀνειδισμός
Category: Perseverance
NEW term. Hebrews 11:26; 13:13, borne for Christ’s sake. Honor/shame-sensitive; retain its full costliness rather than softening it.
Evidence Conviction
Approved rendering: ದೃಢೀಕರಣ
Transliteration: dṛḍhīkaraṇa
Doctrine: Faith of the Old Testament Saints
Original: ἔλεγχος
Category: Faith
NEW term. Hebrews 11:1’s ἔλεγχος, ‘evidence/conviction of things not seen’; supports the same doctrinal point as ದೃಢನಿಶ್ಚಯ.
Confidence Boldness
Approved rendering: ಧೈರ್ಯ
Transliteration: dhairya
Doctrine: Access to God through Christ’s Blood
Original: παρρησία
Category: Faith
NEW term. Hebrews 3:6; 4:16; 10:19,35. Adequate for courage but does not by itself convey ‘boldness of access’; always pair with ಸಮೀಪಿಸು so the access sense, not just the courage sense, is carried.
Confession Of Faith
Approved rendering: ಅರಿಕೆ
Transliteration: arike
Doctrine: The Superiority of Christ over Moses / Faith
Original: ὁμολογία
Category: Faith
NEW term. Hebrews 3:1; 4:14; 10:23. Confession OF faith/allegiance, distinct from confession of sin; ideally compatible with the Romans-baseline ‘Jesus is Lord’ confession pattern (ಯೇಸು ಕರ್ತನಾಗಿದ್ದಾನೆ) for cross-book consistency.
Word Of God Living
Approved rendering: ಜೀವಸ್ವರೂಪ ದೇವರ ವಚನ
Transliteration: jīvasvarūpa dēvara vachana
Doctrine: The Living and Active Word of God
Original: λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ ζῶν καὶ ἐνεργής
Category: God
NEW term. Hebrews 4:12-13. Must be distinguished from any generic ‘sacred utterance/mantra’ association; God’s own active, personal self-disclosure judging the heart.
Unshakeable Kingdom
Approved rendering: ಅಚಲ ರಾಜ್ಯ
Transliteration: achala rājya
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: βασιλεία ἀσάλευτος
Category: Kingdom
NEW term. Hebrews 12:28; emphasizes permanence, contrasted with the shaking and removal of created, temporary things at final judgment.
Heavenly Jerusalem Mount Zion
Approved rendering: ಸ್ವರ್ಗೀಯ ಯೆರೂಸಲೇಮ್ / ಚೀಯೋನ್ ಪರ್ವತ
Transliteration: svargīya Yerūsalēm / Chīyōn parvata
Doctrine: Pilgrim Identity and the Heavenly City
Original: Σιὼν ὄρος / Ἰερουσαλήμ ἐπουράνιος
Category: Eschatology
NEW term. Hebrews 12:22-24; anchors the believer’s present, welcomed standing in contrast to Sinai’s terrifying, mediated distance (12:18-21).
Assembly Of The Firstborn
Approved rendering: ಜ್ಯೇಷ್ಠಪುತ್ರರ ಸಭೆ
Transliteration: jyēṣṭhaputrara sabhe
Doctrine: Church and Mutual Exhortation
Original: ἐκκλησία πρωτοτόκων
Category: Church
NEW term. Hebrews 12:23, built on baseline ಸಭೆ; cross-reference the corporate ‘firstborn’ note.
Moses
Approved rendering: ಮೋಶೆ
Transliteration: Mōśe
Doctrine: The Superiority of Christ over Moses
NEW proper-name entry for the Hebrews TM (established Kannada Bible transliteration, already used elsewhere in the wider tradition). Hebrews 3:1-6 requires the house-builder/house-member category distinction to be preserved, not flattened into mere rank comparison between two venerable holy men.
Esau
Approved rendering: ಏಸಾವ್
Transliteration: Ēsāv
Doctrine: The Danger of Apostasy and Warning Passages
NEW proper name (Hebrews 12:16-17). A stark negative example directly supporting the apostasy doctrine; theologian review recommended for how ‘found no place for repentance’ is rendered so as not to be read as denying genuine repentance generally, which would contradict the book’s own repeated calls to draw near and hold fast.
Low Risk Terms
Prophet
Approved rendering: ಪ್ರವಾದಿ
Transliteration: pravādi
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: ಜ್ಯೋತಿಷಿ
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Hebrews 1:1 contrasts God’s past partial speech through the prophets with his final speech through the Son.
Fellowship
Approved rendering: ಅನ್ಯೋನ್ಯತೆ
Transliteration: anyōnyate
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: ಸ್ನೇಹ
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Hebrews 13:16’s call to ‘share and do good.‘
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: ಕೃತಜ್ಞತಾಸ್ತುತಿ
Transliteration: kṛtajñatāstuti
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστία (cf. Hebrews 12:28’s thankful posture)
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Supports Hebrews 12:28’s thankful posture of worship.
Exhort
Approved rendering: ಪ್ರೋತ್ಸಾಹಿಸುವುದು
Transliteration: prōtsāhisuvudu
Doctrine: Church and Mutual Exhortation
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Used at Hebrews 3:13, 10:25, 13:22.
Anchor
Approved rendering: ಆತ್ಮದ ಲಂಗರು
Transliteration: ātmada laṅgaru
Doctrine: Perseverance and Assurance
Original: ἄγκυρα
Category: Perseverance
NEW term. Hebrews 6:19; vivid maritime metaphor with no significant cultural collision.
Strangers And Exiles
Approved rendering: ಪರದೇಶಿಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಪ್ರವಾಸಿಗಳು
Transliteration: paradēśigaḷu mattu pravāsigaḷu
Doctrine: Faith of the Old Testament Saints
Original: ξένοι καὶ παρεπίδημοι
Category: Faith
NEW term. Hebrews 11:13; developed further at 13:14.
Abel
Approved rendering: ಎಬೆಲ್
Transliteration: Ebel
Doctrine: Faith of the Old Testament Saints
NEW proper name (Hebrews 11:4, 12:24). Established Kannada Bible transliteration convention.
Enoch
Approved rendering: ಹನೋಕ್
Transliteration: Hanōk
Doctrine: Faith of the Old Testament Saints
NEW proper name (Hebrews 11:5).
Noah
Approved rendering: ನೋಹ
Transliteration: Nōha
Doctrine: Faith of the Old Testament Saints
NEW proper name (Hebrews 11:7).
Sarah
Approved rendering: ಸಾರಾ
Transliteration: Sārā
Doctrine: Faith of the Old Testament Saints
NEW proper name (Hebrews 11:11).
Isaac
Approved rendering: ಇಸಾಕ
Transliteration: Isāka
Doctrine: Faith of the Old Testament Saints
NEW proper name (Hebrews 11:17-20).
Jacob
Approved rendering: ಯಾಕೋಬ
Transliteration: Yākōba
Doctrine: Faith of the Old Testament Saints
NEW proper name (Hebrews 11:20-21).
Joseph
Approved rendering: ಯೋಸೇಫ
Transliteration: Yōsēpha
Doctrine: Faith of the Old Testament Saints
NEW proper name (Hebrews 11:21-22).
Rahab
Approved rendering: ರಹಾಬ್
Transliteration: Rahāb
Doctrine: Faith of the Old Testament Saints
NEW proper name (Hebrews 11:31).
Gideon
Approved rendering: ಗಿದ್ಯೋನ
Transliteration: Gidyōna
Doctrine: Faith of the Old Testament Saints
NEW proper name (Hebrews 11:32).
Medium-High Risk Terms
Melchizedek
Approved rendering: ಮೆಲ್ಕಿಜೆದೇಕ
Transliteration: Melkijedēka
Doctrine: The Order of Melchizedek
Rejected alternatives: ಗುರು ಪರಂಪರೆ ಮಾದರಿ
Original: Μελχισέδεκ
Category: Priesthood
NEW proper name. Requires explanatory footnote (Genesis 14 background). Guard against assimilation to an unbroken guru-paramparā lineage or a self-realized Sharana figure; his significance is a divinely-appointed, eternal, non-hereditary priesthood, not self-attained spiritual authority. Chapters 5, 6, 7.
Guarantor
Approved rendering: ಖಾತ್ರಿದಾರ
Transliteration: khātridāra
Doctrine: Christ’s Covenant Mediation and Ongoing Intercession
Original: ἔγγυος
Category: Covenant
NEW term. Hebrews 7:22, Christ as guarantor of a better covenant; reinforces ಮಧ್ಯಸ್ಥ with an even stronger legal-personal-guarantee sense.
Ministry Vessels
Approved rendering: ಆರಾಧನಾ ಸೇವೆ
Transliteration: ārādhanā sēve
Doctrine: The New Covenant versus the Old
Rejected alternatives: ಪೂಜಾ ಸಾಮಗ್ರಿ
Original: λειτουργία
Category: Sacrificial System
NEW term. The OT vessels used in worship, sprinkled with blood (9:21); avoid ಪೂಜಾ, too strongly associated with Hindu image-worship ritual.
Founder Pioneer
Approved rendering: ರಕ್ಷಣೆಯ ನಾಯಕ
Transliteration: rakṣaṇeya nāyaka
Doctrine: Christ as the Great High Priest / Perseverance and Assurance
Rejected alternatives: ನಾಯಕ (ಒಂದೇ ಪದವಾಗಿ)
Original: ἀρχηγός
Category: Christology
NEW term. Must convey both ‘founder/originator’ and ‘one who goes first, blazing the path’ (2:10; 12:2) — not merely ನಾಯಕ (‘leader’), too generic and suggestive of one leader/guru among available options.
True Form Substance
Approved rendering: ಸತ್ಯಸ್ವರೂಪ
Transliteration: satyasvarūpa
Doctrine: Type and Fulfillment (Shadow, Copy, and Reality)
Original: εἰκών (Hebrews 10:1 sense)
Category: Faith
NEW term. Hebrews 10:1’s εἰκών in its ‘the real, substantial thing itself’ sense — a reversal of εἰκών’s more common NT sense (‘image/copy’); must be deliberately distinguished from ಛಾಯೆ within the same verse.
Throne Of Grace
Approved rendering: ಕೃಪಾಸನ
Transliteration: kṛpāsana
Doctrine: Access to God through Christ’s Blood
Original: θρόνος τῆς χάριτος
Category: Salvation
NEW coined compound. Hebrews 4:16. No competing occupied Kannada slot; retain, ensuring baseline ಕೃಪೆ (grace), not merit or ritual correctness, grounds boldness before this throne.
City Promised
Approved rendering: ನಗರ
Transliteration: nagara
Doctrine: Pilgrim Identity and the Heavenly City
Original: πόλις (11:10, 16; 13:14)
Category: Eschatology
NEW term. Hebrews 11:10,16; 13:14. A real, promised, future city, not an allegorical inner state; render consistently across chapters 11-13 as one sustained theme.
Draw Near To God
Approved rendering: ಸಮೀಪಿಸು
Transliteration: samīpisu
Doctrine: Access to God through Christ’s Blood
Original: ἐγγίζω τῷ Θεῷ / προσέρχομαι
Category: Faith
NEW term. The Access-to-God doctrine’s key verb (4:16; 7:19,25; 10:1,22; 11:6; 12:18,22). MUST be rendered identically across every occurrence — the cumulative ‘direct, unmediated access now permanently open’ argument depends on lexical identity.
Low-Medium Risk Terms
Order Priestly Rank
Approved rendering: ಕ್ರಮ
Transliteration: krama
Doctrine: The Order of Melchizedek
Original: τάξις
Category: Priesthood
NEW term. Standard vocabulary for priestly rank/order (5:6, 6:20, 7:11, 17); no major collision.
Sacrifice Of Praise
Approved rendering: ಸ್ತೋತ್ರ ಬಲಿ
Transliteration: stōtra bali
Doctrine: Sacrifice of Praise and Ethical Worship
Original: θυσία αἰνέσεως
Category: Sacrificial System
NEW term. Verbal praise and good works reframed as sacrifice (13:15-16); reinforces that OT sacrificial vocabulary is fulfilled and transposed, not left as an ongoing literal cultic requirement.
Forerunner
Approved rendering: ಪೂರ್ವಗಾಮಿ
Transliteration: pūrvagāmi
Doctrine: Perseverance and Assurance
Original: πρόδρομος
Category: Christology
NEW term. Hebrews 6:20, Christ entering heaven’s presence first on believers’ behalf; cross-reference ರಕ್ಷಣೆಯ ನಾಯಕ.
Referenced passages