Core Glossary
Core Glossary: 1 Timothy (English ↔ Koine Greek ↔ Kannada)
This glossary extends the Romans baseline translation_memory.json. Terms marked Baseline Reuse: Yes MUST use the Kannada rendering exactly as recorded in the baseline; they are repeated here only for completeness of book coverage. Terms marked Baseline Reuse: No are new entries proposed by this analysis for addition to the project’s translation memory, pending Phase 1 sign-off.
Section A — Terms Reused Exactly From the Romans Baseline
| English | Greek | Kannada | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine Category | Key Passages | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gospel | εὐαγγέλιον | ಸುವಾರ್ತೆ | suvārte | High | Sound Doctrine / Gospel | 1:11 | Baseline Reuse: Yes |
| Grace | χάρις | ಕೃಪೆ | kṛpe | High | Grace | 1:2, 1:14, 6:21 | Baseline Reuse: Yes |
| Faith / the faith | πίστις | ನಂಬಿಕೆ | nambike | High | Faith / Sound Doctrine | throughout (1:2, 1:5, 1:19, 3:9, 3:13, 4:1, 4:6, 6:10-12, 6:21) | Baseline Reuse: Yes. NOTE: in 1 Timothy this word-family regularly shifts sense from “personal trust” to “the [body of] faith/doctrine” and to “faithful/trustworthy” (character trait) — context-check every occurrence |
| Righteousness | δικαιοσύνη | ನೀತಿವಂತಿಕೆ | nītivantike | Critical | Salvation | 6:11 | Baseline Reuse: Yes. NEVER ಧರ್ಮ |
| Salvation / saved | σωτηρία / σῴζω | ರಕ್ಷಣೆ | rakṣaṇe | Critical | Salvation | 1:15, 2:4, 2:15, 4:16 | Baseline Reuse: Yes. NEVER ಮೋಕ್ಷ/ಮುಕ್ತಿ/ಐಕ್ಯ. 2:15 is an exegetical crux requiring theologian review |
| Apostle | ἀπόστολος | ಅಪೊಸ್ತಲ | apostala | Medium | Apostleship | 1:1, 2:7 | Baseline Reuse: Yes |
| Called / calling | κλητός / κλῆσις | ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ / ಕರೆ | kareyalpaṭṭa / kare | High | Divine Calling | 6:12 (context) | Baseline Reuse: Yes |
| Holy | ἅγιος | ಪವಿತ್ರ | pavitra | High | Sanctification | (implied, cf. ὅσιος 2:8 nuance) | Baseline Reuse: Yes |
| Sanctification | ἁγιασμός | ಪವಿತ್ರೀಕರಣ | pavitrīkaraṇa | High | Sanctification | (thematic) | Baseline Reuse: Yes |
| Peace | εἰρήνη | ಶಾಂತಿ | śānti | Medium | Peace with God | 1:2, 2:2 | Baseline Reuse: Yes |
| Spiritual gifts | χάρισμα | ಆತ್ಮಿಕ ವರಗಳು | ātmika varagaḷu | Medium | Spiritual Gifts | 4:14 | Baseline Reuse: Yes |
| Thanksgiving | εὐχαριστία | ಕೃತಜ್ಞತಾಸ್ತುತಿ | kṛtajñatāstuti | Low | Thanksgiving | 2:1, 4:3-4 | Baseline Reuse: Yes |
| Fellowship (root) | κοινωνικός | ಅನ್ಯೋನ್ಯತೆ (root) | anyōnyate | Low | Christian Fellowship | 6:18 | Baseline Reuse: Yes |
| Church | ἐκκλησία | ಸಭೆ | sabhe | Medium-High | Church as Pillar of Truth | 3:5, 3:15, 5:16 | Baseline Reuse: Yes. Elevated to High here given 3:15’s “pillar of truth” doctrine |
| Law | νόμος | ನಿಯಮಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ | niyamaśāstra | High | Sound Doctrine | 1:7-9 | Baseline Reuse: Yes |
| Sin | ἁμαρτία / ἁμαρτωλός | ಪಾಪ | pāpa | High | Universal Human Accountability | 1:9, 1:15, 5:20, 5:22, 5:24 | Baseline Reuse: Yes |
| Gentiles | ἔθνη | ಅನ್ಯಜನಾಂಗದವರು | anyajanāṅgadavaru | Medium | Unity of Jews/Gentiles | 2:7, 3:16 | Baseline Reuse: Yes |
| Glory | δόξα | ಮಹಿಮೆ | mahime | High | Deity of Christ | 1:11, 1:17, 3:16 | Baseline Reuse: Yes |
| Prophet / prophecy | προφήτης / προφητεία | ಪ್ರವಾದಿ / ಪ್ರವಾದನೆ | pravādi / pravādane | Low | Fulfillment of Prophecy | 1:18, 4:14 | Baseline Reuse: Yes |
| Intercession | ἔντευξις | ಮಧ್ಯಸ್ಥಿಕೆ | madhyasthike | Medium | Prayer and Intercession | 2:1 | Baseline Reuse: Yes |
| Exhort / urge | παρακαλέω | ಪ್ರೋತ್ಸಾಹಿಸುವುದು / ವಿನಂತಿ | prōtsāhisuvudu / vinanti | Low | Mutual Edification | 1:3, 2:1, 5:1 (context) | Baseline Reuse: Yes. Use ವಿನಂತಿ for δέησις (petition), ಪ್ರೋತ್ಸಾಹ for encouragement |
| Election (root) | ἐκλεκτός | ದೇವರ ಆಯ್ಕೆ (root) / ಆಯ್ಕೆಯಾದ | Dēvara Āyke / āykeyāda | High | Effectual Calling | 5:21 (“elect angels”) | Baseline Reuse: Yes |
| Jesus | Ἰησοῦς | ಯೇಸು | Yēsu | Critical | Lordship of Christ | throughout | Baseline Reuse: Yes |
| Christ | Χριστός | ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತ | Krista | Critical | Lordship of Christ | throughout | Baseline Reuse: Yes (transliteration standard in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md) |
| God | θεός | ದೇವರು | Dēvaru | Critical | Deity of Christ | throughout | Baseline Reuse: Yes |
| Holy Spirit / Spirit | πνεῦμα (ἅγιον) | ಪವಿತ್ರಾತ್ಮ | Pavitrātma | Critical | Sanctification | 3:16, 4:1 | Baseline Reuse: Yes |
| Father | πατήρ | ತಂದೆ | Tande | Critical | Adoption | 1:2 | Baseline Reuse: Yes |
| Lord | κύριος | ಕರ್ತ | karta | Critical | Lordship of Christ | 1:2, 1:12, 1:14, 6:3, 6:14-15 | Baseline Reuse: Yes |
| Incarnation (framework) | (ἐφανερώθη ἐν σαρκί) | ದೇಹಧಾರಣೆ | dēhadhāraṇe | Critical | Incarnation | 3:16 | Baseline Reuse: Yes |
| Mission / gospel proclamation | (κῆρυξ, ἀπόστολος, διδάσκαλος ἐθνῶν) | ಮಿಷನ್ / ಸುವಾರ್ತಾ ಪ್ರಸಾರ | miṣan / suvārtā prasāra | Medium | Mission to Nations | 2:7 | Baseline Reuse: Yes |
Section B — New Terms Introduced by 1 Timothy (Proposed Additions)
| English | Greek | Transliteration | Literal Meaning | Kannada | Kannada Translit. | Risk | Doctrine Category | Key Passages | Alternatives Rejected | Risk Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overseer / bishop | ἐπίσκοπος | episkopos | one who watches over | ಅಧ್ಯಕ್ಷ | adhyakṣa | High | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 3:1-2 | ಗುರು, ಜಂಗಮ, ಸ್ವಾಮಿ | Must not read as a self-attained guru/jaṅgama teaching status; a resident, examined, congregational office |
| Office of overseer | ἐπισκοπή | episkopē | the act/office of overseeing | ಅಧ್ಯಕ್ಷತೆ | adhyakṣate | High | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 3:1 | — | Abstract-noun counterpart of ἐπίσκοπος |
| Deacon | διάκονος | diakonos | servant, attendant | ಸಭಾಸೇವಕ | sabhā sēvaka | High | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 3:8-13 | ಸೇವಕ (alone) | ಸೇವಕ alone risks collision with Hindu devotional seva (temple/guru service); ಸಭಾ anchors it as an examined ecclesial office |
| Elder (office) | πρεσβύτερος | presbyteros | an older one | ಸಭೆಯ ಹಿರಿಯರು | sabheya hiriyaru | High | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 5:17, 5:19 | — | Same Greek word also means “older man” by age (5:1) — disambiguate every occurrence |
| Elder / older person (age) | πρεσβύτερος | presbyteros | an older one | ಹಿರಿಯ | hiriya | Medium | (n/a — general respect) | 5:1-2 | — | Do not conflate with the office sense above |
| Widow | χήρα | chēra | a woman bereft [of husband] | ವಿಧವೆ | vidhave | High | Care for Widows and Household of Faith | 5:3-16 | — | Must resist importing traditional Indian widow-stigma associations; the passage restores dignity and honor |
| Mediator | μεσίτης | mesitēs | one who stands between | ಮಧ್ಯಸ್ಥ | madhyastha | Critical | Christ as the One Mediator | 2:5 | — | Excludes purohita/priest, guru, jaṅgama, guru-paramparā, and local daiva-intermediary frameworks; Christ ALONE mediates |
| Ransom | ἀντίλυτρον | antilytron | a ransom paid in exchange | ವಿಮೋಚನಾ ಕ್ರಯ | vimōcana kraya | Critical | Christ as the One Mediator | 2:6 | ಪ್ರಾಯಶ್ಚಿತ್ತ | NEVER ಪ್ರಾಯಶ್ಚಿತ್ತ (Hindu ritual expiation); this is Christ’s own substitutionary payment, not a self/priest-performed rite |
| Godliness | εὐσέβεια | eusebeia | good/proper reverence | ಭಕ್ತಿ | bhakti | Critical | Godliness and Contentment | 3:16, 4:7-8, 6:3, 6:5-6, 6:11 | ದೈವಭಯ | Established Kannada Bible convention (e.g. “ಭಕ್ತಿಯ ಮರ್ಮ,” 3:16) retained despite overlap with Haridasa/Lingayat bhakti; mandatory contextual note distinguishing reverent-living-from-faith vs. devotional technique/merit path |
| Contentment | αὐτάρκεια | autarkeia | self-sufficiency | ಸಂತೃಪ್ತಿ | santṛpti | Medium-High | Godliness and Contentment | 6:6 | — | Distinguish from Stoic autonomous self-sufficiency and from ascetic vairāgya; a Christ-dependent gift, not self-achieved detachment |
| Pillar and foundation of truth | στῦλος καὶ ἑδραίωμα τῆς ἀληθείας | stylos kai hedraiōma tēs alētheias | pillar and support/buttress | ಸತ್ಯದ ಸ್ತಂಭವೂ ಆಧಾರವೂ | satyada stambhavū ādhāravū | High | The Church as Pillar of Truth | 3:15 | — | Avoid reducing to temple-architecture imagery or a philosophical system’s foundational tenets; the church guards/upholds already-revealed truth, it does not generate or refine it |
| The deposit | παραθήκη | parathēkē | that entrusted for safekeeping | ಒಪ್ಪಿಸಲಾದ ನಿಕ್ಷೇಪ | oppisalāda nikṣēpa | High | Guarding the Deposit of Faith | 6:20 | — | Not a private guru-disciple esoteric transmission; a publicly-proclaimed apostolic gospel entrusted to the whole church |
| Mystery | μυστήριον | mystērion | a secret/hidden thing | ಮರ್ಮ | marma | Critical | Guarding the Deposit / Church as Pillar | 3:9, 3:16 | ರಹಸ್ಯ | Now openly revealed to all, not an esoteric secret reserved for initiates (guru-upadeśa, shatsthala staged teaching) |
| Falsely called knowledge | ψευδώνυμος γνῶσις | pseudōnymos gnōsis | knowledge falsely named | ಸುಳ್ಳಾಗಿ ಜ್ಞಾನ ಎಂದೆನಿಸಿಕೊಂಡಿರುವುದು | suḷḷāgi jñāna endenisikoṇḍiruvudu | Critical | Guarding the Deposit of Faith | 6:20 | ಜ್ಞಾನ (bare, unqualified) | Never drop the qualifying “falsely called”; bare ಜ್ಞಾನ risks condemning the whole Vedantic jñāna-mārga tradition rather than one specific false teaching |
| Knowledge of the truth (positive sense) | ἐπίγνωσις ἀληθείας | epignōsis alētheias | full/experiential knowledge of truth | ಸತ್ಯದ ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣ ಜ್ಞಾನ | satyada sampūrṇa jñāna | Medium | Sound Doctrine vs False Teaching | 2:4 | — | The positive counterpart-contrast to 6:20; note the deliberate contrast for teaching purposes |
| Savior | σωτήρ | sōtēr | deliverer, rescuer | ರಕ್ಷಕ | rakṣaka | Critical | Salvation | 1:1, 2:3, 4:10 | — | Agent-noun of ರಕ್ಷಣೆ; inherits all baseline salvation-doctrine cautions |
| Appearing | ἐπιφάνεια | epiphaneia | a shining-forth, manifestation | ಪ್ರತ್ಯಕ್ಷತೆ | pratyakṣate | Medium-High | Christ as the One Mediator / Eschatology | 6:14 | — | The one, future, visible return of the same unique Lord — not a repeatable avatar-style descent |
| Immortality | ἀθανασία | athanasia | deathlessness | ಅಮರತ್ವ | amaratva | High | Deity of Christ | 6:16 | — | God’s own underived nature, alone possessed by him; not the Vedantic teaching of an inherently immortal ātman |
| Sovereign / only Ruler | δυνάστης | dynastēs | one who has power, potentate | ಅಧಿಪತಿ | adhipati | Critical | Lordship of Christ | 6:15 | — | Sole, supreme ruler — not one ranked deity among a pantheon’s hierarchy |
| Conscience | συνείδησις | syneidēsis | moral co-knowledge | ಮನಸ್ಸಾಕ್ಷಿ | manassākṣi | Medium | Sound Doctrine vs False Teaching | 1:5, 1:19, 3:9, 4:2 | — | God-given moral faculty testifying before God; not ritual/caste purity status |
| Love of money / greed | φιλαργυρία | philargyria | love of silver | ಲೋಭ / ಹಣದಾಸೆ | lobha / haṇadāse | Medium-High | Godliness and Contentment | 3:3, 3:8, 6:10 | — | Render consistently across all three occurrences; “a root,” not “the sole root,” of all evils |
| Sound / healthy doctrine | ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία / ὑγιαίνοντες λόγοι | hygiainousa didaskalia | healthy teaching/words | ಸ್ವಸ್ಥ ಬೋಧನೆ | svastha bōdhane | Critical | Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching | 1:10, 4:6, 6:3 | ಸರಿಯಾದ ಬೋಧನೆ | Preserve the medical “healthy” metaphor; generic “correct teaching” loses the deliberate health/sickness contrast with 6:4’s νοσῶν |
| Teach a different doctrine | ἑτεροδιδασκαλέω | heterodidaskaleō | to teach otherwise | ಬೇರೆ ಬೋಧನೆ ಕಲಿಸುವುದು | bēre bōdhane kalisuvudu | High | Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching | 1:3, 6:3 | — | Deviation specifically from the apostolic deposit, not mere denominational variety |
| Satan / the devil | Σατανᾶς / διάβολος (proper referent) | Satanas / diabolos | adversary / slanderer | ಸೈತಾನ | Saitāna | High | Church Discipline / Spiritual Warfare | 1:20, 3:6-7, 5:15 | ಭೂತ (as generic substitute) | Keep distinct from folk-demonic categories and Hindu asura/rākṣasa cosmology |
| Demon | δαιμόνιον | daimonion | a lesser spirit-being | ದೆವ್ವ | devva | High | Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching | 4:1 | ಭೂತ | ಭೂತ risks collision with coastal Karnataka’s honored Bhūta Kōla / Daiva spirit-worship tradition; ದೆವ್ವ avoids implying biblical endorsement of that folk-religious framework |
| Slave / bondservant (literal) | δοῦλος | doulos | slave, bondservant | ಗುಲಾಮ | gulāma | Critical | (household ethics) | 6:1-2 | ದಾಸ (in this literal sense) | ದಾಸ is the Haridasa tradition’s central devotional self-designation; reserve it (with caution) only for NT’s positive theological “servant of Christ” metaphor elsewhere, not literal slavery here |
| Master (of slaves) | δεσπότης | despotēs | master, absolute owner | ಒಡೆಯ | oḍeya | Medium | (household ethics) | 6:1-2 | — | Standard term; low collision risk |
| Husband/wife of one spouse | μιᾶς γυναικὸς ἄνδρα / ἑνὸς ἀνδρὸς γυνή | mias gynaikos andra / henos andros gynē | man/woman of one spouse | ಒಬ್ಬ ಪತ್ನಿಯ ಪತಿ / ಒಬ್ಬ ಗಂಡನ ಹೆಂಡತಿ | obba patniya pati / obba gaṇḍana heṇḍati | High | Qualifications for Church Leadership / Care for Widows | 3:2, 3:12, 5:9 | — | Do not resolve the (a)/(b)/(c) interpretive debate by translation choice; theologian review required |
| Above reproach | ἀνεπίλημπτος | anepilēmptos | not able to be taken hold of | ನಿಂದೆಗೆ ಗುರಿಯಾಗದ | nindege guriyāgada | High | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 3:2, 5:7, 6:14 | — | Moral/reputational, not ritual/caste purity |
| Blameless | ἀνέγκλητος | anenklētos | without a charge against | ಆಪಾದನೆ ಇಲ್ಲದ | āpādane illada | Medium | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 3:10 | — | Distinct Greek synonym from ἀνεπίλημπτος; note the nuance if rendered identically |
| Household | οἶκος | oikos | house | ಮನೆ / ಮನೆವಾರ್ತೆ | mane / manevārte | Medium-High | Care for Widows and Household of Faith | 3:4-5, 3:12, 3:15, 5:4, 5:8 | — | Carries the letter’s key family-to-church analogy; render consistently across all occurrences |
| Manage / rule (household or church) | προΐστημι | proistēmi | to stand before, lead | ನಿರ್ವಹಣೆ ಮಾಡು / ಆಳ್ವಿಕೆ ಮಾಡು | nirvahaṇe māḍu / āḷvike māḍu | Medium | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 3:4-5, 5:17 | — | Servant-oversight, not autocratic patriarchal authority |
| Household submission | ὑποταγή | hypotagē | being placed under | ವಿಧೇಯತೆ | vidhēyate | Medium | (household ethics) | 3:4 | — | Distinguish from baseline’s ನಂಬಿಕೆಯ ವಿಧೇಯತ್ವ (“obedience of faith,” a different doctrinal category) |
| Dignity / reverence | σεμνότης / σεμνός | semnotēs / semnos | seriousness, gravity | ಘನತೆ | ghanate | Low-Medium | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 2:2, 3:4, 3:8, 3:11 | — | Recurring qualification term; render consistently |
| Hospitable | φιλόξενος | philoxenos | friend of strangers | ಅತಿಥಿಸತ್ಕಾರ ಮಾಡುವ | atithi satkāra māḍuva | Low-Medium | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 3:2 | — | Positive convergence with Indian hospitality ideal (atithi devo bhava) |
| Self-controlled | σώφρων / σωφροσύνη | sōphrōn / sōphrosynē | of sound mind | ಸಂಯಮಿ / ಸಂಯಮ | samyami / samyama | Medium | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 2:9, 3:2 | — | ಸಂಯಮ is also a precise technical yogic term (Yoga Sūtra); clarify ordinary ethical self-mastery is meant |
| Modesty / reverence | αἰδώς | aidōs | a sense of shame | ಲಜ್ಜೆ | lajje | Medium-High | (public worship) | 2:9 | — | Positive convergence with Indian modesty-culture; avoid over-identifying with restrictive gender-purity dress codes |
| Standing / good rank | βαθμός | bathmos | a step, degree | ಸ್ಥಾನಮಾನ | sthānamāna | High | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 3:13 | — | Collides lexically with Lingayat shatsthala (“six-step”) ascent framework; clarify this is reputational/relational esteem, not self-attained rank |
| Boldness / confidence | παρρησία | parrēsia | freedom of speech | ಧೈರ್ಯ / ನಿರ್ಭಯತೆ | dhairya / nirbhayate | Medium | Assurance of Salvation | 3:13 | — | A settled confidence from grace, not achievement through disciplined ascent |
| Confession | ὁμολογία | homologia | an acknowledgment | ಅರಿಕೆ | arike | Medium | Christ as the One Mediator | 6:12-13 | — | Same theological family as Romans 10:9’s “Jesus is Lord” confession |
| Mercy | ἔλεος | eleos | compassion shown in need | ಕರುಣೆ | karuṇe | Medium | Grace | 1:2, 1:13, 1:16 | — | Anchor as personal, particular divine compassion, not generalized cosmic compassion (cf. Buddhist karuṇā) |
| Exercise authority (over) | αὐθεντέω | authenteō | to dominate, exercise self-originated authority | ಅಧಿಕಾರ ನಡೆಸು | adhikāra naḍesu | High | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 2:12 | — | Live complementarian/egalitarian debate; theologian review required; avoid both patriarchal-caste and anachronistic-egalitarian overreadings |
| Transgression | παράβασις | parabasis | a stepping across | ಉಲ್ಲಂಘನೆ | ullaṅghane | Low-Medium | Universal Human Accountability | 2:14 | — | A specific violation of a known command, distinct nuance from general ಪಾಪ |
| Childbearing | τεκνογονία | teknogonia | child-production | ಮಕ್ಕಳ ಜನನ / ಸಂತಾನೋತ್ಪತ್ತಿ | makkaḷa janana / santānōtpatti | Critical | Salvation | 2:15 | — | Exegetical crux; ರಕ್ಷಣೆ here must not read as salvation-by-motherhood; sensitive also to Indian son-preference/childbearing-worth pressures |
| Creation / creature | κτίσμα | ktisma | a created thing | ಸೃಷ್ಟಿ | sṛṣṭi | Low | (false asceticism) | 4:4 | — | Standard term |
| Laying on of hands | ἐπίθεσις τῶν χειρῶν | epithesis tōn cheirōn | placing-on of hands | ಕೈ ಇಡುವಿಕೆ | kai iḍuvike | Medium-High | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 3:22 (context, 4:14, 5:22) | — | A corporate, examined commissioning act; not a guru’s individual blessing-touch or initiatory transmission |
| Council of elders | πρεσβυτέριον | presbyterion | body of elders | ಹಿರಿಯರ ಮಂಡಳಿ | hiriyara maṇḍaḷi | Medium | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 4:14 | — | Corporate, plural oversight |
| Honor (esteem + support) | τιμή / τιμάω | timē / timaō | value, worth, honor | ಗೌರವ / ಗೌರವಿಸು | gaurava / gauravisu | Medium-High | Care for Widows and Household of Faith | 5:3, 5:17 | — | Carries both respect and material/financial provision; do not flatten to sentiment alone |
| Partiality | πρόσκλισις | prosklisis | a leaning-toward | ಪಕ್ಷಪಾತ | pakṣapāta | Medium | Universal Human Accountability | 5:21 | — | Church discipline applied without caste or favoritism-based partiality |
| Slanderer (adjectival, distinct from “the devil”) | διάβολος (adj.) | diabolos | slanderous | ಚಾಡಿಕೋರ | cāḍikōra | Medium | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 3:11, 5:13 | ಸೈತಾನನಂತಹ | Same Greek root as “the devil” (3:6-7) but a common adjective here; do not render with a Satan-referencing phrase |
| Pride / conceit | τυφόω | typhoō | to inflate with smoke/pride | ಅಹಂಕಾರ | ahaṅkāra | Medium | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 3:6 | — | Genuine partial convergence with Sāṃkhya/Vedānta ahaṃkāra tattva, but the theological frame (moral rebellion vs. metaphysical individuation) differs |
| Trustworthy saying (formula) | πιστὸς ὁ λόγος | pistos ho logos | faithful is the word | ಇದು ನಂಬತಕ್ಕ ಮಾತು | idu nambatakka mātu | Medium | Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching | 1:15, 3:1, 4:9 | — | A fixed formula recurring 5x across the Pastorals; render identically every time |
| Good work | καλὸν ἔργον | kalon ergon | a good/beautiful work | ಒಳ್ಳೆಯ ಕೆಲಸ | oḷḷeya kelasa | Medium | Qualifications for Church Leadership | 3:1 | — | Distinguish from Lingayat kayaka (sacred-work-as-merit) framing |
Section C — Cross-Reference Notes for Phase 2 Implementation
- ಭಕ್ತಿ (godliness) is the single highest-alert new term in this glossary: it retains an established Kannada Bible convention that directly reuses vocabulary the Romans baseline explicitly rejected for a different Greek word (πίστις). Phase 2 processing must never allow ಭಕ್ತಿ to substitute for ನಂಬಿಕೆ (faith) or vice versa, and every occurrence of ಭಕ್ತಿ (godliness/εὐσέβεια) requires a theologian-reviewed contextual note.
- ಜ್ಞಾನ (knowledge) must never appear unqualified when translating 6:20’s ψευδώνυμος γνῶσις; the full phrase “ಸುಳ್ಳಾಗಿ ಜ್ಞಾನ ಎಂದೆನಿಸಿಕೊಂಡಿರುವುದು” is mandatory.
- ದಾಸ vs. ಗುಲಾಮ: reserve ಗುಲಾಮ for literal socio-economic slavery (6:1-2); ದಾಸ (if used elsewhere in the broader curriculum for the positive “servant of Christ” metaphor) always requires a Haridasa-collision translator note.
- ಭೂತ vs. ದೆವ್ವ: use ದೆವ್ವ for δαιμόνιον (4:1) to avoid collision with coastal Karnataka’s Bhūta Kōla / Daiva tradition.
- οἶκος (household) must be rendered consistently across 3:4-5, 3:12, 3:15, and 5:4/5:8 to preserve Paul’s household-to-church analogy — the load-bearing argument of the whole letter.
- πρεσβύτερος requires per-occurrence disambiguation between “older person” (5:1-2) and “elder [office]” (5:17, 5:19); recommend a bracketed clarifier in study-edition text.
- βαθμός (3:13) requires a mandatory translator note distancing “good standing” from the Lingayat shatsthala framework given the literal “step/stage” meaning shared by both.
- All Section A baseline terms retain their existing risk tier and routing (per
doctrine_risk_registry.json); all new Section B terms are provisionally assigned risk tiers by the same Critical/High/Medium/Low framework and require confirmation in the forthcoming 1 Timothy doctrine risk registry (Phase 1 Step 2).
This glossary must be loaded alongside, not in place of, the baseline translation_memory.json for all Phase 2 translation of 1 Timothy segments.
Critical Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: ನೀತಿವಂತಿಕೆ
Transliteration: nītivantike
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ಧರ್ಮ, ಪುಣ್ಯ
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. NEVER ಧರ್ಮ. In the 6:11 virtue list (righteousness, godliness, faith, love, endurance, gentleness), ನೀತಿವಂತಿಕೆ’s forensic, received-by-faith sense must not be blurred into a list of self-cultivated virtues alongside ಭಕ್ತಿ.
Salvation
Approved rendering: ರಕ್ಷಣೆ
Transliteration: rakṣaṇe
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ಮೋಕ್ಷ, ಮುಕ್ತಿ, ಐಕ್ಯ
Original: σωτηρία / σῴζω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. NEVER ಮೋಕ್ಷ/ಮುಕ್ತಿ/ಐಕ್ಯ. Occurs at 1:15, 2:3-4, 4:10, 4:16, and critically at 2:15 (‘saved through childbearing’) — an acute exegetical crux requiring mandatory theologian review; must never read as salvation earned through motherhood.
Jesus
Approved rendering: ಯೇಸು
Transliteration: Yēsu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ಈಸಾ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. ಯೇಸು is the Kannada Christian standard throughout the letter.
Christ
Approved rendering: ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತ
Transliteration: Krista
Doctrine: Deity and Lordship of Christ
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Established transliteration standard per the AI translation requirements document; part of the compound title ‘Christ Jesus’ anchoring the letter’s ministry instructions throughout (1:1, 1:12, 1:14-16, 2:5, 3:13, 6:13-14).
God
Approved rendering: ದೇವರು
Transliteration: Dēvaru
Doctrine: Deity and Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ಭಗವಂತ, ಪರಶಿವ
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. The letter’s apophatic doxologies (1:17; 6:15-16) risk mental substitution with Parashiva for Lingayat-background readers; the force is that this invisible, immortal, only God is nonetheless personally the Savior/King who shows mercy by name.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: ಪವಿತ್ರಾತ್ಮ
Transliteration: Pavitrātma
Doctrine: Sanctification / Deity and Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ಪರಮಾತ್ಮ
Original: πνεῦμα (ἅγιον)
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. NEVER ಪರಮಾತ್ಮ. Active in Christ’s vindication (3:16) and the explicit prophetic warnings of the last days (4:1).
Father
Approved rendering: ತಂದೆ
Transliteration: Tande
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: ಸೃಷ್ಟಿಕರ್ತ
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Invoked in the letter’s opening greeting (1:2).
Lord
Approved rendering: ಕರ್ತ
Transliteration: karta
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ಸ್ವಾಮಿ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. NEVER ಸ್ವಾಮಿ. Applied to Christ Jesus ‘our Lord’ (1:2, 1:12, 1:14) and to God before whom Timothy’s charge is given (6:13-14).
Incarnation
Approved rendering: ದೇಹಧಾರಣೆ
Transliteration: dēhadhāraṇe
Doctrine: Incarnation and the Humanity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ಅವತಾರ
Original: ἐφανερώθη ἐν σαρκί (3:16)
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. NEVER ಅವತಾರ. Governs 3:16’s ‘manifested in the flesh’ and underlies ‘the man Christ Jesus’ of 2:5; especially salient for Udupi-centered Haridasa Krishna-bhakti readers.
Mediator
Approved rendering: ಮಧ್ಯಸ್ಥ
Transliteration: madhyastha
Doctrine: Christ as the One Mediator
Rejected alternatives: ಪುರೋಹಿತ, ಗುರು, ಜಂಗಮ
Original: μεσίτης
Category: Mediation
New term (2:5). Must exclude every rival Karnataka intermediary framework: purohita priest, guru, Lingayat jaṅgama, Haridasa guru-paramparā, coastal daiva/ancestor intermediaries. Always pair with an explicit exclusivity marker (ಒಬ್ಬನೇ ಮಧ್ಯಸ್ಥ, ‘the one/only mediator’).
Ransom
Approved rendering: ವಿಮೋಚನಾ ಕ್ರಯ
Transliteration: vimōcana kraya
Doctrine: Christ as the One Mediator
Rejected alternatives: ಪ್ರಾಯಶ್ಚಿತ್ತ
Original: ἀντίλυτρον
Category: Mediation
New term (2:6). NEVER ಪ್ರಾಯಶ್ಚಿತ್ತ (Hindu ritual expiation performed by the guilty party or a priest); this is Christ’s own substitutionary payment made on behalf of others.
Godliness
Approved rendering: ಭಕ್ತಿ
Transliteration: bhakti
Doctrine: Godliness and Contentment
Rejected alternatives: ದೈವಭಯ
Original: εὐσέβεια
Category: Godliness
New term (3:16 ‘ಭಕ್ತಿಯ ಮರ್ಮ’; 4:7-8; 6:3, 6:5-6, 6:11). Established Kannada Bible convention retained despite being the very word the Romans baseline rejected for πίστις due to strong Haridasa/Lingayat devotional-surrender associations. MANDATORY contextual translator note at every occurrence distinguishing reverent living flowing from grace-given faith from bhakti as devotional technique or merit-path toward Aikya-style union.
Mystery
Approved rendering: ಮರ್ಮ
Transliteration: marma
Doctrine: Guarding the Deposit of Faith / Church as Pillar of Truth
Rejected alternatives: ರಹಸ್ಯ
Original: μυστήριον
Category: Sound Doctrine
New term (3:9 ‘the mystery of the faith’; 3:16 ‘the mystery of godliness’). Must be sharply distinguished from esoteric-initiation frameworks (guru-transmitted upadeśa/mantra-dīkṣā, the staged shatsthala path); Paul’s mystery is openly proclaimed to everyone, never restricted to advanced initiates. ರಹಸ್ಯ rejected as it more strongly implies a secret withheld from outsiders.
Falsely Called Knowledge
Approved rendering: ಸುಳ್ಳಾಗಿ ಜ್ಞಾನ ಎಂದೆನಿಸಿಕೊಂಡಿರುವುದು
Transliteration: suḷḷāgi jñāna endenisikoṇḍiruvudu
Doctrine: Guarding the Deposit of Faith
Rejected alternatives: ಜ್ಞಾನ (bare/unqualified)
Original: ψευδώνυμος γνῶσις
Category: Sound Doctrine
New term (6:20). Never drop the qualifying ‘falsely called’; bare ಜ್ಞಾನ risks readers concluding Paul condemns all spiritual knowledge, including the entire Advaita Vedānta jñāna-mārga tradition, rather than one specific false teaching.
Savior
Approved rendering: ರಕ್ಷಕ
Transliteration: rakṣaka
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Salvation
New term (1:1, 2:3, 4:10). Agent-noun of ರಕ್ಷಣೆ; inherits every baseline salvation caution. At 4:10 preserve the qualifier ‘especially of believers’ (μάλιστα) so the universal offer is not flattened into universalism or exclusivist under-reach.
Childbearing
Approved rendering: ಮಕ್ಕಳ ಜನನ / ಸಂತಾನೋತ್ಪತ್ತಿ
Transliteration: makkaḷa janana / santānōtpatti
Doctrine: Salvation / Women’s Conduct in Worship and Teaching
Original: τεκνογονία
Category: Salvation
New term (2:15). An acute exegetical crux: ರಕ್ಷಣೆ here must never be read as salvation earned through motherhood, which would both contradict justification by faith and reinforce painful Indian son-preference/childbearing-worth cultural pressure on women. Mandatory theologian review.
Sovereign Ruler
Approved rendering: ಅಧಿಪತಿ
Transliteration: adhipati
Doctrine: Deity and Lordship of Christ
Original: δυνάστης
Category: Christology
New term (6:15, ‘the blessed and only Sovereign, King of kings and Lord of lords’). The emphatic exclusivity (‘only’) must be preserved with full force; must not read as one ranked deity within a pantheon’s hierarchy (e.g. Indra as king of the gods, or the trimūrti’s functional ranking).
Sound Doctrine
Approved rendering: ಸ್ವಸ್ಥ ಬೋಧನೆ
Transliteration: svastha bōdhane
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Rejected alternatives: ಸರಿಯಾದ ಬೋಧನೆ
Original: ὑγιαίνουσα διδασκαλία / ὑγιαίνοντες λόγοι
Category: Sound Doctrine
New term (1:10, 4:6, 6:3). This letter’s central organizing doctrinal category. Preserve the deliberate medical ‘healthy/sick’ metaphor; generic ಸರಿಯಾದ ಬೋಧನೆ (‘correct teaching’) reduces the claim to a bare truth-assertion indistinguishable from any competing system’s own claim to teach correctly (cf. Vedantic sad-vidyā). Use consistently across all occurrences; pair with ಅಸ್ವಸ್ಥ/ರೋಗಗ್ರಸ್ತ for 6:4’s diseased-teaching contrast.
Slave Bondservant
Approved rendering: ಗುಲಾಮ
Transliteration: gulāma
Doctrine: Slavery and Social Ethics within the Household of Faith
Rejected alternatives: ದಾಸ
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Social Ethics
New term (6:1-2, the literal socio-economic institution of first-century slavery). ದಾಸ is the central self-designation of Karnataka’s own Haridasa bhakti movement (Purandara Dāsa, Kanaka Dāsa); using it here risks dignifying the institution of slavery by association with the honored devotional identity, or draining the NT’s positive ‘servant of Christ’ metaphor elsewhere of its force. Reserve ಗುಲಾಮ strictly for this literal sense.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: ಸುವಾರ್ತೆ
Transliteration: suvārte
Doctrine: Gospel / Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Rejected alternatives: ಸುದ್ದಿ
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. In 1 Timothy this is the ‘sound doctrine’ (ಸ್ವಸ್ಥ ಬೋಧನೆ) the false teachers of Ephesus corrupt (1:11); must convey an authoritative announcement, not one ‘good teaching’ among Karnataka’s own Haridasa or Veerashaiva devotional teachings.
Grace
Approved rendering: ಕೃಪೆ
Transliteration: kṛpe
Doctrine: Grace and Mercy toward Sinners
Rejected alternatives: ಕರ್ಮಫಲ, ಪುಣ್ಯ
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. At 1:14, grace ‘overflowed’ toward Paul, ‘the foremost of sinners’ (1:15); must not be read through a karma-merit or kayaka-dasoha (sacred-work-earns-standing) lens.
Faith
Approved rendering: ನಂಬಿಕೆ
Transliteration: nambike
Doctrine: Faith / Guarding the Deposit of Faith
Rejected alternatives: ಭಕ್ತಿ
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. 1 Timothy regularly shifts this word-family’s sense: (a) personal trust in Christ, (b) ‘the faith’ as the settled body of apostolic teaching (3:9, 4:1, 4:6, 6:10-12, 6:21), (c) ‘faithful/trustworthy’ as a character trait (1:12, 3:11). Track sense per occurrence; never substitute ಭಕ್ತಿ.
Called
Approved rendering: ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ
Transliteration: kareyalpaṭṭa
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: ಆಮಂತ್ರಿತ
Original: κλητός
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Underlies Paul’s apostolic commission (1:1) and the doctrine of God’s sovereign initiative assumed throughout the letter’s ministry language.
Calling
Approved rendering: ಕರೆ
Transliteration: kare
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: ಆಹ್ವಾನ
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Root sense implicit in 6:12’s ‘called to eternal life.‘
Holy
Approved rendering: ಪವಿತ್ರ
Transliteration: pavitra
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: ಶುದ್ಧ
Original: ἅγιος / ὅσιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. ὅσιος at 2:8 (‘lifting holy hands’) is a related but distinct Greek word emphasizing devout conduct; reuse ಪವಿತ್ರ with a brief nuance note at first occurrence.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: ಪವಿತ್ರೀಕರಣ
Transliteration: pavitrīkaraṇa
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: ಶುದ್ಧೀಕರಣ
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Thematic background to the letter’s calls to godly living, distinct from ritual purification or self-directed moral self-improvement.
Church
Approved rendering: ಸಭೆ
Transliteration: sabhe
Doctrine: Church as Pillar of Truth
Rejected alternatives: ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನ, ಗುಡಿ
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Risk elevated from the baseline’s Medium tier to High for this book given 3:15’s load-bearing designation ‘the church of the living God, the pillar and buttress of the truth.’ Never ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನ/ಗುಡಿ.
Law
Approved rendering: ನಿಯಮಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ
Transliteration: niyamaśāstra
Doctrine: Right Use of the Law
Rejected alternatives: ಧರ್ಮ
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. NEVER ಧರ್ಮ. 1:8-11 declares the Law ‘good if used lawfully’ to restrain the lawless, not as a path of merit; must not be conflated with caste-duty dharma or self-effort discipline.
Sin
Approved rendering: ಪಾಪ
Transliteration: pāpa
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: ಅಧರ್ಮ
Original: ἁμαρτία / ἁμαρτωλός
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Paul names himself ‘the foremost of sinners’ (1:15) as the pattern case of grace received apart from merit; distinguish from ritual impurity or impersonal bad karma.
Glory
Approved rendering: ಮಹಿಮೆ
Transliteration: mahime
Doctrine: Deity and Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ತೇಜಸ್ಸು
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Ascribed to the ‘King of the ages’ (1:17) and Christ’s exaltation (‘taken up in glory,’ 3:16); avoid light-imagery merging with devotional divine-light or mystical-illumination associations.
Election
Approved rendering: ಆಯ್ಕೆಯಾದ
Transliteration: āykeyāda
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: ಹಣೆಬರಹ, ವಿಧಿ
Original: ἐκλεκτός
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged root (ದೇವರ ಆಯ್ಕೆ). Applied uniquely to the ‘elect angels’ before whom Timothy is charged (5:21); reinforces personal, sovereign divine choice, not impersonal fate.
Overseer
Approved rendering: ಅಧ್ಯಕ್ಷ
Transliteration: adhyakṣa
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Rejected alternatives: ಗುರು, ಜಂಗಮ, ಸ್ವಾಮಿ
Original: ἐπίσκοπος
Category: Church Leadership
New term (core passage, 3:1-2). A resident, examined, congregationally-recognized office; never ಗುರು or ಜಂಗಮ (the Lingayat wandering mendicant-teacher office implying self-attained teaching status).
Office Of Overseer
Approved rendering: ಅಧ್ಯಕ್ಷತೆ
Transliteration: adhyakṣate
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Original: ἐπισκοπή
Category: Church Leadership
New term (core passage, 3:1). Abstract-noun counterpart of ಅಧ್ಯಕ್ಷ; same risk profile.
Deacon
Approved rendering: ಸಭಾಸೇವಕ
Transliteration: sabhā sēvaka
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Rejected alternatives: ಸೇವಕ (bare)
Original: διάκονος
Category: Church Leadership
New term (core passage, 3:8-13). ಸೇವಕ alone collides with Hindu devotional/temple/guru ‘seva’; the ಸಭಾ- prefix anchors this as a commissioned ecclesial office. Never render bare ಸೇವಕ.
Elder Office
Approved rendering: ಸಭೆಯ ಹಿರಿಯರು
Transliteration: sabheya hiriyaru
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Original: πρεσβύτερος (office sense)
Category: Church Leadership
New term (5:17, 5:19). The same Greek word (πρεσβύτερος) also means simply ‘older man’ by age (5:1); disambiguate every occurrence so learners do not conflate general elder-respect with this examined office.
Widow
Approved rendering: ವಿಧವೆ
Transliteration: vidhave
Doctrine: Care for Widows and the Household of Faith
Original: χήρα
Category: Household and Family
New term (throughout chapter 5). Must actively resist inherited Indian widow-stigma (restriction from auspicious occasions, remarriage prohibition, treatment as an inauspicious household burden); the passage’s honor-and-provision structure directly counters such stigma.
Honor
Approved rendering: ಗೌರವ / ಗೌರವಿಸು
Transliteration: gaurava / gauravisu
Doctrine: Care for Widows and the Household of Faith
Original: τιμή / τιμάω
Category: Household and Family
New term (5:3, 5:17 ‘double honor’). Must carry both esteem and material/financial provision (5:17-18’s wage-worker analogy makes the material sense explicit); do not flatten to sentiment alone.
Contentment
Approved rendering: ಸಂತೃಪ್ತಿ
Transliteration: santṛpti
Doctrine: Godliness and Contentment
Original: αὐτάρκεια
Category: Godliness
New term (6:6). Distinguish from Stoic autonomous self-sufficiency and from Hindu/Jain ascetic vairāgya (desirelessness achieved through discipline); biblical contentment is a fruit of trust in God’s providence, not self-achieved detachment.
Pillar And Foundation Of Truth
Approved rendering: ಸತ್ಯದ ಸ್ತಂಭವೂ ಆಧಾರವೂ
Transliteration: satyada stambhavū ādhāravū
Doctrine: Church as Pillar of Truth
Original: στῦλος καὶ ἑδραίωμα τῆς ἀληθείας
Category: Church
New term (3:15). Karnataka’s celebrated temple pillar-architecture (Hampi, Belur, Halebidu) and Vedantic ‘pillars’ of a darśana system make this culturally loaded; must be taught as the church guarding and displaying already-revealed truth, not generating or progressively refining it.
Deposit
Approved rendering: ಒಪ್ಪಿಸಲಾದ ನಿಕ್ಷೇಪ
Transliteration: oppisalāda nikṣēpa
Doctrine: Guarding the Deposit of Faith
Original: παραθήκη
Category: Sound Doctrine
New term (6:20). Risk of assimilation to guru-disciple esoteric transmission (upadeśa, dīkṣā, paramparā); the biblical deposit is publicly proclaimed and entrusted to the whole church to guard together, not a private transmission.
Appearing
Approved rendering: ಪ್ರತ್ಯಕ್ಷತೆ
Transliteration: pratyakṣate
Doctrine: Eschatological Hope and Christ’s Appearing
Original: ἐπιφάνεια
Category: Eschatology
New term (6:14). Christ’s one, future, visible, personal return; must not be assimilated to a repeatable divine descent/avatar pattern.
Immortality
Approved rendering: ಅಮರತ್ವ
Transliteration: amaratva
Doctrine: Deity and Lordship of Christ
Original: ἀθανασία
Category: God
New term (6:16). God’s own underived nature, alone possessed by him natively; must be distinguished from the Vedantic teaching of an inherently immortal ātman. Believers receive immortality only as a gift, never as an innate property of the soul.
Love Of Money
Approved rendering: ಲೋಭ / ಹಣದಾಸೆ
Transliteration: lobha / haṇadāse
Doctrine: The Danger of Riches and Love of Money
Original: φιλαργυρία / ἀφιλάργυρος / αἰσχροκερδής
Category: Godliness
New term (3:3, 3:8, 6:10). Render consistently across all three occurrences; preserve ‘a root,’ not ‘the sole root,’ of all evils (6:10). Distinguish from both the popular karma-merit economy and the Lingayat kayaka-dasoha ethic of disciplined sacred work and sharing.
Teach Different Doctrine
Approved rendering: ಬೇರೆ ಬೋಧನೆ ಕಲಿಸುವುದು
Transliteration: bēre bōdhane kalisuvudu
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Original: ἑτεροδιδασκαλέω
Category: Sound Doctrine
New term (1:3, 6:3). Deviation specifically from the apostolic deposit, not mere denominational or interpretive variety.
Myths And Genealogies
Approved rendering: ಕಟ್ಟುಕಥೆಗಳು ಮತ್ತು ಅಂತ್ಯವಿಲ್ಲದ ವಂಶಾವಳಿಗಳು
Transliteration: kaṭṭukathegaḷu mattu antyavillada vaṃśāvaḷigaḷu
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Original: μῦθοι καὶ γενεαλογίαι
Category: Sound Doctrine
New term (1:4). Care needed that this is not read as a blanket dismissal of India’s own epic and genealogical traditions (Puranic genealogies, itihāsa literature); the concern is specifically speculative teaching displacing gospel-centered stewardship, not narrative literature as a genre.
Satan
Approved rendering: ಸೈತಾನ
Transliteration: Saitāna
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and Demonic Deception
Rejected alternatives: ಭೂತ
Original: Σατανᾶς / διάβολος (proper referent)
Category: Spiritual Warfare
New term (1:20, 3:6-7, 5:15). Keep distinct from folk-demonic categories and Hindu asura/rākṣasa cosmology, which belong to a different framework of many contending semi-divine and demonic beings rather than a single fallen personal adversary.
Demon
Approved rendering: ದೆವ್ವ
Transliteration: devva
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and Demonic Deception
Rejected alternatives: ಭೂತ
Original: δαιμόνιον
Category: Spiritual Warfare
New term (4:1, ‘teachings of demons’). ಭೂತ risks collision with coastal Karnataka’s honored Bhūta Kōla/Daiva spirit-veneration tradition, where bhūta/daiva spirits are honored and consulted as legitimate protective figures, not uniformly regarded as evil. Use ದೆವ್ವ, which carries a uniformly negative connotation.
One Wife Husband
Approved rendering: ಒಬ್ಬ ಪತ್ನಿಯ ಪತಿ / ಒಬ್ಬ ಗಂಡನ ಹೆಂಡತಿ
Transliteration: obba patniya pati / obba gaṇḍana heṇḍati
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership / Care for Widows and the Household of Faith
Original: μιᾶς γυναικὸς ἄνδρα / ἑνὸς ἀνδρὸς γυνή
Category: Church Leadership
New term (3:2, 3:12, 5:9). Genuinely debated Greek (currently-monogamous / never-divorced-remarried / faithful-to-one-spouse); do NOT resolve the interpretive debate by translation choice. Mandatory theologian review, with sensitivity to India’s own regional experience of polygamy without overstating or flattening the qualification.
Above Reproach
Approved rendering: ನಿಂದೆಗೆ ಗುರಿಯಾಗದ
Transliteration: nindege guriyāgada
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Original: ἀνεπίλημπτος
Category: Church Leadership
New term (3:2, 5:7, 6:14). Must be distinguished from ritual/caste purity concepts (untouchability-adjacent purity/pollution categories); concerns observable moral and relational integrity, never ritual or hereditary purity status.
Household
Approved rendering: ಮನೆ / ಮನೆವಾರ್ತೆ
Transliteration: mane / manevārte
Doctrine: Household Order and Family Ethics / Church as Pillar of Truth
Original: οἶκος
Category: Household and Family
New term (3:4-5, 3:12, 3:15, 5:4, 5:8). Carries the letter’s key household-to-church analogy; render identically across all occurrences to preserve the deliberate wordplay linking household management to church management to ‘the household of God.‘
Modesty Reverence
Approved rendering: ಲಜ್ಜೆ
Transliteration: lajje
Doctrine: Public Worship and Prayer
Original: αἰδώς
Category: Public Worship
New term (2:9). Positive convergence with Indian modesty-culture (lajja), but risks over-identification with restrictive gender-purity dress codes; the NT call is to humble, non-ostentatious dress that does not display wealth, not a condemnation of traditional adornment or marital jewelry.
Good Standing
Approved rendering: ಸ್ಥಾನಮಾನ
Transliteration: sthānamāna
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership / Assurance and Confidence in Ministry
Original: βαθμός
Category: Church Leadership
New term (3:13, βαθμός literally ‘a step/rung’). Lexically collides with the Lingayat shatsthala (‘six-stage’) ascent toward Aikya; must be taught as reputational/relational esteem recognized by the church community, never a self-attained rung on a mystical ascent ladder.
Exercise Authority
Approved rendering: ಅಧಿಕಾರ ನಡೆಸು
Transliteration: adhikāra naḍesu
Doctrine: Women’s Conduct in Worship and Teaching
Original: αὐθεντέω
Category: Public Worship
New term (2:12, αὐθεντέω). A live complementarian/egalitarian hermeneutical debate; requires theologian review. Deliberately preserve the Greek-level ambiguity (‘have authority’ vs. ‘domineer’); do not resolve it by translation choice.
Laying On Of Hands
Approved rendering: ಕೈ ಇಡುವಿಕೆ
Transliteration: kai iḍuvike
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Original: ἐπίθεσις τῶν χειρῶν
Category: Church Leadership
New term (4:14, 5:22). Risk of assimilation to a guru’s individual blessing-touch (āśīrvāda) or guru-disciple initiatory transmission (paramparā/dīkṣā); clarify this is a corporate, examined act commissioning a Spirit-given gift already granted, not a magical transfer of power.
Medium Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: ಅಪೊಸ್ತಲ
Transliteration: apostala
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: ಗುರು, ಜಂಗಮ
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Paul’s self-designation (1:1) and office as ‘teacher of the Gentiles’ (2:7); distinguish from a self-attained guru/jaṅgama teaching status.
Peace
Approved rendering: ಶಾಂತಿ
Transliteration: śānti
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: ಮನಶ್ಶಾಂತಿ
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. At 2:2 (‘quiet and peaceable life’), distinguish covenantal/social peace secured through God’s providence over rulers from meditative inner tranquility (mana-shanti).
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: ಆತ್ಮಿಕ ವರಗಳು
Transliteration: ātmika varagaḷu
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Rejected alternatives: ವರ, ಸಿದ್ಧಿ
Original: χάρισμα
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Timothy’s own ministry gift, conferred with prophecy and the laying on of hands (4:14); not merit-earned power or magically transferred capacity.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: ಅನ್ಯಜನಾಂಗದವರು
Transliteration: anyajanāṅgadavaru
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: ವಿದೇಶಿಯರು
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. The scope of Paul’s teaching office (2:7) and the Christ-hymn’s proclamation (3:16).
Intercession
Approved rendering: ಮಧ್ಯಸ್ಥಿಕೆ
Transliteration: madhyasthike
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Original: ἔντευξις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. One of the four prayer-categories commanded for all people, including rulers (2:1-2); must remain distinct from the other three prayer-terms.
Mission
Approved rendering: ಮಿಷನ್ / ಸುವಾರ್ತಾ ಪ್ರಸಾರ
Transliteration: miṣan / suvārtā prasāra
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Original: κῆρυξ / ἀπόστολος / διδάσκαλος ἐθνῶν
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Paul’s threefold self-description as herald, apostle, and teacher of the Gentiles (2:7).
Mercy
Approved rendering: ಕರುಣೆ
Transliteration: karuṇe
Doctrine: Grace and Mercy toward Sinners
Original: ἔλεος
Category: Grace
New term. God’s compassionate response to human weakness and guilt (1:2, 1:13, 1:16). ಕರುಣೆ is also the central virtue of Buddhist and broad Indian devotional traditions (karuṇā); anchor here as personal, particular divine compassion shown to Paul, not an abstract cosmic principle.
Prayer
Approved rendering: ಪ್ರಾರ್ಥನೆ
Transliteration: prārthane
Doctrine: Public Worship and Prayer
Original: προσευχή
Category: Prayer
New term. General prayer, the first of Paul’s fourfold prayer vocabulary (2:1). Keep distinct from ವಿನಂತಿ (petition), ಮಧ್ಯಸ್ಥಿಕೆ (intercession), and ಕೃತಜ್ಞತಾಸ್ತುತಿ (thanksgiving) so the fourfold list is not flattened.
Elder Age
Approved rendering: ಹಿರಿಯ
Transliteration: hiriya
Doctrine: Respect across Generations in the Church
Original: πρεσβύτερος (age sense)
Category: Church Leadership
New term (5:1-2). Positive convergence with existing Kannada elder-respect culture; must not be conflated with the distinct congregational-office sense above.
Confession
Approved rendering: ಅರಿಕೆ
Transliteration: arike
Doctrine: Christ as the One Mediator
Original: ὁμολογία
Category: Christology
New term (6:12-13). A public, formal declaration of allegiance, made by Timothy and by Christ himself before Pilate; same theological family as Romans 10:9’s mandatory verbatim confession ಯೇಸು ಕರ್ತನಾಗಿದ್ದಾನೆ.
Knowledge Of Truth
Approved rendering: ಸತ್ಯದ ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣ ಜ್ಞಾನ
Transliteration: satyada sampūrṇa jñāna
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Original: ἐπίγνωσις ἀληθείας
Category: Sound Doctrine
New term (2:4). The positive counterpart-contrast to 6:20’s false gnōsis; note the deliberate contrast for teaching purposes so ಜ್ಞಾನ is not treated as inherently suspect.
Conscience
Approved rendering: ಮನಸ್ಸಾಕ್ಷಿ
Transliteration: manassākṣi
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Original: συνείδησις
Category: Sound Doctrine
New term (1:5, 1:19, 3:9, 4:2 ‘seared conscience’). The God-given moral faculty testifying before God; the established phrase ಶುದ್ಧ ಮನಸ್ಸಾಕ್ಷಿ (‘clear conscience,’ 3:9) concerns internal moral integrity, not ritual or caste-based purity status.
Master
Approved rendering: ಒಡೆಯ
Transliteration: oḍeya
Doctrine: Slavery and Social Ethics within the Household of Faith
Original: δεσπότης
Category: Social Ethics
New term (6:1-2). Standard term for an absolute owner/master; low collision risk.
Blameless
Approved rendering: ಆಪಾದನೆ ಇಲ್ಲದ
Transliteration: āpādane illada
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Original: ἀνέγκλητος
Category: Church Leadership
New term (3:10). A distinct Greek synonym from ἀνεπίλημπτος; if rendered identically to ‘above reproach,’ add a note that both concern public blamelessness from complementary vantage points.
Manage Household
Approved rendering: ನಿರ್ವಹಣೆ ಮಾಡು / ಆಳ್ವಿಕೆ ಮಾಡು
Transliteration: nirvahaṇe māḍu / āḷvike māḍu
Doctrine: Household Order and Family Ethics
Original: προΐστημι
Category: Church Leadership
New term (3:4-5, 3:12, 5:17). Must convey servant-oversight, not an autocratic or caste-patriarchal domestic authority model; the term recurs for both household headship and church eldership, reinforcing the analogy.
Household Submission
Approved rendering: ವಿಧೇಯತೆ
Transliteration: vidhēyate
Doctrine: Household Order and Family Ethics
Original: ὑποταγή
Category: Household and Family
New term (3:4). Same word-family root as the baseline’s ನಂಬಿಕೆಯ ವಿಧೇಯತ್ವ (‘obedience of faith’); keep the two senses distinct by context so a domestic virtue is not conflated with the Romans gospel-obedience doctrine.
Dignity
Approved rendering: ಘನತೆ
Transliteration: ghanate
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Original: σεμνότης / σεμνός
Category: Church Leadership
New term (2:2, 3:4, 3:8, 3:11). Recurring qualification word across chapters 2-3; render consistently.
Hospitable
Approved rendering: ಅತಿಥಿಸತ್ಕಾರ ಮಾಡುವ
Transliteration: atithi satkāra māḍuva
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Original: φιλόξενος
Category: Church Leadership
New term (3:2). Positive convergence with the Indian hospitality ideal (atithi devo bhava); clarify this is a concrete office qualification, not merely a cultural nicety.
Self Controlled
Approved rendering: ಸಂಯಮಿ / ಸಂಯಮ
Transliteration: samyami / samyama
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Original: σώφρων / σωφροσύνη
Category: Church Leadership
New term (2:9, 3:2). ಸಂಯಮ is also the precise technical term for yogic saṃyama in Patanjali’s Yoga Sūtras; here it must be understood as ordinary ethical self-mastery in daily conduct, not a meditative attainment. Translator note recommended at first occurrence.
Boldness Confidence
Approved rendering: ಧೈರ್ಯ / ನಿರ್ಭಯತೆ
Transliteration: dhairya / nirbhayate
Doctrine: Assurance and Confidence in Ministry
Original: παρρησία
Category: Assurance
New term (3:13). A settled confidence flowing from grace, not achievement through disciplined ascent; connects to the baseline’s Assurance of Salvation doctrine.
Transgression
Approved rendering: ಉಲ್ಲಂಘನೆ
Transliteration: ullaṅghane
Doctrine: Women’s Conduct in Worship and Teaching / Universal Human Accountability
Original: παράβασις
Category: Sin
New term (2:14, of Eve). A specific violation of a known command, distinct nuance from the general category ಪಾಪ.
Council Of Elders
Approved rendering: ಹಿರಿಯರ ಮಂಡಳಿ
Transliteration: hiriyara maṇḍaḷi
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Original: πρεσβυτέριον
Category: Church Leadership
New term (4:14). Reinforces corporate, plural oversight rather than a single guru-like figure.
Good Work
Approved rendering: ಒಳ್ಳೆಯ ಕೆಲಸ
Transliteration: oḷḷeya kelasa
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Original: καλὸν ἔργον
Category: Church Leadership
New term (3:1, ‘a noble task’). Must be taught as recognition of fitness for entrusted service, not the Lingayat kayaka-style idea that disciplined labor itself generates spiritual standing.
Trustworthy Saying
Approved rendering: ಇದು ನಂಬತಕ್ಕ ಮಾತು
Transliteration: idu nambatakka mātu
Doctrine: Sound Doctrine versus False Teaching
Original: πιστὸς ὁ λόγος
Category: Sound Doctrine
New term, built on the ನಂಬಿಕೆ root (1:15, 3:1, 4:9). A fixed formula unique to the Pastoral Epistles recurring five times; render identically at every occurrence per the cross-document consistency rule.
Partiality
Approved rendering: ಪಕ್ಷಪಾತ
Transliteration: pakṣapāta
Doctrine: Elder Accountability and Church Discipline
Original: πρόσκλισις
Category: Sin
New term (5:21). Church discipline applied without caste or social favoritism; resonates directly with the Romans baseline’s caste-impartiality doctrine, a point of real cultural weight in a caste-conscious social context.
Pride Conceit
Approved rendering: ಅಹಂಕಾರ
Transliteration: ahaṅkāra
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Original: τυφόω
Category: Church Leadership
New term (3:6, τυφόω). Genuine partial convergence with Sāṃkhya/Vedānta ahaṃkāra (the ‘I-making’ tattva), but biblical pride is moral rebellion calling for repentance, not a metaphysical stage of individuated selfhood to be dissolved through non-dual realization.
Slanderer Adjective
Approved rendering: ಚಾಡಿಕೋರ
Transliteration: cāḍikōra
Doctrine: Qualifications for Church Leadership
Rejected alternatives: ಸೈತಾನನಂತಹ
Original: διάβολος (adjectival use)
Category: Church Leadership
New term (3:11, 5:13). Shares its root with ‘the devil’ (διάβολος, 3:6-7) but is a common adjective here; do not render as ‘devil-like,’ which would inappropriately import the proper-noun referent.
Low Risk Terms
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: ಕೃತಜ್ಞತಾಸ್ತುತಿ
Transliteration: kṛtajñatāstuti
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστία
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Part of the comprehensive prayer vocabulary of 2:1 and the proper response to God’s good creation (4:3-4).
Fellowship
Approved rendering: ಅನ್ಯೋನ್ಯತೆ
Transliteration: anyōnyate
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship / Generosity and Good Works
Rejected alternatives: ಸ್ನೇಹ
Original: κοινωνία / κοινωνικός
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged (root). Underlies the call to be κοινωνικούς, ‘generous, willing to share’ (6:18); distinguish from merely social or caste-community association.
Prophet Prophecy
Approved rendering: ಪ್ರವಾದಿ / ಪ್ರವಾದನೆ
Transliteration: pravādi / pravādane
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: ಜ್ಯೋತಿಷಿ
Original: προφήτης / προφητεία
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Prophetic words identified Timothy’s ministry gift (1:18, 4:14); distinct from astrological or fortune-telling prediction.
Exhort
Approved rendering: ಪ್ರೋತ್ಸಾಹಿಸುವುದು
Transliteration: prōtsāhisuvudu
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Used of Paul’s charge to Timothy (1:3) and instructions on addressing different age-groups (5:1).
Petition
Approved rendering: ವಿನಂತಿ
Transliteration: vinanti
Doctrine: Public Worship and Prayer
Original: δέησις
Category: Prayer
New term, baseline-anchored via the Romans ‘exhort’ entry’s note. Supplication/entreaty (2:1); also used of the widow who ‘continues in supplications and prayers’ (5:5).
Creation
Approved rendering: ಸೃಷ್ಟಿ
Transliteration: sṛṣṭi
Doctrine: False Asceticism and the Goodness of Creation
Original: κτίσμα
Category: Creation
New term (4:4). A created thing, declared ‘good’ and to be received with thanksgiving, not rejected through false ascetic teaching.
Referenced passages