Core Glossary
Core Glossary: Luke (English → Kannada)
This glossary cites terms from every chapter of Luke (1–24). Terms already recorded in the Romans baseline translation_memory.json are marked [BASELINE REUSE] and must be rendered exactly as recorded there; no alternative is permitted. Terms new to this curriculum are marked [NEW] and are proposed here for adoption into an updated translation memory (to be versioned as translation_memory.json v2 in Phase 2 tooling).
Section A — Baseline Terms Reused from Romans (Verbatim Enforcement)
| English Term | Kannada Rendering | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine Category | Key Luke Passages | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | ದೇವರು | Dēvaru | Critical | God | throughout | No change; baseline forbidden substitutions (ಭಗವಂತ, ಪರಶಿವ) still apply |
| Jesus | ಯೇಸು | Yēsu | Critical | Christology | throughout | No change |
| Holy Spirit | ಪವಿತ್ರಾತ್ಮ | Pavitrātma | Critical | God | 1:15,35,41; 3:16,22; 4:1,14,18; 11:13; 12:10; 24:49 | Never ಪರಮಾತ್ಮ |
| Father | ತಂದೆ | Tande | Critical | God/Adoption | 2:49; 10:21-22; 11:2,13; 15:11-32; 22:42; 23:34,46 | No change |
| Lord | ಕರ್ತ | Karta | Critical | Lordship of Christ | 1:43; 2:11; 7:13; 10:1; 20:42-44 | Never ಸ್ವಾಮಿ |
| Son of God | ದೇವರ ಮಗ | Dēvara Maga | Critical | Sonship/Deity of Christ | 1:32,35; 3:38 (of Adam); 4:3,9,41; 8:28; 22:70 | Context-check Adam vs. Christ |
| Messiah/Christ | ಮೆಸ್ಸೀಯ / ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತ | Messīya / Krista | Critical | Messianic Promise | 2:11,26; 3:15; 4:41; 9:20; 20:41; 22:67; 23:2,35,39; 24:26,46 | No change |
| Incarnation (theological category) | ದೇಹಧಾರಣೆ | dēhadhāraṇe | Critical | Incarnation | 1:31-35; 2:7 | Never ಅವತಾರ |
| Resurrection | ಪುನರುತ್ಥಾನ | punarutthāna | Critical | Resurrection | 9:22; 14:14; 20:27-38; 24:1-49 | Never ಪುನರ್ಜನ್ಮ |
| Salvation | ರಕ್ಷಣೆ | rakṣaṇe | Critical | Salvation | 1:69,71,77; 2:11,30; 3:6; 19:9-10 | Never ಮೋಕ್ಷ/ಮುಕ್ತಿ/ಐಕ್ಯ |
| Righteousness / justified | ನೀತಿವಂತಿಕೆ / ನೀತಿವಂತರೆಂದು ನಿರ್ಣಯಿಸುವುದು | nītivantike / nītivantarendu nirṇayisuvudu | Critical | Salvation | 1:6; 18:9-14; 23:47 | Never ಧರ್ಮ |
| Grace/favor | ಕೃಪೆ | kṛpe | High | Grace | 1:30; 2:40,52; 4:22 | vs. karma-merit, kayaka-dasoha |
| Faith | ನಂಬಿಕೆ | nambike | High | Faith | 5:20; 7:9,50; 8:25,48; 17:19; 18:8,42 | vs. bhakti-surrender |
| Called/calling | ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ / ಕರೆ | kareyalpaṭṭa / kare | High | Divine Calling | 5:32; 6:13 | Context-sensitive |
| Holy | ಪವಿತ್ರ | pavitra | High | Sanctification | 1:15,35,49,70,72 | vs. ritual purity only |
| Saints | ಪವಿತ್ರ ಜನರು | pavitra janaru | High | Sainthood | (Luke Gospel: sparse; anticipates Acts) | Never ಶರಣರು |
| Law | ನಿಯಮಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ | niyamaśāstra | High | Covenant | 2:22-27,39; 10:26; 16:16-17; 24:44 | Never ಧರ್ಮ |
| Sin | ಪಾಪ | pāpa | High | Sin | 3:3; 5:20-24; 7:37-49; 11:4; 15:18,21; 24:47 | Base for ಪಾಪಿಗಳು, ಪಾಪ ಕ್ಷಮೆ |
| Gentiles | ಅನ್ಯಜನಾಂಗದವರು | anyajanāṅgadavaru | Medium | Unity of Jews/Gentiles | 2:32; 21:24; 24:47 | No change |
| Glory | ಮಹಿಮೆ | mahime | High | Deity of Christ | 2:9,14,32; 9:31-32; 24:26 | No change |
| Peace | ಶಾಂತಿ | śānti | Medium | Peace with God | 1:79; 2:14,29; 7:50; 10:5-6; 12:51; 19:38,42 | No change |
| Power of God | ದೇವರ ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯ | Dēvara Sāmarthya | High | Power of God | 1:35; 4:14,36; 5:17; 24:49 | Never ಶಕ್ತಿ |
| Kingdom of God | ದೇವರ ರಾಜ್ಯ | Dēvara Rājya | Medium | Kingdom Present/Future | 4:43; 6:20; 8:1,10; 9:2,11,27,60,62; 10:9,11; 11:20; 13:18-29; 14:15; 16:16; 17:20-21; 18:16-29; 19:11; 21:31; 22:16-18,29-30; 23:42-43 | Central recurring term of curriculum |
| Covenant | ಒಡಂಬಡಿಕೆ | oḍambaḍike | High | Davidic/New Covenant | 1:72; 22:20 | Never ಒಪ್ಪಂದ |
| David | ದಾವೀದ | Dāvīda | Medium | Davidic Covenant | 1:27,32,69; 2:4,11; 3:31; 18:38-39; 20:41-44 | No change |
| Israel | ಇಸ್ರಾಯೇಲ್ | Isrāyēl | Medium | Unity of Jews/Gentiles | 1:16,54,68,80; 2:25,32,34; 24:21 | No change |
| Prophet/prophecy | ಪ್ರವಾದಿ / ಪ್ರವಾದನೆ | pravādi / pravādane | Low | Inspiration/Fulfillment of Prophecy | 1:76; 2:36; 3:4; 4:17,24,27; 7:16,26,39; 13:33-34; 16:16,29,31; 24:19,25,27,44 | No change |
| Apostle | ಅಪೊಸ್ತಲ | apostala | Medium | Apostleship | 6:13; 9:10; 11:49; 17:5; 22:14; 24:10 | Never ಗುರು/ಜಂಗಮ |
| Election | ದೇವರ ಆಯ್ಕೆ | Dēvara Āyke | High | Effectual Calling | 9:35; 18:7; 23:35 | Never ಹಣೆಬರಹ/ವಿಧಿ |
| Providence/divine necessity | ದೇವರ ಪರಿಪಾಲನೆ | Dēvara Paripālane | High | Providence | 4:43 (δεῖ); 24:26 (δεῖ) | Never ಹಣೆಬರಹ/ಕರ್ಮದ ನಿಯಮ |
| Mission | ಸುವಾರ್ತಾ ಪ್ರಸಾರ | suvārtā prasāra | Medium | Mission to the Nations | 9:1-6; 10:1-12; 24:47 | Prefer over ಮಿಷನ್ |
| Gospel/good news | ಸುವಾರ್ತೆ | suvārte | High | Gospel | 1:19; 2:10; 3:18; 4:18,43; 7:22; 8:1; 9:6; 16:16; 20:1 | Never ಸುದ್ದಿ |
| Intercession/prayer for others | ಮಧ್ಯಸ್ಥಿಕೆ | madhyasthike | Medium | Prayer and Intercession | 22:32 | Standard |
| Thanksgiving | ಕೃತಜ್ಞತಾಸ್ತುತಿ | kṛtajñatāstuti | Low | Thanksgiving | 17:16; 22:17,19 | No change |
| Fellowship | ಅನ್ಯೋನ್ಯತೆ | anyōnyate | Low | Christian Fellowship | 24:35 (breaking of bread, implied) | No change |
| Abba | ಅಬ್ಬಾ | Abbā | High | Adoption | (Luke uses ಪಾಟೆರ್/Πάτερ directly rather than Aramaic Abba; retained for consistency with Romans 8:15 usage) | Cross-reference only |
Section B — New Terms Introduced by Luke’s Curriculum
| English Term | Original (Greek) | Transliteration | Kannada Rendering | Literal Meaning | Risk | Doctrine Category | Key Passages | Rejected Alternatives & Reason |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Repentance | μετάνοια | metanoia | ಮಾನಸಾಂತರ | ”turning of the mind/heart” | High | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins | 3:3,8; 5:32; 13:3,5; 15:7,10; 24:47 | ಪ್ರಾಯಶ್ಚಿತ್ತ (ritual self-performed atonement/expiation) — implies earning removal of sin’s effect rather than receiving forgiveness after God-ward reorientation |
| Forgiveness (of sins) | ἄφεσις (ἁμαρτιῶν) | aphesis (hamartiōn) | ಪಾಪ ಕ್ಷಮೆ | ”sending away of sin” | Critical | Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins | 1:77; 3:3; 4:18; 5:20-24; 7:47-49; 11:4; 17:3-4; 24:47 | — ; Note: same Greek word ἄφεσις also renders “release” (ಬಿಡುಗಡೆ) at 4:18’s “release to captives” — wordplay lost in Kannada, mandatory translator note |
| Release (of captives) | ἄφεσις | aphesis | ಬಿಡುಗಡೆ | ”a letting go” | High | Good News to the Poor / Kingdom | 4:18 | Same source word as “forgiveness” above; see wordplay note |
| Poor | πτωχός | ptōchos | ಬಡವರು | ”destitute, beggarly” | Medium-High | Good News to the Poor and Marginalized | 4:18; 6:20; 7:22; 14:13,21; 16:20,22; 18:22; 19:8; 21:3 | — ; must retain literal economic sense alongside extended marginalized sense |
| Rich | πλούσιος | plousios | ಧನಿಕ | ”wealthy” | Low-Medium | Good News to the Poor / Reversal theology | 1:53; 6:24; 12:16; 14:12; 16:1,19,21-22; 18:23,25; 19:2; 21:1 | — |
| Sinners | ἁμαρτωλός | hamartōlos | ಪಾಪಿಗಳು | ”sinful ones” | Low-Medium | Compassion and Table Fellowship | 5:8,30,32; 6:32-34; 7:34,37,39; 15:1-2,7,10; 18:13; 19:7 | — |
| Tax collector | τελώνης | telōnēs | ಸುಂಕದವರು | ”toll-collector” | Low-Medium | Compassion and Table Fellowship | 3:12; 5:27-30; 7:29,34; 15:1; 18:10-13; 19:2 | — |
| Son of Man | υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου | huios tou anthrōpou | ಮನುಷ್ಯಕುಮಾರ | ”son of humanity” | Critical | Christology (Deity/Humanity) | 5:24; 6:5,22; 7:34; 9:22,26,44,56,58; 11:30; 12:8,10,40; 17:22-30; 18:8,31; 19:10; 21:27,36; 22:22,48,69; 24:7 | Never rendered as generic “a human being” — must retain titular force |
| Disciple | μαθητής | mathētēs | ಶಿಷ್ಯ | ”learner, follower” | High | Cost and Joy of Discipleship | 5:30; 6:1,13,17,20,40; 9:14,54; 10:23; 11:1; 12:1,22; 14:26-33; 17:1,22; 19:37,39; 22:11,39,45 | ಗುರುಶಿಷ್ಯ-lineage framing avoided; disciple here follows the Lord/Savior, not a self-attained teacher within a guru-paramparā |
| Follow | ἀκολουθέω | akoloutheō | ಹಿಂಬಾಲಿಸು | ”to go/come after” | Medium | Cost and Joy of Discipleship | 5:11,27-28; 9:23,57-62; 18:22,28,43 | — |
| Cross (take up) | σταυρός | stauros | ಶಿಲುಬೆ | ”stake, execution-cross” | Medium-High | Cost and Joy of Discipleship | 9:23; 14:27; 23:26 | Must retain shame/execution-instrument sense, not a decorative religious symbol only |
| Deny (self) | ἀπαρνέομαι | aparneomai | ನಿರಾಕರಿಸು | ”to disown, refuse” | Medium | Cost and Joy of Discipleship | 9:23; 22:34,61 (Peter’s denial of Christ, contrastive use) | Context-sensitive: self-denial (9:23) vs. denial-of-Christ (22:34) are opposite senses |
| Joy | χαρά | chara | ಸಂತೋಷ | ”joy, gladness” | Medium-High | Kingdom Present/Future; Repentance | 1:14,44; 2:10; 6:23; 10:17,21; 15:7,10,32; 19:6,37; 24:41,52 | ಆನಂದ rejected as primary term — carries Vedantic/bhakti “mystical bliss/union” connotation (sat-chit-ānanda; Aikya-bliss) risking conflation with absorption-joy rather than relational, historical rejoicing |
| Compassion | σπλαγχνίζομαι | splanchnizomai | ಕನಿಕರಪಡು / ಕರುಣೆ ತೋರು | ”to be moved in the inward parts” | Medium | Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship | 7:13; 10:33; 15:20 | — |
| Neighbor | πλησίον | plēsion | ನೆರೆಯವನು | ”the one near” | High | Savior for All / Good Samaritan ethic | 10:27-37 | Must not be limited to one’s own caste/community group |
| Samaritan | Σαμαρίτης | Samaritēs | ಸಮಾರ್ಯದವನು | ethnic/religious proper term | Medium-High | Savior for All Nations | 9:52-56; 10:33; 17:16 | Requires background explanation; no OT-literacy assumption |
| Savior | σωτήρ | sōtēr | ರಕ್ಷಕ | ”one who saves/rescues” | Critical | Jesus as Savior for All | 1:47; 2:11 | Not one deliverer among many chosen iṣṭa-devatās |
| Anoint(ed) | χρίω | chriō | ಅಭಿಷೇಕಿಸು | ”to smear/anoint” | Critical | Fulfillment of Messianic Promise | 4:18 | Must distinguish from Śaiva ritual abhiṣeka (image/liṅga anointing); no equally established alternative exists — mandatory translator note every occurrence |
| Year of the Lord’s favor | ἐνιαυτὸς κυρίου δεκτός | eniautos kyriou dektos | ಕರ್ತನ ಕೃಪಾವರುಷ | ”acceptable year of the Lord” | High | Kingdom Present and Future | 4:19 | Not an astrologically “auspicious year” (ಶುಭ ವರ್ಷ); unrepeatable historical Jubilee fulfillment |
| Today (eschatological) | σήμερον | sēmeron | ಇಂದು | ”today” | Medium-High | Kingdom Present and Future | 2:11; 4:21; 19:5,9; 23:43 | Preserve emphatic, fronted force; keep consistent across all five occurrences |
| Virgin | παρθένος | parthenos | ಕನ್ಯೆ | ”virgin” | Critical | Incarnation | 1:27,34 | Never “young woman” generically |
| Overshadow | ἐπισκιάζω | episkiazō | ನೆರಳಿನಂತೆ ಆವರಿಸು | ”to cast a shadow over” | High | Incarnation | 1:35; 9:34 (transfiguration cloud) | Must not suggest a repeatable avatar-style descent |
| Redemption | λύτρωσις / ἀπολύτρωσις | lytrōsis / apolytrōsis | ವಿಮೋಚನೆ | ”a ransoming/release” | High | Salvation | 1:68; 2:38; 21:28 | Not mokṣa/mukti-style dissolution-liberation |
| Wisdom | σοφία | sophia | ಜ್ಞಾನ (ಬುದ್ಧಿ-ಜ್ಞಾನ preferred compound) | “wisdom, understanding” | High | Humanity of Christ | 2:40,52 | ಜ್ಞಾನ alone risks Advaita jñāna-mārga (liberating gnosis) connotation |
| Baptism | βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω | baptisma / baptizō | ದೀಕ್ಷಾಸ್ನಾನ | ”initiation-washing” | High | Repentance and Forgiveness | 3:3,7,12,16,21; 7:29-30; 12:50; 20:4 | ದೀಕ್ಷೆ collision with guru/Liṅgāyat iṣṭaliṅga initiation; catechetical note required |
| Wrath (to come) | ὀργή | orgē | ಕ್ರೋಧ | ”anger” | Medium | Repentance and Forgiveness | 3:7; 21:23 | Righteous judicial wrath, not capricious anger |
| Fruit (of repentance) | καρπός | karpos | ಫಲ | ”fruit, result” | Medium-High | Repentance and Forgiveness | 3:8-9; 6:43-44; 8:8,14-15; 13:6-9 | Distinguish from karma-phala (merit-generating result of action) |
| Unclean spirit/demon | πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον / δαιμόνιον | pneuma akatharton / daimonion | ಅಶುದ್ಧ ಆತ್ಮ / ದುರಾತ್ಮ | ”unclean spirit” | High | Holy Spirit’s Work / Jesus’ Authority | 4:33-36,41; 8:2,27-33,35-38; 9:1,37-43; 11:14-26,24; 13:11,16 | Must not be assimilated to coastal Karnataka Bhūta Kōla spirit-propitiation framework |
| Authority | ἐξουσία | exousia | ಅಧಿಕಾರ | ”right/power to act” | Medium-High | Kingdom of God / Christology | 4:32,36; 5:24; 9:1; 10:19; 20:2,8; 22:53 | Jesus’ authority intrinsic, not delegated like a guru’s attained status |
| Divine necessity (“must”) | δεῖ | dei | ಅಗತ್ಯ/ಬೇಕು | ”it is necessary” | Medium-High | Providence | 2:49; 4:43; 9:22; 13:33; 17:25; 19:5; 21:9; 22:37; 24:7,26,44 | Not fatalistic ಹಣೆಬರಹ; purposive divine plan |
| Blessed | μακάριος | makarios | ಧನ್ಯರು | ”happy, favored” | High | Good News to the Poor | 1:45; 6:20-22; 7:23; 10:23; 11:27-28; 12:37-38,43; 14:14-15; 23:29 | Not “lucky/fortunate” by chance or merit (puṇya) |
| Woe | οὐαί | ouai | ಅಯ್ಯೋ | prophetic lament/warning | Medium | Reversal Theology | 6:24-26; 10:13; 11:39-52; 17:1; 21:23; 22:22 | — |
| Kingdom near/present | ἐγγίζω | engizō | ಸಮೀಪಿಸು | ”to draw near” | High | Kingdom Present and Future | 10:9,11; 21:8,20,28,31 | Hold already/not-yet tension |
| Kingdom within/among you | ἐντὸς ὑμῶν | entos hymōn | ನಿಮ್ಮ ಮಧ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ (preferred) / ನಿಮ್ಮ ಒಳಗೆ (avoid as primary) | “within/among you” | Critical | Kingdom Present and Future | 17:21 | ನಿಮ್ಮ ಒಳಗೆ risks collision with Liṅgāyat iṣṭaliṅga-indwelling and Vedantic antaryāmin doctrine; mandatory theologian review |
| Eternal life | ζωὴ αἰώνιος | zōē aiōnios | ನಿತ್ಯಜೀವ | ”life without end” | High | Salvation | 10:25; 18:18,30 | Not mokṣa/mukti-style impersonal absorption |
| Inherit | κληρονομέω | klēronomeō | ಬಾಧ್ಯಸ್ಥನಾಗು / ಸ್ವಾಸ್ತ್ಯ ಹೊಂದು | ”to receive as heir” | Medium | Salvation/Adoption | 10:25; 18:18 | Ties to baseline adoption/inheritance theology |
| Prayer | προσευχή / προσεύχομαι | proseuchē / proseuchomai | ಪ್ರಾರ್ಥನೆ / ಪ್ರಾರ್ಥಿಸು | ”prayer, to pray” | Medium | Prayer and Dependence on God | 3:21; 5:16; 6:12; 9:18,28-29; 11:1-13; 18:1,10-14; 22:32,39-46 | Distinguish from puja/harake vow-bargaining and from meditative iṣṭaliṅga engagement |
| Ask/seek/knock | αἰτέω / ζητέω / κρούω | aiteō / zēteō / krouō | ಕೇಳಿರಿ / ಹುಡುಕಿರಿ / ತಟ್ಟಿರಿ | — | Medium | Prayer and Dependence on God | 11:9-13 | Confident child-to-Father asking, not transactional vow-bargaining |
| Great banquet / table fellowship | δεῖπνον μέγα / συνεσθίω | deipnon mega / synesthiō | ದೊಡ್ಡ ಔತಣ / ಜೊತೆ ಊಟಮಾಡುವುದು | ”great feast / to eat together” | High | Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship | 5:29-32; 7:36-50; 14:12-24; 15:1-2,23-32; 19:5-7 | Must not soften caste-commensality-crossing scandal into generic hospitality |
| Mammon | μαμωνᾶς | mamōnas | ಮಮ್ಮೋನ (+ ಧನ gloss) | “wealth” (personified) | Medium | Kingdom Present and Future / Discipleship | 16:9,11,13 | Retain rival-master personification |
| Hades | ᾅδης | hadēs | ಪಾತಾಳ / ನರಕ | realm of the dead / place of torment | Critical | Eschatology | 10:15; 16:23 | Distinguish from temporary karma-purification naraka preceding rebirth |
| Lost/found | ἀπολωλός / εὑρέθη | apolōlos / heurethē | ಕಳೆದುಹೋದದ್ದು / ಸಿಕ್ಕಿತು | ”lost / was found” | Medium-High | Good News to the Poor/Marginalized; Repentance | 15:4-32; 19:10 | Preserve God’s active seeking initiative (grace, not self-attainment) |
| Paradise | παράδεισος | paradeisos | ಪರದೈಸು (preferred transliteration) | “paradise, garden” | Critical | Salvation/Eschatology | 23:43 | Not primarily ಸ್ವರ್ಗ (temporary merit-based heavenly abode in Hindu cosmology) |
| New covenant (in my blood) | καινὴ διαθήκη | kainē diathēkē | ಹೊಸ ಒಡಂಬಡಿಕೆ | ”new covenant” | Critical | Repentance and Forgiveness / Covenant | 22:20 | Builds on baseline ಒಡಂಬಡಿಕೆ; not a mere renewed contract |
| Body/blood (Lord’s Supper) | σῶμα / αἷμα | sōma / haima | ದೇಹ / ರಕ್ತ | ”body / blood” | High | Repentance and Forgiveness / Atonement | 22:19-20 | Distinguish from prasāda (merit/blessing-transfer through consumed sacred food) |
| Commit (my spirit) | παρατίθεμαι | paratithemai | ಒಪ್ಪಿಸುತ್ತೇನೆ | ”I entrust/hand over” | Medium-High | Prayer and Dependence on God | 23:46 | Trustful relational self-giving, not fatalistic resignation |
| Ascension | ἀναφέρω / ἀνέβη | anapherō / anebē | ಆರೋಹಣ / ಪರಲೋಕಕ್ಕೆ ಒಯ್ಯಲ್ಪಟ್ಟನು | ”carried up” | High | Christology/Eschatology | 24:51 | Not a repeatable yogic/mystical ascent of consciousness |
| Worship (exclusive) | προσκυνέω | proskyneō | ಆರಾಧಿಸು | ”to prostrate before, worship” | High | Deity of Christ | 24:52 | Prefer over ನಮಸ್ಕರಿಸು (generic respectful greeting) to retain exclusivity claim |
| Clothed with power from on high | ἐνδύω… δύναμιν ἐξ ὕψους | endyō… dynamin ex hypsous | ಮೇಲಿನಿಂದ ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯವನ್ನು ಧರಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳಿ | ”put on power from above” | Critical | Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History | 24:49 | Uses baseline ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯ; never ಶಕ್ತಿ (Chamundeshwari Śākta-tradition collision) |
| Justified (forensic) | δικαιόω (perf. pass. ptc.) | dikaioō | ನೀತಿವಂತರೆಂದು ನಿರ್ಣಯಿಸುವುದು | ”declared righteous” | Critical | Salvation (Justification) | 18:14 | Reuse baseline exact phrase; never abbreviated |
| Leper/leprosy | λεπρός | lepros | ಕುಷ್ಠರೋಗಿ | ”leprous one” | Medium | Compassion and Table Fellowship | 5:12-14; 7:22; 17:12-19 | Bridge to purity-taboo systems; retain Jesus’ willingness to touch |
| Consolation of Israel | παράκλησις τοῦ Ἰσραήλ | paraklēsis tou Israēl | ಇಸ್ರಾಯೇಲಿನ ಆದರಣೆ | ”comfort of Israel” | Medium | Messianic Promise | 2:25 | — |
| Visited (redemptively) | ἐπισκέπτομαι | episkeptomai | ಪರಾಂಬರಿಸಿದನು / ಭೇಟಿಕೊಟ್ಟನು | ”to look upon, attend to” | Medium | Salvation History | 1:68,78; 7:16 | Purposeful redemptive visitation, not casual visit |
| Chosen One | ἐκλελεγμένος | eklelegmenos | ಆಯ್ಕೆಯಾದವನು | ”having been chosen” | High | Sonship of Christ / Election | 9:35 | Unique divine election of the Son; not general believers’-election doctrine |
| ”Hate” (priority idiom) | μισέω | miseō | (idiom — do not render literally as ದ್ವೇಷಿಸು without note) | Semitic comparative-priority idiom | High | Cost of Discipleship | 14:26 | Requires idiom-handling translator note; absolute claim of Christ’s priority, not literal command to hate family |
Section C — Risk Tier Summary for Luke-Specific Terms
| Risk Tier | Count (new Luke terms) | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 11 (Son of Man, Anoint, Virgin, Redemption*, Hades, Paradise, New Covenant, Justified, Kingdom within/among you, Clothed with power from on high, Forgiveness of sins) | Human theologian — mandatory every occurrence |
| High | 20 | Human theologian |
| Medium | 17 | Native speaker review |
| Low-Medium/Low | 8 | Native speaker or automated review |
*Redemption (ವಿಮೋಚನೆ) is rated High above per-entry but flagged here alongside Critical-adjacent terms given its direct load-bearing link to the Critical salvation doctrine.
Section D — Cross-Document Consistency Requirements (New for Luke)
The following renderings must be verbatim identical everywhere they occur, per the Theological Consistency Rules pattern established in the Romans baseline:
- Luke 4:18-21 (core passage) — the definitive rendering for ಬಡವರಿಗೆ ಸುವಾರ್ತೆ (good news to the poor), ಪಾಪ ಕ್ಷಮೆ/ಬಿಡುಗಡೆ (forgiveness/release), and ಇಂದು ನೆರವೇರಿತು (today… fulfilled) must be fixed first and then reused identically at 7:22, 19:9-10, and 24:47.
- “Your faith has saved you; go in peace” (7:50; 8:48; 17:19; 18:42) — one fixed Kannada sentence for all four occurrences.
- “Today” (σήμερον: 2:11; 4:21; 19:5,9; 23:43) — one fixed Kannada rendering (ಇಂದು) with consistent emphatic placement.
- Luke 17:21 (“kingdom of God…ἐντὸς ὑμῶν”) — a single, theologian-approved rendering must be fixed before any Phase 2 segment translation proceeds, given its Critical risk tier.
- Luke 24:47 (“repentance and forgiveness of sins…to all nations”) must reuse, without variation, the Chapter 3 and Chapter 4 renderings of ಮಾನಸಾಂತರ and ಪಾಪ ಕ್ಷಮೆ.
This glossary must be loaded alongside, not instead of, the Romans baseline translation_memory.json. All Section A entries defer entirely to the baseline file as system of record; Section B entries are proposed additions pending Phase 1 Step 2+ ratification into an updated translation memory for the Luke curriculum.
Critical Risk Terms
Righteousness
Approved rendering: ನೀತಿವಂತಿಕೆ
Transliteration: nītivantike
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ಧರ್ಮ, ಪುಣ್ಯ
Original: δικαιοσύνη / δίκαιος
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: never ಧರ್ಮ. Used of Zechariah and Elizabeth (1:6) and climactically in the justification parable (18:9-14).
Justification
Approved rendering: ನೀತಿವಂತರೆಂದು ನಿರ್ಣಯಿಸುವುದು
Transliteration: nītivantarendu nirṇayisuvudu
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ಕ್ಷಮೆ ಪಡೆಯುವುದು, ಪುಣ್ಯ ಗಳಿಸುವುದು
Original: δικαιόω (δεδικαιωμένος)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Compound phrase required, never abbreviated. Used at Luke 18:14 of the tax collector, not the Pharisee — Luke’s clearest grace-not-merit text.
Salvation
Approved rendering: ರಕ್ಷಣೆ
Transliteration: rakṣaṇe
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ಮೋಕ್ಷ, ಮುಕ್ತಿ, ಐಕ್ಯ
Original: σωτηρία / σῴζω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: NEVER ಮೋಕ್ಷ, ಮುಕ್ತಿ, or ಐಕ್ಯ. Used throughout Luke’s Benedictus (1:69,71,77), Simeon’s song (2:30), and Zacchaeus (19:9-10, ‘today salvation has come to this house’).
Resurrection
Approved rendering: ಪುನರುತ್ಥಾನ
Transliteration: punarutthāna
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ಪುನರ್ಜನ್ಮ
Original: ἀνάστασις / ἀνίστημι
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: NEVER ಪುನರ್ಜನ್ಮ. Used at 9:22; 14:14; 20:27-38 (Sadducee debate — bodily resurrection affirmed, not reincarnation); 24:1-49 (climactic narration).
Lord
Approved rendering: ಕರ್ತ
Transliteration: karta
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ಸ್ವಾಮಿ
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: never ಸ್ವಾಮಿ. Used from before Jesus’ birth (1:43) through the David’s-Lord riddle (20:41-44) and the enthronement testimony (22:69).
Son Of God
Approved rendering: ದೇವರ ಮಗ
Transliteration: Dēvara Maga
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ದೇವಮಾನವ
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Full phrase required. Context-sensitive in Luke: Gabriel’s title (1:32,35), temptation/demonic confession (4:3,9,41; 8:28), Sanhedrin trial (22:70) all refer to Christ’s unique Sonship; 3:38’s ‘Adam, son of God’ is a DIFFERENT, creational sense and requires a disambiguating translator note so the two are never conflated.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: ದೇಹಧಾರಣೆ
Transliteration: dēhadhāraṇe
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: ಅವತಾರ
Original: (theological category; cf. σὰρξ ἐγένετο pattern)
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: NEVER ಅವತಾರ, especially salient for readers formed by coastal Karnataka’s Haridasa Krishna-bhakti tradition. Governs Luke 1:26-35; 2:1-7.
Messiah
Approved rendering: ಮೆಸ್ಸೀಯ
Transliteration: Messīya
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: ಅವತಾರಪುರುಷ
Original: Χριστός / Χριστὸς κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Also rendered ಕ್ರಿಸ್ತ (Krista) per the Luke-specific proper-name convention. Announced at birth (2:11,26), debated (3:15), confessed by Peter (9:20), and central to the passion narrative (22:67; 23:2,35,39; 24:26,46).
Jesus
Approved rendering: ಯೇಸು
Transliteration: Yēsu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ಈಸಾ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Never ಈಸಾ (Muslim/Urdu usage).
God
Approved rendering: ದೇವರು
Transliteration: Dēvaru
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ಭಗವಂತ, ಪರಶಿವ
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Avoid ಭಗವಂತ; flag risk of Lingayat-background readers mentally substituting ಪರಶಿವ, whose devotee-relationship culminates in Aikya-merger, unlike Luke’s personal-relationship portrayal.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: ಪವಿತ್ರಾತ್ಮ
Transliteration: Pavitrātma
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: ಪರಮಾತ್ಮ
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: never ಪರಮಾತ್ಮ. Active throughout Luke’s salvation history: John’s conception (1:15), Mary’s conception (1:35), Jesus’ baptism (3:22), his anointing (4:1,14,18), and the promised empowerment (11:13; 24:49).
Father
Approved rendering: ತಂದೆ
Transliteration: Tande
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: ಸೃಷ್ಟಿಕರ್ತ
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Used at 2:49 (boy Jesus in the temple), 11:2 (Lord’s Prayer), 22:42, 23:34,46 (Gethsemane and the cross). Luke renders Jesus’ direct address as ತಂದೆ (Greek Πάτερ) rather than the transliterated Aramaic Abba.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: ಆರೋಪಿತ ನೀತಿ
Transliteration: āropita nīti
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: ಸ್ವಂತ ಸಾಧನೆಯ ನೀತಿ
Inherited from Romans package. Credited righteousness, not self-attained righteousness; directly relevant background to Luke 18:9-14.
Forgiveness Of Sins
Approved rendering: ಪಾಪ ಕ್ಷಮೆ
Transliteration: pāpa kṣame
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Original: ἄφεσις ἁμαρτιῶν
Category: Repentance and Forgiveness
NEW for Luke. Used at 1:77; 3:3; 5:20-24; 7:47-49; 24:47. The same Greek word (aphesis) also renders ‘release’ of captives at 4:18 (see release_of_captives); this wordplay is lost in Kannada and requires a MANDATORY translator note at every occurrence (1:77; 3:3; 4:18; 24:47) plus strict verbatim consistency across all four.
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: ಮನುಷ್ಯಕುಮಾರ
Transliteration: manuṣyakumāra
Doctrine: Son of Man Christology
Rejected alternatives: ಮನುಷ್ಯ ಪುತ್ರ (generic ‘a human being’)
Original: υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology
NEW for Luke. Christ’s most frequent Christological self-title in Luke (5:24; 6:5,22; 7:34; 9:22,26,44,56,58; 11:30; 12:8,10,40; 17:22-30; 18:8,31; 19:10; 21:27,36; 22:22,48,69; 24:7). Must retain titular, technical, singular apocalyptic-messianic force (Daniel 7 background); NEVER flattened to mean merely ‘a human being.’ Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence given extreme frequency.
Savior
Approved rendering: ರಕ್ಷಕ
Transliteration: rakṣaka
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Christology
NEW for Luke. Built on baseline ರಕ್ಷಣೆ root. Used at Mary’s song (1:47) and the birth announcement (2:11). Must not be read as one deliverer among many chosen ishta-devatas in bhakti practice; Luke deliberately claims a title also used of the Roman emperor for Jesus alone. Must be co-anchored with unqualified universality markers in context.
Anointed
Approved rendering: ಅಭಿಷೇಕಿಸು
Transliteration: abhiṣēkisu
Doctrine: Messianic Promise and Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: χρίω (ἔχρισέν)
Category: Christology
NEW for Luke — CORE PASSAGE TERM (4:18). No safe established alternative exists: ಅಭಿಷೇಕ is the standard Kannada term for ritual pouring of sacred substances over a deity’s image or a Shiva-linga (Rudrabhisheka; the Mahamastakabhisheka at Shravanabelagola). MANDATORY translator note at every occurrence explicitly reversing the expected direction of agency: the Spirit’s anointing is a one-time divine commissioning of a living person for saving office (God acting on a person), not a devotee’s ritual act performed upon a divine image (a person acting on an object).
Virgin
Approved rendering: ಕನ್ಯೆ
Transliteration: kanye
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: ಯುವತಿ (generic ‘young woman’)
Original: παρθένος
Category: Christology
NEW for Luke. Mary’s literal virginity at conception (1:27,34). Must affirm literal virginal conception (Isaiah 7:14 fulfillment); never softened to a generic ‘young unmarried woman.‘
Kingdom Within Among You
Approved rendering: ನಿಮ್ಮ ಮಧ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ
Transliteration: nimma madhyadalli
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Rejected alternatives: ನಿಮ್ಮ ಒಳಗೆ
Original: ἐντὸς ὑμῶν
Category: Kingdom
NEW for Luke — SINGLE FIXED RENDERING MANDATED (17:21). FORBIDDEN SUBSTITUTION: ನಿಮ್ಮ ಒಳಗೆ (‘within you, inside your own being’) is forbidden for this verse — it risks direct assimilation to Lingayat ishtalinga-indwelling theology and the Vedantic antaryamin/atman doctrine of an already-present indwelling divine Self. Since Jesus addresses hostile Pharisees, ನಿಮ್ಮ ಮಧ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ (‘in your midst/among you’) is the doctrinally safer, and here mandatory, rendering. Mandatory theologian pre-approval before any Phase 2 use.
Hades
Approved rendering: ಪಾತಾಳ / ನರಕ
Transliteration: pātāḷa / naraka
Doctrine: Eternal Life and Paradise
Original: ᾅδης
Category: Eschatology
NEW for Luke. Used at 10:15 and 16:23 (rich man and Lazarus). FORBIDDEN as unqualified: ನರಕ used alone, without gloss, risks the mainstream Hindu cosmology of temporary, karma-purifying hells preceding rebirth. Luke 16:26’s ‘great chasm…fixed’ depicts a permanent, conscious, unbridgeable state. Must always be paired with ಪಾತಾಳ and a mandatory translator note; theologian review required at every occurrence.
Paradise
Approved rendering: ಪರದೈಸು
Transliteration: paradaisu
Doctrine: Eternal Life and Paradise
Rejected alternatives: ಸ್ವರ್ಗ (as primary rendering)
Original: παράδεισος
Category: Eschatology
NEW for Luke. Promised to the repentant criminal (23:43). FORBIDDEN as primary: ಸ್ವರ್ಗ, since in mainstream Hindu cosmology svarga is a temporary heavenly abode earned by accumulated punya, from which the soul eventually returns to the rebirth cycle. The criminal performed no meritorious act; prefer the transliteration ಪರದೈಸು with a mandatory clarifying note. Reuses the fixed ಇಂದು rendering.
New Covenant
Approved rendering: ಹೊಸ ಒಡಂಬಡಿಕೆ
Transliteration: hosa oḍambaḍike
Doctrine: New Covenant and the Lord’s Supper
Rejected alternatives: ಹೊಸ ಒಪ್ಪಂದ
Original: καινὴ διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
NEW for Luke. The New Covenant sealed in Christ’s blood at the Last Supper (22:20). Builds on baseline ಒಡಂಬಡಿಕೆ (never ಒಪ್ಪಂದ); must not read as merely a renewed transaction/contract — this is the climactic, blood-sealed fulfillment of all prior covenant promise.
Clothed With Power
Approved rendering: ಮೇಲಿನಿಂದ ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯವನ್ನು ಧರಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳಿ
Transliteration: mēlininda sāmarthyavannu dharisikoḷḷi
Doctrine: Ascension and Empowerment for Mission
Rejected alternatives: ಶಕ್ತಿಯನ್ನು ಧರಿಸಿಕೊಳ್ಳಿ
Original: ἐνδύσησθε ἐξ ὕψους δύναμιν
Category: God
NEW for Luke. Promised Spirit-empowerment for mission (24:49). Uses baseline ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯ; NEVER ಶಕ್ತಿ, given the phrase’s superficial resemblance to a Shakti-descent/empowerment idiom from Karnataka’s prominent Chamundeshwari Shakta tradition. Theologian review mandatory.
Blasphemy Against Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: ಪವಿತ್ರಾತ್ಮನ ವಿರುದ್ಧ ದೂಷಣೆ
Transliteration: Pavitrātmana viruddha dūṣaṇe
Doctrine: Blasphemy Against the Holy Spirit
Original: βλασφημία εἰς τὸ πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον
Category: Sin
NEW for Luke. The one unforgivable sin (12:10): a settled, willful rejection of the Spirit’s testimony to Christ. Must not be reduced to a vague ‘unforgivable sin’ formula detached from its specific referent; requires careful, non-sensationalized pastoral framing and mandatory theologian review.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: ಸುವಾರ್ತೆ
Transliteration: suvārte
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: ಸುದ್ದಿ
Original: εὐαγγέλιον / εὐαγγελίζομαι
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Established Kannada Christian term (su- ‘good’ + vārte ‘news’). Avoid the generic ಸುದ್ದಿ (news), which lacks the technical sense of the one saving proclamation. In Luke, the noun and its verb form ಸುವಾರ್ತೆ ಸಾರುವುದು (euangelizomai) are Jesus’ own defining mission-description (4:18,43; 7:22; 16:16).
Grace
Approved rendering: ಕೃಪೆ
Transliteration: kṛpe
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: ಕರ್ಮಫಲ, ಪುಣ್ಯ
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Unmerited favor apart from human merit. In Luke, applies to Mary’s favor (1:30), Jesus’ growth (2:40,52), and the tax collector’s justification (18:9-14) against the Pharisee’s self-listed merits; distinguish from Haridasa bhakti’s devotional exchange and Lingayat kayaka-dasoha ethics.
Faith
Approved rendering: ನಂಬಿಕೆ
Transliteration: nambike
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: ಭಕ್ತಿ
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Personal trust in Christ specifically. Luke repeatedly commends this exact trust in Gentiles and Samaritans (7:9; 17:19) above native Israelite response; ಭಕ್ತಿ carries the devotional-surrender sense of Haridasa/Lingayat practice and must not substitute.
Called
Approved rendering: ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ
Transliteration: kareyalpaṭṭa
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: ಆಮಂತ್ರಿತ
Original: κλητός / καλέω
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Context-sensitive; used at Levi’s call (5:32) and the Twelve’s naming (6:13). Distinguish God’s initiating summons from devotee-initiated entry into the Lingayat shatsthala path.
Calling
Approved rendering: ಕರೆ
Transliteration: kare
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: ಆಹ್ವಾನ
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Noun form; pair with ಕರೆಯಲ್ಪಟ್ಟ for the participle.
Holy
Approved rendering: ಪವಿತ್ರ
Transliteration: pavitra
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: ಶುದ್ಧ
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Used of the Spirit, John (1:15), Mary’s child (1:35), and God’s covenant (1:70,72); also the unclean spirit’s ironic confession ‘Holy One of God’ (4:34) requires careful handling.
Saints
Approved rendering: ಪವಿತ್ರ ಜನರು
Transliteration: pavitra janaru
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: ಶರಣರು, ಸಂತರು
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. NEVER ಶರಣರು (Veerashaiva Sharana poet-saint title implying elite spiritual attainment). Sparse in Luke’s Gospel itself; anticipates Acts usage.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: ಪವಿತ್ರೀಕರಣ
Transliteration: pavitrīkaraṇa
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: ಶುದ್ಧೀಕರಣ
Inherited from Romans package. The Spirit’s ongoing work of making believers holy; distinct from ritual purification and from Lingayat shatsthala self-cultivation.
Adoption
Approved rendering: ದತ್ತು ಪುತ್ರತ್ವ
Transliteration: dattu putratva
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: ದತ್ತು ತೆಗೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳುವುದು
Inherited from Romans package. Full son-status and inheritance; underlies Luke’s inheritance-of-eternal-life texts (10:25; 18:18).
Law
Approved rendering: ನಿಯಮಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ
Transliteration: niyamaśāstra
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: ಧರ್ಮ
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. NEVER ಧರ್ಮ. Used at 2:22-27,39 (Jesus’ family’s Torah observance); 10:26; 16:16-17; 24:44.
Sin
Approved rendering: ಪಾಪ
Transliteration: pāpa
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: ಅಧರ್ಮ
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Base for ಪಾಪಿಗಳು (sinners) and ಪಾಪ ಕ್ಷಮೆ (forgiveness of sins); moral transgression before a personal God, not impersonal karma.
Glory
Approved rendering: ಮಹಿಮೆ
Transliteration: mahime
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ತೇಜಸ್ಸು
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Surrounds the shepherds (2:9), the angelic doxology (2:14), Simeon’s song (2:32), the Transfiguration (9:31-32), and the Son of Man’s coming (21:27).
Obedience Of Faith
Approved rendering: ನಂಬಿಕೆಯ ವಿಧೇಯತ್ವ
Transliteration: nambikeya vidhēyatva
Doctrine: Obedience of Faith
Rejected alternatives: ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕ ಕರ್ತವ್ಯ
Inherited from Romans package. Retained for cross-curriculum consistency; obedience flowing from faith already granted, not ಧಾರ್ಮಿಕ ಕರ್ತವ್ಯ-style religious duty.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: ದೇವರ ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯ
Transliteration: Dēvara Sāmarthya
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ಶಕ್ತಿ
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. NEVER ಶಕ್ತಿ. Used at 1:35; 4:14,36; 5:17; 24:49 — the last especially salient given superficial resemblance to a Shakti-descent idiom from Karnataka’s Chamundeshwari Shakta tradition.
Covenant
Approved rendering: ಒಡಂಬಡಿಕೆ
Transliteration: oḍambaḍike
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: ಒಪ್ಪಂದ
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. NEVER ಒಪ್ಪಂದ. Used at 1:72 (Abrahamic covenant remembered) and as the base for ಹೊಸ ಒಡಂಬಡಿಕೆ (new covenant, 22:20, see separate entry).
Election
Approved rendering: ದೇವರ ಆಯ್ಕೆ
Transliteration: Dēvara Āyke
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: ಹಣೆಬರಹ, ವಿಧಿ
Original: ἐκλογή / ἐκλεκτός
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. NEVER ಹಣೆಬರಹ/ವಿಧಿ. Used at 9:35 (base for ಆಯ್ಕೆಯಾದವನು, Chosen One) and 18:7 (God’s elect).
Providence
Approved rendering: ದೇವರ ಪರಿಪಾಲನೆ
Transliteration: Dēvara Paripālane
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: ಹಣೆಬರಹ, ಕರ್ಮದ ನಿಯಮ
Original: δεῖ (divine necessity)
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Governs the recurring δεῖ (‘must’) pattern throughout Luke (2:49; 4:43; 9:22; 13:33; 17:25; 22:37; 24:7,26,44); never ಹಣೆಬರಹ or ಕರ್ಮದ ನಿಯಮ.
Abba
Approved rendering: ಅಬ್ಬಾ
Transliteration: Abbā
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: Πάτερ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Retained for cross-curriculum consistency with Romans 8:15, though Luke’s own text uses ತಂದೆ (Πάτερ) directly rather than the transliterated Aramaic form.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: ದಾವೀದನ ವಂಶದಿಂದ
Transliteration: Dāvīdana vaṃśadinda
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Underlies Luke’s genealogy (3:23-38) and Davidic-throne promises (1:32-33).
Repentance
Approved rendering: ಮಾನಸಾಂತರ
Transliteration: mānasāntara
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Rejected alternatives: ಪ್ರಾಯಶ್ಚಿತ್ತ
Original: μετάνοια / μετανοέω
Category: Repentance and Forgiveness
NEW for Luke. Literally ‘turning of the mind/heart.’ John’s preparatory preaching (3:3,8), Jesus’ mission (5:32), urgent warning (13:3,5), heaven’s joy (15:7,10), climaxing in the Great Commission (24:47). FORBIDDEN SUBSTITUTION: ಪ್ರಾಯಶ್ಚಿತ್ತ (ritual self-performed expiation/atonement) must never render this term — forgiveness is received as a gift after God-ward reorientation, never earned through prescribed ritual acts.
Release Of Captives
Approved rendering: ಬಿಡುಗಡೆ
Transliteration: biḍugaḍe
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: ἄφεσις (αἰχμαλώτοις)
Category: Repentance and Forgiveness
NEW for Luke. Luke 4:18’s Isaiah-Jubilee ‘release to captives.’ Same Greek source word (aphesis) as forgiveness_of_sins; preserve the double reference to literal captivity and bondage to sin rather than collapsing to one sense; mandatory cross-reference note to forgiveness_of_sins.
Poor
Approved rendering: ಬಡವರು
Transliteration: baḍavaru
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: πτωχός
Category: Kingdom
NEW for Luke. The gospel’s first-named addressee (4:18); recurs at 6:20; 7:22; 14:13,21; 16:20,22; 18:22; 19:8; 21:3. Must retain Luke’s literal economic/social sense; must NOT be spiritualized away into a purely metaphorical ‘humble in spirit’ reading. Mandatory translator note per occurrence context.
Disciple
Approved rendering: ಶಿಷ್ಯ
Transliteration: śiṣya
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Original: μαθητής
Category: Discipleship
NEW for Luke. Recurring designation of Jesus’ followers (5:30; 6:1,13,17,20,40; 14:26-33). Avoid guru-shishya lineage framing; the disciple follows the Lord/Savior, not a self-attained teacher within a guru-parampara whose status the disciple might eventually equal or inherit.
Neighbor
Approved rendering: ನೆರೆಯವನು
Transliteration: nereyavanu
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: πλησίον
Category: Compassion and Table Fellowship
NEW for Luke. Radically redefined by the Good Samaritan parable (10:27-37) to include a hated social/religious outsider. Must be read as crossing every social, caste, and religious boundary, not limited to one’s own community or caste-group. Theologian review recommended.
Year Of The Lords Favor
Approved rendering: ಕರ್ತನ ಕೃಪಾವರುಷ
Transliteration: kartana kṛpāvaruṣa
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Rejected alternatives: ಶುಭ ವರ್ಷ
Original: ἐνιαυτὸς κυρίου δεκτός
Category: Kingdom
NEW for Luke — CORE PASSAGE TERM (4:19). Coined compound (karta + kṛpe + varuṣa), not a borrowed cultural phrase. FORBIDDEN SUBSTITUTION: never ಶುಭ ವರ್ಷ (an astrologically/calendrically auspicious year determined by planetary configuration) — this names the unrepeatable, historical in-breaking of God’s Jubilee-fulfilling saving purpose (Leviticus 25 background), not a recurring auspicious cycle. Mandatory translator note explaining Jubilee background given no assumed OT-literacy.
Today
Approved rendering: ಇಂದು
Transliteration: indu
Doctrine: Messianic Promise and Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: σήμερον
Category: Kingdom
NEW for Luke — CORE PASSAGE TERM (4:21). Luke’s recurring marker of the present in-breaking of salvation: birth (2:11), Nazareth sermon (4:21), Zacchaeus (19:5,9), the cross (23:43). MUST be rendered identically at all five occurrences. Preserve the Greek’s emphatic, sentence-initial force through Kannada word order (leading with ಇಂದು) since Kannada syntax does not automatically reproduce Greek fronting.
Overshadow
Approved rendering: ನೆರಳಿನಂತೆ ಆವರಿಸು
Transliteration: neraḷinante āvarisu
Doctrine: Incarnation
Original: ἐπισκιάζω
Category: Christology
NEW for Luke. The Spirit’s unique, creative enveloping presence producing the incarnate Son (1:35); echoed at the Transfiguration cloud (9:34). Must not suggest a repeatable avatar-style divine descent or a yogic/tantric energy-descent experience.
Redemption
Approved rendering: ವಿಮೋಚನೆ
Transliteration: vimōcane
Doctrine: Salvation
Original: λύτρωσις / ἀπολύτρωσις
Category: Salvation
NEW for Luke. Used at 1:68 (Benedictus), 2:38 (Anna), 21:28 (eschatological redemption). Shares a root-sense field (‘release/liberation’) with the forbidden ಮೋಕ್ಷ/ಮುಕ್ತಿ salvation terms; must always be anchored to a specific redemptive-historical referent in context, never left as an abstract liberation-state term.
Wisdom
Approved rendering: ಜ್ಞಾನ (ಬುದ್ಧಿ-ಜ್ಞಾನ ಎಂಬ ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಪದ ಆದ್ಯತೆ)
Transliteration: jñāna (buddhi-jñāna preferred compound)
Doctrine: Humanity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ಜ್ಞಾನ ಬಳಸುವುದು ಏಕಾಂಗಿಯಾಗಿ (bare ಜ್ಞಾನ standalone)
Original: σοφία
Category: Christology
NEW for Luke. Jesus’ genuine human growth in understanding (2:40,52). Bare ಜ್ಞಾನ is the technical term for Advaita Vedanta’s liberating gnosis (jnana-marga); prefer the compound ಬುದ್ಧಿ-ಜ್ಞಾನ or an explanatory phrase to avoid a self-attained-enlightenment reading.
Baptism
Approved rendering: ದೀಕ್ಷಾಸ್ನಾನ
Transliteration: dīkṣāsnāna
Doctrine: Baptism and Repentance
Rejected alternatives: ದೀಕ್ಷೆ (bare)
Original: βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω
Category: Repentance and Forgiveness
NEW for Luke. John’s ritual washing of repentance (3:3,7,12,16,21); later Jesus of his own suffering (12:50). FORBIDDEN SUBSTITUTION: bare ದೀಕ್ಷೆ names guru-lineage or Lingayat linga-dikshe initiation (bestowal of the personal ishtalinga by a jangama guru); the compound ದೀಕ್ಷಾಸ್ನಾನ (including -ಸ್ನಾನ, ‘washing’) is required, with mandatory catechetical footnote at first occurrence (3:3) distinguishing once-for-all public identification from ongoing guru-directed initiation.
Unclean Spirit
Approved rendering: ಅಶುದ್ಧ ಆತ್ಮ / ದುರಾತ್ಮ
Transliteration: aśuddha ātma / durātma
Doctrine: Authority Over Evil Spirits
Original: πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον / δαιμόνιον
Category: Holy Spirit’s Work
NEW for Luke. Malevolent spiritual beings decisively expelled by Jesus’ word (4:33-36,41; 8:26-39; 9:37-43; 11:14-26; 13:11,16). Must not be assimilated to coastal/rural Karnataka’s Bhuta Kola spirit-propitiation framework — Jesus expels by sovereign command, never negotiating with, honoring, or feeding unclean spirits. Theologian review required.
Authority
Approved rendering: ಅಧಿಕಾರ
Transliteration: adhikāra
Doctrine: Kingdom of God / Deity of Christ
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Christology
NEW for Luke. Jesus’ inherent authority in teaching and exorcism (4:32,36), extended to the Twelve (9:1) and questioned by leaders (20:2,8). Intrinsic/divine, not delegated by human office or attained through ascetic practice; distinguish from a guru’s authority recognized because of personal spiritual attainment.
Divine Necessity
Approved rendering: ಅಗತ್ಯ / ಬೇಕು
Transliteration: agatya / bēku
Doctrine: Providence and Divine Necessity
Original: δεῖ
Category: God
NEW for Luke. Renders the recurring dei (‘it is necessary,’ 2:49; 4:43; 9:22; 13:33; 17:25; 19:5; 21:9; 22:37; 24:7,26,44). Purposive divine plan; never rendered with fatalistic ಹಣೆಬರಹ vocabulary.
Blessed
Approved rendering: ಧನ್ಯರು
Transliteration: dhanyaru
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Rejected alternatives: ಅದೃಷ್ಟವಂತರು (lucky/fortunate)
Original: μακάριος
Category: Kingdom
NEW for Luke. God’s pronounced favor on the poor, hungry, weeping, hated (6:20-22) and on Mary (1:45). Must convey God’s own pronounced approval, not luck/fortune (a destiny idiom) nor a reward for accumulated merit (punya).
Kingdom Near
Approved rendering: ಸಮೀಪಿಸು
Transliteration: samīpisu
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Original: ἐγγίζω (ἤγγικεν ἡ βασιλεία)
Category: Kingdom
NEW for Luke. The kingdom’s imminent, already-present arrival (10:9,11; 21:8,20,28,31). Must hold together already/not-yet without collapsing into a purely future political hope or a purely inward, already-fully-realized mystical state.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: ನಿತ್ಯಜೀವ
Transliteration: nityajīva
Doctrine: Eternal Life and Paradise
Original: ζωὴ αἰώνιος
Category: Salvation
NEW for Luke. Used at 10:25 (lawyer’s question) and 18:18,30 (rich ruler). Unending personal, relational life with God in resurrected bodily existence; never assimilated to mokṣa/mukti (release from the rebirth cycle into an impersonal absolute).
Prayer
Approved rendering: ಪ್ರಾರ್ಥನೆ / ಪ್ರಾರ್ಥಿಸು
Transliteration: prārthane / prārthisu
Doctrine: Prayer and Dependence on God
Original: προσευχή / προσεύχομαι
Category: Prayer
NEW for Luke. Jesus’ consistent pattern of dependent prayer (3:21; 5:16; 6:12; 9:18,28-29; 22:39-46) and his teaching on prayer (11:1-13; 18:1-14). Distinguish from puja/harake vow-bargaining practices at Karnataka shrines and from the meditative discipline of engaging the ishtalinga; this is relational address to a personal Father, not transactional exchange.
Table Fellowship
Approved rendering: ಜೊತೆ ಊಟಮಾಡುವುದು / ದೊಡ್ಡ ಔತಣ
Transliteration: jote ūṭamāḍuvudu / doḍḍa autaṇa
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: συνεσθίω / δεῖπνον
Category: Compassion and Table Fellowship
NEW for Luke. Jesus’ deliberate shared meals with tax collectors and sinners (5:29-32; 7:36-50; 15:1-2,23-32; 19:5-7) and the great banquet parable (14:12-24). Shared eating across social/purity/status boundaries is a live, high-stakes marker given Karnataka’s persistent caste-conditioned commensality norms; must not be softened into generic hospitality — preserve the full social scandal, framed as invitation rather than confrontation.
Lost And Found
Approved rendering: ಕಳೆದುಹೋದದ್ದು / ಸಿಕ್ಕಿತು
Transliteration: kaḷeduhōdaddu / sikkitu
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized / Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Original: ἀπολωλός / εὑρέθη
Category: Salvation
NEW for Luke. Luke’s central salvation metaphor: lost sheep, coin, son (ch. 15) and 19:10. Keep the active, seeking initiative on God’s side (the shepherd/woman/father actively search or wait and run), not a passive discovery — supports the Grace doctrine (unmerited, God-initiated, not self-attained).
Body Blood
Approved rendering: ದೇಹ / ರಕ್ತ
Transliteration: dēha / rakta
Doctrine: New Covenant and the Lord’s Supper
Original: σῶμα / αἷμα
Category: Repentance and Forgiveness
NEW for Luke. Institution of the Lord’s Supper (22:19-20). Must be clearly distinguished from prasada — the Hindu temple practice of consuming food ritually offered to and blessed by a deity, understood to transmit divine grace through the substance itself. This is a proclamation-memorial of a completed, unrepeatable atoning death, not an ongoing means of merit or blessing-transfer.
Ascension
Approved rendering: ಆರೋಹಣ / ಪರಲೋಕಕ್ಕೆ ಒಯ್ಯಲ್ಪಟ್ಟನು
Transliteration: ārōhaṇa / paralōkakke oyyalpaṭṭanu
Doctrine: Ascension and Empowerment for Mission
Original: ἀναφέρω / ἀνεφέρετο
Category: Eschatology
NEW for Luke. Christ’s bodily, historical, once-for-all exaltation (24:51). ಆರೋಹಣ can also describe a yogi’s or mystic’s spiritual ascent of consciousness (e.g. kundalini ascent); pair with the descriptive phrase ಪರಲೋಕಕ್ಕೆ ಒಯ್ಯಲ್ಪಟ್ಟನು at every occurrence rather than using ಆರೋಹಣ alone, and never present as a repeatable mystical attainment.
Worship
Approved rendering: ಆರಾಧಿಸು
Transliteration: ārādhisu
Doctrine: Worship Due to Christ
Rejected alternatives: ನಮಸ್ಕರಿಸು
Original: προσκυνέω
Category: Christology
NEW for Luke. The disciples’ exclusive divine worship of the risen and ascending Christ (24:52). FORBIDDEN SUBSTITUTION: ನಮಸ್ಕರಿಸು is disfavored — ನಮಸ್ಕಾರ functions in everyday Kannada as a generic respectful greeting offered to elders, deities, and teachers alike, and would understate the text’s claim of unique, exclusive worship due to Christ as God.
Chosen One
Approved rendering: ಆಯ್ಕೆಯಾದವನು
Transliteration: āykeyādavanu
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: ἐκλελεγμένος
Category: Christology
NEW for Luke. The Father’s unique election of the Son at the Transfiguration (9:35). Builds on baseline ದೇವರ ಆಯ್ಕೆ but must remain clearly distinct from the general doctrine of believers’ election — this is the Father’s singular appointment of the Son, not a parallel instance of the same category applied to ordinary believers.
Most High
Approved rendering: ಸರ್ವೋನ್ನತ / ಮಹೋನ್ನತ
Transliteration: sarvōnnata / mahōnnata
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: ὕψιστος
Category: God
NEW for Luke. Divine title emphasizing God’s supremacy (1:32,35,76; 6:35). Must retain unqualified supremacy — not ‘a’ high god among many but the one supreme God — guarding against a henotheistic reading familiar from popular Hindu devotional practice.
Hate Priority Idiom
Approved rendering: (idiom — handle by descriptive paraphrase plus mandatory translator note; NEVER ದ್ವೇಷಿಸು as a literal rendering)
Transliteration: —
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Rejected alternatives: ದ್ವೇಷಿಸು (literal ‘to hate/despise’)
Original: μισέω
Category: Discipleship
NEW for Luke. A Semitic comparative-priority idiom (14:26, ‘hate father and mother’) meaning ‘love X less by comparison,’ not literal hatred. A literal Kannada rendering risks either sounding like a command to literal family-hatred or being softened into meaninglessness. Use a descriptive paraphrase (e.g., ‘ತನ್ನ ಕುಟುಂಬಕ್ಕಿಂತಲೂ ನನ್ನನ್ನು ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗಿ ಪ್ರೀತಿಸದಿದ್ದರೆ’) with a mandatory footnote citing the idiom and Matthew 10:37’s parallel.
Medium Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: ಅಪೊಸ್ತಲ
Transliteration: apostala
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: ಗುರು, ಜಂಗಮ
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Used of the Twelve (6:13; 9:10; 22:14; 24:10). Never ಗುರು or ಜಂಗಮ, both implying self-attained teaching status.
Peace
Approved rendering: ಶಾಂತಿ
Transliteration: śānti
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: ಮನಶ್ಶಾಂತಿ
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Used at 1:79; 2:14,29; 7:50; 10:5-6; 19:38,42. Note 12:51 (‘division, not peace’) deliberately contrasts with this sense and must not be softened.
Spiritual Gifts
Approved rendering: ಆತ್ಮಿಕ ವರಗಳು
Transliteration: ātmika varagaḷu
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Rejected alternatives: ವರ, ಸಿದ್ಧಿ
Inherited from Romans package. Retained for cross-curriculum consistency; not densely featured in Luke’s Gospel narrative itself but the compound rule still applies wherever Spirit-given enablement is discussed.
Church
Approved rendering: ಸಭೆ
Transliteration: sabhe
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನ, ಗುಡಿ
Inherited from Romans package. Not a term Luke’s Gospel narrative itself uses (it belongs to Acts), but retained here for translation-memory consistency across the wider Luke-Acts corpus and to fence ಸಭೆ against ಸಭಾಮಂದಿರ (synagogue, a new Luke-specific term below).
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: ದೇವರ ರಾಜ್ಯ
Transliteration: Dēvara Rājya
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package. Luke’s central recurring theme (4:43; 6:20; 8:1,10; 9:2; 10:9,11; 13:18-29; 17:20-21; 18:16-29; 22:16-18,29-30). God’s sovereign reign, not a political or territorial kingdom.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: ಅನ್ಯಜನಾಂಗದವರು
Transliteration: anyajanāṅgadavaru
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: ವಿದೇಶಿಯರು
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Used at Simeon’s ‘light for revelation to the Gentiles’ (2:32) and the Great Commission (24:47).
Intercession
Approved rendering: ಮಧ್ಯಸ್ಥಿಕೆ
Transliteration: madhyasthike
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Original: ὑπὲρ + προσεύχομαι idiom
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Used at 22:32 (Jesus’ intercession for Peter’s faith).
Mission
Approved rendering: ಮಿಷನ್ / ಸುವಾರ್ತಾ ಪ್ರಸಾರ
Transliteration: miṣan / suvārtā prasāra
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Original: ἀποστολή / πέμπω
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. ಸುವಾರ್ತಾ ಪ್ರಸಾರ preferred; used of the Twelve’s and Seventy’s sending (9:1-6; 10:1-12) and the Great Commission (24:47).
David
Approved rendering: ದಾವೀದ
Transliteration: Dāvīda
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Frequent throughout Luke’s genealogy and titles (1:27,32,69; 2:4,11; 3:31; 18:38-39; 20:41-44).
Israel
Approved rendering: ಇಸ್ರಾಯೇಲ್
Transliteration: Isrāyēl
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Recurring in the infancy narratives and the disciples’ hope (24:21).
Rich
Approved rendering: ಧನಿಕ
Transliteration: dhanika
Doctrine: Reversal Theology: Rich and Poor
Original: πλούσιος
Category: Kingdom
NEW for Luke. Subject of Luke’s reversal theology (1:53; 6:24; 12:16; 14:12; 16:1,19,21-22; 18:23,25; 19:2; 21:1); ensure the reversal contrast with ಬಡವರು is preserved across all occurrences.
Sinners
Approved rendering: ಪಾಪಿಗಳು
Transliteration: pāpigaḷu
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: ἁμαρτωλός
Category: Compassion and Table Fellowship
NEW for Luke. Built on baseline ಪಾಪ; named table-companions of Jesus (5:8,30,32; 7:34,37,39; 15:1-2,7,10; 18:13; 19:7); preserve social contempt/marginal status attached to the term.
Tax Collector
Approved rendering: ಸುಂಕದವರು
Transliteration: suṅkadavaru
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: τελώνης
Category: Compassion and Table Fellowship
NEW for Luke. Roman-collaborating, socially despised revenue agents; Levi’s call (5:27-30) and the temple prayer parable (18:10-13). Parallels caste-based social exclusion categories without importing a specific caste term.
Follow
Approved rendering: ಹಿಂಬಾಲಿಸು
Transliteration: hiṃbālisu
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Original: ἀκολουθέω
Category: Discipleship
NEW for Luke. Used at the call of the first disciples (5:11,27-28) and the would-be followers (9:57-62); ensure the sense of costly, total reorientation is not lost in a merely physical ‘accompanying’ reading.
Cross
Approved rendering: ಶಿಲುಬೆ
Transliteration: śilube
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Original: σταυρός
Category: Discipleship
NEW for Luke. The instrument of shameful execution disciples are called to ‘take up’ daily (9:23; 14:27), literally carried by Simon of Cyrene (23:26). Must retain the shame/execution-instrument sense, not a decorative religious symbol only.
Deny Self
Approved rendering: ನಿರಾಕರಿಸು
Transliteration: nirākarisu
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Original: ἀπαρνέομαι
Category: Discipleship
NEW for Luke. Context-sensitive: self-renunciation for the sake of following Christ (9:23) is the OPPOSITE sense from denying/disowning Christ (22:34,61, Peter’s denial). Flag both senses clearly per occurrence.
Joy
Approved rendering: ಸಂತೋಷ
Transliteration: santōṣa
Doctrine: Kingdom Present and Future / Joy in Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ಆನಂದ
Original: χαρά
Category: Kingdom
NEW for Luke. Used at 1:14,44; 2:10; 6:23; 10:17,21; 15:7,10,32; 19:6,37; 24:41,52. FORBIDDEN SUBSTITUTION: ಆನಂದ must never be the primary rendering — it carries strong Vedantic/bhakti mystical-bliss/absorption connotations (sat-chit-ananda; Aikya-bliss) that risk reframing gospel joy as mystical absorption rather than relational, historically-grounded rejoicing. ಆನಂದ may appear only inside an explanatory translator note, never in running text.
Compassion
Approved rendering: ಕನಿಕರಪಡು / ಕರುಣೆ ತೋರು
Transliteration: kanikarapaḍu / karuṇe tōru
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: σπλαγχνίζομαι
Category: Compassion and Table Fellowship
NEW for Luke. Deep, gut-level pity moving to action: the widow of Nain (7:13), the Good Samaritan (10:33), the waiting father (15:20). Convey active, moved compassion leading to concrete help, not detached sentiment.
Samaritan
Approved rendering: ಸಮಾರ್ಯದವನು
Transliteration: samāryadavanu
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People
Original: Σαμαρίτης
Category: Compassion and Table Fellowship
NEW for Luke. Member of a people despised by Jews; the Good Samaritan’s unexpected hero (10:33), a rejecting village (9:52-56), the one grateful healed leper (17:16). Requires background explanation given no assumed OT-literacy; functions as a live cultural bridge to caste-crossing compassion.
Wrath
Approved rendering: ಕ್ರೋಧ
Transliteration: krōdha
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Original: ὀργή
Category: Repentance and Forgiveness
NEW for Luke. God’s righteous judicial anger (3:7; 21:23); must convey judicial wrath of a personal God, not a deity’s mercurial temper.
Fruit Of Repentance
Approved rendering: ಫಲ (ಮಾನಸಾಂತರದ ಫಲ)
Transliteration: phala (mānasāntarada phala)
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Rejected alternatives: ಕರ್ಮಫಲ (unqualified)
Original: καρπός (ἄξιος τῆς μετανοίας)
Category: Repentance and Forgiveness
NEW for Luke. Observable moral evidence of genuine repentance (3:8-9; 8:8,14-15; 13:6-9). ಫಲ alone is also the ordinary word for karma-phala; use the clarifying compound to denote evidence flowing from a Spirit-wrought change of heart, not merit accumulated through disciplined action.
Woe
Approved rendering: ಅಯ್ಯೋ
Transliteration: ayyō
Doctrine: Reversal Theology: Rich and Poor
Original: οὐαί
Category: Kingdom
NEW for Luke. Prophetic pronouncement of judgment: paired woes on rich, full, laughing (6:24-26) and Pharisees/lawyers (11:39-52). Must not read as generic anti-clericalism but as a specific critique of substituting ritual precision or wealth-security for justice, mercy, and love of God.
Inherit
Approved rendering: ಬಾಧ್ಯಸ್ಥನಾಗು / ಸ್ವಾಸ್ತ್ಯ ಹೊಂದು
Transliteration: bādhyasthanāgu / svāstya hondu
Doctrine: Salvation / Adoption
Original: κληρονομέω
Category: Salvation
NEW for Luke. To receive eternal life as a legal/familial right (10:25; 18:18). Ties to baseline adoption/inheritance theology (ದತ್ತು ಪುತ್ರತ್ವ); render as a granted inheritance right, not an earned acquisition.
Ask Seek Knock
Approved rendering: ಕೇಳಿರಿ, ಹುಡುಕಿರಿ, ತಟ್ಟಿರಿ
Transliteration: kēḷiri, huḍukiri, taṭṭiri
Doctrine: Prayer and Dependence on God
Original: αἰτέω / ζητέω / κρούω
Category: Prayer
NEW for Luke. Persistent, confident prayer to a generous Father who gives the Holy Spirit to those who ask (11:9-13). Ensure it reads as confident child-to-Father request, not transactional harake bargaining.
Mammon
Approved rendering: ಮಮ್ಮೋನ (ಧನ/ಸಂಪತ್ತು ಎಂಬ ವಿವರಣೆಯೊಂದಿಗೆ)
Transliteration: mammōna (with dhana/sampattu gloss)
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Original: μαμωνᾶς
Category: Kingdom
NEW for Luke. Personified wealth as a rival master (16:9,11,13); retain the personified ‘rival master’ force in translation, not merely ‘money’ as a neutral object.
Commit My Spirit
Approved rendering: ಒಪ್ಪಿಸುತ್ತೇನೆ
Transliteration: oppisuttēne
Doctrine: Prayer and Dependence on God
Original: παρατίθεμαι
Category: Prayer
NEW for Luke. Jesus’ final prayer of trustful self-giving from the cross (23:46). Convey confident, relational trust in a personal Father, distinct from resigned submission to impersonal fate.
Leper
Approved rendering: ಕುಷ್ಠರೋಗಿ
Transliteration: kuṣṭharōgi
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: λεπρός
Category: Compassion and Table Fellowship
NEW for Luke. Jesus’ cleansing touch (5:12-14) and the ten lepers (17:12-19). Useful bridge to Indian purity-taboo systems around illness/touch, but must retain Jesus’ scandalous willingness to touch, not merely heal from a distance.
Consolation Of Israel
Approved rendering: ಇಸ್ರಾಯೇಲಿನ ಆದರಣೆ
Transliteration: Isrāyēlina ādaraṇe
Doctrine: Messianic Promise and Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: παράκλησις τοῦ Ἰσραήλ
Category: Christology
NEW for Luke. Simeon’s messianic hope, fulfilled in seeing the infant Jesus (2:25). Convey messianic hope-fulfillment, not generic comfort.
Visited
Approved rendering: ಪರಾಂಬರಿಸಿದನು / ಭೇಟಿಕೊಟ್ಟನು
Transliteration: parāmbarisidanu / bhēṭikoṭṭanu
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History
Original: ἐπισκέπτομαι
Category: God
NEW for Luke. God’s gracious, purposive redemptive visitation (1:68,78) and the crowd’s recognition after the widow of Nain’s son is raised (7:16). Convey purposeful redemptive visitation, not a casual social call.
Mercy
Approved rendering: ಕರುಣೆ / ಕರುಣಾಳು
Transliteration: karuṇe / karuṇāḷu
Doctrine: Grace
Original: ἔλεος / ἐλεέω / οἰκτίρμων
Category: God
NEW for Luke. Steadfast covenantal kindness; the Magnificat’s refrain (1:50,54,58,72,78) and ‘be merciful, as your Father is merciful’ (6:36). Distinguish covenantal mercy from generic pity and from bhakti’s this-for-that devotional exchange.
Finger Of God
Approved rendering: ದೇವರ ಬೆರಳು
Transliteration: Dēvara beraḷu
Doctrine: Authority Over Evil Spirits
Original: δάκτυλος θεοῦ
Category: God
NEW for Luke. Idiom for direct divine power/action (11:20, echoing Exodus 8:19); render literally with contextual explanation since the imagery is transparent and theologically loaded.
Synagogue
Approved rendering: ಸಭಾಮಂದಿರ
Transliteration: sabhāmandira
Doctrine: Inspiration and Fulfillment of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನ, ಗುಡಿ, ಸಭೆ (unqualified)
Original: συναγωγή
Category: Scripture and Worship Setting
NEW for Luke — CORE PASSAGE TERM (4:16). The Jewish local assembly for Scripture reading. Must be visually/conceptually distinct from ದೇವಸ್ಥಾನ/ಗುಡಿ (Hindu temple) and from ಸಭೆ (church, baseline); a synagogue is a Jewish assembly-hall, historically prior to but distinct from the church.
Sabbath
Approved rendering: ಸಬ್ಬತ್ / ಸಬ್ಬತ್ ದಿನ
Transliteration: sabbat / sabbat dina
Doctrine: Inspiration and Fulfillment of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: ಹಬ್ಬ
Original: σάββατον
Category: Scripture and Worship Setting
NEW for Luke — CORE PASSAGE TERM (4:16). Established transliterated Kannada Christian term; avoid confusing with a generic festival day (ಹಬ್ಬ), which would understate its covenantal/legal significance.
Scripture
Approved rendering: ಗ್ರಂಥ
Transliteration: grantha
Doctrine: Inspiration and Fulfillment of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: ವಚನ
Original: γραφή / βιβλίον
Category: Scripture and Worship Setting
NEW for Luke — CORE PASSAGE TERM (4:17-21). FORBIDDEN SUBSTITUTION: ವಚನ, given its strong specific association with the Veerashaiva Sharana poet-saints’ devotional-poetic literature (inspired spiritual wisdom, but not claiming to be God’s own spoken word). ಗ್ರಂಥ required at 4:17-21 and 24:27,44-45.
Low Risk Terms
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: ಕೃತಜ್ಞತಾಸ್ತುತಿ
Transliteration: kṛtajñatāstuti
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστία
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. Used at 17:16 (healed Samaritan leper) and 22:17,19 (Last Supper).
Fellowship
Approved rendering: ಅನ್ಯೋನ್ಯತೆ
Transliteration: anyōnyate
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: ಸ್ನೇಹ
Original: κοινωνία (implied)
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Implicit in the Emmaus ‘breaking of bread’ (24:35); not mere social or caste-community association.
Prophet
Approved rendering: ಪ್ರವಾದಿ
Transliteration: pravādi
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: ಜ್ಯೋತಿಷಿ
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Used of John (1:76), and Jesus recognized as such (7:16,39; 24:19).
Prophecy
Approved rendering: ಪ್ರವಾದನೆ
Transliteration: pravādane
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: ಭವಿಷ್ಯಫಲ
Original: προφητεία
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Frames the Isaiah reading (4:17-21) and ‘all Scripture’ fulfilled in Christ (24:44).
Exhort
Approved rendering: ಪ್ರೋತ್ಸಾಹಿಸುವುದು
Transliteration: prōtsāhisuvudu
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Inherited from Romans package. Context-sensitive between entreaty and encouragement.
Good Portion
Approved rendering: ಒಳ್ಳೆಯ ಪಾಲು
Transliteration: oḷḷeya pālu
Doctrine: Prayer and Dependence on God
Original: ἡ ἀγαθὴ μερίς
Category: Prayer
NEW for Luke. Mary’s choice to sit and listen to Jesus, commended over Martha’s anxious service (10:42). Prioritizes attentive relationship over anxious activity.
Referenced passages