Core Glossary
Core Glossary: Jude (English–Kannada)
Legend
- Status: REUSE (baseline) = must match translation_memory.json/bible_term_registry.json exactly | NEW = proposed for this curriculum
- Risk: Critical / High / Medium / Low (baseline definitions apply)
- Review Routing: Human theologian (Critical/High) | Native speaker (Medium) | Automated (Low)
| # | English term | Greek (transliteration) | Kannada rendering | Status | Risk | Doctrine | Verse refs | Key translation note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | servant / bondservant | δοῦλος (doulos) | ದಾಸ (dāsa) | NEW | Critical | Apostleship/Authorship self-designation | 1:1 | Root of “Haridasa” (ಹರಿದಾಸ) — Karnataka’s Vaishnava-bhakti poet-servant tradition (Purandara Dasa, Kanaka Dasa). Must be distinguished: total ownership by the one Lord who purchased the servant, not a devotee’s chosen service to one deity among several. Requires translator note at first use. |
| 2 | brother (of James) | ἀδελφός (adelphos) | ಸಹೋದರ (sahōdara) | NEW | Low | Authorship | 1:1 | Standard term; no significant risk. |
| 3 | James | Ἰάκωβος (Iakōbos) | ಯಾಕೋಬ (Yākōba) | NEW (proper name) | Low | Authorship | 1:1 | Established Kannada Bible form. |
| 4 | God | θεός (theos) | ದೇವರು (Dēvaru) | REUSE (baseline) | Critical | God | 1:1, 4, 21, 25 | Never ಭಗವಂತ or ಪರಶಿವ; per baseline “god” entry. |
| 5 | Father | πατήρ (patēr) | ತಂದೆ (Tande) | REUSE (baseline) | Critical | Adoption/Father | 1:1 | Never ಸೃಷ್ಟಿಕರ್ತ; per baseline “father” entry. |
| 6 | Jesus | Ἰησοῦς (Iēsous) | ಯೇಸು (Yēsu) | REUSE (baseline) | Critical | Christology | 1:1, 4, 5, 17, 21, 25 | Never ಈಸಾ; per baseline “jesus” entry. |
| 7 | Christ | Χριστός (Christos) | ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತ (Krista) | REUSE (12_ai_translation_requirements.md transliteration standard) | Critical | Christology | throughout | Established transliteration. |
| 8 | Lord | κύριος (kyrios) | ಕರ್ತ (karta) | REUSE (baseline) | Critical | Lordship of Christ | 1:4, 5(variant), 9, 14, 17, 21, 25 | Never ಸ್ವಾಮಿ; per baseline “lord” entry. |
| 9 | Master / Sovereign (distinct from Lord) | δεσπότης (despotēs) | ಒಡೆಯ (oḍeya) | NEW | Critical | Lordship of Christ | 1:4 | Distinct Greek word from κύριος, paired in same clause. Must NOT default to ಸ್ವಾಮಿ (guru/Jangama title) — would create a doubled guru-like reading alongside ಕರ್ತ. |
| 10 | beloved | ἀγαπητοί (agapētoi) | ಪ್ರಿಯರೇ (priyarē) | NEW | Low | Epistolary address | 1:3, 17, 20 | Standard affectionate address; no significant risk. |
| 11 | called | κλητός (klētos) | ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ (kareyalpaṭṭa) | REUSE (baseline) | High | Divine/Effectual Calling | 1:1 | Context: effectual calling to salvation, security grounded in God’s initiative. |
| 12 | beloved (perfect passive, “having been loved”) | ἠγαπημένοις (ēgapēmenois) | ಪ್ರಿಯರಾದ (priyarāda) | NEW | Medium | Adoption/assurance | 1:1 | Settled, completed state of being loved by the Father. |
| 13 | kept (theme-verb, positive and ironic-negative senses) | τηρέω / τετηρημένοις / τετήρηκεν / τετήρηται / τηρήσατε (tēreō) | ಕಾಪಾಡು / ಸಂರಕ್ಷಿಸು (kāpāḍu / saṃrakṣisu) | NEW | Critical | Kept by God and Presented Blameless | 1:1, 6 (x2), 13, 21 | THE letter’s central recurring keyword. Used of God keeping believers (positive: 1:1, 21 imperative) and of judgment “keeping” the disobedient for punishment (ironic negative: 1:6, 1:13). Consistency of rendering across all five occurrences is essential to preserve Jude’s literary/theological structure. |
| 14 | guard/keep (near-synonym, doxology) | φυλάσσω / φυλάξαι (phylassō) | ಕಾಪಾಡು (kāpāḍu) | NEW | Critical | Kept by God and Presented Blameless | 1:24 | Distinct verb from τηρέω but same semantic domain; climactic statement that God himself is able to keep believers from stumbling. |
| 15 | mercy | ἔλεος (eleos) | ಕರುಣೆ (karuṇe) | NEW | High | Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering | 1:2, 21, 22, 23 | Partial cultural resonance with Karnataka bhakti/Shakta devotional “compassion” language (e.g. Chamundeshwari as Karuṇāmayi); must retain the judicial/rescue backdrop (mercy toward the objectively guilty, rescuing from real judgment) rather than generic devotional warmth. |
| 16 | peace | εἰρήνη (eirēnē) | ಶಾಂತಿ (śānti) | REUSE (baseline) | Medium | Peace with God | 1:2 | Relational peace, not mere inner tranquility. |
| 17 | love | ἀγάπη (agapē) | ಪ್ರೀತಿ (prīti) | NEW | High | Christian identity / God’s love | 1:2, 12, 21 | Distinguish from Haridasa śṛṅgāra-bhakti erotic-mystical devotional love (gopis’ love for Krishna) and Lingayat ishtalinga devotional intimacy. God’s ἀγάπη is holy, covenantal, self-giving love. |
| 18 | love feasts (technical) | ἀγάπαι (agapai, pl.) | ಪ್ರೀತಿಯ ಔತಣಗಳು (prītiya autaṇagaḷu) | NEW | Medium | Christian Fellowship / Church | 1:12 | Technical liturgical sense, distinct from ordinary “love”; the false teachers corrupt the very meal meant to embody Christian love. |
| 19 | faith (received deposit of doctrine) | πίστις (pistis) | ನಂಬಿಕೆ (nambike) | REUSE (baseline) | High/Critical | Contending for the Faith / Faith | 1:3, 20 | Baseline entry covers the subjective-trust sense; Jude 1:3 and 1:20 use the term in its objective sense (the body of received teaching) — flag this distinct nuance for translator/reviewer awareness while keeping the same Kannada word for consistency. |
| 20 | contend (for the faith) | ἐπαγωνίζεσθαι (epagōnizesthai) | ನಂಬಿಕೆಗಾಗಿ ಹೋರಾಡುವುದು (nambikegāgi hōrāḍuvudu) | NEW | Critical | Contending for the Faith Once Delivered | 1:3 | Rare NT hapax; must not be rendered with any word built on ಸಾಧನೆ (“attainment”) or ಸಾಧನ (“means of spiritual practice”), which would recast defending a received deposit as self-effort spiritual ascent (Lingayat shatsthala, Haridasa sādhana). |
| 21 | once for all delivered | ἅπαξ παραδοθείσῃ (hapax paradotheisē) | ಒಮ್ಮೆಗೇ ಒಪ್ಪಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ (ommegē oppisalpaṭṭa) | NEW | Critical | Contending for the Faith Once Delivered | 1:3 | Closed, complete revelation — direct collision point with guru-paramparā successive-transmission models and the growing Lingayat vachana corpus. ಒಮ್ಮೆಗೇ must be retained. |
| 22 | saints / holy ones | ἅγιοι (hagioi) | ಪವಿತ್ರ ಜನರು (pavitra janaru) | REUSE (baseline) | High | Sainthood | 1:3 | Never ಶರಣರು (Veerashaiva Sharana poet-saint title). |
| 23 | salvation | σωτηρία (sōtēria) | ರಕ್ಷಣೆ (rakṣaṇe) | REUSE (baseline) | Critical | Salvation | 1:3, 5, 23 | Never ಮೋಕ್ಷ/ಮುಕ್ತಿ/ಐಕ್ಯ; per baseline “salvation” entry. |
| 24 | common (shared, of salvation) | κοινός (koinos) | ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ / ಸಮಾನ (sāmānya / samāna) | NEW | Medium | Universal Scope of the Gospel | 1:3 | Reinforces no-tier universality of salvation among believers. |
| 25 | ungodly / ungodliness | ἀσεβής / ἀσέβεια (asebēs / asebeia) | ಭಕ್ತಿಹೀನ (bhaktihīna) | NEW | High | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:4, 15 (x4), 18 | Established Kannada Bible convention, but the ಭಕ್ತಿ root risks being heard as “insufficiently devout” within Karnataka’s bhakti culture rather than “fundamentally opposed to God’s rightful authority.” Recommend brief gloss at first occurrence. |
| 26 | judgment (verdict/sentence) | κρίμα (krima) | ನ್ಯಾಯತೀರ್ಪು (nyāyatīrpu) | NEW | High | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:4 | Personal, forensic verdict by a personal God — not ಕರ್ಮಫಲ (impersonal karma-fruit). |
| 27 | judgment (act/process of judging) | κρίσις (krisis) | ನ್ಯಾಯತೀರ್ಪು (nyāyatīrpu) | NEW | High | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:6, 9, 14, 15 | Same Kannada rendering as κρίμα for readability; distinct Greek nuance (process vs. verdict) noted for translator awareness only. |
| 28 | grace | χάρις (charis) | ಕೃಪೆ (kṛpe) | REUSE (baseline) | High | Grace | 1:4 | Never ಕರ್ಮಫಲ/ಪುಣ್ಯ; here specifically the perversion of grace into license. |
| 29 | sensuality / licentiousness | ἀσέλγεια (aselgeia) | ಸ್ವೇಚ್ಛಾಚಾರ (svēcchācāra) | NEW | Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:4 | Unrestrained self-indulgence, often sexual. |
| 30 | Israel / Exodus deliverance | (implicit) | (contextual) | REUSE (baseline “israel”) | Medium | OT Warning: Israel | 1:5 | The Exodus generation as first OT warning-type. |
| 31 | destroyed / perished (theme word-family) | ἀπόλλυμι family: ἀπώλεσεν, φθείρονται, ἀπώλοντο | ನಾಶ (nāśa) root: ನಾಶಮಾಡಿದನು / ನಾಶವಾಗುತ್ತಾರೆ / ನಾಶವಾದರು | NEW | High | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:5, 10, 11 | Personal, moral, final divine judgment — not impersonal decay or cyclical dissolution. Consistency required across all three occurrences. |
| 32 | angels | ἄγγελος (angelos) | ದೂತ / ದೇವದೂತ (dūta / dēvadūta) | NEW | Low-Medium | OT Warning: Angels | 1:6 | Established Kannada Christian usage. |
| 33 | archangel | ἀρχάγγελος (archangelos) | ಪ್ರಧಾನ ದೂತ (pradhāna dūta) | NEW | Low | OT Warning: Angels | 1:9 | Paired with proper name Michael. |
| 34 | Michael | Μιχαήλ (Michaēl) | ಮೀಕಾಯೇಲ್ (Mīkāyēl) | NEW (proper name) | Low | OT Warning: Angels | 1:9 | Established Kannada Bible form. |
| 35 | devil | διάβολος (diabolos) | ಸೈತಾನ (Saitāna) | NEW | Low-Medium | OT Warning: Angels | 1:9 | Established Kannada Christian term; real, personal spiritual antagonist. |
| 36 | eternal chains/bonds | δεσμοὶ ἀΐδιοι (desmoi aidioi) | ಶಾಶ್ವತ ಬಂಧನಗಳು (śāśvata bandhanagaḷu) | NEW | Medium | OT Warning: Angels | 1:6 | Fallen angels’ present confinement awaiting judgment. |
| 37 | eternal fire | πῦρ αἰώνιον (pyr aiōnion) | ಶಾಶ್ವತ ಬೆಂಕಿ (śāśvata beṅki) | NEW | High | OT Warning: Sodom | 1:7 | Linear, final judgment-fire, not part of a repeating cosmic-age cycle. |
| 38 | Sodom and Gomorrah | Σόδομα καὶ Γόμορρα | ಸೊದೋಮ ಮತ್ತು ಗೊಮೋರ (Sodōma mattu Gomōra) | NEW (proper names) | Low | OT Warning: Sodom | 1:7 | Established Kannada OT transliteration. |
| 39 | lordship / dominion (rejected by false teachers) | κυριότης (kyriotēs) | ಕರ್ತೃತ್ವ (kartṛtva) | NEW | High | Lordship of Christ / Church authority | 1:8 | Keep cognate with ಕರ್ತ (κύριος) and with the baseline doctrine registry’s existing “ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತನ ಕರ್ತೃತ್ವ” (Lordship of Christ) phrase. |
| 40 | glorious ones / glories (angelic beings) | δόξαι (doxai, pl.) | ಮಹಿಮೆಯುಳ್ಳವರು (mahimeyuḷḷavaru) | NEW (distinct sense of REUSE term ಮಹಿಮೆ) | High | OT Warning: Angels | 1:8 | Distinct plural/concrete sense of δόξα from the ordinary abstract “glory” (baseline ಮಹಿಮೆ); requires translator note. |
| 41 | Moses | Μωϋσῆς (Mōusēs) | ಮೋಶೆ (Mōśe) | REUSE (12_ai_translation_requirements.md transliteration standard) | Low | OT Warning: Angels | 1:9 | Established transliteration. |
| 42 | irrational animals | ἄλογα ζῷα (aloga zōa) | ಬುದ್ಧಿಹೀನ ಪ್ರಾಣಿಗಳು (buddhihīna prāṇigaḷu) | NEW | Low | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:10 | Instinct-driven moral comparison. |
| 43 | Cain | Κάϊν (Kain) | ಕಾಯಿನ (Kāyina) | NEW (proper name) | Low | OT type: rebellion | 1:11 | Established OT name. |
| 44 | Balaam | Βαλαάμ (Balaam) | ಬಿಳಾಮ (Biḷāma) | NEW (proper name) | Low-Medium | OT type: profit-driven error | 1:11 | Established OT name; ties to false teachers’ profit motive (v.16). |
| 45 | Korah | Κόρε (Kore) | ಕೋರಹ (Kōraha) | NEW (proper name) | Low-Medium | OT type: rebellion against authority | 1:11 | Established OT name. |
| 46 | hidden reefs / blemishes | σπιλάδες (spilades) | ಜಲದೊಳಗಿನ ಬಂಡೆಗಳು (jaladoḷagina baṇḍegaḷu) | NEW | Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:12 | Textual/semantic ambiguity (reefs vs. stains); flag for reviewer. |
| 47 | fruitless (trees) | ἄκαρπος (akarpos) | ಫಲರಹಿತ (phalarahita) | NEW | Low-Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:12 | Spiritual fruitlessness despite outward appearance. |
| 48 | wandering stars | ἀστέρες πλανῆται (asteres planētai) | ಅಲೆದಾಡುವ ನಕ್ಷತ್ರಗಳು (aledāḍuva nakṣatragaḷu) | NEW | Low | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:13 | Instability/false guidance imagery. |
| 49 | Enoch | Ἑνώχ (Henōch) | ಹನೋಕ (Hanōka) | NEW (proper name) | Low | Inspiration of Scripture | 1:14 | Established OT name. |
| 50 | Adam | Ἀδάμ (Adam) | ಆದಾಮ (Ādāma) | NEW (proper name) | Low | Inspiration of Scripture | 1:14 | Established OT name. |
| 51 | prophesied | προφητεύω (prophēteuō) | ಪ್ರವಾದಿಸಿದನು (pravādisidanu) | REUSE (baseline root) | High | Inspiration of Scripture | 1:14 | SPECIAL NOTE: Jude here quotes non-canonical 1 Enoch as true prophecy; requires explicit theologian briefing distinguishing this from canonizing 1 Enoch, and from Sharana vachana or Haridasa kirtane literature’s different (non-scriptural) authority status. |
| 52 | myriads (innumerable host) | μυριάς (myrias) | ಕೋಟ್ಯಂತರ / ಅಸಂಖ್ಯಾತ (kōṭyantara / asaṅkhyāta) | NEW | Medium | Fulfillment of Prophecy | 1:14 | Innumerable angelic host accompanying the Lord’s coming judgment. |
| 53 | sinners | ἁμαρτωλός (hamartōlos) | ಪಾಪಿಗಳು (pāpigaḷu) | REUSE (baseline root ಪಾಪ) | High | Universal Human Accountability | 1:15 | Standard derivative of baseline “sin” entry. |
| 54 | grumblers | γογγυστής (gongystēs) | ಗುಣುಗುಣಿಸುವವರು (guṇuguṇisuvavaru) | NEW | Low | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:16 | Echoes Israel’s wilderness grumbling. |
| 55 | malcontents | μεμψίμοιρος (mempsimoiros) | ಅತೃಪ್ತರು (atṛptaru) | NEW | Low | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:16 | Chronic discontent. |
| 56 | lusts / desires (disordered) | ἐπιθυμία (epithymia) | ದುರಾಶೆ (durāśe) | NEW | High | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:16, 18 | Self-ruled, ungoverned desire; distinguish from disciplined desire-regulation frameworks in other traditions — Jude’s concern is desire ungoverned by submission to God. |
| 57 | bombastic words | ὑπέρογκα (hyperonka) | ಅಹಂಕಾರದ ಮಾತುಗಳು (ahaṅkārada mātugaḷu) | NEW | Low | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:16 | Empty, self-inflating speech. |
| 58 | flattering for advantage | θαυμάζοντες πρόσωπα ὠφελείας χάριν | ಲಾಭಕ್ಕಾಗಿ ಮುಖಸ್ತುತಿ ಮಾಡುವವರು (lābhakkāgi mukhastuti māḍuvavaru) | NEW | Medium | Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers | 1:16 | Ties to Balaam’s profit motive. |
| 59 | apostle | ἀπόστολος (apostolos) | ಅಪೊಸ್ತಲ (apostala) | REUSE (baseline) | Medium | Apostleship | 1:17 | Never ಗುರು or ಜಂಗಮ; per baseline “apostle” entry. |
| 60 | last time(s) | ἔσχατος χρόνος (eschatos chronos) | ಕಡೇ ಕಾಲ (kaḍē kāla) | NEW | Medium | Eschatology / Fulfillment of Prophecy | 1:18 | Eschatological marker. |
| 61 | scoffers | ἐμπαίκτης (empaiktēs) | ಪರಿಹಾಸ್ಯ ಮಾಡುವವರು (parihāsya māḍuvavaru) | NEW | Medium | Fulfillment of Prophecy | 1:18 | Apostolic prediction now fulfilled. |
| 62 | causing divisions | ἀποδιορίζοντες (apodiorizontes) | ವಿಭಜನೆ ಉಂಟುಮಾಡುವವರು (vibhajane uṇṭumāḍuvavaru) | NEW | Medium | Church as God’s People | 1:19 | Ecclesiological effect of false teaching. |
| 63 | soulish / worldly-natured | ψυχικός (psychikos) | ಪ್ರಾಪಂಚಿಕ ಸ್ವಭಾವದ (prāpañcika svabhāvada) | NEW | High | Universal Human Accountability / Sanctification | 1:19 | Avoid any rendering built on ಆತ್ಮ alone — risks entanglement with Vedantic ātman/jīvātman vocabulary; this is a negative anthropological diagnosis (unregenerate, Spirit-less), not a metaphysical soul-description. |
| 64 | Holy Spirit / not having the Spirit | πνεῦμα ἅγιον (pneuma hagion) | ಪವಿತ್ರಾತ್ಮ (Pavitrātma) | REUSE (baseline) | Critical | Sanctification | 1:19, 20 | Never ಪರಮಾತ್ಮ; per baseline “holy_spirit” entry. v.19 = negative (absence); v.20 = positive (praying in the Spirit). |
| 65 | most holy faith | ἁγιωτάτη πίστις (hagiōtatē pistis) | ಅತಿ ಪವಿತ್ರವಾದ ನಂಬಿಕೆ (ati pavitravāda nambike) | REUSE (baseline roots ಪವಿತ್ರ + ನಂಬಿಕೆ) | High | Faith / Sainthood | 1:20 | Superlative form of established terms. |
| 66 | building up (oneself) | ἐποικοδομέω (epoikodomeō) | ಭಕ್ತಿವೃದ್ಧಿ ಮಾಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವುದು (bhaktivṛddhi māḍikoḷḷuvudu) | NEW (root reused from baseline doctrine registry “mutual_edification”) | Low-Medium | Mutual Edification | 1:20 | Positive counterpart to ἀποδιορίζοντες (division). |
| 67 | keep yourselves (imperative) | τηρήσατε (tērēsate) | ಕಾಪಾಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳಿರಿ (kāpāḍikoḷḷiri) | NEW (same root as #13) | Critical | Kept by God and Presented Blameless | 1:21 | Active human responsibility paired with divine keeping (1:1, 24); requires translator note on the two-sided “kept/keep” theology. |
| 68 | eternal life | ζωὴ αἰώνιος (zōē aiōnios) | ನಿತ್ಯಜೀವ (nityajīva) | NEW | Critical | Salvation | 1:21 | Never ಮೋಕ್ಷ/ಮುಕ್ತಿ — same forbidden-substitution rule as “salvation” applies; unending personal life with God, not release from rebirth or dissolution into the impersonal Absolute. |
| 69 | wavering / doubting | διακρινόμενοι (diakrinomenoi) | ಸಂದೇಹಪಡುವವರು / ಅಲೆದಾಡುವವರು (sandēhapaḍuvavaru / aledāḍuvavaru) | NEW | High | Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering | 1:22 | Pastoral category — a struggling believer, not a hardened false teacher; treat with patient mercy. |
| 70 | snatch (out of the fire) | ἁρπάζω (harpazō) | ಕಸಿದುಕೊಂಡು ರಕ್ಷಿಸಿ (kasidukoṇḍu rakṣisi) | NEW | High | Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering | 1:23 | Urgent, forcible rescue imagery; “fire” ties directly to the judgment-fire of 1:7. |
| 71 | garment stained by the flesh | χιτὼν ἐσπιλωμένος (chitōn espilōmenos) | ಶರೀರದಿಂದ ಕಳಂಕಿತವಾದ ವಸ್ತ್ರ (śarīradinda kaḷaṅkitavāda vastra) | NEW | Medium | Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering | 1:23 | Balance of hating sin’s trace while rescuing the sinner. |
| 72 | able to guard/keep (doxology) | δυνάμενος φυλάξαι (dynamenos phylaxai) | ಕಾಪಾಡಲು ಶಕ್ತನಾಗಿರುವಾತ (kāpāḍalu śaktanāgiruvāta) | NEW | Critical | Kept by God and Presented Blameless | 1:24 | Use ಶಕ್ತ/ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯವುಳ್ಳ (“able/capable”) as an adjective only; do not let this drift into a noun-form ಶಕ್ತಿ reading, which the baseline forbids for divine power. |
| 73 | without stumbling | ἄπταιστος (aptaistos) | ಎಡವದಂತೆ (eḍavadante) | NEW | Medium | Kept by God and Presented Blameless | 1:24 | Stability to the end, not merely survival. |
| 74 | present blameless | στῆσαι…ἀμώμους (stēsai amōmous) | ನಿರ್ದೋಷಿಗಳಾಗಿ ನಿಲ್ಲಿಸು (nirdoṣigaḷāgi nillisu) | NEW | Critical | Kept by God and Presented Blameless | 1:24 | God’s declarative, presentational act, forensic in character (parallel to justification) — not self-achieved moral perfection or progressive Aikya-style purification. |
| 75 | with exultant joy | ἐν ἀγαλλιάσει (en agalliasei) | ಆನಂದೋತ್ಸಾಹದಿಂದ (ānandōtsāhadinda) | NEW | Low | Doxology | 1:24 | Joyful, not somber, register. |
| 76 | Savior | σωτήρ (sōtēr) | ರಕ್ಷಕ (rakṣaka) | NEW (built on REUSE baseline root ರಕ್ಷ-) | Critical | Salvation / Doxology | 1:25 | Keeps word-family unity with ರಕ್ಷಣೆ (salvation). |
| 77 | only (God) | μόνος (monos) | ಏಕಮಾತ್ರ (ēkamātra) | NEW | Critical | Deity of Christ / Universal Scope | 1:25 | Exclusive monotheistic claim; pairs with ದೇವರು. |
| 78 | majesty | μεγαλωσύνη (megalōsynē) | ಘನತೆ / ಮಹಾಮಹಿಮೆ (ghanate / mahāmahime) | NEW | Medium | Doxology / Deity of Christ | 1:25 | Distinct from δόξα though overlapping; doxological ascription. |
| 79 | dominion / might | κράτος (kratos) | ಪ್ರಭುತ್ವ / ಬಲ (prabhutva / bala) | NEW | High | Doxology / Power of God | 1:25 | Distinct Greek word from δύναμις (baseline “power_of_god” = ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯ); still NEVER ಶಕ್ತಿ, for the same Shakta-tradition-collision reason already established in the baseline. |
| 80 | authority | ἐξουσία (exousia) | ಅಧಿಕಾರ (adhikāra) | NEW | Low | Doxology | 1:25 | Standard, low-risk term. |
| 81 | before all ages / forever | πρὸ παντὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος…εἰς πάντας τοὺς αἰῶνας | ಸಕಲಯುಗಗಳಿಗೂ ಮುಂಚೆ…ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಯುಗಗಳವರೆಗೂ | NEW | High | Doxology / Fulfillment of Prophecy | 1:25 | ಯುಗ (yuga) risks conflation with the cyclical four-yuga Hindu cosmology; this is linear, non-repeating time culminating in Christ, not a repeating cosmic wheel. |
| 82 | Amen | ἀμήν (amēn) | ಆಮೆನ್ (Āmen) | REUSE (12_ai_translation_requirements.md transliteration standard) | Low | Doxology | 1:25 | Established transliteration standard. |
Cross-Reference: Terms Reused Exactly from Baseline Romans Translation Memory
The following Jude terms are governed entirely by the baseline translation_memory.json / bible_term_registry.json and MUST NOT be re-derived: gospel (not used in Jude but glossary-adjacent doctrines apply), grace (ಕೃಪೆ), faith (ನಂಬಿಕೆ), salvation (ರಕ್ಷಣೆ), called (ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ), saints (ಪವಿತ್ರ ಜನರು), apostle (ಅಪೊಸ್ತಲ), peace (ಶಾಂತಿ), glory (ಮಹಿಮೆ), Lord (ಕರ್ತ), God (ದೇವರು), Holy Spirit (ಪವಿತ್ರಾತ್ಮ), Father (ತಂದೆ), Jesus (ಯೇಸು), Christ (ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತ), prophecy/prophet root (ಪ್ರವಾದನೆ/ಪ್ರವಾದಿ), Moses (ಮೋಶೆ), Israel (ಇಸ್ರಾಯೇಲ್), Amen (ಆಮೆನ್).
New Terms Requiring Translation Memory Addition (Priority Order for Theologian Review)
Critical (require human theologian review before Phase 2 begins): ದಾಸ (servant/bondservant), ಒಡೆಯ (Master/δεσπότης), ನಂಬಿಕೆಗಾಗಿ ಹೋರಾಡುವುದು (contend for the faith), ಒಮ್ಮೆಗೇ ಒಪ್ಪಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ (once for all delivered), ಕಾಪಾಡು/ಸಂರಕ್ಷಿಸು (kept — τηρέω/φυλάσσω theme), ನಿತ್ಯಜೀವ (eternal life), ನಿರ್ದೋಷಿಗಳಾಗಿ ನಿಲ್ಲಿಸು (present blameless), ರಕ್ಷಕ (Savior), ಏಕಮಾತ್ರ (only, of God).
High (require human theologian review): ಭಕ್ತಿಹೀನ (ungodly), ನ್ಯಾಯತೀರ್ಪು (judgment — κρίμα/κρίσις), ನಾಶ root (destroyed/perished), ಕರ್ತೃತ್ವ (lordship, κυριότης), ಮಹಿಮೆಯುಳ್ಳವರು (glorious ones, plural δόξα), ಕರುಣೆ (mercy), ಪ್ರೀತಿ (love, ἀγάπη), ದುರಾಶೆ (lust/desire), ಪ್ರಾಪಂಚಿಕ ಸ್ವಭಾವದ (soulish/ψυχικός), ಸಂದೇಹಪಡುವವರು/ಅಲೆದಾಡುವವರು (wavering), ಕಸಿದುಕೊಂಡು ರಕ್ಷಿಸಿ (snatch from the fire), ಪ್ರಭುತ್ವ/ಬಲ (κράτος), ಸಕಲಯುಗಗಳಿಗೂ ಮುಂಚೆ…ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಯುಗಗಳವರೆಗೂ (before all ages/forever), ಶಾಶ್ವತ ಬೆಂಕಿ (eternal fire).
Medium (native speaker review): ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ/ಸಮಾನ (common), ಸ್ವೇಚ್ಛಾಚಾರ (sensuality), ಶಾಶ್ವತ ಬಂಧನಗಳು (eternal chains), ಜಲದೊಳಗಿನ ಬಂಡೆಗಳು (hidden reefs), ಪ್ರೀತಿಯ ಔತಣಗಳು (love feasts), ಕೋಟ್ಯಂತರ/ಅಸಂಖ್ಯಾತ (myriads), ಕಡೇ ಕಾಲ (last time), ಪರಿಹಾಸ್ಯ ಮಾಡುವವರು (scoffers), ವಿಭಜನೆ ಉಂಟುಮಾಡುವವರು (causing divisions), ಘನತೆ/ಮಹಾಮಹಿಮೆ (majesty), ಎಡವದಂತೆ (without stumbling), ಶರೀರದಿಂದ ಕಳಂಕಿತವಾದ ವಸ್ತ್ರ (stained garment), ಲಾಭಕ್ಕಾಗಿ ಮುಖಸ್ತುತಿ ಮಾಡುವವರು (flattering for advantage), ಬಿಳಾಮ/ಕೋರಹ (Balaam/Korah, established but flag proper-name consistency).
Low (automated review sufficient): ಪ್ರಿಯರೇ (beloved), ಸಹೋದರ (brother), ಯಾಕೋಬ (James), ದೂತ/ಪ್ರಧಾನ ದೂತ (angel/archangel), ಮೀಕಾಯೇಲ್ (Michael), ಸೈತಾನ (devil), ಸೊದೋಮ ಮತ್ತು ಗೊಮೋರ (Sodom and Gomorrah), ಬುದ್ಧಿಹೀನ ಪ್ರಾಣಿಗಳು (irrational animals), ಕಾಯಿನ (Cain), ಫಲರಹಿತ (fruitless), ಅಲೆದಾಡುವ ನಕ್ಷತ್ರಗಳು (wandering stars), ಹನೋಕ/ಆದಾಮ (Enoch/Adam), ಗುಣುಗುಣಿಸುವವರು (grumblers), ಅತೃಪ್ತರು (malcontents), ಅಹಂಕಾರದ ಮಾತುಗಳು (bombastic words), ಆನಂದೋತ್ಸಾಹದಿಂದ (with exultant joy), ಅಧಿಕಾರ (authority), ಆಮೆನ್ (Amen, already established).
This glossary must be loaded alongside the baseline translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json before any Phase 2 segment translation of Jude begins. All Critical and High risk NEW terms proposed here require human theologian sign-off and formal addition to translation memory (with version increment) before they may be used in Phase 2 output, per the Glossary Enforcement Priority Order in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md.
Critical Risk Terms
Salvation
Approved rendering: ರಕ್ಷಣೆ
Transliteration: rakṣaṇe
Doctrine: Universal Scope of Salvation (“Common Salvation”)
Rejected alternatives: ಮೋಕ್ಷ, ಮುಕ್ತಿ, ಐಕ್ಯ
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
CRITICAL: NEVER ಮೋಕ್ಷ, ಮುಕ್ತಿ, or ಐಕ್ಯ. Deliverance given by a personal God to a person who remains a person in relationship with God.
Lord
Approved rendering: ಕರ್ತ
Transliteration: karta
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ಸ್ವಾಮಿ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
CRITICAL: ಸ್ವಾಮಿ is the common address for a guru or the Lingayat ಜಂಗಮ teacher-office. ಕರ್ತ conveys a living, exclusive, presently-reigning sovereign.
God
Approved rendering: ದೇವರು
Transliteration: Dēvaru
Doctrine: Deity and Sole Sovereignty of God
Rejected alternatives: ಭಗವಂತ, ಪರಶಿವ
Original: θεός
Category: God
CRITICAL: avoid ಭಗವಂತ (generic honorific) and flag the Lingayat ಪರಶಿವ substitution risk.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: ಪವಿತ್ರಾತ್ಮ
Transliteration: Pavitrātma
Doctrine: Sanctification and the Holy Spirit
Rejected alternatives: ಪರಮಾತ್ಮ
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
CRITICAL: never ಪರಮಾತ್ಮ (impersonal/monistic Universal Self of Vedantic usage). The personal Holy Spirit, third Person of the Trinity.
Father
Approved rendering: ತಂದೆ
Transliteration: Tande
Doctrine: God’s Preserving Love
Rejected alternatives: ಸೃಷ್ಟಿಕರ್ತ
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
God as personal Father, not the distant, abstract ಸೃಷ್ಟಿಕರ್ತ (creator).
Jesus
Approved rendering: ಯೇಸು
Transliteration: Yēsu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ಈಸಾ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
ಯೇಸು is the Kannada Christian standard; ಈಸಾ is associated with Muslim/Urdu usage.
Christ
Approved rendering: ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತ
Transliteration: Krista
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Established transliteration; always paired with ಯೇಸು as ‘ಯೇಸು ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತ.‘
Servant Bondservant
Approved rendering: ದಾಸ
Transliteration: dāsa
Doctrine: Servanthood to Christ (Bondservant Identity)
Rejected alternatives: ಶಿಷ್ಯ (disciple - too weak, implies student rather than owned servant), ಸೇವಕ (hired servant - implies wage-based service, not total ownership)
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Authorship
ದಾಸ is the exact root of ‘Haridasa’ (ಹರಿದಾಸ), the title of Karnataka’s entire Vaishnava-bhakti poet-composer tradition (Purandara Dasa, Kanaka Dasa, Vijaya Dasa). A Kannada reader will naturally hear this echo. This can be a genuine point of cultural bridging (total, joyful belonging to one’s Lord), but requires a translator note distinguishing Jude’s bondservant-status — belonging to the one particular Lord who purchased him by right — from a Haridasa devotee’s own chosen devotion to one iṣṭadevatā among several available personal deities. Verse ref: Jude 1:1.
Master Despotes
Approved rendering: ಒಡೆಯ
Transliteration: oḍeya
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ಸ್ವಾಮಿ (already rejected for κύριος in the baseline as the guru/Jangama honorific; doctrinally worse here since paired directly with ಕರ್ತ in the same clause)
Original: δεσπότης
Category: Christology
δεσπότης is a distinct Greek word from κύριος, paired with it in Jude 1:4 to double the emphasis on Christ’s undivided sovereignty. Must NOT default to ಸ್ವಾಮಿ, which would create a doubled guru-like reading (‘Master [guru-like] and Lord’) rather than one absolute divine Sovereign under two titles. ಒಡೆಯ conveys absolute ownership/possession without guru connotations.
Kept Tereo
Approved rendering: ಕಾಪಾಡು / ಸಂರಕ್ಷಿಸು
Transliteration: kāpāḍu / saṃrakṣisu
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Original: τηρέω (τετηρημένοις, τετήρηκεν, τετήρηται, τηρήσατε)
Category: Salvation
THE letter’s central recurring keyword (τηρέω), used both of God keeping believers securely (1:1, 1:21 imperative) and, ironically, of judgment being ‘kept’ in reserve for the disobedient (1:6 x2, 1:13). ONE consistent Kannada root must be used across ALL FIVE occurrences without stylistic variation — the deliberate literary echo (the same God who reserves judgment for the disobedient keeps his own people secure) carries the letter’s argument and must not be erased by elegant lexical variation.
Guard Phylasso
Approved rendering: ಕಾಪಾಡು
Transliteration: kāpāḍu
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: φυλάσσω (φυλάξαι)
Category: Salvation
Distinct verb (φυλάσσω) from τηρέω but the same semantic domain; the doxology’s climactic statement (1:24) that God’s own ability, not the believer’s effort, secures final preservation. Treated in the translator packet as the recognized same-domain partner of ಕಾಪಾಡು/ಸಂರಕ್ಷಿಸು — do not vary for style.
Contend For Faith
Approved rendering: ನಂಬಿಕೆಗಾಗಿ ಹೋರಾಡುವುದು
Transliteration: nambikegāgi hōrāḍuvudu
Doctrine: Contending for the Faith Once Delivered
Rejected alternatives: ಸಾಧನೆ ಮಾಡುವುದು (spiritual attainment), ಸಾಧಿಸುವುದು (to achieve/accomplish through discipline)
Original: ἐπαγωνίζεσθαι
Category: Faith
Rare NT compound (ἐπαγωνίζεσθαι); must never be rendered with any ಸಾಧನೆ/ಸಾಧನ-root word, which would recast defense of an already-received deposit as the self-effort spiritual ascent of the Lingayat shatsthala path or Haridasa sādhana. The struggle defends what has been given; it does not build merit or progress toward it. Jude’s defining purpose statement.
Once For All Delivered
Approved rendering: ಒಮ್ಮೆಗೇ ಒಪ್ಪಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ
Transliteration: ommegē oppisalpaṭṭa
Doctrine: Contending for the Faith Once Delivered
Rejected alternatives: ಒಪ್ಪಿಸಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ ಮಾತ್ರ (alone, without ಒಮ್ಮೆಗೇ)
Original: ἅπαξ παραδοθείσῃ
Category: Faith
Closed, complete revelation. Direct collision point with (1) the guru-paramparā model of successive teachers elaborating teaching across generations, and (2) the historically accumulating vachana corpus of the Lingayat Sharana poet-saints. ಒಮ್ಮೆಗೇ (‘at one single time’) must never be dropped or softened — its absence would let the faith be heard as an open, still-growing revelation.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: ನಿತ್ಯಜೀವ
Transliteration: nityajīva
Doctrine: Eternal Life
Rejected alternatives: ಮೋಕ್ಷ, ಮುಕ್ತಿ
Original: ζωὴν αἰώνιον
Category: Salvation
Treated with the same rigor as the baseline’s forbidden-substitution rule for ‘salvation.’ Never ಮೋಕ್ಷ or ಮುಕ್ತಿ — unending personal life with a personal God, secured by his mercy, not release from a rebirth cycle or dissolution into the impersonal Absolute.
Present Blameless
Approved rendering: ನಿರ್ದೋಷಿಗಳಾಗಿ ನಿಲ್ಲಿಸು
Transliteration: nirdoṣigaḷāgi nillisu
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Original: στῆσαι κατενώπιον τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ ἀμώμους
Category: Salvation
Treated with the same rigor as the baseline’s ‘imputed_righteousness’ entry: God’s declarative, presentational, forensic act at the final Day (using sacrificial-purity language, ἄμωμος) — NOT moral perfection achieved through the believer’s own stage-by-stage discipline. Guard against assimilation to the Lingayat shatsthala path’s progressive self-purification toward Aikya. Require framing language keeping the grammatical subject clearly God, not the believer (e.g., ‘ದೇವರು ನಮ್ಮನ್ನು…ನಿಲ್ಲಿಸುವನು’).
Savior
Approved rendering: ರಕ್ಷಕ
Transliteration: rakṣaka
Doctrine: Deity and Sole Sovereignty of God
Original: σωτῆρι
Category: Salvation
Keeps word-family unity with ರಕ್ಷಣೆ (‘salvation’) and avoids any drift toward ಮೋಕ್ಷ/ಮುಕ್ತಿ-adjacent vocabulary. ‘The only God, our Savior’ — ಏಕಮಾತ್ರ ದೇವರೂ ನಮ್ಮ ರಕ್ಷಕನೂ.
Only Monos
Approved rendering: ಏಕಮಾತ್ರ
Transliteration: ēkamātra
Doctrine: Deity and Sole Sovereignty of God
Original: μόνῳ
Category: God
Exclusive monotheistic claim; pairs with ದೇವರು to make the exclusivity claim explicit, resisting any ‘one deity among several available’ bhakti-style reading, and resisting assimilation toward Lingayat Parashiva theology whose devotee relationship still culminates in Aikya-merger.
High Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: ಕೃಪೆ
Transliteration: kṛpe
Doctrine: Grace Perverted into License
Rejected alternatives: ಕರ್ಮಫಲ, ಪುಣ್ಯ
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Unmerited favor apart from human merit. Distinguish from the Haridasa bhakti tradition’s devotional exchange and Lingayat kayaka-dasoha ethics.
Faith
Approved rendering: ನಂಬಿಕೆ
Transliteration: nambike
Doctrine: Contending for the Faith Once Delivered
Rejected alternatives: ಭಕ್ತಿ
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Personal trust in Christ specifically; ಭಕ್ತಿ carries the devotional-surrender sense central to Haridasa Krishna-bhakti and Lingayat devotion.
Called
Approved rendering: ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ
Transliteration: kareyalpaṭṭa
Doctrine: Divine Calling and Belovedness
Rejected alternatives: ಆಮಂತ್ರಿತ
Original: κλητός
Category: Salvation
Context-sensitive across effectual calling to salvation.
Saints
Approved rendering: ಪವಿತ್ರ ಜನರು
Transliteration: pavitra janaru
Doctrine: Sainthood of All Believers
Rejected alternatives: ಶರಣರು, ಸಂತರು
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
ಶರಣರು names the 12th-century Veerashaiva Sharana poet-saints who attained the highest Aikya stage. Never used for ordinary believers.
Glory
Approved rendering: ಮಹಿಮೆ
Transliteration: mahime
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Rejected alternatives: ತೇಜಸ್ಸು
God’s radiant honor; avoid light-only imagery that could merge with mystical-illumination associations from the Aikya path.
Holy
Approved rendering: ಪವಿತ್ರ
Transliteration: pavitra
Doctrine: Sainthood of All Believers
Rejected alternatives: ಶುದ್ಧ
Set apart for God and morally pure; ಶುದ್ಧ leans toward ritual purity.
Sin
Approved rendering: ಪಾಪ
Transliteration: pāpa
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability and the Final Judgment
Rejected alternatives: ಅಧರ್ಮ
Moral transgression before a personal God who judges and forgives, not an impersonal ledger of demerit.
Mercy
Approved rendering: ಕರುಣೆ
Transliteration: karuṇe
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Rejected alternatives: ದಯೆ (generic kindness - too weak for judicial rescue sense)
Original: ἔλεος
Category: Salvation
Partial cultural resonance with Karnataka’s Shakta devotional ‘compassion’ language (Chamundeshwari as Karuṇāmayi at Mysore) and bhakti poets’ Krishna/Shiva compassion. Must retain the judicial/rescue backdrop — a personal God’s mercy toward the objectively guilty, rescuing from real, impending judgment-fire (tying to 1:7) — rather than reading as generic devotional warmth. Anchor with rescue/fire imagery at every occurrence.
Love Agape
Approved rendering: ಪ್ರೀತಿ
Transliteration: prīti
Doctrine: God’s Preserving Love
Rejected alternatives: ಭಕ್ತಿ (devotional-surrender love)
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: God
Must be distinguished from the erotic-mystical devotional love (śṛṅgāra bhakti) central to Haridasa Krishna devotion (the gopis’ love for Krishna) and from Lingayat ishtalinga devotional intimacy. God’s ἀγάπη is holy, self-giving, covenant-keeping love, in which believers remain distinct persons in relationship, not romanticized divine-human intimacy or a path toward eventual merger.
Ungodly
Approved rendering: ಭಕ್ತಿಹೀನ
Transliteration: bhaktihīna
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: ἀσεβής / ἀσέβεια
Category: Judgment
Established Kannada Bible convention, but its ಭಕ್ತಿ root risks being heard within Karnataka’s strong bhakti culture (Haridasa Krishna devotion, Lingayat Shiva devotion) as merely ‘insufficiently devout/emotionally fervent,’ rather than the biblical sense of settled rebellion against God’s rightful authority. A brief gloss — pairing with ದೇವರ ಅಧಿಕಾರವನ್ನು ತಿರಸ್ಕರಿಸುವ (‘rejecting God’s authority’) — is REQUIRED at first use (Jude 1:4). Occurs 6 times total (Jude’s dominant descriptor of the false teachers): 1:4, 1:15 (x4), 1:18.
Judgment Krima Krisis
Approved rendering: ನ್ಯಾಯತೀರ್ಪು
Transliteration: nyāyatīrpu
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: ಕರ್ಮಫಲ (impersonal karma-fruit; already rejected in the baseline’s ‘grace’ entry for the same reason)
Original: κρίμα / κρίσις
Category: Judgment
Covers both κρίμα (a specific judicial verdict/sentence, 1:4) and κρίσις (the act/process of judging, including the eschatological ‘great day,’ 1:6, 1:9, 1:14, 1:15). Single consistent Kannada rendering used for readability; must remain a personal, forensic verdict pronounced by a personal God, never the automatic ripening of an impersonal moral ledger.
Destroyed Perished
Approved rendering: ನಾಶ (ನಾಶಮಾಡಿದನು / ನಾಶವಾಗುತ್ತಾರೆ / ನಾಶವಾದರು)
Transliteration: nāśa (nāśamāḍidanu / nāśavāguttāre / nāśavādaru)
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Original: ἀπόλλυμι family (ἀπώλεσεν, φθείρονται, ἀπώλοντο)
Category: Judgment
Recurring destruction word-family (ἀπόλλυμι: ἀπώλεσεν, φθείρονται, ἀπώλοντο) unifying the three OT judgment types (Israel 1:5, false teachers 1:10, Cain/Balaam/Korah 1:11) under one verb-family. Must be read as personal, moral, final divine judgment upon unbelief, not impersonal decay or the dissolution/re-creation pattern of yuga-cycle cosmology. Single ನಾಶ root required across all three occurrences.
Eternal Fire
Approved rendering: ಶಾಶ್ವತ ಬೆಂಕಿ
Transliteration: śāśvata beṅki
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Rejected alternatives: any ಯುಗ-based ‘cosmic age’ idiom for stylistic variation
Original: πυρὸς αἰωνίου
Category: Judgment
Linear, final judgment-fire, not part of a repeating cosmic-age destruction-and-re-creation cycle. Retain ಶಾಶ್ವತ consistently for αἰώνιος; never substitute a ಯುಗ-based phrase. Same yuga-cycle caution flagged in the baseline’s ‘fulfillment_of_prophecy’ entry applies directly. This fire is the same fire referenced at Jude 1:23’s rescue imagery.
Lordship Dominion Kyriotes
Approved rendering: ಕರ್ತೃತ್ವ
Transliteration: kartṛtva
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: κυριότης
Category: Christology
κυριότης, abstract noun cognate with κύριος, rejected by the false teachers (1:8). Kept cognate with ಕರ್ತ and with the baseline doctrine registry’s existing phrase ‘ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತನ ಕರ್ತೃತ್ವ’ (Lordship of Christ) so readers see the connection between rejecting ‘lordship’ here and denying ‘the Lord’ in 1:4.
Glorious Ones
Approved rendering: ಮಹಿಮೆಯುಳ್ಳವರು
Transliteration: mahimeyuḷḷavaru
Doctrine: Rejection of Divine Authority and Blasphemy of Glorious Beings
Original: δόξαι
Category: Judgment
Distinct concrete plural sense of δόξα (δόξαι) — glorious/majestic (angelic) beings blasphemed by the false teachers — from the ordinary abstract ‘glory’ (ಮಹಿಮೆ) used elsewhere (1:24, 1:25). Requires a translator note so readers do not read this as ‘blaspheme God’s glory’ in the abstract.
Prophesied
Approved rendering: ಪ್ರವಾದಿಸಿದನು
Transliteration: pravādisidanu
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture and True Prophecy
Original: προεφήτευσεν
Category: Covenant
SPECIAL NOTE: Jude here quotes material attributed to Enoch, drawn from the non-canonical Book of 1 Enoch, as a true prophetic word (1:14-15). Requires EXPLICIT theologian briefing: Jude’s citation of true material from 1 Enoch does NOT canonize that book (cf. Paul citing pagan poets in Acts 17:28). This must be distinguished for Kannada readers from the Sharana vachana corpus or Haridasa kirtane literature — genuinely revered as inspired wisdom born of mystical experience, but categorically different from Jude’s closed, God-breathed apostolic Scripture (contrast with the apostolic citation of 1:17, which IS treated as Scripture-level authority).
Sinners
Approved rendering: ಪಾಪಿಗಳು
Transliteration: pāpigaḷu
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability and the Final Judgment
Original: ἁμαρτωλοί
Category: Sin
Standard derivative of the baseline ‘sin’ entry; combined with ಭಕ್ತಿಹೀನ (ungodly) at 1:15 for maximal indictment.
Lusts Desires
Approved rendering: ದುರಾಶೆ
Transliteration: durāśe
Doctrine: Self-Governed Desire and Worldliness
Original: ἐπιθυμία
Category: Judgment
Self-ruled, disordered desire (ἐπιθυμία) governing the false teachers. Must be distinguished from disciplined desire-regulation frameworks in other traditions (e.g., renunciation of kāma as a formal life-stage); Jude’s concern is desire ungoverned by submission to God’s authority, not desire as such.
Soulish
Approved rendering: ಪ್ರಾಪಂಚಿಕ ಸ್ವಭಾವದ
Transliteration: prāpañcika svabhāvada
Doctrine: Sanctification and the Holy Spirit
Rejected alternatives: any ಆತ್ಮ-root word alone
Original: ψυχικοί
Category: Sanctification
Avoid any rendering built on ಆತ್ಮ alone, since Kannada philosophical vocabulary (ಆತ್ಮ, ಜೀವಾತ್ಮ, ಪರಮಾತ್ಮ) carries strong Vedantic freight about the soul’s nature and its relationship to the Ultimate — the same collision the baseline flags for ಪರಮಾತ್ಮ under ‘Holy Spirit.’ ψυχικός here is a negative anthropological diagnosis (unregenerate, Spirit-less humanity), not a description of the soul’s metaphysical status. Compounded by ಪವಿತ್ರಾತ್ಮ appearing one verse later (1:20) — do not let the two create a false ಆತ್ಮ-based parallelism.
Most Holy Faith
Approved rendering: ಅತಿ ಪವಿತ್ರವಾದ ನಂಬಿಕೆ
Transliteration: ati pavitravāda nambike
Doctrine: Contending for the Faith Once Delivered
Original: ἁγιωτάτῃ…πίστει
Category: Faith
Superlative form of established terms (ἁγιωτάτῃ πίστει) — the believers’ secure possession, the same deposit of faith to be contended for in 1:3.
Wavering Doubting
Approved rendering: ಸಂದೇಹಪಡುವವರು
Transliteration: sandēhapaḍuvavaru
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Rejected alternatives: ಅಲೆದಾಡುವವರು (reserved exclusively for ‘wandering stars,’ 1:13, describing hardened false teachers — must not be reused here to avoid blurring Jude’s sharp distinction between a struggling doubter, an object of mercy, and a hardened false teacher, an object of judgment)
Original: διακρινομένους
Category: Salvation
Pastoral category (διακρινόμενοι) — a struggling, doubting believer, not yet an ἀσεβής false teacher; treated with patient mercy rather than the severe judgment language of 1:4-16. ಸಂದೇಹಪಡುವವರು is the PRIMARY and preferred rendering; do not substitute ಅಲೆದಾಡುವವರು.
Snatch From Fire
Approved rendering: ಕಸಿದುಕೊಂಡು ರಕ್ಷಿಸಿ
Transliteration: kasidukoṇḍu rakṣisi
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Original: ἁρπάζοντες
Category: Salvation
Urgent, forcible rescue imagery (ἁρπάζω, echoing Zechariah 3:2). Ensure ‘fire’ (ಬೆಂಕಿ) is read as the SAME judgment-fire named at 1:7, tying the rescue directly to the letter’s judgment theme rather than a generic metaphor.
Dominion Kratos
Approved rendering: ಪ್ರಭುತ್ವ / ಬಲ
Transliteration: prabhutva / bala
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Rejected alternatives: ಶಕ್ತಿ (forbidden, per baseline ‘power_of_god’ rule)
Original: κράτος
Category: God
Do NOT use ಶಕ್ತಿ, per the baseline’s forbidden-substitution rule for ‘power of God’ — κράτος, though a distinct Greek word from δύναμις, carries the same risk of being heard as the Shakta tradition’s distinct divine-feminine power (Chamundeshwari at Mysore, tutelary deity of the former Mysore royal house). Third term of the locked doxological quadruple.
Before All Ages
Approved rendering: ಸಕಲಯುಗಗಳಿಗೂ ಮುಂಚೆ, ಈಗಲೂ, ಎಲ್ಲಾ ಯುಗಗಳವರೆಗೂ
Transliteration: sakalayugagaḷigū munche, īgalū, ellā yugagaḷavaregū
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: πρὸ παντὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος καὶ νῦν καὶ εἰς πάντας τοὺς αἰῶνας
Category: Eschatology
Kannada ಯುಗ (yuga) is deeply associated with the cyclical four-yuga cosmology (Krita/Treta/Dvapara/Kali) of mainstream Hindu cosmology, which repeats without end or final consummation. This doxology’s ‘ages’ must be read as a single, linear, non-repeating span — before creation, through history, into an unending future consummated in Christ. The full bracketing phrase (‘before all…now…to all the ages’) MUST be used every time to override the cyclical connotation the bare noun ಯುಗ could otherwise carry alone.
Medium Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: ಅಪೊಸ್ತಲ
Transliteration: apostala
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture and True Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: ಗುರು, ಜಂಗಮ
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Transliterated, established Kannada Christian term. Avoid ಗುರು or ಜಂಗಮ.
Peace
Approved rendering: ಶಾಂತಿ
Transliteration: śānti
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: ಮನಶ್ಶಾಂತಿ
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Relational peace with God, not the inner tranquility sought through bhakti devotion or Lingayat meditative discipline.
Israel
Approved rendering: ಇಸ್ರಾಯೇಲ್
Transliteration: Isrāyēl
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Original: λαὸν ἐκ γῆς Αἰγύπτου (implicit reference)
Category: Covenant
Proper name; established form.
Beloved Perfect Passive
Approved rendering: ಪ್ರಿಯರಾದ
Transliteration: priyarāda
Doctrine: Divine Calling and Belovedness
Original: ἠγαπημένοις
Category: Salvation
Perfect passive participle (‘having been loved’) — a settled, completed state of being loved by the Father, not momentary or conditional favor.
Love Feasts
Approved rendering: ಪ್ರೀತಿಯ ಔತಣಗಳು
Transliteration: prītiya autaṇagaḷu
Doctrine: Church Unity and Avoiding Division
Original: ἀγάπαι
Category: Church
Technical liturgical sense distinct from ordinary ‘love’ — the early church’s communal fellowship meal, corrupted by the false teachers; a sharp irony to preserve.
Common Shared
Approved rendering: ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ / ಸಮಾನ
Transliteration: sāmānya / samāna
Doctrine: Universal Scope of Salvation (“Common Salvation”)
Original: κοινός
Category: Salvation
Reinforces the no-caste, no-attainment-tier scope of salvation shared equally among all believers — genuine resonance with, yet doctrinally distinct from, the Lingayat reform movement’s historic rejection of caste hierarchy.
Sensuality
Approved rendering: ಸ್ವೇಚ್ಛಾಚಾರ
Transliteration: svēcchācāra
Doctrine: Grace Perverted into License
Original: ἀσέλγεια
Category: Judgment
Shameless, unrestrained self-indulgence, often sexual; the practical fruit of turning grace into a pretext for sin.
Angels
Approved rendering: ದೂತ / ದೇವದೂತ
Transliteration: dūta / dēvadūta
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Original: ἄγγελος
Category: Judgment
Established Kannada Christian usage; the second OT-adjacent warning type — angels who did not keep their proper domain.
Devil
Approved rendering: ಸೈತಾನ
Transliteration: Saitāna
Doctrine: Rejection of Divine Authority and Blasphemy of Glorious Beings
Original: διάβολος
Category: Judgment
Established Kannada Christian term; a real, personal spiritual antagonist, disputing over Moses’ body.
Eternal Chains
Approved rendering: ಶಾಶ್ವತ ಬಂಧನಗಳು
Transliteration: śāśvata bandhanagaḷu
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Original: δεσμοὶ ἀΐδιοι
Category: Judgment
The fallen angels’ present imprisonment awaiting final judgment.
Balaam
Approved rendering: ಬಿಳಾಮ
Transliteration: Biḷāma
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: Βαλαάμ
Category: Judgment
OT type of a prophet corrupted by financial gain; ties to the false teachers’ profit motive at 1:16.
Korah
Approved rendering: ಕೋರಹ
Transliteration: Kōraha
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: Κόρε
Category: Judgment
OT type of rebellion against divinely appointed authority (Numbers 16).
Hidden Reefs
Approved rendering: ಜಲದೊಳಗಿನ ಬಂಡೆಗಳು
Transliteration: jaladoḷagina baṇḍegaḷu
Doctrine: Church Unity and Avoiding Division
Rejected alternatives: ಕಳಂಕ (stains/blemishes) - genuine alternate manuscript reading, flag rather than blend
Original: σπιλάδες
Category: Judgment
Genuine textual/semantic ambiguity (σπιλάδες: ‘submerged rocks’ vs. ‘blemishes/stains’). ಜಲದೊಳಗಿನ ಬಂಡೆಗಳು selected as primary; require a footnoted alternate reading rather than a blended or hedging rendering.
Myriads
Approved rendering: ಕೋಟ್ಯಂತರ / ಅಸಂಖ್ಯಾತ
Transliteration: kōṭyantara / asaṅkhyāta
Doctrine: Eschatological Judgment Day
Original: μυριάσιν
Category: Judgment
Innumerable angelic host (μυριάς) accompanying the Lord’s coming in judgment.
Flattering For Advantage
Approved rendering: ಲಾಭಕ್ಕಾಗಿ ಮುಖಸ್ತುತಿ ಮಾಡುವವರು
Transliteration: lābhakkāgi mukhastuti māḍuvavaru
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: θαυμάζοντες πρόσωπα ὠφελείας χάριν
Category: Judgment
Ties back to Balaam’s profit motive (1:11); a live concern in any religious economy, including Karnataka’s.
Last Time
Approved rendering: ಕಡೇ ಕಾಲ
Transliteration: kaḍē kāla
Doctrine: Eschatological Judgment Day
Original: ἔσχατος χρόνος
Category: Eschatology
Eschatological marker; the false teachers’ rise is itself a predicted sign of the end times.
Scoffers
Approved rendering: ಪರಿಹಾಸ್ಯ ಮಾಡುವವರು
Transliteration: parihāsya māḍuvavaru
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture and True Prophecy
Original: ἐμπαῖκται
Category: Eschatology
Apostolic prophecy of coming mockers, now fulfilled in the false teachers Jude addresses — a fulfillment-of-prophecy note parallel to 1:4.
Causing Divisions
Approved rendering: ವಿಭಜನೆ ಉಂಟುಮಾಡುವವರು
Transliteration: vibhajane uṇṭumāḍuvavaru
Doctrine: Church Unity and Avoiding Division
Original: ἀποδιορίζοντες
Category: Church
Ecclesiological effect of false teaching — schism within the ‘common salvation’ community of 1:3.
Building Up
Approved rendering: ಭಕ್ತಿವೃದ್ಧಿ ಮಾಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವುದು
Transliteration: bhaktivṛddhi māḍikoḷḷuvudu
Doctrine: Church Unity and Avoiding Division
Original: ἐποικοδομοῦντες
Category: Church
Positive counterpart to ἀποδιορίζοντες (‘causing divisions,’ 1:19) — construction versus division.
Garment Stained
Approved rendering: ಶರೀರದಿಂದ ಕಳಂಕಿತವಾದ ವಸ್ತ್ರ
Transliteration: śarīradinda kaḷaṅkitavāda vastra
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Original: τὸν…ἐσπιλωμένον χιτῶνα
Category: Sanctification
Requires care to preserve the fine ethical balance of hating sin’s trace while still rescuing the sinner.
Without Stumbling
Approved rendering: ಎಡವದಂತೆ
Transliteration: eḍavadante
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Original: ἀπταίστους
Category: Salvation
God’s power keeps believers not merely alive but stable and unfallen to the end.
Majesty
Approved rendering: ಘನತೆ / ಮಹಾಮಹಿಮೆ
Transliteration: ghanate / mahāmahime
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: μεγαλωσύνη
Category: God
Distinct from δόξα (‘glory,’ ಮಹಿಮೆ) though overlapping; part of the fourfold doxological ascription (1:25). Second term of a locked quadruple — do not collapse into ಮಹಿಮೆ.
Low Risk Terms
Prophet
Approved rendering: ಪ್ರವಾದಿ
Transliteration: pravādi
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture and True Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: ಜ್ಯೋತಿಷಿ
God’s spokesperson, not a fortune-teller/astrologer.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: ಪ್ರವಾದನೆ
Transliteration: pravādane
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture and True Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: ಭವಿಷ್ಯಫಲ
God-inspired declaration, distinct from astrological forecasting.
Moses
Approved rendering: ಮೋಶೆ
Transliteration: Mōśe
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Original: Μωϋσῆς
Category: Judgment
Established transliteration.
Brother
Approved rendering: ಸಹೋದರ
Transliteration: sahōdara
Doctrine: Servanthood to Christ (Bondservant Identity)
Original: ἀδελφός
Category: Authorship
Standard term; no significant risk.
James
Approved rendering: ಯಾಕೋಬ
Transliteration: Yākōba
Doctrine: Servanthood to Christ (Bondservant Identity)
Original: Ἰάκωβος
Category: Authorship
Established Kannada Bible proper-name form.
Jude Author
Approved rendering: ಯೂದ
Transliteration: Yūda
Doctrine: Servanthood to Christ (Bondservant Identity)
Author’s name. Use the book-title form ಯೂದನ ಪತ್ರಿಕೆ (‘the Letter of Jude’) as the established Kannada Bible book name. Flag to avoid any confusion with ಯೂದಾ ಇಸ್ಕರಿಯೋತ (Judas Iscariot) in the running text.
Beloved Agapetoi
Approved rendering: ಪ್ರಿಯರೇ
Transliteration: priyarē
Doctrine: God’s Preserving Love
Original: ἀγαπητοί
Category: Church
Standard Kannada Christian epistolary address; frames the letter’s urgency as loving concern, not hostility.
Archangel
Approved rendering: ಪ್ರಧಾನ ದೂತ
Transliteration: pradhāna dūta
Doctrine: Rejection of Divine Authority and Blasphemy of Glorious Beings
Original: ἀρχάγγελος
Category: Judgment
Standard, low-risk term; title of Michael.
Michael
Approved rendering: ಮೀಕಾಯೇಲ್
Transliteration: Mīkāyēl
Doctrine: Rejection of Divine Authority and Blasphemy of Glorious Beings
Original: Μιχαήλ
Category: Judgment
Established Kannada Bible proper-name form; models reverent restraint in disputing with the devil.
Sodom Gomorrah
Approved rendering: ಸೊದೋಮ ಮತ್ತು ಗೊಮೋರ
Transliteration: Sodōma mattu Gomōra
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Original: Σόδομα καὶ Γόμορρα
Category: Judgment
Standard Kannada OT transliteration; the third OT warning type.
Irrational Animals
Approved rendering: ಬುದ್ಧಿಹೀನ ಪ್ರಾಣಿಗಳು
Transliteration: buddhihīna prāṇigaḷu
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: ἄλογα ζῷα
Category: Judgment
Instinct-driven moral comparison; the false teachers are worse in reverence than Michael, no better than animals in moral understanding.
Cain
Approved rendering: ಕಾಯಿನ
Transliteration: Kāyina
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: Κάϊν
Category: Judgment
OT type of murderous, self-willed rejection of God’s instruction.
Fruitless
Approved rendering: ಫಲರಹಿತ
Transliteration: phalarahita
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: ἄκαρπος
Category: Judgment
Spiritual fruitlessness despite outward appearance of growth (autumn trees in leaf but without fruit).
Wandering Stars
Approved rendering: ಅಲೆದಾಡುವ ನಕ್ಷತ್ರಗಳು
Transliteration: aledāḍuva nakṣatragaḷu
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: ἀστέρες πλανῆται
Category: Judgment
Cosmic image of instability and false guidance. IMPORTANT: this ಅಲೆದಾಡು-root rendering is reserved EXCLUSIVELY for this hardened-false-teacher image; it must NOT be reused for ‘wavering’ believers at 1:22 (see ‘wavering_doubting’ entry) to preserve Jude’s sharp distinction between hardened false teachers (judgment) and struggling doubters (mercy).
Enoch
Approved rendering: ಹನೋಕ
Transliteration: Hanōka
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture and True Prophecy
Original: Ἑνώχ
Category: Covenant
Established OT proper name; ‘seventh from Adam,’ whose prophecy Jude cites.
Adam
Approved rendering: ಆದಾಮ
Transliteration: Ādāma
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture and True Prophecy
Original: Ἀδάμ
Category: Covenant
Established OT proper name; used to date Enoch’s antiquity.
Grumblers Malcontents
Approved rendering: ಗುಣುಗುಣಿಸುವವರು / ಅತೃಪ್ತರು
Transliteration: guṇuguṇisuvavaru / atṛptaru
Doctrine: Self-Governed Desire and Worldliness
Original: γογγυσταί, μεμψίμοιροι
Category: Judgment
Echoes Israel’s wilderness grumbling (implicit callback to 1:5).
Bombastic Words
Approved rendering: ಅಹಂಕಾರದ ಮಾತುಗಳು
Transliteration: ahaṅkārada mātugaḷu
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: ὑπέρογκα
Category: Judgment
Empty, self-inflating speech.
Exultant Joy
Approved rendering: ಆನಂದೋತ್ಸಾಹದಿಂದ
Transliteration: ānandōtsāhadinda
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: ἐν ἀγαλλιάσει
Category: Church
Sets the joyful, not somber, emotional register of the final presentation before God.
Authority Exousia
Approved rendering: ಅಧಿಕಾರ
Transliteration: adhikāra
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Standard, low-risk term. Fourth and final term of the locked doxological quadruple.
Amen
Approved rendering: ಆಮೆನ್
Transliteration: Āmen
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: ἀμήν
Category: Church
Established transliteration standard.
Referenced passages