Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Micah (English → Hindi)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, across the core passage (Micah 6:6-8) and all seven chapters of Micah. Terms already established in the baseline Romans/Galatians translation_memory.json are marked [BASELINE REUSE] and MUST be rendered exactly as recorded there. New terms proposed for this curriculum are marked [NEW] and carry a proposed risk tier for confirmation and entry into translation memory in the next pipeline step.
Risk tiers follow the baseline’s four-tier convention: Critical (human theologian review, every occurrence) / High (human theologian review) / Medium (native speaker review recommended) / Low (automated review sufficient).
Core Passage Terms (Micah 6:6-8)
| Term | Original (Hebrew) | Transliteration | Hindi Rendering | Doctrine Risk | Status | Chapter(s) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| burnt offering | עוֹלָה | ’olah | होमबलि | High | NEW | 6:6 | Vedic homa/havan collision; literal OT ritual term (unlike NT metaphorical “living sacrifice”); mandatory translator note. |
| calves (yearling) | עֲגָלִים בְּנֵי שָׁנָה | ’agalim benei shanah | एक वर्ष के बछड़े | Low | NEW | 6:6 | Standard descriptive term. |
| God on high / Most High | אֱלֹהֵי מָרוֹם | ’elohei marom | परम प्रधान परमेश्वर | Medium | NEW | 6:6 | परम collides with Hindu supreme-deity epithets; anchor to परमेश्वर baseline. |
| be pleased/accept | רָצָה | ratsah | प्रसन्न होना / स्वीकार करना | Medium | NEW | 6:7 | Preserve rhetorical-negative force; not a “buyable” deity. |
| rams | אֵילִים | ’eilim | मेढ़े | Low | NEW | 6:7 | — |
| rivers of oil | נַחֲלֵי־שֶׁמֶן | nachalei shemen | तेल की धाराएँ | Low | NEW | 6:7 | Hyperbolic idiom. |
| firstborn | בְּכוֹר | bekor | पहलौठा | Medium-High | NEW | 6:7 | Rhetorical repudiated extreme; mandatory note against child-sacrifice misreading. |
| transgression | פֶּשַׁע | pesha’ | अपराध | Medium | NEW | 6:7; 7:18-19 | Keep distinct from पाप (chattah). |
| sin | חַטָּאה | chatta’ah | पाप | High | [BASELINE REUSE] | 6:7 | Reuse baseline “sin” entry exactly. |
| soul / life-self | נֶפֶשׁ | nephesh | प्राण | Medium | NEW | 6:7 | Never आत्मा (reserved for Holy Spirit; avoids ātman collision). |
| he has told/declared | הִגִּיד | higgid | बता दिया है | Medium | NEW | 6:8 | Prior divine disclosure, not self-attained insight. |
| man / mankind | אָדָם | ’adam | मनुष्य | Low | NEW | 6:8 | Universal address. |
| good | טוֹב | tov | अच्छा / भला | Low | NEW | 6:8 | — |
| require/seek | דָּרַשׁ | darash | माँगना / अपेक्षा रखना | High | NEW | 6:8 | Interpretive hinge; must not read as a new merit-checklist replacing sacrifice. |
| justice | מִשְׁפָּט | mishpat | न्याय | Critical | NEW | 3:1,8-9; 6:8; 7 (implicit) | Collides with Hindu Nyāya darśana and impersonal-karmic-fairness readings; must anchor to YHWH’s personal, covenantal standard. |
| to love (chesed) | אָהֵב | ’ahev | प्रेम रखना | Low-Medium | NEW | 6:8 | Object (चेसेद) carries the real risk. |
| mercy / covenant loyalty | חֶסֶד | chesed | दया | High | [BASELINE REUSE + gap note] | 6:8; 7:20 | Reuses baseline “mercy” (दया) exactly per pipeline rule, but दया under-renders chesed’s covenant-loyalty sense; mandatory supplementary translator note (e.g., वाचा-निष्ठा भरी करुणा). |
| walk humbly | הַצְנֵעַ לֶכֶת | hatsnea’ lekhet | नम्रता से चलना | Medium | NEW | 6:8 | Guard against ascetic/tapasya merit-earning misreading. |
| walk with | הָלַךְ עִם | halakh ‘im | …के साथ चलना | Low-Medium | NEW | 6:8 | Relational, ongoing, not a single ritual act. |
| your God | אֱלֹהֶיךָ | ’eloheikha | तेरा परमेश्वर | Low | [BASELINE REUSE] | 6:8 | Reuse baseline परमेश्वर. |
Chapter 1 Terms
| Term | Original | Transliteration | Hindi Rendering | Doctrine Risk | Status | Chapter(s) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| witness | עֵד | ’ed | गवाह / साक्षी | Medium | NEW | 1:2; 6:1-2 | Forensic/covenant-lawsuit sense. |
| idols/carved images | פְּסִילִים | pesilim | मूरतें | High | [BASELINE REUSE — मूर्तिपूजा doctrine] | 1:7; 5:13 | Ties to baseline idolatry doctrine; do not soften. |
| high places | בָּמוֹת | bamot | ऊँचे स्थान | Medium | NEW | 1:5 | Contrast with legitimate ch. 4 “mountain of the LORD’s house.” |
| wailing/lament | מִסְפֵּד | mispēd | विलाप | Low | NEW | 1:8 | — |
| Samaria | שֹׁמְרוֹן | Shomron | शोमरोन | Low | NEW (proper noun) | 1:1,5-6 | — |
| Jerusalem | יְרוּשָׁלַיִם | Yerushalayim | यरूशलेम | Low | [BASELINE REUSE] | 1:1,5,9,12 | Established Hindi Bible form. |
Chapter 2 Terms
| Term | Original | Transliteration | Hindi Rendering | Doctrine Risk | Status | Chapter(s) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| covet | חָמַד | chamad | लालच करना | Low-Medium | NEW | 2:2 | — |
| oppress/extort | עָשַׁק | ’ashaq | अन्याय करना / पीड़ित करना | Medium | NEW | 2:2 | Violated positive counterpart to मिश्पात. |
| false prophets | (נביא + context) | nebi’im | झूठे भविष्यद्वक्ता | Medium | [BASELINE REUSE — भविष्यद्वक्ता] | 2:6,11 | Reuse baseline प्रोफेट term, qualify. |
| remnant | שְׁאָר / שְׁאֵרִית | she’ar / she’erit | बचे हुए लोग | High | [BASELINE REUSE] | 2:12; 4:6-7; 5:7-8 | Reuse baseline remnant entry exactly across all occurrences. |
| shepherd | רֹעֶה | ro’eh | चरवाहा | Medium | NEW | 2:12; 5:4 | Pastoral leadership; anticipates ch. 5 ruler and NT Good Shepherd. |
| flock | צֹאן | tson | भेड़ें | Low | NEW | 2:12 | — |
Chapter 3 Terms
| Term | Original | Transliteration | Hindi Rendering | Doctrine Risk | Status | Chapter(s) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| justice | מִשְׁפָּט | mishpat | न्याय | Critical | NEW (see core passage) | 3:1,8-9 | Same term/risk as 6:8; consistency mandatory. |
| rulers/heads | רָאשִׁים | rashim | प्रधान / मुखिया | Low-Medium | NEW | 3:1,9 | — |
| priests | כֹּהֲנִים | kohanim | याजक | Medium | NEW | 3:11 | Contrast (not equation) with Hindu पुजारी paid-ritual role. |
| divination | קֶסֶם | qesem | भावी कथन / शुभ-अशुभ बताना | High | NEW | 3:6-7,11 | Astrology/fortune-telling collision; ties to baseline भविष्यफल caution. |
| bloodshed | דָּמִים | damim | खून / हिंसा से बहाया गया लहू | Medium | NEW | 3:10 | — |
| Zion | צִיּוֹן | Tsiyon | सिय्योन | Low | NEW (proper noun) | 3:10,12; 4:2,7-8 | Established proper noun. |
Chapter 4 Terms
| Term | Original | Transliteration | Hindi Rendering | Doctrine Risk | Status | Chapter(s) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| latter days | בְּאַחֲרִית הַיָּמִים | be’acharit hayamim | अन्तिम दिनों में | High | [BASELINE REUSE — fulfillment_of_prophecy caution] | 4:1 | Linear, not cyclical/yuga, fulfillment. |
| mountain of the LORD’s house | הַר בֵּית־יְהוָה | har beit-YHWH | यहोवा के भवन का पर्वत | Medium | NEW | 4:1-2 | Contrast with sacred-mountain pilgrimage-merit theology. |
| nations | גּוֹיִם | goyim | राष्ट्र / जातियाँ | Medium | [BASELINE REUSE — mission-context राष्ट्र] | 4:2-3; 5:8 | Use राष्ट्र (mission-ingathering sense) here, not अन्यजाति. |
| swords into plowshares | חֲרָבוֹת לְאִתִּים | charavot le’itim | तलवारों को हल की फालियों में बदलना | Low-Medium | NEW | 4:3 | Agrarian metaphor naturally intelligible in Indian context. |
| peace | שָׁלוֹם | shalom | शांति | Medium | [BASELINE REUSE] | 4:3; 5:5 | Reuse baseline exactly. |
| remnant | שְׁאֵרִית | she’erit | बचे हुए लोग | High | [BASELINE REUSE] | 4:6-7 | See ch. 2 note. |
Chapter 5 Terms
| Term | Original | Transliteration | Hindi Rendering | Doctrine Risk | Status | Chapter(s) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bethlehem Ephrathah | בֵּית־לֶחֶם אֶפְרָתָה | Beit-Lechem Efratah | बैतलहम एप्राता | High | NEW (proper noun) | 5:2 | Must match Gospel citation form (Matthew 2:6) for cross-curriculum consistency. |
| ruler | מוֹשֵׁל | moshel | शासक / अधिपति | High | NEW | 5:2 | Avoid reduction to political/military ruler or cyclical avatar-king. |
| from ancient/everlasting days | מִקֶּדֶם מִימֵי עוֹלָם | miqedem mi-yemei olam | प्राचीनकाल से, अनादिकाल से | Critical | NEW | 5:2 | OT root of देहधारण/Sonship doctrines; never अवतार-style periodic descent; mandatory theologian review. |
| shepherd (verb) | רָעָה | ra’ah | चरवाही करेगा | Medium | NEW | 5:4 | Governance-as-shepherding; ties to ch. 2 shepherd entry. |
| Assyria | אַשּׁוּר | Ashur | अश्शूर | Low | NEW (proper noun) | 5:5-6 | — |
| remnant of Jacob | שְׁאָר יַעֲקֹב | she’ar Ya’akov | याकूब के बचे हुए लोग | High | [BASELINE REUSE] | 5:7-8 | — |
Chapter 6 Terms (beyond 6:6-8)
| Term | Original | Transliteration | Hindi Rendering | Doctrine Risk | Status | Chapter(s) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| lawsuit/controversy | רִיב | riv | मुकद्दमा / वाद-विवाद | Medium | NEW | 6:1-2 | Personal covenant dispute, not impersonal karmic reckoning. |
| mountains/hills (witnesses) | הָרִים / גְּבָעוֹת | harim / geva’ot | पहाड़ और पहाड़ियाँ (साक्षी) | Medium | NEW | 6:1-2 | Rhetorical personification; not mountain-divinity. |
| redeemed | גָּאַל | ga’al | छुटकारा दिया | High | [BASELINE REUSE] | 6:4 | Grace precedes 6:8’s requirement — sequencing must be preserved. |
| righteous acts of the LORD | צִדְקוֹת יְהוָה | tsidqot YHWH | यहोवा के धार्मिकता के कार्य | High | [BASELINE REUSE — धार्मिकता] | 6:5 | Never धर्म. |
| deceitful scales | מֹאזְנֵי מִרְמָה | mo’znei mirmah | छल के तराजू | Low-Medium | NEW | 6:11 | — |
| violence | חָמָס | chamas | हिंसा | Low-Medium | NEW | 6:12 | — |
| desolation | שַׁמָּה | shammah | उजाड़ / विनाश | Low | NEW | 6:13-16 | Covenant-curse outcome. |
Chapter 7 Terms
| Term | Original | Transliteration | Hindi Rendering | Doctrine Risk | Status | Chapter(s) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| wait/hope for | קִוָּה / יָחַל | qavah / yachal | आशा रखना / बाट जोहना | Medium | NEW | 7:7 | Confident, relational, not fatalistic. |
| compassion | רָחַם | racham | करुणा दिखाना / दया करना | High | NEW (chesed cluster) | 7:19 | Consistent with 6:8 चेसेद note. |
| forgive iniquity / pass over transgression | נָשָׂא עָוֹן / עָבַר עַל־פֶּשַׁע | nasa avon / avar al-pesha | अधर्म को क्षमा करनेवाला | High | NEW | 7:18 | God’s sovereign initiative, not ritual-earned pardon. |
| cast into the depths of the sea | הִשְׁלִיךְ בִּמְצֻלוֹת יָם | hishlikh bimtsulot yam | पापों को समुद्र की गहराइयों में डाल देना | High | NEW | 7:19 | Collides with river-immersion purification rites (visarjan); mandatory note: God’s own act, not repeatable self-performed ritual. |
| faithfulness / covenant loyalty (to Abraham) | אֶמֶת / חֶסֶד | emet / chesed | सच्चाई / करुणा | High | [BASELINE REUSE — वाचा for covenant referent] | 7:20 | Consistent with 6:8 चेसेद and baseline वाचा. |
| enemy (fem., personified) | אֹיְבָה | oyeva | मेरी शत्रु (जाति) | Low | NEW | 7:8-10 | Literary/narrative personification. |
Proper Nouns Reused Across the Book
| Term | Hindi Rendering | Status | Chapter(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Israel | इस्राएल | [BASELINE REUSE] | throughout |
| Jacob | याकूब | NEW (proper noun) | 1:5; 2:7,12; 3:1,8-9; 4:2; 5:7-8 |
| Judah | यहूदा | NEW (proper noun) | 1:1,5,9 |
| David (implicit, Bethlehem/ruler lineage) | दाऊद | [BASELINE REUSE] | 5:2 (contextual) |
Doctrine-to-Term Cross-Reference
| Curriculum Doctrine | Primary Terms |
|---|---|
| True Worship versus Empty Ritual | होमबलि, मेढ़े, तेल की धाराएँ, पहलौठा, मूरतें, ऊँचे स्थान, प्रसन्न होना/स्वीकार करना, माँगना/अपेक्षा रखना |
| Justice, Mercy, and Humility | न्याय, दया (चेसेद), नम्रता से चलना, अन्याय करना/पीड़ित करना, छल के तराजू |
| The Coming Ruler from Bethlehem | बैतलहम एप्राता, शासक/अधिपति, प्राचीनकाल से/अनादिकाल से, चरवाही करेगा, शांति, याकूब के बचे हुए लोग |
| Judgment on Corrupt Leaders | न्याय (violated), रक्तपात/खून, भावी कथन, प्रधान/मुखिया, याजक, अन्याय करना, हिंसा |
| Hope of Restoration and Forgiveness | बचे हुए लोग, आशा रखना/बाट जोहना, करुणा दिखाना, अधर्म को क्षमा करनेवाला, पापों को समुद्र की गहराइयों में डाल देना, सच्चाई/करुणा, यहोवा के भवन का पर्वत, शांति |
Critical Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर
Transliteration: Parameśvara
Doctrine: God
Rejected alternatives: ईश्वर, भगवान
Inherited from Romans package. In Micah, परमेश्वर is used for generic ‘God/your God’ references (e.g., 6:8’s ‘तेरा परमेश्वर’), while the personal covenant name is रendered यहोवा (see yhwh_divine_name). भगवान remains forbidden throughout.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: पवित्र आत्मा
Transliteration: Pavitra Ātmā
Doctrine: God
Rejected alternatives: ब्रह्म, परमात्मा, देव-आत्मा
Inherited from Romans package. Relevant to Micah 3:8 (‘I am filled with power, with the Spirit of the LORD’). Never आत्मा alone for the Spirit’s own name; this reservation of आत्मा also protects Micah’s separate प्राण/nephesh rendering from collision (see soul_life_self).
Lord
Approved rendering: प्रभु
Transliteration: Prabhu
Doctrine: The Coming Ruler from Bethlehem
Rejected alternatives: स्वामी, ईश्वर
Inherited from Romans package. Not used for YHWH itself in Micah’s Hebrew text (see yhwh_divine_name), but held in reserve for NT-facing teaching notes connecting Micah 5:2’s ruler to Christ’s exclusive Lordship.
Messiah
Approved rendering: मसीह
Transliteration: Masīha
Doctrine: The Coming Ruler from Bethlehem
Rejected alternatives: अभिषिक्त व्यक्ति, देव-दूत
Inherited from Romans package. Used in teaching notes identifying Micah 5:2’s ruler as the Messiah fulfilled in Jesus; not itself a Hebrew lexeme in Micah’s text but the necessary bridge term to the NT.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: देहधारण
Transliteration: dehadhāraṇa
Doctrine: The Eternal Origin of the Coming Ruler
Rejected alternatives: अवतार, देह प्रकटीकरण
Inherited from Romans package. This is the single most important inherited term for Micah: 5:2’s ‘from ancient days, from everlasting’ (see from_ancient_days) is the OT root of this doctrine and must be taught as pointing toward a singular, permanent देहधारण — NEVER अवतार-style periodic descent.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर का पुत्र
Transliteration: Parameśvara kā putra
Doctrine: The Coming Ruler from Bethlehem
Rejected alternatives: ईश्वर का अंश, देव-पुरुष
Inherited from Romans package. Full phrase required in any teaching note connecting Micah 5:2’s eternally-originate ruler to the NT’s Sonship-of-Christ doctrine; never metaphorical or honorary sonship.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: धार्मिकता
Transliteration: dhārmikatā
Doctrine: Divine Redemption from Slavery
Rejected alternatives: धर्म, पुण्य, न्याय
Inherited from Romans package. Root of righteous_acts_of_the_lord (Micah 6:5); never धर्म, and note the baseline’s own explicit exclusion of न्याय as an alternative rendering for this term, distinguishing it lexically from Micah’s separate mishpat/justice term.
Salvation
Approved rendering: उद्धार
Transliteration: uddhāra
Doctrine: Hope of Restoration and Forgiveness
Rejected alternatives: मुक्ति, मोक्ष, छुटकारा
Inherited from Romans package. Governs ‘the God of my उद्धार’ (Micah 7:7); NEVER मुक्ति/मोक्ष — deliverance by a personal covenant God, not liberation from a cosmic cycle.
Justice
Approved rendering: न्याय
Transliteration: mishpat
Doctrine: Justice, Mercy, and Humility
Original: מִשְׁפָּט
Category: Justice
Micah 3:1,8-9; 6:8; 7:9. Collides with Nyāya darśana (classical Hindu philosophical school) and with popular impersonal karmic-fairness usage. Every occurrence requires a translator note anchoring न्याय to यहोवा’s own character and command, never an impersonal moral order or philosophical system. Must be lexically identical at every occurrence across the book.
Yhwh Divine Name
Approved rendering: यहोवा
Transliteration: YHWH
Doctrine: God
Rejected alternatives: ईश्वर, भगवान
Original: יְהוָה
Category: God
Throughout Micah (1:1; 6:1-2,4-5,8; etc.). The personal, self-revealing, covenant-specific divine name, distinct from generic elohim. Must never be diluted into an impersonal or generalized supreme-being concept common in Hindu devotional usage.
From Ancient Days
Approved rendering: प्राचीनकाल से, अनादिकाल से
Transliteration: miqqedem mîmê ‘ôlām
Doctrine: The Eternal Origin of the Coming Ruler
Rejected alternatives: सनातन (Hindu eternal-cosmic-order/dharma connotation), अवतार-शैली periodic descent framing
Original: מִקֶּדֶם מִימֵי עוֹלָם
Category: Christology
Micah 5:2. The book’s single highest-stakes phrase and the OT root of the Critical-tier Incarnation and Sonship-of-Christ doctrines. NEVER rendered so as to suggest a recurring avatar-style periodic divine descent; must point toward a singular, eternally-originate person who is, per the NT’s own reading, permanently and uniquely देहधारण, never अवतार. Mandatory theologian review and translator note tying forward to Matthew 2:6 on EVERY occurrence.
High Risk Terms
Covenant
Approved rendering: वाचा
Transliteration: vācā
Doctrine: Divine Redemption from Slavery
Rejected alternatives: अनुबंध, समझौता
Inherited from Romans package. Governs Micah 6:4-5’s Exodus reminder and 7:20’s oath to Abraham (एमेत/hesed cluster); never समझौता (negotiated settlement).
Election
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर का चुनाव
Transliteration: Parameśvara kā cunāva
Doctrine: The Remnant and God’s Election
Rejected alternatives: भाग्य, नियति, किस्मत
Inherited from Romans package. Governs the theological basis of remnant (बचे हुए लोग) across chs. 2, 4, 5 — sovereign grace, never karma-determined fate.
Remnant
Approved rendering: बचे हुए लोग
Transliteration: bace hue loga
Doctrine: The Remnant and God’s Election
Original: שְׁאָר / שְׁאֵרִית
Category: Election
Inherited from Romans package. Reused identically at Micah 2:12; 4:6-7; 5:7-8 (also see remnant_of_jacob for the specified form). Grace-not-works basis must stay explicit at every occurrence.
Redemption
Approved rendering: छुटकारा
Transliteration: chuṭakārā
Doctrine: Divine Redemption from Slavery
Rejected alternatives: मुक्ति, मोक्ष
Inherited from Romans package. Root of the redeemed (छुटकारा दिया) entry at Micah 6:4; never मुक्ति/मोक्ष.
Idolatry
Approved rendering: मूर्तिपूजा
Transliteration: mūrtipūjā
Doctrine: Idolatry and False Worship
Inherited from Romans package. Governs Micah 1:7 and 5:12-14’s condemnation of carved images (see idols_carved_images); handle pastorally but never soften.
Wrath Of God
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर का क्रोध
Transliteration: Parameśvara kā krodha
Doctrine: Divine Judgment and Covenant Curses
Rejected alternatives: बदला
Inherited from Romans package. Grounds Micah’s judgment oracles (chs. 1, 3, 6:13-16) as personal righteous judgment, never capricious anger or impersonal karmic consequence.
Worship
Approved rendering: आराधना
Transliteration: ārādhanā
Doctrine: True Worship versus Empty Ritual
Rejected alternatives: पूजा
Inherited from Romans package. Never पूजा (Hindu ritual-offering connotation). Governs the whole-life worship implicitly demanded by Micah 6:8, contrasted with the rejected ritual transaction of 6:6-7.
Creator
Approved rendering: सृजनहार
Transliteration: sṛjanahāra
Doctrine: Hope of Restoration and Forgiveness
Rejected alternatives: ब्रह्मा
Inherited from Romans package. Reserved for teaching notes on God’s creative sovereignty implicit in Micah 4-5’s future restoration; never Hindu creator-deity names.
Sovereignty
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर की संप्रभुता
Transliteration: Parameśvara kī samprabhutā
Doctrine: Divine Judgment and Covenant Curses
Rejected alternatives: भाग्य, नियति
Inherited from Romans package. Governs God’s personal rule underlying the covenant lawsuit (रीव) genre of Micah 1:2; 6:1-5; never impersonal fate/karma.
Kingship Of Jesus
Approved rendering: यीशु का राजत्व
Transliteration: Yīśu kā rājatva
Doctrine: The Coming Ruler from Bethlehem
Inherited from Romans package. The NT-facing anchor term for Micah 5:2’s ruler (मोशेल); keep consistent with प्रभु and मसीह entries when teaching the typological fulfillment.
Sin
Approved rendering: पाप
Transliteration: pāpa
Doctrine: Forgiveness and Removal of Sin
Rejected alternatives: अधर्म, अशुद्धता
Original: חַטָּאה
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Micah 6:7’s חַטָּאה (chattah, ‘sin of my soul’) maps directly to this baseline term; never अधर्म or अशुद्धता (ritual impurity).
Glory
Approved rendering: महिमा
Transliteration: mahimā
Doctrine: The Coming Ruler from Bethlehem
Rejected alternatives: देव-ज्योति, प्रकाश
Inherited from Romans package. Reserved for teaching notes on the future glory of Zion (4:1-2) and the ruler’s greatness reaching to the ends of the earth (5:4); avoid light-metaphor drift toward Hindu divine-light concepts.
Law
Approved rendering: व्यवस्था
Transliteration: vyavasthā
Doctrine: Justice, Mercy, and Humility
Rejected alternatives: धर्म, शरीयत, नियम
Inherited from Romans package. Reserved for teaching notes connecting Micah’s covenant-lawsuit and justice vocabulary (न्याय) to the underlying Mosaic covenant obligations; never धर्म.
Grace
Approved rendering: अनुग्रह
Transliteration: anugraha
Doctrine: Justice, Mercy, and Humility
Rejected alternatives: कृपा, दया, वरदान, भाग्य, कर्म-फल, पुण्य
Inherited from Romans package. Reserved for teaching notes making explicit that Micah 6:4-5’s prior redemption (grace) grounds 6:8’s requirement (never the reverse) — the grace-before-obligation sequence central to the core passage’s argument.
Faith
Approved rendering: विश्वास
Transliteration: viśvāsa
Doctrine: Hope of Restoration and Forgiveness
Rejected alternatives: श्रद्धा, आस्था, भरोसा
Inherited from Romans package. Governs the trust-in-a-specific-person logic underlying wait_hope_for (Micah 7:7’s ‘I will wait for the God of my salvation’) — object of trust always specified, never generalized religious devotion.
Burnt Offering
Approved rendering: होमबलि
Transliteration: ‘olah
Doctrine: True Worship versus Empty Ritual
Rejected alternatives: होम, हवन, यज्ञ
Original: עוֹלָה
Category: Worship
Micah 6:6. होम/हवन/यज्ञ are living Vedic fire-ritual vocabulary in which offerings secure merit or a boon; होमबलि is the established Hindi OT term for this literal historical Israelite sacrifice, distinct from the NT’s rejected बलि/यज्ञ for ‘living sacrifice.’ Mandatory translator note every occurrence: the whole point of 6:6-8 is that ritual of this kind is NOT what God ultimately requires.
Firstborn
Approved rendering: पहलौठा
Transliteration: bekori
Doctrine: True Worship versus Empty Ritual
Original: בְּכוֹר
Category: Worship
Micah 6:7. Mandatory translator note every occurrence: a repudiated rhetorical extreme, never a live option or divine desire. Must not echo Indian folk memory of river/infant-sacrifice legend (e.g., Ganga-associated); must land as the passage’s climactic proof, not a live proposal.
Require Seek
Approved rendering: माँगना / अपेक्षा रखना
Transliteration: doresh
Doctrine: Justice, Mercy, and Humility
Rejected alternatives: धर्म-आधारित कर्तव्य-सूची (a dharma-based duty checklist)
Original: דָּרַשׁ
Category: Worship
Micah 6:8. Interpretive hinge of the core passage. Mandatory translator note every occurrence: must convey the character/relationship sacrifice could never produce, from a people ALREADY redeemed (6:4-5) — never a new performance-based path to divine favor replacing the old ritual one.
Mercy Covenant Loyalty
Approved rendering: दया
Transliteration: chesed
Doctrine: Justice, Mercy, and Humility
Original: חֶסֶד
Category: Justice
Micah 6:8; 7:20. Reuses baseline दया exactly per the pipeline’s exact-reuse rule (this curriculum’s own doctrine name ‘Mercy’ is anchored to it), but दया alone under-renders chesed’s covenant-loyalty dimension. MANDATORY supplementary translator note at every operative occurrence: ‘अपने परमेश्वर की करुणा-भरी वाचा-निष्ठा’ (covenant-loyal compassion), tying to the वाचा (covenant) entry.
Idols Carved Images
Approved rendering: मूरतें
Transliteration: pesilim
Doctrine: Idolatry and False Worship
Original: פְּסִילִים
Category: Sin
Micah 1:7; 5:13. Ties directly to the baseline मूर्तिपूजा doctrine; handle pastorally with Hindu-background readers but never soften the condemnation.
Divination
Approved rendering: भावी कथन / शुभ-अशुभ बताना
Transliteration: qosemim
Doctrine: Inspired Prophecy versus False Divination
Original: קֶסֶם
Category: Prophecy
Micah 3:6-7,11. Astrology, palmistry, and paid fortune-telling are widespread, socially normalized professions in India. The condemnation must remain unambiguous and must be sharply distinguished from Spirit-given भविष्यवाणी, never softened for cultural sensitivity nor sensationalized.
Latter Days
Approved rendering: अन्तिम दिनों में
Transliteration: be’achărît hayyāmîm
Doctrine: Universal Ingathering of the Nations
Original: בְּאַחֲרִית הַיָּמִים
Category: Eschatology
Micah 4:1. Reuses the baseline fulfillment_of_prophecy caution exactly: must convey linear historical fulfillment (OT to consummation), never a recurring cyclical cosmic age (yuga). Translator note required on first use.
Bethlehem Ephrathah
Approved rendering: बैतलहम एप्राता
Transliteration: Bêt-Lechem ‘Ephrātâh
Doctrine: The Coming Ruler from Bethlehem
Original: בֵּית־לֶחֶם אֶפְרָתָה
Category: Christology
Micah 5:2. Proper noun locked against future cross-curriculum citation consistency — must use the SAME Hindi form the Gospel of Matthew’s 2:6 citation eventually uses, per the pipeline’s shared-citation verbatim-match rule.
Ruler
Approved rendering: शासक / अधिपति
Transliteration: môshēl
Doctrine: The Coming Ruler from Bethlehem
Original: מוֹשֵׁל
Category: Christology
Micah 5:2,4. Must not be reduced to a merely political/military ruler (a common nationalist misreading) nor conflated with a periodically-descending avatar-king; a singular, permanent, shepherd-like reign. Pair with kingship_of_jesus in teaching notes.
Remnant Of Jacob
Approved rendering: याकूब के बचे हुए लोग
Transliteration: she’ār Ya’aqōv
Doctrine: The Remnant and God’s Election
Original: שְׁאָר יַעֲקֹב
Category: Election
Micah 5:7-8. Reuses baseline बचे हुए लोग exactly, specified to Jacob/Israel; keep consistent with the general remnant entry (chs. 2, 4) so the grace-not-works basis carries across all occurrences.
Redeemed
Approved rendering: छुटकारा दिया
Transliteration: ge’altikha
Doctrine: Divine Redemption from Slavery
Original: גָּאַל
Category: Salvation
Micah 6:4. Reuses baseline छुटकारा exactly. Essential to preserve the grace-before-obligation sequence: 6:8 is a response to prior redemption already accomplished, not a means of earning it.
Righteous Acts Of The Lord
Approved rendering: यहोवा के धार्मिकता के कार्य
Transliteration: tsidqôt YHWH
Doctrine: Divine Redemption from Slavery
Original: צִדְקוֹת יְהוָה
Category: Salvation
Micah 6:5. Reuses baseline धार्मिकता exactly; never शिफ्ट toward धर्म, which would recast God’s saving acts as cosmic duty-fulfillment rather than gracious historical deliverance.
Compassion
Approved rendering: करुणा दिखाना / दया करना
Transliteration: yerachamenu
Doctrine: Divine Compassion and Covenant Loyalty
Original: רָחַם
Category: God
Micah 7:19. Ties directly to the mercy_covenant_loyalty (chesed) cluster; must retain covenant-relational warmth, not generic pity.
Forgive Iniquity Pass Over Transgression
Approved rendering: अधर्म को क्षमा करनेवाला / अपराध को अनदेखा करनेवाला
Transliteration: nōsē’ ‘āwōn ‘ōbēr ‘al-pesha’
Doctrine: Forgiveness and Removal of Sin
Original: נֹשֵׂא עָוֹן וְעֹבֵר עַל־פֶּשַׁע
Category: Salvation
Micah 7:18. The book’s doxological climax; क्षमा must be God’s own sovereign, gracious initiative, directly answering and reversing the rejected ritual-payment logic of 6:6-7 — never the result of ritual atonement performed by the sinner.
Cast Into Depths Of Sea
Approved rendering: पापों को समुद्र की गहराइयों में डाल देना
Transliteration: tashlîkh bimtsûlôt yām
Doctrine: Forgiveness and Removal of Sin
Original: תַּשְׁלִיךְ בִּמְצֻלוֹת יָם
Category: Salvation
Micah 7:19. Closely parallels Indian river-immersion purification rites (e.g., Ganga visarjan). Mandatory translator note every occurrence: God’s own sovereign, ONE-TIME, permanent act of removing sin on HIS initiative, never a repeatable ritual the worshiper performs upon themselves.
Faithfulness Covenant Loyalty Abraham
Approved rendering: सच्चाई / करुणा
Transliteration: ‘emet / chesed
Doctrine: Hope of Restoration and Forgiveness
Original: אֶמֶת / חֶסֶד
Category: Covenant
Micah 7:20. Reuses baseline वाचा exactly for the covenant referent (the Abrahamic oath); supplement per the mercy_covenant_loyalty translator-note requirement so सच्चाई reads as covenant-faithfulness, not generic personal sincerity.
Medium Risk Terms
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर का राज्य
Transliteration: Parameśvara kā rājya
Doctrine: The Coming Ruler from Bethlehem
Rejected alternatives: ईश्वर का राष्ट्र
Inherited from Romans package. Relevant to Micah 4:1-8’s future reign of YHWH from Zion and the coming ruler’s dominion in ch. 5.
Mercy
Approved rendering: दया
Transliteration: dayā
Doctrine: Justice, Mercy, and Humility
Inherited from Romans package (‘compassion toward the miserable’). Reused for chesed at Micah 6:8 and 7:20 per the pipeline’s exact-reuse rule, but MUST be supplemented with the mercy_covenant_loyalty entry’s mandatory translator note so covenant-loyalty content is not lost.
Kindness Of God
Approved rendering: कृपा
Transliteration: kṛpā
Doctrine: Divine Compassion and Covenant Loyalty
Inherited from Romans package. Permitted here per the baseline’s rule that कृपा is allowed for non-grace kindness contexts; available for teaching notes on YHWH’s kindness in Micah’s redemptive-historical recitations (6:4-5).
Peace
Approved rendering: शांति
Transliteration: śānti
Doctrine: Eschatological Peace
Rejected alternatives: चैन, सुकून
Original: שָׁלוֹם
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Governs Micah 4:3 and 5:5’s shalom; must convey comprehensive relational/social/material well-being, never meditative/psychological calm alone.
Israel
Approved rendering: इस्राएल
Transliteration: Isrāela
Doctrine: The Remnant and God’s Election
Original: יִשְׂרָאֵל
Category: Proper Name
Inherited from Romans package. The covenant people addressed throughout Micah’s judgment and hope oracles.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: अन्यजाति
Transliteration: anyajāti
Doctrine: Universal Ingathering of the Nations
Rejected alternatives: विदेशी
Inherited from Romans package. NOT the primary rendering for Micah 4:2-3’s גּוֹיִם (see nations, राष्ट्र/जातियाँ, the preferred mission-ingathering sense); reserved for NT-facing cross-references only.
God On High
Approved rendering: परम प्रधान परमेश्वर
Transliteration: ‘elohei marom
Doctrine: God
Rejected alternatives: परमात्मा, परम ब्रह्म
Original: אֱלֹהֵי מָרוֹם
Category: God
Micah 6:6. परम collides with common Hindu supreme-deity epithets, risking a ‘supreme-among-many’ reading. Anchor to the परमेश्वर baseline entry with translator note on first use: the one true covenant God, not a rank within a pantheon.
Be Pleased
Approved rendering: प्रसन्न होना / स्वीकार करना
Transliteration: ratsah
Doctrine: True Worship versus Empty Ritual
Original: רָצָה
Category: Worship
Micah 6:7. Preserve rhetorical-negative force (expected answer: no); never imply a deity transactionally satisfiable by ritual quantity.
Transgression
Approved rendering: अपराध
Transliteration: pish’i
Doctrine: Forgiveness and Removal of Sin
Original: פֶּשַׁע
Category: Sin
Micah 6:7; 7:18-19. Must be kept lexically distinct from पाप (sin/chattah) so Hebrew’s two-term guilt vocabulary (willful rebellion vs. missing-the-mark) is not flattened into one Hindi word.
Soul Life Self
Approved rendering: प्राण
Transliteration: naphshi
Doctrine: True Worship versus Empty Ritual
Rejected alternatives: आत्मा
Original: נֶפֶשׁ
Category: Anthropology
Micah 6:7. NEVER आत्मा — reserved for the Holy Spirit per the baseline and risks a Vedantic ātman (eternal divine inner self) reading foreign to nephesh’s ‘whole living person’ sense. प्राण conveys the whole-self referent without that collision.
Divine Disclosure
Approved rendering: बता दिया है
Transliteration: higgid
Doctrine: Justice, Mercy, and Humility
Original: הִגִּיד
Category: Revelation
Micah 6:8. Must read as prior, gracious divine disclosure — not the worshiper’s own spiritual attainment or self-realized insight (guard against a jñāna-style reading).
Walk Humbly
Approved rendering: नम्रता से चलना
Transliteration: hatsnea’ lekhet
Doctrine: Justice, Mercy, and Humility
Original: הַצְנֵעַ לֶכֶת
Category: Ethics
Micah 6:8. Must not be heard as self-abasing ascetic performance (tapasya) earning merit; a relational posture flowing from grace already given (6:4-5), never producing right standing.
Walk With
Approved rendering: …के साथ चलना
Transliteration: lekhet ‘im
Doctrine: Justice, Mercy, and Humility
Original: הָלַךְ עִם
Category: Ethics
Micah 6:8. Relational, ongoing fellowship and obedience, not a single ritual act; ties naturally to baseline चलना/‘walk by the Spirit’ usage.
Witness
Approved rendering: गवाह / साक्षी
Transliteration: ‘ed
Doctrine: The Covenant Lawsuit
Original: עֵד
Category: Covenant
Micah 1:2; 6:1-2. Keep the personal, forensic sense of a real covenant lawsuit before a personal God — never an impersonal cosmic ledger or automatic karmic record-keeping.
High Places
Approved rendering: ऊँचे स्थान
Transliteration: bamot
Doctrine: Idolatry and False Worship
Original: בָּמוֹת
Category: Worship
Micah 1:5. Culturally parallel to active hilltop shrines/pilgrimage sites in India. Note must clarify the condemnation targets worship of rivals to YHWH AT these sites, contrasted deliberately with the legitimate future ‘mountain of the LORD’s house’ (4:1-2) — the two mountain-images must not collapse into one concept.
Covet
Approved rendering: लालच करना
Transliteration: chamad
Doctrine: Judgment on Corrupt Leaders
Original: חָמַד
Category: Justice
Micah 2:2. Illicit desire for another’s property driving unjust seizure; part of the corrupt-leaders’ economic violence.
Oppress Extort
Approved rendering: अन्याय करना / पीड़ित करना
Transliteration: ‘oshqim
Doctrine: Judgment on Corrupt Leaders
Original: עָשַׁק
Category: Justice
Micah 2:2. Must be kept lexically paired with न्याय (justice) as its violated positive counterpart so the two terms read as direct opposites across the book.
False Prophets
Approved rendering: झूठे भविष्यद्वक्ता
Transliteration: nebi’im
Doctrine: Inspired Prophecy versus False Divination
Original: נְבִיאִים (of falsehood)
Category: Prophecy
Micah 2:6,11. Reuses baseline भविष्यद्वक्ता exactly with a झूठे qualifier, distinguishing the corrupted class from genuine God-given prophecy without inventing a separate root term.
Shepherd Noun
Approved rendering: चरवाहा
Transliteration: ro’eh
Doctrine: The Shepherd-King Motif
Original: רֹעֶה
Category: Leadership
Micah 2:12. God himself as shepherd gathering the remnant; anticipates the shepherd-ruler of chapter 5 (see shepherd_verb) — keep vocabulary identical across both occurrences.
Rulers Heads
Approved rendering: प्रधान / मुखिया
Transliteration: rashim
Doctrine: Judgment on Corrupt Leaders
Original: רָאשִׁים
Category: Leadership
Micah 3:1,9. Political/tribal leaders indicted for hating good and loving evil.
Priests
Approved rendering: याजक
Transliteration: kohanim
Doctrine: Judgment on Corrupt Leaders
Original: כֹּהֲנִים
Category: Leadership
Micah 3:11. Must not blur with Hindu पुजारी (paid temple ritual specialist) — the text condemns corruption WITHIN Israel’s divinely-instituted priesthood, not paid religious service as a category; contrast, not equation, must be clear in teaching notes.
Bloodshed
Approved rendering: खून / हिंसा से बहाया गया लहू
Transliteration: damim
Doctrine: Judgment on Corrupt Leaders
Original: דָּמִים
Category: Justice
Micah 3:10. Zion ‘built with blood’ — corrupt leadership’s violence, not merely economic injustice.
Mountain Of The Lords House
Approved rendering: यहोवा के भवन का पर्वत
Transliteration: har bêt-YHWH
Doctrine: Universal Ingathering of the Nations
Original: הַר בֵּית־יְהוָה
Category: Eschatology
Micah 4:1-2. Must not be assimilated to Hindu sacred-mountain pilgrimage theology (merit gained by ascent/darshan); the nations come to learn God’s ways and be judged by him, not to acquire merit by pilgrimage. Contrast deliberately with high_places (ch. 1).
Nations
Approved rendering: राष्ट्र / जातियाँ
Transliteration: gôyim
Doctrine: Universal Ingathering of the Nations
Original: גּוֹיִם
Category: Mission
Micah 4:2-3; 5:8. Use राष्ट्र (mission-ingathering sense) per the baseline ‘gentiles’ note, rather than अन्यजाति (the NT Jew/Gentile theological-category nuance).
Swords Into Plowshares
Approved rendering: तलवारों को हल की फालियों में बदलना
Transliteration: chărābôt le’ittîm
Doctrine: Universal Ingathering of the Nations
Original: חֲרָבוֹת לְאִתִּים
Category: Eschatology
Micah 4:3. Agrarian metaphor naturally intelligible in the Indian context; flag for native-speaker review for idiomatic smoothness, not doctrinal risk.
Shepherd Verb
Approved rendering: चरवाही करेगा
Transliteration: rā’āh
Doctrine: The Shepherd-King Motif
Original: רָעָה
Category: Christology
Micah 5:4. The ruler’s governance characterized as pastoral care, not domination; consistent with shepherd_noun (ch. 2) and anticipating the NT Good Shepherd motif.
Lawsuit Controversy
Approved rendering: मुकद्दमा / वाद-विवाद
Transliteration: rîv
Doctrine: The Covenant Lawsuit
Original: רִיב
Category: Covenant
Micah 6:1-2. Must be read as a real, personal covenant dispute brought by God as the wronged covenant partner, never an impersonal karmic reckoning or automatic cosmic balancing.
Mountains Hills Witnesses
Approved rendering: पहाड़ और पहाड़ियाँ (साक्षी)
Transliteration: hehārîm / hagge vā’ôt
Doctrine: The Covenant Lawsuit
Original: הָרִים / גְּבָעוֹת
Category: Covenant
Micah 6:1-2. Given active Indian mountain-veneration traditions, requires a translator note clarifying this is rhetorical personification summoning creation as courtroom witness, not an appeal to sacred, semi-divine mountains with their own spiritual agency.
Deceitful Scales
Approved rendering: छल के तराजू
Transliteration: mō’zenê mirmâh
Doctrine: Judgment on Corrupt Leaders
Original: מֹאזְנֵי מִרְמָה
Category: Justice
Micah 6:11. Commercial fraud as covenant unfaithfulness, echoing the corrupt-leaders theme from chs. 2-3.
Violence
Approved rendering: हिंसा
Transliteration: chāmās
Doctrine: Judgment on Corrupt Leaders
Original: חָמָס
Category: Justice
Micah 6:12. The city’s rich ‘full of violence’; minimal independent risk beyond consistency with the justice/corrupt-leaders theme.
Wait Hope For
Approved rendering: आशा रखना / बाट जोहना
Transliteration: ‘atsappeh
Doctrine: Hope of Restoration and Forgiveness
Original: קִוָּה / יָחַל
Category: Faith
Micah 7:7. Reuses the baseline विश्वास family’s trust-in-a-specific-person logic; must convey confident, relational expectancy directed at the personal covenant God, never fatalistic resignation.
Low Risk Terms
Prophet
Approved rendering: भविष्यद्वक्ता
Transliteration: bhaviṣyadvaktā
Doctrine: Inspired Prophecy versus False Divination
Rejected alternatives: ज्योतिषी
Inherited from Romans package. Micah 1:1 identifies Micah himself with this term; also root of false_prophets (झूठे भविष्यद्वक्ता, ch. 2-3).
Prophecy
Approved rendering: भविष्यवाणी
Transliteration: bhaviṣyavāṇī
Doctrine: Inspired Prophecy versus False Divination
Rejected alternatives: भविष्यफल
Inherited from Romans package. Must remain sharply distinguished from divination (भावी कथन/शुभ-अशुभ बताना, ch. 3) throughout Micah.
David
Approved rendering: दाऊद
Transliteration: Dāūda
Doctrine: The Coming Ruler from Bethlehem
Original: דָּוִד
Category: Proper Name
Inherited from Romans package. Grounds Micah 5:2’s ruler in the Davidic royal lineage originating from Bethlehem, David’s ancestral town.
Yearling Calves
Approved rendering: एक वर्ष के बछड़े
Transliteration: ‘agalim benei shanah
Doctrine: True Worship versus Empty Ritual
Original: עֲגָלִים בְּנֵי שָׁנָה
Category: Worship
Micah 6:6. Standard descriptive term within the escalating-sacrifice sequence.
Rams
Approved rendering: मेढ़े
Transliteration: ‘eilim
Doctrine: True Worship versus Empty Ritual
Original: אֵילִים
Category: Worship
Micah 6:7. Escalation step in the rejected-sacrifice sequence.
Rivers Of Oil
Approved rendering: तेल की धाराएँ
Transliteration: nachalei shemen
Doctrine: True Worship versus Empty Ritual
Original: נַחֲלֵי־שֶׁמֶן
Category: Worship
Micah 6:7. Hyperbolic idiom; translate for sense as rhetorical excess.
Mankind
Approved rendering: मनुष्य
Transliteration: ‘adam
Doctrine: Justice, Mercy, and Humility
Original: אָדָם
Category: Anthropology
Micah 6:8. Universal, unqualified address — not Jew-only or elite-only.
Good
Approved rendering: अच्छा / भला
Transliteration: tov
Doctrine: Justice, Mercy, and Humility
Original: טוֹב
Category: Ethics
Micah 6:8. Objective moral goodness, not one opinion among many.
Love Chesed Verb
Approved rendering: प्रेम रखना
Transliteration: ‘ahavat
Doctrine: Justice, Mercy, and Humility
Original: אָהֵב
Category: Ethics
Micah 6:8. Glad, settled affection for chesed, not grudging compliance; the real risk resides in the object (mercy_covenant_loyalty), not this verb.
Your God
Approved rendering: तेरा परमेश्वर
Transliteration: ‘elohêykā
Doctrine: Covenant
Original: אֱלֹהֶיךָ
Category: God
Micah 6:8. Reuses baseline परमेश्वर exactly; must retain personal, possessive covenant relationship established by 6:3-5.
Wailing Lament
Approved rendering: विलाप
Transliteration: mispēd
Doctrine: Judgment on Corrupt Leaders
Original: מִסְפֵּד
Category: Rhetoric
Micah 1:8. Micah’s own grief over coming judgment; a prophetic, not merely emotional, response.
Samaria
Approved rendering: शोमरोन
Transliteration: Shomron
Doctrine: Judgment on Corrupt Leaders
Original: שֹׁמְרוֹן
Category: Proper Name
Micah 1:1,5-6. Established proper noun; capital of the northern kingdom, under the same indictment as Jerusalem.
Flock
Approved rendering: भेड़ें
Transliteration: tson
Doctrine: The Shepherd-King Motif
Original: צֹאן
Category: Leadership
Micah 2:12. Standard pastoral metaphor in Hindi Christian usage.
Zion
Approved rendering: सिय्योन
Transliteration: Tsiyyôn
Doctrine: Judgment on Corrupt Leaders
Original: צִיּוֹן
Category: Proper Name
Micah 3:10,12; 4:2,7-8. Established proper noun; the very city meant to model God’s justice, ironically built with blood.
Assyria
Approved rendering: अश्शूर
Transliteration: ‘Ashshûr
Doctrine: The Coming Ruler from Bethlehem
Original: אַשּׁוּר
Category: Proper Name
Micah 5:5-6. Established proper noun; Israel/Judah’s chief 8th-century geopolitical threat, against which the coming ruler secures shalom.
Desolation
Approved rendering: उजाड़ / विनाश
Transliteration: shammâh
Doctrine: Divine Judgment and Covenant Curses
Original: שַׁמָּה
Category: Judgment
Micah 6:13-16. The covenant-curse outcome of persistent injustice; must read as the personal God’s righteous response, not an automatic karmic consequence.
Enemy Personified
Approved rendering: मेरी शत्रु (जाति)
Transliteration: ‘ōyabtî
Doctrine: Hope of Restoration and Forgiveness
Original: אֹיְבָה
Category: Rhetoric
Micah 7:8-10. Literary personification of the taunting enemy nation, contrasted with Israel’s future vindication.
Jacob
Approved rendering: याकूब
Transliteration: Ya’aqōv
Doctrine: Covenant
Original: יַעֲקֹב
Category: Proper Name
Micah 1:5; 2:7,12; 3:1,8-9; 4:2; 5:7-8. Established proper noun designating the covenant people; root of remnant_of_jacob.
Judah
Approved rendering: यहूदा
Transliteration: Yehûdâh
Doctrine: Covenant
Original: יְהוּדָה
Category: Proper Name
Micah 1:1,5,9. Established proper noun; the southern kingdom, indicted alongside Samaria/Israel.
Referenced passages