Core Glossary
Core Glossary — James — English → Hindi
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, organized by doctrine, citing terms from every chapter of James (1-5). Terms already present in the baseline Romans/Galatians translation_memory.json / bible_term_registry.json are marked [BASELINE — REUSED EXACTLY] and must never be re-lexicalized. New terms coined for this curriculum are marked [NEW] and require entry into translation_memory.json at Phase 2 Step 1 with the risk tier recorded here.
Risk tier definitions (identical to baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json): Critical = human theologian review every occurrence; High = human theologian review; Medium = native speaker review recommended; Low = automated review sufficient.
1. Faith and Works (James 2:14-26 core passage doctrine)
| # | English Term | Greek (Transliteration) | Chapter Ref(s) | Hindi Rendering | Risk | Notes / Rejected Alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Faith | πίστις (pistis) | 1:3,6; 2:1,5,14-26; 5:15 | विश्वास | Critical | [BASELINE — REUSED EXACTLY]. Never श्रद्धा/आस्था/भरोसा. |
| 2 | Works / deeds | ἔργα, ἔργον (erga, ergon) | 2:14-26; 3:13 | काम | Critical | [BASELINE PATTERN — REUSED]. NEVER कर्म (merit-accumulation collision). Distinct from व्यवस्था के काम (“works of the law,” Romans/Galatians) — James’s काम never functions as the ground of initial justification. |
| 3 | Dead (of faith) | νεκρά, νεκρόν (nekra, nekron) | 2:17,26 | मृत | Critical | [NEW]. Must not be softened to “weak/incomplete” (कमज़ोर); categorical deadness, not degree. |
| 4 | Justified / justification | δικαιόω, δικαιοῦται, ἐδικαιώθη (dikaioō) | 2:21,24,25 | धर्मी ठहराया जाना / धर्मी ठहराया गया / धर्मी ठहराया जाता है | Critical | [BASELINE — REUSED EXACTLY]. Mandatory theologian review + mandatory translator note on every occurrence per the cross-book harmonization note in 07_semantic_analysis.md: James answers “what is genuine faith?” (demonstrative/vindicating sense), not “on what ground is a sinner declared righteous?” (Romans/Galatians’ forensic-initial sense). Never resolve the tension by lexical substitution. |
| 5 | Show / demonstrate | δείκνυμι, δεῖξον (deiknymi, deixon) | 2:18 | दिखा / प्रमाणित कर | High | [NEW]. Must signal “evidencing,” not “constituting/earning.” |
| 6 | Faith working together with works | συνεργέω, συνήργει (synergeō) | 2:22 | साथ काम करना / सहयोग करना | High | [NEW]. Cross-reference baseline faith_working_through_love (Galatians 5:6) guardrail — organic cooperation, not two independent merit-contributions. |
| 7 | Perfected / made complete (of faith) | τελειόω, ἐτελειώθη (teleioō) | 2:22 | पूर्ण हुआ | Critical | [NEW]. NEVER सिद्ध (Hindu siddha — self-attained supernatural perfection collision). See entry #34 below for the full τέλειος family. |
| 8 | Imputed righteousness (“credited…for righteousness”) | ἐλογίσθη…εἰς δικαιοσύνην (elogisthē eis dikaiosynēn) | 2:23 | धार्मिकता के लिये गिना गया (doctrinal label: आरोपित धार्मिकता) | Critical | [BASELINE — REUSED EXACTLY]. Quotation of Genesis 15:6 (LXX); MUST match the Romans 4:3 Hindi rendering verbatim per the cross-curriculum shared-citation rule. Never अर्जित (earned). |
| 9 | Friend of God | φίλος θεοῦ (philos theou) | 2:23 | परमेश्वर का मित्र | High | [NEW]. Risk: assimilation to Hindu sakhya-bhakti (friendship-mode devotion to a chosen deity) as one devotional technique among several, rather than Abraham’s unique, unrepeatable, grace-grounded outcome. Mandatory translator note. |
| 10 | Doer of the word | ποιητὴς λόγου (poiētēs logou) | 1:22-25 | वचन पर चलनेवाला / वचन का पालन करनेवाला | High | [NEW]. Structurally paired with ch.2’s ἔργα argument; keep vocabulary connective. |
2. Trials and the Testing of Faith
| # | English Term | Greek (Transliteration) | Chapter Ref(s) | Hindi Rendering | Risk | Notes / Rejected Alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 11 | Trial (positive, external testing) | πειρασμός (peirasmos) | 1:2,12 | परीक्षा | High | [NEW]. Kept distinct from प्रलोभन (temptation, negative sense) — same Greek root, two moral valences; collapsing them risks implying God tempts to sin. |
| 12 | Temptation (negative, enticement to sin) | πειράζω, πειρασμός (peirazō) | 1:13-14 | प्रलोभन | High | [NEW]. See #11. God never tempts to sin (1:13); the source is one’s own desire. |
| 13 | Testing / proving (process) | δοκίμιον (dokimion) | 1:3 | परीक्षण | Medium | [NEW]. Distinct nuance from #11 (the trial-event) — this is the proving process. |
| 14 | Endurance / perseverance | ὑπομονή (hypomonē) | 1:3-4; 5:11 | धीरज | High | [NEW]. Kept lexically distinct from सहनशीलता (#28, μακροθυμία) so the two related doctrines (endurance-under-trial vs. patience-awaiting-the-Lord) stay distinguishable. Not fatalistic karma-endurance. |
| 15 | Perfect / complete / mature | τέλειος, τελειόω (teleios) | 1:4,17,25; 2:22; 3:2 | पूर्ण | Critical | [NEW]. NEVER सिद्ध. Hindu siddha = a being who has attained supernatural perfection through yogic/ascetic discipline; using it would recast Spirit-wrought maturity as self-attained spiritual mastery. |
| 16 | Desire / lust | ἐπιθυμία (epithymia) | 1:14-15; 4:1-3 | अभिलाषा | Medium-High | [BASELINE PATTERN — REUSED] (from शरीर की अभिलाषाएँ, Galatians). Retain personal, internal-agency sense. |
| 17 | Crown of life | στέφανος τῆς ζωῆς (stephanos tēs zōēs) | 1:12 | जीवन का मुकुट | Medium | [NEW]. Grace-gift for endurance, not a proportional karma-style merit-reward; note recommended. |
| 18 | Firstfruits | ἀπαρχή (aparchē) | 1:18 | पहले फल | Medium | [BASELINE — REUSED EXACTLY] (Romans 8:23; 11:16). Guard against merit/karma-fruit reading. |
3. Wisdom from Above
| # | English Term | Greek (Transliteration) | Chapter Ref(s) | Hindi Rendering | Risk | Notes / Rejected Alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 19 | Wisdom | σοφία (sophia) | 1:5; 3:13-17 | बुद्धि | High | [NEW]. NEVER ज्ञान — collides with Hindu jñāna (liberating self-realization, one of three classical mārgas). Wisdom here is prayed-for, God-given, and practical. |
| 20 | Wisdom from above | σοφία ἄνωθεν (sophia anōthen) | 3:15,17 | ऊपर से आनेवाली बुद्धि | High | [NEW]. Must be marked as a descending gift, not an attainment. |
| 21 | Earthly / soulish / demonic (false wisdom’s threefold source) | ἐπίγειος / ψυχική / δαιμονιώδης (epigeios / psychikē / daimoniōdēs) | 3:15 | सांसारिक / मानवीय / दुष्टात्मा की सी | Medium | [NEW]. ψυχική rendered “merely human/natural,” not a soul-word, to avoid anthropology confusion with #38 below. |
| 22 | Envy / bitter jealousy (negative sense) | ζῆλος πικρόν (zēlos pikron) | 3:14,16 | ईर्ष्या | Medium | [NEW]. Distinguish from baseline zeal (उत्साह, Galatians — positive/neutral religious energy). Same Greek root, opposite valence here. |
| 23 | Selfish ambition / rivalry | ἐριθεία (eritheia) | 3:14,16 | स्वार्थ-लालसा | Medium | [NEW]. |
| 24 | Sevenfold character of heavenly wisdom (pure, peaceable, gentle, reasonable, full of mercy/good fruits, impartial, sincere) | ἁγνή, εἰρηνική, ἐπιεικής, εὐπειθής, μεστὴ ἐλέους καὶ καρπῶν ἀγαθῶν, ἀνυπόκριτος | 3:17 | निर्मल, शांतिप्रिय, कोमल, सहज, दया और अच्छे फलों से भरी, निष्कपट | Medium | [NEW]. Reuses baseline शांति, दया, and negated कपट (hypocrisy). |
| 25 | Righteousness sown in peace (fruit of righteousness) | δικαιοσύνη σπείρεται ἐν εἰρήνῃ | 3:18 | धार्मिकता का फल शान्ति में बोया जाता है | Medium | [NEW]. Distinguish explicitly from the Galatians baseline’s Critical sowing_and_reaping entry — positive relational image, not karma-doctrine. |
| 26 | Wheel/course of life (“wheel of birth”) | τροχὸς τῆς γενέσεως (trochos tēs geneseōs) | 3:6 | जीवन की सम्पूर्ण चाल | Critical | [NEW] HIGHEST-PRIORITY FLAG IN THIS BOOK. Never चक्र + जन्म together — collides directly with Hindu/Buddhist saṃsāra (wheel of birth/rebirth). Mandatory theologian review, mandatory translator note, every occurrence. |
4. Favoritism and the Poor
| # | English Term | Greek (Transliteration) | Chapter Ref(s) | Hindi Rendering | Risk | Notes / Rejected Alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 27 | Favoritism / partiality | προσωπολημψία (prosōpolēmpsia) | 2:1,9 | पक्षपात | High | [BASELINE — REUSED EXACTLY] (from impartiality_of_god, Galatians 2:6). Directly confronts caste/class-based stratification. |
| 28 | Poor | πτωχός (ptōchos) | 1:9-11; 2:2-6; 5:1-6 | गरीब | Medium | [NEW]. Retain polemical/prophetic edge, esp. ch.5. |
| 29 | Rich | πλούσιος (plousios) | 1:9-11; 2:2-6; 5:1-6 | धनी | Medium | [NEW]. |
| 30 | Assembly (worship gathering) | συναγωγή (synagōgē) | 2:2 | सभा | Medium | [NEW]. Not यहूदी सभागृह (synagogue) — this is the Christian gathering. |
| 31 | Heirs of the kingdom | κληρονόμοι τῆς βασιλείας (klēronomoi tēs basileias) | 2:5 | राज्य के वारिस | Medium | [BASELINE — REUSED] (वारिस, heir; परमेश्वर का राज्य, kingdom_of_god). |
| 32 | Royal law | νόμος βασιλικός (nomos basilikos) | 2:8 | राजकीय व्यवस्था | High | [BASELINE PATTERN — REUSED] (व्यवस्था). Cross-reference law_of_christ — the love-fulfilling law, not new legalism. |
| 33 | Judgment without mercy | κρίσις ἀνέλεος (krisis aneleos) | 2:13 | निर्दयी न्याय | Medium | [BASELINE — REUSED] (दया, negated). Not automatic karmic retribution. |
5. Taming the Tongue
| # | English Term | Greek (Transliteration) | Chapter Ref(s) | Hindi Rendering | Risk | Notes / Rejected Alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 34 | Tongue | γλῶσσα (glōssa) | 1:26; 3:1-12 | जीभ | Low | [NEW]. |
| 35 | Bridle / control | χαλιναγωγέω (chalinagōgeō) | 1:26; 3:2 | वश में करना | Low | [NEW]. |
| 36 | Deadly poison | ἰὸς θανατηφόρος (ios thanatēphoros) | 3:8 | प्राणघातक विष | Low | [NEW]. |
| 37 | Bless / curse | εὐλογέω / καταράομαι (eulogeō / kataraomai) | 3:9-10 | आशीष देना / श्राप देना | Medium-High | [BASELINE — REUSED EXACTLY] (आशीष from blessing_of_abraham; श्राप from Galatians curse). Baseline caution re: श्राप as liftable ritual curse still applies. |
| 38 | Image of God | εἰκὼν θεοῦ (eikōn theou) | 3:9 | परमेश्वर का स्वरूप | Medium | [NEW]. Retain unqualified universality across caste/status lines. |
| 39 | Oath / swear | ὅρκος, ὀμνύω (horkos, omnyō) | 5:12 | शपथ / शपथ खाना | Low | [NEW]. |
6. Worldliness versus Friendship with God
| # | English Term | Greek (Transliteration) | Chapter Ref(s) | Hindi Rendering | Risk | Notes / Rejected Alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 40 | Friendship with the world / enmity with God | φιλία τοῦ κόσμου / ἔχθρα τοῦ θεοῦ | 4:4 | संसार से मित्रता / परमेश्वर से शत्रुता | High | [NEW]. Preserve the stark either/or structure. |
| 41 | Adulteresses (spiritual infidelity metaphor) | μοιχαλίδες (moichalides) | 4:4 | व्यभिचारिणी | Medium | [NEW]. Requires note clarifying the OT covenant-unfaithfulness metaphor. |
| 42 | Grace | χάρις (charis) | 4:6 | अनुग्रह | High | [BASELINE — REUSED EXACTLY]. Never कृपा in this contrast context. |
| 43 | Humble / humble oneself / exalt | ταπεινός, ταπεινόω, ὑψόω | 4:6,10 | विनम्र / दीन होना / ऊँचा करना | Medium | [NEW]. Not a merit-transaction; exaltation remains gracious divine response. |
| 44 | Devil | διάβολος (diabolos) | 4:7 | शैतान | Medium | [NEW]. Established term. |
| 45 | Purify (the heart) | καθαρίζω (katharizō) | 4:8 | शुद्ध करना | Medium | [NEW]. Inward moral cleansing, not ritual ablution. |
| 46 | Double-minded | δίψυχος (dipsychos) | 1:8; 4:8 | दुचित्ता | Medium | [NEW]. Divided loyalty/purpose, not simple factual doubt. |
| 47 | Lawgiver / Judge | νομοθέτης / κριτής | 4:12 | व्यवस्था देनेवाला / न्यायी | Medium | [BASELINE PATTERN — REUSED] (व्यवस्था). |
| 48 | Boasting | καύχησις (kauchēsis) | 4:16 | घमण्ड | Low | [BASELINE — REUSED EXACTLY]. |
| 49 | Will of God | θέλημα τοῦ θεοῦ (thelēma tou theou) | 4:15 | परमेश्वर की इच्छा | Medium | [NEW]. Personal divine sovereignty; never भाग्य/नियति (fate/destiny), per baseline providence/sovereignty guardrails. |
7. Prayer and Healing
| # | English Term | Greek (Transliteration) | Chapter Ref(s) | Hindi Rendering | Risk | Notes / Rejected Alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 50 | Prayer / pray | προσευχή, προσεύχομαι, εὔχομαι | 1:5-6; 5:13-18 | प्रार्थना / प्रार्थना करना | Medium | [NEW]. Established term. |
| 51 | Elders of the church | πρεσβύτεροι τῆς ἐκκλησίας | 5:14 | कलीसिया के प्राचीन | Medium | [BASELINE PATTERN — REUSED] (कलीसिया). प्राचीन = established Hindi elder-title. |
| 52 | Anointing with oil | ἀλείψαντες ἐλαίῳ (aleipsantes elaiō) | 5:14 | तेल से मलना | Critical/High | [NEW]. NEVER अभिषेक (Hindu ritual deity-anointing/puja collision). Mandatory translator note every occurrence. |
| 53 | Will save/heal (physical restoration) | σῴζω, σώσει (sōzō, physical sense) | 5:15 | चंगा करेगा | Critical | [NEW]. Deliberately NOT उद्धार here — dual-sense σῴζω hazard; cross-reference #1’s उद्धार use at 2:14 (soteriological sense). Mandatory theologian review. |
| 54 | The Lord will raise him up (recovery from sickness) | ἐγερεῖ αὐτὸν ὁ κύριος | 5:15 | प्रभु उसे उठाएगा | Medium-High | [NEW]. NOT पुनरुत्थान (resurrection doctrine) — sickbed recovery only. |
| 55 | Prayer of faith | εὐχὴ τῆς πίστεως (euchē tēs pisteōs) | 5:15 | विश्वास की प्रार्थना | Medium | [BASELINE PATTERN — REUSED] (विश्वास). |
| 56 | The working prayer of a righteous person | δέησις δικαίου ἐνεργουμένη | 5:16 | धर्मी जन की प्रार्थना | Medium | [BASELINE PATTERN — REUSED] (धर्मी). |
| 57 | Ask (in prayer) | αἰτέω (aiteō) | 1:5-6; 4:2-3 | मांगना | Low | [NEW]. |
| 58 | Doubt / waver | διακρίνομαι (diakrinomai) | 1:6 | सन्देह करना / डगमगाना | Low | [NEW]. |
8. Patience and the Lord’s Return
| # | English Term | Greek (Transliteration) | Chapter Ref(s) | Hindi Rendering | Risk | Notes / Rejected Alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 59 | The Lord’s coming (Parousia) | παρουσία (parousia) | 5:7-8 | आगमन (“प्रभु का आगमन”) | High | [NEW]. Never अवतरण (repeatable divine-descent collision) — extends baseline देहधारण/अवतार guardrail. |
| 60 | Patience / be patient (relational, waiting) | μακροθυμία, μακροθυμέω (makrothymia) | 5:7-8,10 | सहनशीलता / धीरज धरना | High | [NEW]. Kept lexically distinct from #14 (ὑπομονή, धीरज). |
| 61 | Establish/strengthen the hearts | στηρίζω τὰς καρδίας | 5:8 | अपने मनों को स्थिर करो | Low | [NEW]. |
| 62 | Example of suffering and patience (the prophets) | ὑπόδειγμα τῆς κακοπαθείας καὶ τῆς μακροθυμίας | 5:10 | दुःख सहने और धीरज रखने का उदाहरण | Low | [NEW]. |
| 63 | Very compassionate and merciful (God’s character) | πολύσπλαγχνος, οἰκτίρμων | 5:11 | अति दयालु और करुणा से भरा | Low | [BASELINE PATTERN — REUSED] (दया). |
| 64 | Harvest (patience metaphor) | θερισμός (therismos) | 5:4,7 | फसल | Medium | [NEW]. Distinguish from Galatians baseline sowing_and_reaping Critical entry — agrarian patience-metaphor here, not a merit-yield proverb. |
9. Confession and Restoration
| # | English Term | Greek (Transliteration) | Chapter Ref(s) | Hindi Rendering | Risk | Notes / Rejected Alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 65 | Confess your sins to one another | ἐξομολογεῖσθε ἀλλήλοις τὰς ἁμαρτίας | 5:16 | एक दूसरे के सम्मुख अपने पापों को अंगीकार करो | High | [BASELINE PATTERN — REUSED] (अंगीकार करना, from confession_of_faith; applied here to sin-confession). Mutual/peer structure (ἀλλήλοις) must be preserved — not confession to a priestly intermediary alone. |
| 66 | Turn back / bring back (a wanderer) | ἐπιστρέψῃ (epistrepsē) | 5:19-20 | फिरा लाना | Medium | [NEW]. Distinguish from baseline मन फिराव (repentance, personal inner turning) — this is a community-restoration action. |
| 67 | Wanders from the truth | πλανηθῇ ἀπὸ τῆς ἀληθείας | 5:19 | सत्य से भटक जाना | Medium | [NEW]. |
| 68 | Save a soul from death | σώσει ψυχὴν ἐκ θανάτου | 5:20 | प्राण को मृत्यु से बचाना | Medium-High | [NEW]. Connects conceptually to the dead-faith motif of 2:17,26 (note recommended). |
| 69 | A multitude of sins | πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν (plēthos hamartiōn) | 5:20 | पापों का ढेर / बहुत से पाप | Low | [NEW]. |
10. Anthropology (Cross-Cutting Methodological Terms)
| # | English Term | Greek (Transliteration) | Chapter Ref(s) | Hindi Rendering | Risk | Notes / Rejected Alternatives |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 70 | Body (physical) | σῶμα (sōma) | 2:16,26; 3:2-3,6 | शरीर | Low | [BASELINE — REUSED]. Plain physical sense here, not the technical sarx sinful-nature sense. |
| 71 | Soul / life / self | ψυχή (psychē) | 1:21; 5:20 | प्राण | Medium | [NEW]. Kept distinct from आत्मा to avoid Holy-Spirit / ātman conflation. |
| 72 | Spirit / breath (life-force animating a body) | πνεῦμα (pneuma, generic sense) | 2:26 | प्राण | Critical | [NEW]. NEVER आत्मा here — आत्मा is reserved exclusively for पवित्र आत्मा (Holy Spirit) per baseline; also avoids collision with the Hindu/Vedantic ātman. Mandatory theologian review. |
11. General / Reused Baseline Terms Occurring Throughout James
| # | English Term | Greek (Transliteration) | Chapter Ref(s) | Hindi Rendering | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 73 | God | θεός | throughout | परमेश्वर | Critical | [BASELINE — REUSED EXACTLY]. |
| 74 | Lord | κύριος | throughout | प्रभु | Critical | [BASELINE — REUSED EXACTLY]. |
| 75 | Jesus Christ | Ἰησοῦς Χριστός | 1:1; 2:1 | यीशु मसीह | Critical | [BASELINE — REUSED EXACTLY]. |
| 76 | Father (of God) | πατήρ | 1:17,27; 3:9 | पिता | High | [BASELINE — REUSED EXACTLY]. |
| 77 | Sin | ἁμαρτία | 1:15; 2:9; 4:17; 5:15-16,20 | पाप | High | [BASELINE — REUSED EXACTLY]. |
| 78 | Law | νόμος | 1:25; 2:8-12; 4:11-12 | व्यवस्था | High | [BASELINE — REUSED EXACTLY]. Never धर्म. |
| 79 | Freedom / liberty | ἐλευθερία | 1:25; 2:12 | स्वतंत्रता | Critical | [BASELINE — REUSED EXACTLY]. Never मुक्ति/मोक्ष. |
| 80 | Mercy | ἔλεος | 2:13; 3:17; 5:11 | दया | Medium | [BASELINE — REUSED EXACTLY]. |
| 81 | Grace | χάρις | 4:6 | अनुग्रह | High | [BASELINE — REUSED EXACTLY]. |
| 82 | Righteousness / righteous | δικαιοσύνη, δίκαιος | 1:20; 2:23; 3:18; 5:6,16 | धार्मिकता / धर्मी | Critical | [BASELINE — REUSED EXACTLY]. |
| 83 | Glory | δόξα | 2:1 | महिमा | High | [BASELINE — REUSED EXACTLY]. |
| 84 | Peace | εἰρήνη | 2:16; 3:18 | शांति | Medium | [BASELINE — REUSED EXACTLY]. |
| 85 | Church | ἐκκλησία | 5:14 | कलीसिया | Medium | [BASELINE — REUSED EXACTLY]. |
| 86 | Kingdom of God | βασιλεία (τοῦ θεοῦ) | 2:5 | परमेश्वर का राज्य | Medium | [BASELINE — REUSED EXACTLY]. |
| 87 | Heir | κληρονόμος | 2:5 | वारिस | Medium | [BASELINE — REUSED EXACTLY]. |
| 88 | Hospitality | (ὑποδεξαμένη, act of) | 2:25 | अतिथि-सत्कार | Low | [BASELINE — REUSED EXACTLY]. |
| 89 | Blessing (of Abraham family / general) | εὐλογία, εὐλογέω | 3:9 | आशीष / आशीष देना | Medium | [BASELINE — REUSED EXACTLY]. |
| 90 | Curse | κατάρα, καταράομαι | 3:9-10 | श्राप / श्राप देना | High | [BASELINE — REUSED EXACTLY]. Translator note re: liftable-ritual-curse folk reading still required. |
| 91 | Boasting | καύχησις | 4:16 | घमण्ड | Low | [BASELINE — REUSED EXACTLY]. |
| 92 | Hypocrisy (negated: without hypocrisy) | ὑπόκρισις / ἀνυπόκριτος | 3:17 | कपट / निष्कपट | Medium | [BASELINE — REUSED EXACTLY]. |
| 93 | Servant/slave (of God, self-designation) | δοῦλος | 1:1 | दास | Medium | [NEW — extends baseline deacon/servant_of_sin family]. Positive, honorific sense here; distinguish from baseline’s negative दासत्व (bondage to sin). |
| 94 | Salvation (soteriological) | σῴζω (soteriological sense) | 1:21; 2:14; 4:12; 5:20 | उद्धार | Critical | [BASELINE — REUSED EXACTLY]. Never मुक्ति/मोक्ष. Kept distinct from #53’s physical-healing चंगा sense (5:15). |
| 95 | Religion / religious observance | θρησκεία | 1:26-27 | भक्ति | Critical | [NEW]. Neither धर्म (barred by baseline’s blanket avoidance of the morpheme) nor भक्ति (bhakti-mārga collision) is risk-free; भक्ति selected with mandatory translator note distinguishing James’s ethically-defined “true religion” from bhakti as a devotional liberation-path. |
Risk Summary
| Risk Tier | Count (approx.) | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 12 | Human theologian, every occurrence |
| High | 20 | Human theologian |
| Medium | 42 | Native speaker review recommended |
| Low | 21 | Automated review sufficient |
Headline Critical flags unique to James (require priority theologian briefing before Phase 2 begins):
- James 2:24 / δικαιοῦται ἐξ ἔργων — cross-book tension with Romans/Galatians justification-by-faith (Term #4).
- τέλειος/τελειόω family — never सिद्ध, the Hindu siddha collision (Terms #7, #15).
- τροχὸς τῆς γενέσεως (3:6) — “wheel of birth” saṃsāra collision (Term #26).
- θρησκεία (1:26-27) — the धर्म-vs-भक्ति “religion” naming problem (Term #95).
- ἀλείψαντες ἐλαίῳ (5:14) — anointing-with-oil vs. Hindu abhisheka ritual collision (Term #52).
- σῴζω dual sense — soteriological उद्धार (2:14) vs. physical चंगा (5:15) (Terms #53, #94).
- πνεῦμα generic sense (2:26) — never आत्मा; Holy Spirit / ātman double-collision (Term #72).
This glossary must be loaded into translation_memory.json as new entries before Phase 2 segment translation of James begins, per the AI Requirements document’s “New Term Encountered” protocol.
Critical Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर
Transliteration: Parameśvara
Doctrine: God
Rejected alternatives: ईश्वर, भगवान
Original: θεός
Category: General
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. Used throughout James (e.g. 1:1,5,13,17,27; 2:19,23; 4:6-8). No James-specific variation.
Lord
Approved rendering: प्रभु
Transliteration: Prabhu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: स्वामी, ईश्वर
Original: κύριος
Category: General
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. Applied to Jesus Christ (James 2:1) and to God/the Lord throughout ch.5 (5:7-8,10-11,14-15). Must convey exclusive, supreme Lordship; watch especially the JW New World Translation’s systematic Lordship-downgrading pattern documented in 05_translation_landscape.md — do not echo.
Jesus
Approved rendering: यीशु
Transliteration: Yīśu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ईसा, ईशू
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. BSI OV/NV standard form, used at James 1:1; 2:1.
Jesus Christ
Approved rendering: यीशु मसीह
Transliteration: Yīśu Masīha
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς Χριστός
Category: General
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package (compound of the baseline ‘jesus’ and ‘messiah’ entries). James 1:1; 2:1.
Messiah
Approved rendering: मसीह
Transliteration: Masīha
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: अभिषिक्त व्यक्ति, देव-दूत
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. Used as part of यीशु मसीह throughout James.
Father
Approved rendering: पिता
Transliteration: Pitā
Doctrine: God
Rejected alternatives: ब्रह्मा, सृष्टिकर्ता
Original: πατήρ
Category: General
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. James 1:17 ‘Father of lights’ (ज्योतियों का पिता) and 1:27; 3:9 require the same caution as the baseline महिमा entry: avoid light-metaphor phrasing that could conflate with Hindu divine-light/jyoti devotional concepts; emphasize God’s unchanging generosity, not radiant emanation.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: पवित्र आत्मा
Transliteration: Pavitra Ātmā
Doctrine: Anthropology of Body, Soul, and Spirit
Rejected alternatives: ब्रह्म, परमात्मा, देव-आत्मा
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. James does not name the Holy Spirit explicitly except possibly the disputed 4:5. Critical guardrail for this book: आत्मा is reserved EXCLUSIVELY for this personal, divine Holy Spirit; James 2:26’s generic breath/life-force (πνεῦμα) and James 1:21/5:20’s soul (ψυχή) must never use आत्मा — see spirit_breath_generic and soul_life entries.
Freedom
Approved rendering: स्वतंत्रता
Transliteration: svatantratā
Doctrine: Freedom
Rejected alternatives: मुक्ति, मोक्ष
Original: ἐλευθερία
Category: General
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. Never मुक्ति/मोक्ष. James 1:25; 2:12, ‘the perfect law of liberty’ — gloss on first use cross-referencing the baseline law_of_christ guardrail: liberating obedience flowing from grace, not new legalism.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: धार्मिकता
Transliteration: dhārmikatā
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: धर्म, पुण्य, न्याय
Original: δικαιοσύνη / δίκαιος
Category: General
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. Never धर्म. James 1:20; 2:23; 3:18; 5:6,16. Also underlies धर्मी (righteous person, e.g. 5:16).
Justification
Approved rendering: धर्मी ठहराया जाना
Transliteration: dharmī ṭaharāyā jānā
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: माफी पाना, पुण्य प्राप्त करना
Original: δικαιόω / δικαιοῦται / ἐδικαιώθη
Category: Faith and Works
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package, reused EXACTLY, unaltered. CRITICAL EXTENSION for James: at 2:21,24-25 this identical compound phrase functions in a demonstrative/vindicating sense (proof that an already-imputed righteous standing, Genesis 15:6/James 2:23, is genuine) rather than Romans/Galatians’ forensic-initial sense. The tension is resolved ONLY by a mandatory theologian-authored harmonizing translator note on every occurrence in James 2:14-26 — NEVER by substituting a different Hindi phrase for either author’s usage.
Salvation
Approved rendering: उद्धार
Transliteration: uddhāra
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: मुक्ति, मोक्ष, छुटकारा
Original: σῴζω (soteriological sense)
Category: General
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. Never मुक्ति/मोक्ष. James’s soteriological σῴζω occurrences: 1:21; 2:14; 4:12; 5:20. CRITICAL: must be kept lexically distinct from चंगा करेगा (heal_physical_restoration), the physical-healing sense of the same Greek verb at 5:15 — see that entry.
Faith
Approved rendering: विश्वास
Transliteration: viśvāsa
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: श्रद्धा, आस्था, भरोसा
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith and Works
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package, unchanged. James 1:3,6; 2:1,5,14-26; 5:15. James 2:14-26 tests whether professed विश्वास is living or dead; the term itself never changes across the letter or across curricula.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: आरोपित धार्मिकता
Transliteration: āropita dhārmikatā
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: अर्जित धार्मिकता
Original: ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην
Category: Faith and Works
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. James 2:23 quotes Genesis 15:6 (LXX) with the clause धार्मिकता के लिये गिना गया — MUST match the established Romans 4:3 Hindi wording VERBATIM per the cross-curriculum shared-citation rule. Never अर्जित (earned).
Resurrection
Approved rendering: पुनरुत्थान
Transliteration: punaruttāna
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: पुनर्जन्म, पुनर्जीवन
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. Never पुनर्जन्म. GUARDRAIL for James 5:15: ‘the Lord will raise him up’ (प्रभु उसे उठाएगा, sickbed recovery) must be kept lexically DISTINCT from पुनरुत्थान — this baseline term is never to be used for James 5:15’s recovery-from-illness sense.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: देहधारण
Transliteration: dehadhāraṇa
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: अवतार, देह प्रकटीकरण
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. Never अवतार. GUARDRAIL EXTENSION for James: this अवतार prohibition extends to James 5:7-8’s ‘the Lord’s coming’ (parousia) — never render as अवतरण (repeatable divine descent) — see lords_coming_parousia entry.
Works
Approved rendering: काम
Transliteration: kāma
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: कर्म
Original: ἔργα / ἔργον
Category: Faith and Works
NEW. James 2:14-26; 3:13. NEVER कर्म — imports Hindu merit-accumulation cosmology, making James read as Christianized karma-doctrine. Reuses the baseline pattern from व्यवस्था के काम (works_of_the_law) but is never Torah-performance; it is observable evidence of living faith. Must be distinguished in translator notes from व्यवस्था के काम whenever both are discussed.
Dead Faith
Approved rendering: मृत
Transliteration: mṝta
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: कमज़ोर (weak), अपूर्ण (incomplete), किसी काम की नहीं (ERV-HI’s softened ‘of no use’)
Original: νεκρά / νεκρόν
Category: Faith and Works
NEW. James 2:17,26. James’s verdict on unaccompanied faith is categorical deadness, not weakness or incompleteness. Must not be softened; the ERV-HI ‘of no use’ rendering is a known drift to reject per 05_translation_landscape.md.
Perfect Complete Mature
Approved rendering: पूर्ण
Transliteration: pūrṇa
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Rejected alternatives: सिद्ध, सिद्धि, सिद्ध-अवस्था
Original: τέλειος / τελειόω
Category: Faith and Works
NEW. James 1:4,17,25; 2:22; 3:2 (τέλειος/τελειόω). NEVER सिद्ध — deliberate, documented departure from BSI OV/NV precedent (which uses सिद्ध). Hindu siddha denotes a being who has attained supernatural perfection through yogic/ascetic discipline; using it would recast Spirit-wrought or trial-wrought maturity as self-attained spiritual mastery, inverting James 1:17’s grace-and-gift framing. Use पूर्ण consistently across every occurrence; never gloss with सिद्ध-adjacent vocabulary even in explanatory notes.
Course Of Life
Approved rendering: जीवन की सम्पूर्ण चाल
Transliteration: jīvana kī sampūrṇa cāla
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Rejected alternatives: जन्म का चक्र, जीवन-चक्र, जीवन का चक्र (BSI OV), जीवन का ढांचा (BSI NV)
Original: τροχὸς τῆς γενέσεως
Category: Taming the Tongue
NEW. HIGHEST-PRIORITY FLAG IN THE BOOK. James 3:6 (τροχὸς τῆς γενέσεως). NEVER combine चक्र (wheel/cycle) with जन्म (birth) in any form — collides directly and visually with Hindu/Buddhist saṃsāra (the wheel of birth-and-rebirth). This is an image-level collision, not merely lexical — even a footnote-qualified चक्र risks reinforcing saṃsāra iconography. Deliberate, documented departure from both BSI OV (‘जीवन का चक्र’) and BSI NV (‘जीवन का ढांचा’). Mandatory theologian review and mandatory translator note on every occurrence.
Anointing With Oil
Approved rendering: तेल से मलना
Transliteration: tela se malanā
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Rejected alternatives: अभिषेक
Original: ἀλείψαντες ἐλαίῳ
Category: Prayer and Healing
NEW. James 5:14 (ἀλείψαντες ἐλαίῳ). NEVER अभिषेक — the standard Hindi term for Hindu ritual anointing/bathing of a deity’s image with milk/oil/water/honey as an act of worship (a live, visually familiar contemporary temple ritual). Using it would recast James’s simple pastoral healing-prayer practice as a puja-rite performed toward a deity-image. तेल से मलना keeps the act descriptive and religiously unmarked. Mandatory translator note on every occurrence.
Heal Physical Restoration
Approved rendering: चंगा करेगा
Transliteration: caṅgā karegā
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Rejected alternatives: उद्धार (forbidden here)
Original: σῴζω (σώσει, physical sense)
Category: Prayer and Healing
NEW. James 5:15 (σῴζω, physical sense). Deliberately NOT उद्धार. The book’s clearest σῴζω dual-sense hazard: using उद्धार here would collapse physical healing into eternal-salvation doctrine, while using चंगा at 2:14 would wrongly reduce that verse’s soteriological stakes to mere physical rescue. Mandatory theologian review with explanatory translator note that the same Greek verb intentionally carries physical-restoration force here without guaranteeing healing in every case or tying it automatically to eternal salvation.
Spirit Breath Generic
Approved rendering: प्राण
Transliteration: prāṇa
Doctrine: Anthropology of Body, Soul, and Spirit
Rejected alternatives: आत्मा (forbidden here), साँस (NWT’s rendering, not adopted for this reason)
Original: πνεῦμα (generic sense)
Category: Anthropology
NEW. James 2:26 (πνεῦμα, generic breath/life-force sense — NOT the Holy Spirit, NOT a technical soteriological term). THE single most anthropologically dangerous term-choice in the letter. NEVER आत्मा — would (1) suggest the Holy Spirit generically indwells/animates every physical body, confusing common grace/creation with regeneration, and (2) resonate with the Hindu/Vedantic ātman, held in some traditions to be ontologically continuous with, or destined to merge into, Brahman. Mandatory theologian review with translator note on every occurrence.
Religion True Piety
Approved rendering: भक्ति
Transliteration: bhakti
Doctrine: True Religion and Practical Piety
Rejected alternatives: धर्म (blanket-barred per baseline theology entry), साधना (informal syncretistic paraphrase risk, imports self-effort ascetic-discipline connotations)
Original: θρησκεία
Category: True Religion and Practical Piety
NEW. James 1:26-27 (θρησκεία). No risk-free Hindi option exists: धर्म is barred by this Language Package’s blanket avoidance of the धर्म morpheme (cosmic duty/moral order collision); भक्ति (selected) itself names one of Hinduism’s three classical soteriological paths (bhakti-mārga, devotion to a chosen deity). Mandatory theologian-reviewed translator note on every occurrence distinguishing James’s ethically-defined ‘true religion’ (verified by care for orphans/widows and personal moral purity) from bhakti-mārga as a devotional liberation-technique. BSI OV/NV both already use भक्ति here without such a note — this curriculum is the first to supply one.
High Risk Terms
Sin
Approved rendering: पाप
Transliteration: pāpa
Doctrine: Sin
Rejected alternatives: अधर्म, अशुद्धता
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: General
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. James 1:15; 2:9; 4:17; 5:15-16,20.
Law
Approved rendering: व्यवस्था
Transliteration: vyavasthā
Doctrine: Law
Rejected alternatives: धर्म, शरीयत, नियम
Original: νόμος
Category: General
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. Never धर्म. James 1:25 (‘perfect law of liberty’), 2:8-12 (‘royal law’), 4:11-12 (lawgiver).
Grace
Approved rendering: अनुग्रह
Transliteration: anugraha
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: कृपा, दया, वरदान, भाग्य, कर्म-फल, पुण्य
Original: χάρις
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. James 4:6 quotes Proverbs 3:34 (‘God gives grace to the humble’); never कृपा in this grace-humility contrast context.
Glory
Approved rendering: महिमा
Transliteration: mahimā
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: देव-ज्योति, प्रकाश
Original: δόξα
Category: General
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. James 2:1, ‘our glorious Lord Jesus Christ,’ affirming Christ’s divine glory as the ground on which favoritism is condemned.
Curse
Approved rendering: श्राप / श्रापित
Transliteration: śrāpa / śrāpita
Doctrine: Atonement
Original: κατάρα / καταράομαι
Category: General
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. James 3:9-10, cursing people made in God’s image. The baseline caution that श्राप could be heard as a liftable, transferable folk-ritual curse still applies; here it functions purely as a description of the sin of hostile speech, not a doctrine of efficacious cursing — mandatory translator note.
Impartiality Of God
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर किसी का पक्षपात नहीं करता
Transliteration: Parameśvara kisī kā pakṣapāta nahīṃ karatā
Doctrine: God
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package (Galatians 2:6). Underlies the James-specific favoritism entry (पक्षपात, James 2:1,9); render unqualified — directly confronts caste-based and class-based spiritual hierarchy in the Indian context.
Law Of Christ
Approved rendering: मसीह की व्यवस्था
Transliteration: Masīha kī vyavasthā
Doctrine: Covenant
Rejected alternatives: मसीह का धर्म
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package (Galatians 6:2, tied to 5:14). Cross-referenced by James’s royal_law entry (2:8) — the same love-fulfilling-law concept under a different label, not a new legal code superimposed on grace.
Confession Of Faith
Approved rendering: अंगीकार करना
Transliteration: aṅgīkāra karanā
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: स्वीकार करना
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package (Romans 10:9-10, confession unto salvation). EXTENDED for James 5:16 to mutual sin-confession among believers (see confess_sins_to_one_another entry) — a distinct application of the same verb, not a new term.
Providence
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर का विधान
Transliteration: Parameśvara kā vidhāna
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: भाग्य, कर्म का नियम
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. Underlies James’s will_of_god entry (4:15); never भाग्य/कर्म-based fate language.
Sovereignty
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर की संप्रभुता
Transliteration: Parameśvara kī samprabhutā
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: भाग्य, नियति
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. Underlies the personal-divine-sovereignty sense required at James 4:15.
Fruit Of The Spirit
Approved rendering: आत्मा का फल
Transliteration: ātmā kā phala
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: फल (bare), फलों (plural)
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package (Galatians 5:22-23). Referenced in James for contrast: James 3:17-18’s ‘full of mercy and good fruits’ (अच्छे फलों से भरी) and ‘fruit of righteousness sown in peace’ (3:18) must be distinguished by translator note from this baseline Critical entry — James’s imagery is wisdom’s/righteousness’s own character-output, not a restatement of Spirit-fruit doctrine, but must avoid the same कर्म-फल collision this baseline entry guards against.
Sowing And Reaping
Approved rendering: मनुष्य जो कुछ बोता है, वही काटेगा
Transliteration: manuṣya jo kucha botā hai, vahī kāṭegā
Doctrine: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package (Galatians 6:7-8, the book’s karma-collision passage). Referenced in James for contrast: 3:18’s peace-sown-righteousness image and 5:4,7’s harvest/patience metaphor must both be explicitly distinguished, via translator note, from this Critical baseline entry so neither positive image is taught as कर्म-doctrine.
Faith Working Through Love
Approved rendering: विश्वास जो प्रेम के द्वारा कार्य करता है
Transliteration: viśvāsa jo prema ke dvārā kārya karatā hai
Doctrine: Faith
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package (Galatians 5:6). Cross-referenced by James’s faith_and_works_cooperating entry (2:22, συνεργέω) — works are faith’s mode/fruit, never an independent meritorious supplement toward salvation, exactly as in this baseline guardrail.
Works Of The Law
Approved rendering: व्यवस्था के काम
Transliteration: vyavasthā ke kāma
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: कर्म
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. NEVER कर्म. Must be lexically and conceptually distinguished from James’s bare काम (works, ἔργα) every time both concepts are discussed together in translator notes — James’s काम is never Torah-performance-as-justification-ground; it is faith’s visible evidence.
Demonstrate Faith
Approved rendering: दिखा / प्रमाणित कर
Transliteration: dikhā / pramāṇita kar
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: δείκνυμι / δεῖξον
Category: Faith and Works
NEW. James 2:18 (δείκνυμι/δεῖξον). Must signal ‘evidencing’ faith, never ‘producing/manufacturing/constituting’ it — works reveal, they do not generate, genuine faith.
Faith And Works Cooperating
Approved rendering: साथ काम करना / सहयोग करना
Transliteration: sātha kāma karanā / sahayoga karanā
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: συνεργέω / συνήργει
Category: Faith and Works
NEW. James 2:22 (συνεργέω). Must not suggest a ‘faith + works = 50/50’ merit-accumulation reading; faith and works are one organic reality, cross-referencing the baseline faith_working_through_love guardrail.
Friend Of God
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर का मित्र
Transliteration: Parameśvara kā mitra
Doctrine: Faith and Works
Original: φίλος θεοῦ
Category: Faith and Works
NEW. James 2:23 (φίλος θεοῦ). Risk: assimilation to Hindu sakhya-bhakti (friendship-mode devotion to a chosen deity, e.g. Krishna-Arjuna), recasting it as one attainable devotional posture among several rather than Abraham’s unique, unrepeatable, grace-grounded relational outcome. Mandatory translator note on every occurrence; no existing Hindi version currently supplies this distinction.
Doer Of The Word
Approved rendering: वचन पर चलनेवाला / वचन का पालन करनेवाला
Transliteration: vacana para calanevālā / vacana kā pālana karanevālā
Doctrine: True Religion and Practical Piety
Original: ποιητὴς λόγου
Category: Faith and Works
NEW. James 1:22-25 (ποιητὴς λόγου). Structurally anticipates ch.2’s ἔργα argument; keep ‘doing/practicing’ vocabulary consistent so readers connect 1:22-25 with 2:14-26.
Trial
Approved rendering: परीक्षा
Transliteration: parīkṣā
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Original: πειρασμός
Category: Trials and Testing of Faith
NEW. James 1:2,12 (πειρασμός, positive/external sense). Must be kept lexically DISTINCT from प्रलोभन (temptation, negative sense) — same Greek root, opposite moral valence; collapsing them risks implying God tempts to sin (denied explicitly at 1:13).
Temptation
Approved rendering: प्रलोभन
Transliteration: pralobhana
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Original: πειρασμός / πειράζω (negative sense)
Category: Trials and Testing of Faith
NEW. James 1:13-14 (πειρασμός/πειράζω, negative sense). See trial entry. God never tempts to sin; source is one’s own desire (अभिलाषा).
Endurance
Approved rendering: धीरज
Transliteration: dhīraja
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Original: ὑπομονή
Category: Trials and Testing of Faith
NEW. James 1:3-4; 5:11 (ὑπομονή). Kept lexically DISTINCT from सहनशीलता (patience, μακροθυμία, ch.5) so the two related-but-distinct doctrines (endurance-under-trial vs. patience-awaiting-the-Lord) remain distinguishable. Must not read as fatalistic karma-endurance but as endurance grounded in a personal God’s purposeful testing.
Desire
Approved rendering: अभिलाषा
Transliteration: abhilāṣā
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Original: ἐπιθυμία
Category: Trials and Testing of Faith
NEW (baseline pattern reused from शरीर की अभिलाषाएँ, Galatians). James 1:14-15; 4:1-3 (ἐπιθυμία). Must retain the personal, internal-agency sense — one’s own desire is the culprit, not God or an impersonal force.
Wisdom
Approved rendering: बुद्धि
Transliteration: buddhi
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Rejected alternatives: ज्ञान, प्रज्ञा, विद्या
Original: σοφία
Category: Wisdom from Above
NEW. James 1:5; 3:13-17 (σοφία). NEVER ज्ञान — collides with Hindu jñāna, one of the three classical mārgas (jñāna, bhakti, karma) to liberation. James’s wisdom is prayed-for and God-given, never self-attained enlightenment. प्रज्ञा/विद्या carry similar philosophical-attainment overtones; avoid both.
Wisdom From Above
Approved rendering: ऊपर से आनेवाली बुद्धि
Transliteration: ūpara se ānevālī buddhi
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Original: σοφία ἄνωθεν
Category: Wisdom from Above
NEW. James 3:15,17 (σοφία ἄνωθεν). Must be clearly marked as a descending GIFT, never an attainment through spiritual discipline or meditation.
Bless And Curse
Approved rendering: आशीष देना / श्राप देना
Transliteration: āśīṣa denā / śrāpa denā
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: εὐλογέω / καταράομαι
Category: Taming the Tongue
NEW combination of baseline terms (आशीष from blessing_of_abraham; श्राप from Galatians curse). James 3:9-10 — the tongue’s tragic inconsistency. The baseline caution about श्राप implying a liftable ritual curse still applies; here it describes sinful speech, not efficacious cursing.
Favoritism
Approved rendering: पक्षपात
Transliteration: pakṣapāta
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: προσωπολημψία / προσωπολημπτέω
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW application of baseline pattern (impartiality_of_god). James 2:1,9 (προσωπολημψία). Directly confronts caste-based and class-based social stratification in the Indian context; render unqualified.
Royal Law
Approved rendering: राजकीय व्यवस्था
Transliteration: rājakīya vyavasthā
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: νόμος βασιλικός
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW application of baseline व्यवस्था. James 2:8 (νόμος βασιλικός). Cross-reference the baseline law_of_christ entry — the same love-fulfilling-law concept under a different label, not new legalism.
Friendship With The World
Approved rendering: संसार से मित्रता / परमेश्वर से शत्रुता
Transliteration: saṃsāra se mitratā / Parameśvara se śatrutā
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: φιλία τοῦ κόσμου / ἔχθρα τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
NEW. James 4:4 (φιλία τοῦ κόσμου / ἔχθρα τοῦ θεοῦ). Must preserve the stark either/or structure — no softening into ‘some friendship with the world is acceptable.’ संसार (plain, moral-relational sense), never माया, which denotes the Vedantic doctrine of the world as cosmic illusion — a metaphysical claim James never makes.
Lord Will Raise Up
Approved rendering: प्रभु उसे उठाएगा
Transliteration: Prabhu use uṭhāegā
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Rejected alternatives: पुनरुत्थान (forbidden here)
Original: ἐγερεῖ αὐτὸν ὁ κύριος
Category: Prayer and Healing
NEW. James 5:15 (ἐγερεῖ αὐτὸν ὁ κύριος). NOT पुनरुत्थान — must be kept lexically distinct from the baseline bodily-resurrection doctrine to avoid conflating sickbed recovery with Christ’s resurrection or the future bodily resurrection of believers.
Lords Coming Parousia
Approved rendering: आगमन
Transliteration: āgamana
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
Rejected alternatives: अवतरण
Original: παρουσία
Category: Patience and the Lord’s Return
NEW. James 5:7-8 (παρουσία). NEVER अवतरण — extends the baseline देहधारण/अवतार guardrail into second-coming language; अवतरण suggests a repeatable divine descent structurally close to Hindu avatāra theology (e.g. the ten avatars, with Kalki yet to come). आगमन is theologically unmarked in ordinary Hindi (used for any dignitary’s arrival) and carries no cyclical-descent connotation. Christ’s return is singular, historical, and once-for-all.
Patience
Approved rendering: सहनशीलता / धीरज धरना
Transliteration: sahanaśīlatā / dhīraja dharanā
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
Original: μακροθυμία / μακροθυμέω
Category: Patience and the Lord’s Return
NEW. James 5:7-8,10 (μακροθυμία/μακροθυμέω). Must be kept lexically DISTINCT from धीरज alone (endurance, ὑπομονή, ch.1/5:11) so the two related-but-distinct patience-doctrines remain distinguishable across the letter.
Confess Sins To One Another
Approved rendering: एक दूसरे के सम्मुख अपने पापों को अंगीकार करो
Transliteration: eka dūsare ke sammukha apane pāpoṃ ko aṅgīkāra karo
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
Rejected alternatives: स्वीकारोक्ति (institutional-sacramental confessional connotation)
Original: ἐξομολογεῖσθε ἀλλήλοις τὰς ἁμαρτίας
Category: Confession and Restoration
NEW application of baseline अंगीकार करना. James 5:16 (ἐξομολογεῖσθε ἀλλήλοις τὰς ἁμαρτίας). The mutual, peer-to-peer structure (ἀλλήλοις, ‘to one another’) MUST be preserved explicitly and is non-omissible; a rendering implying confession only to a priest/pastor or guru-figure would misrepresent the text.
Save A Soul From Death
Approved rendering: प्राण को मृत्यु से बचाना
Transliteration: prāṇa ko mṝtyu se bacānā
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
Original: σώσει ψυχὴν ἐκ θανάτου
Category: Confession and Restoration
NEW. James 5:20 (σώσει ψυχὴν ἐκ θανάτου). Uses प्राण (never आत्मा) per this book’s anthropology rule. Translator note recommended connecting this to the dead-faith motif of 2:17,26.
Medium Risk Terms
Mercy
Approved rendering: दया
Transliteration: dayā
Doctrine: Mercy of God
Original: ἔλεος
Category: General
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. James 2:13; 3:17; 5:11. Kept distinct from अनुग्रह (grace).
Peace
Approved rendering: शांति
Transliteration: śānti
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: चैन, सुकून
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: General
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. James 2:16’s ironic ‘go in peace’ dismissal must read as hollow, empty piety-language — tone/context must carry the irony, since the phrase itself sounds devout. James 3:18 uses it as wisdom’s peaceable fruit.
Church
Approved rendering: कलीसिया
Transliteration: kalīsiyā
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: मंदिर, गिरजाघर
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: General
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. James 5:14, ‘elders of the church’ (कलीसिया के प्राचीन).
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर का राज्य
Transliteration: Parameśvara kā rājya
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Rejected alternatives: ईश्वर का राष्ट्र
Original: βασιλεία (τοῦ θεοῦ)
Category: General
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. James 2:5, the poor as ‘heirs of the kingdom.‘
Heir
Approved rendering: वारिस
Transliteration: vārisa
Doctrine: Covenant
Original: κληρονόμος
Category: General
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. James 2:5, ‘heirs of the kingdom’ (राज्य के वारिस); must be governed by the grace framework, not a merit-earned inheritance reading (resonant with Indian inheritance-by-service custom).
Blessing
Approved rendering: आशीष
Transliteration: āśīṣa
Doctrine: Covenant
Rejected alternatives: आशीर्वाद
Original: εὐλογία / εὐλογέω
Category: General
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package (blessing_of_abraham entry). James 3:9, ‘we bless our Lord and Father’ — the tongue’s inconsistency of blessing God while cursing people. Never आशीर्वाद (guru/elder reciprocal-favor connotation).
Hypocrisy
Approved rendering: कपट
Transliteration: kapaṭa
Doctrine: Church
Original: ὑπόκρισις / ἀνυπόκριτος
Category: General
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. James 3:17, negated as ἀνυπόκριτος (निष्कपट) within wisdom’s sevenfold character.
Zeal
Approved rendering: उत्साह
Transliteration: utsāha
Doctrine: Obedience of Faith
Rejected alternatives: जोश
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package (positive/neutral religious-energy sense, e.g. Paul’s pre-conversion zeal). Reserved for that sense ONLY; James 3:14,16’s ζῆλος πικρόν (bitter envy) is a distinct, negative-valence term rendered ईर्ष्या — the two Hindi words must never be swapped or the Greek root’s dual moral valence collapses.
Firstfruits
Approved rendering: पहले फल
Transliteration: pahale phala
Doctrine: Holy Spirit
Original: ἀπαρχή
Category: Trials and Testing of Faith
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package (Romans 8:23; 11:16). James 1:18, believers as the firstfruits of God’s redemptive harvest. Guard against merit/karma-fruit reading.
Testing Process
Approved rendering: परीक्षण
Transliteration: parīkṣaṇa
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Original: δοκίμιον
Category: Trials and Testing of Faith
NEW. James 1:3 (δοκίμιον). Distinct nuance from परीक्षा (the trial-event) — this is the genuineness-proving process itself.
Crown Of Life
Approved rendering: जीवन का मुकुट
Transliteration: jīvana kā mukuṭa
Doctrine: Trials and the Testing of Faith
Original: στέφανος τῆς ζωῆς
Category: Trials and Testing of Faith
NEW. James 1:12 (στέφανος τῆς ζωῆς). Must be explained via translator note as a grace-gift for a life of faith-endurance, never a proportional कर्म-style reward earned by accumulated righteous deeds.
False Wisdom Sources
Approved rendering: सांसारिक / मानवीय / दुष्टात्मा की सी
Transliteration: sāṃsārika / mānavīya / duṣṭātmā kī sī
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Original: ἐπίγειος / ψυχική / δαιμονιώδης
Category: Wisdom from Above
NEW. James 3:15 (ἐπίγειος / ψυχική / δαιμονιώδης). ψυχική rendered मानवीय (‘merely human/natural’), not a soul-word, to avoid conflating with the ψυχή-anthropology discussion at 1:21/5:20.
Envy
Approved rendering: ईर्ष्या
Transliteration: īrṣyā
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Original: ζῆλος πικρόν
Category: Wisdom from Above
NEW. James 3:14,16 (ζῆλος πικρόν, negative sense). Must be distinguished from the baseline zeal entry (उत्साह, positive/neutral sense) — same Greek root family, opposite valence; the two Hindi words must never be swapped.
Selfish Ambition
Approved rendering: स्वार्थ-लालसा
Transliteration: svārtha-lālasā
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Original: ἐριθεία
Category: Wisdom from Above
NEW. James 3:14,16 (ἐριθεία). Paired with envy as the root of communal disorder.
Wisdom Character Qualities
Approved rendering: निर्मल, शांतिप्रिय, कोमल, सहज, दया और अच्छे फलों से भरी, निष्कपट
Transliteration: nirmala, śāntipriya, komala, sahaja, dayā aura acche phaloṃ se bharī, niṣkapaṭa
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Original: ἁγνή, εἰρηνική, ἐπιεικής, εὐπειθής, μεστὴ ἐλέους καὶ καρπῶν ἀγαθῶν, ἀνυπόκριτος
Category: Wisdom from Above
NEW. James 3:17, the seven-fold character of heavenly wisdom. Reuses baseline शांति, दया, and negated कपट. Ensure ‘full of mercy and good fruits’ does not slide toward कर्म-फल connotations — this is wisdom’s own character-output.
Fruit Of Righteousness Sown In Peace
Approved rendering: धार्मिकता का फल शान्ति में बोया जाता है
Transliteration: dhārmikatā kā phala śānti meṃ boyā jātā hai
Doctrine: Wisdom from Above
Original: δικαιοσύνη σπείρεται ἐν εἰρήνῃ
Category: Wisdom from Above
NEW. James 3:18 (δικαιοσύνη σπείρεται ἐν εἰρήνῃ). Flag for consistency with, and clear distinction from, the Galatians baseline’s Critical sowing_and_reaping entry — a positive relational image of righteousness’s fruit, never karma-doctrine.
Image Of God
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर का स्वरूप
Transliteration: Parameśvara kā svarūpa
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: εἰκὼν θεοῦ
Category: Taming the Tongue
NEW. James 3:9 (εἰκὼν θεοῦ). Must retain unqualified universality — every person, regardless of caste/status, bears God’s image; grounds the wrongness of cursing people.
Poor
Approved rendering: गरीब
Transliteration: garība
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: πτωχός
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW. James 1:9-11; 2:2-6; 5:1-6 (πτωχός). Retain the letter’s polemical/prophetic edge, especially in ch.5.
Rich
Approved rendering: धनी
Transliteration: dhanī
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: πλούσιος
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW. James 1:9-11; 2:2-6; 5:1-6 (πλούσιος). Retain the prophetic, denunciatory tone in ch.5.
Assembly
Approved rendering: सभा
Transliteration: sabhā
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Rejected alternatives: यहूदी सभागृह
Original: συναγωγή
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW. James 2:2 (συναγωγή). Not यहूदी सभागृह (synagogue building) — that could mislead readers into thinking this describes a specifically Jewish institution rather than the Christian gathering James’s audience used this term for.
Heirs Of The Kingdom
Approved rendering: राज्य के वारिस
Transliteration: rājya ke vārisa
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: κληρονόμοι τῆς βασιλείας
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW combination of baseline terms (वारिस + परमेश्वर का राज्य). James 2:5 (κληρονόμοι τῆς βασιλείας). Keep governed by the grace framework, not merit-earned inheritance.
Judgment Without Mercy
Approved rendering: निर्दयी न्याय
Transliteration: nirdayī nyāya
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: κρίσις ἀνέλεος
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW (negated दया). James 2:13 (κρίσις ἀνέλεος). Must not be read as automatic karmic retribution but as a warning grounded in relationship with a personal, moral Judge.
Spiritual Adultery
Approved rendering: व्यभिचारिणी
Transliteration: vyabhicāriṇī
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: μοιχαλίδες
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
NEW. James 4:4 (μοιχαλίδες, metaphorical). Requires a translator note clarifying the metaphorical, OT covenant-unfaithfulness sense (echoing Hosea-style prophetic marriage-imagery), not a literal accusation.
Humility Exaltation
Approved rendering: विनम्र / दीन होना / ऊँचा करना
Transliteration: vinamra / dīna honā / ūñcā karanā
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: ταπεινός / ταπεινόω / ὑψόω
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
NEW. James 4:6,10 (ταπεινός/ταπεινόω/ὑψόω). Not a merit-transaction; exaltation remains God’s gracious response, never a karmic wage.
Devil
Approved rendering: शैतान
Transliteration: śaitāna
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: διάβολος
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
NEW. James 4:7 (διάβολος). Spiritual warfare framed relationally (submit to God, resist the devil), not through ritual technique.
Purify Heart
Approved rendering: शुद्ध करना
Transliteration: śuddha karanā
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: καθαρίζω
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
NEW. James 4:8 (καθαρίζω). Inward moral cleansing consequent on repentance, not external ritual purification (e.g., a ritual bath).
Double Minded
Approved rendering: दुचित्ता
Transliteration: duchittā
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Rejected alternatives: द्विचित्त (archaic Sanskrit loan)
Original: δίψυχος
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
NEW coined compound. James 1:8; 4:8 (δίψυχος). Must not be confused with normal factual doubt (सन्देह) — this is a moral/spiritual divided-loyalty condition. Coined within native Hindi morphology to keep within the Class 8-10 reading-level target.
Lawgiver And Judge
Approved rendering: व्यवस्था देनेवाला / न्यायी
Transliteration: vyavasthā denevālā / nyāyī
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Original: νομοθέτης / κριτής
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
NEW application of baseline व्यवस्था. James 4:12 (νομοθέτης/κριτής). Human judgment of a brother wrongly usurps this divine prerogative.
Will Of God
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर की इच्छा
Transliteration: Parameśvara kī icchā
Doctrine: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Rejected alternatives: भाग्य, नियति, किस्मत
Original: θέλημα τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
NEW. James 4:15 (θέλημα τοῦ θεοῦ). Must be read as personal divine sovereignty per the baseline providence/sovereignty guardrails; never भाग्य/नियति/किस्मत, a live risk given fatalistic idiom in vernacular Hindi religious speech.
Prayer
Approved rendering: प्रार्थना / प्रार्थना करना
Transliteration: prārthanā / prārthanā karanā
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Original: προσευχή / προσεύχομαι / εὔχομαι
Category: Prayer and Healing
NEW. James 1:5-6; 5:13-18 (προσευχή/προσεύχομαι/εὔχομαι). Established, standard prayer vocabulary.
Elders Of The Church
Approved rendering: कलीसिया के प्राचीन
Transliteration: kalīsiyā ke prācīna
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Rejected alternatives: पुरोहित (priestly/sacrificial connotation)
Original: πρεσβύτεροι τῆς ἐκκλησίας
Category: Prayer and Healing
NEW application of baseline कलीसिया. James 5:14 (πρεσβύτεροι τῆς ἐκκλησίας). प्राचीन is established Hindi Christian usage for ‘elder’; not पुरोहित, which carries priestly/sacrificial connotations foreign to this pastoral office.
Prayer Of Faith
Approved rendering: विश्वास की प्रार्थना
Transliteration: viśvāsa kī prārthanā
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Original: εὐχὴ τῆς πίστεως
Category: Prayer and Healing
NEW application of baseline विश्वास. James 5:15 (εὐχὴ τῆς πίστεως).
Prayer Of A Righteous Person
Approved rendering: धर्मी जन की प्रार्थना
Transliteration: dharmī jana kī prārthanā
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Original: δέησις δικαίου ἐνεργουμένη
Category: Prayer and Healing
NEW application of baseline धर्मी. James 5:16-18 (δέησις δικαίου ἐνεργουμένη). Keep ‘righteous person’ within grace-based standing, not personal moral perfection earning prayer-power.
Harvest
Approved rendering: फसल
Transliteration: phasala
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
Original: θερισμός
Category: Patience and the Lord’s Return
NEW. James 5:4,7 (θερισμός) — used both literally (unpaid laborers’ harvest, 5:4) and as a patience-metaphor (farmer awaiting harvest, 5:7). Flag for consistency with, and clear distinction from, the Galatians baseline’s Critical sowing_and_reaping entry — an agrarian patience-metaphor for awaiting a gift from God, not a proverb about deeds ripening into deserved consequence.
Turn Back A Wanderer
Approved rendering: फिरा लाना
Transliteration: phirā lānā
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
Original: ἐπιστρέψῃ
Category: Confession and Restoration
NEW. James 5:19-20 (ἐπιστρέψῃ). Keep distinct from baseline मन फिराव (repentance, personal inner turning) — this describes another believer’s act of bringing the wanderer back, a community-restoration action, not the wanderer’s own repentance-verb.
Wander From The Truth
Approved rendering: सत्य से भटक जाना
Transliteration: satya se bhaṭaka jānā
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
Original: πλανηθῇ ἀπὸ τῆς ἀληθείας
Category: Confession and Restoration
NEW. James 5:19 (πλανηθῇ ἀπὸ τῆς ἀληθείας).
Soul Life
Approved rendering: प्राण
Transliteration: prāṇa
Doctrine: Anthropology of Body, Soul, and Spirit
Rejected alternatives: आत्मा (forbidden here)
Original: ψυχή
Category: Anthropology
NEW. James 1:21; 5:20 (ψυχή). Kept distinct from आत्मा to avoid Holy-Spirit/Hindu ātman conflation — आत्मा is reserved exclusively for the personal, divine पवित्र आत्मा per baseline.
Servant Of God
Approved rendering: दास
Transliteration: dāsa
Doctrine: General
Original: δοῦλος
Category: General
NEW application (extends baseline deacon/servant_of_sin family). James 1:1 (δοῦλος), James’s self-designation — a positive, honorific sense of devoted service. Must be distinguished by context from the baseline’s negative दासत्व/दास (bondage to sin/law, Galatians).
Low Risk Terms
Hospitality
Approved rendering: अतिथि-सत्कार
Transliteration: atithi-satkāra
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: (ὑποδεξαμένη, act of)
Category: General
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. James 2:25, Rahab’s reception of the spies — the concrete deed evidencing her faith.
Boasting
Approved rendering: घमण्ड
Transliteration: ghamaṇḍa
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Original: καύχησις
Category: Worldliness versus Friendship with God
Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. James 4:16, presumptuous boasting about the future.
Tongue
Approved rendering: जीभ
Transliteration: jībha
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: γλῶσσα
Category: Taming the Tongue
NEW. James 1:26; 3:1-12 (γλῶσσα). Standard, concrete term.
Bridle Control
Approved rendering: वश में करना
Transliteration: vaśa meṃ karanā
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: χαλιναγωγέω
Category: Taming the Tongue
NEW. James 1:26; 3:2 (χαλιναγωγέω). Horse-training/bridling metaphor of disciplined restraint.
Deadly Poison
Approved rendering: प्राणघातक विष
Transliteration: prāṇaghātaka viṣa
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: ἰὸς θανατηφόρος
Category: Taming the Tongue
NEW. James 3:8 (ἰὸς θανατηφόρος).
Oath
Approved rendering: शपथ / शपथ खाना
Transliteration: śapatha / śapatha khānā
Doctrine: Taming the Tongue
Original: ὅρκος / ὀμνύω
Category: Taming the Tongue
NEW. James 5:12 (ὅρκος/ὀμνύω). Connects back to the tongue doctrine — trustworthy speech that needs no oath-reinforcement.
Wages
Approved rendering: मजदूरी
Transliteration: majadūrī
Doctrine: Favoritism and the Poor
Original: μισθός
Category: Favoritism and the Poor
NEW. James 5:4 (μισθός). Withheld wages of harvest workers — concrete social-justice indictment of the rich.
Ask
Approved rendering: मांगना
Transliteration: māṃganā
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Original: αἰτέω
Category: Prayer and Healing
NEW. James 1:5-6; 4:2-3 (αἰτέω).
Doubt
Approved rendering: सन्देह करना / डगमगाना
Transliteration: sandeha karanā / ḍagamagānā
Doctrine: Prayer and Healing
Original: διακρίνομαι
Category: Prayer and Healing
NEW. James 1:6 (διακρίνομαι). Related conceptually to दुचित्ता (double-minded) but a distinct term for wavering specifically in prayer contexts.
Establish The Heart
Approved rendering: अपने मनों को स्थिर करो
Transliteration: apane manoṃ ko sthira karo
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
Original: στηρίζω τὰς καρδίας
Category: Patience and the Lord’s Return
NEW. James 5:8 (στηρίζω τὰς καρδίας).
Example Of The Prophets
Approved rendering: दुःख सहने और धीरज रखने का उदाहरण
Transliteration: duḥkha sahane aura dhīraja rakhane kā udāharaṇa
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
Original: ὑπόδειγμα τῆς κακοπαθείας καὶ τῆς μακροθυμίας
Category: Patience and the Lord’s Return
NEW. James 5:10 (ὑπόδειγμα τῆς κακοπαθείας καὶ τῆς μακροθυμίας).
Gods Compassion And Mercy
Approved rendering: अति दयालु और करुणा से भरा
Transliteration: ati dayālu aura karuṇā se bharā
Doctrine: Patience and the Lord’s Return
Original: πολύσπλαγχνος / οἰκτίρμων
Category: Patience and the Lord’s Return
NEW application of baseline दया. James 5:11 (πολύσπλαγχνος/οἰκτίρμων, illustrated through Job).
Multitude Of Sins
Approved rendering: पापों का ढेर / बहुत से पाप
Transliteration: pāpoṃ kā ḍhera / bahuta se pāpa
Doctrine: Confession and Restoration
Original: πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν
Category: Confession and Restoration
NEW. James 5:20 (πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν).
Body
Approved rendering: शरीर
Transliteration: śarīra
Doctrine: Anthropology of Body, Soul, and Spirit
Original: σῶμα
Category: Anthropology
Inherited baseline term (σῶμα), used in James in its plain physical sense (2:16,26; 3:2-3,6), not the technical Pauline sarx sinful-nature sense.
Referenced passages