Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Psalms
English → Hindi Language Package | Curriculum: Psalms | Core Passage: Psalm 23:1-6
Generated: Phase 1, Step 1
Companion document to: 07_semantic_analysis.md
Scope: Every load-bearing theological term identified across Psalms 1–150, including terms reused exactly from the baseline Romans/Galatians Language Package and new terms introduced by this curriculum. Risk tiers and review-routing follow the conventions fixed in doctrine_risk_registry.json.
Reading the table: “Reused” = the Hindi rendering is fixed by the baseline and MUST NOT be altered. “New” = this curriculum introduces the term; the proposed rendering is offered for theologian ratification before entering translation memory.
Section 1 — Terms Reused Exactly from the Baseline (No Deviation Permitted)
| English Term | Original (Hebrew/Greek) | Hindi Term | Risk | Doctrine Link | Psalms Occurrences (representative) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | אֱלֹהִים / יהוה | परमेश्वर | Critical | Character of God | throughout |
| LORD (Lord) | אֲדֹנָי / κύριος | प्रभु | Critical | Kingship/Messianic King | 110:1; 8:1,9 |
| Messiah/Anointed | מָשִׁיחַ | मसीह | Critical | Messianic Prophecy; Kingship | 2:2; 89:20 |
| Son of God | בֵּן | परमेश्वर का पुत्र | Critical | Kingship and the Messianic King | 2:7,12; 89:26-27 |
| Salvation | יְשׁוּעָה / יֵשַׁע | उद्धार | Critical | (all salvation-adjacent psalms) | 3:8; 18:2; 51:12; 116:13; 118:14 |
| Righteousness | צֶדֶק / צְדָקָה | धार्मिकता | Critical | Righteous and Wicked | 1:6; 23:3; 24:5; 119:7 |
| Resurrection | (conceptual; ties to Sheol/deliverance-from-death texts) | पुनरुत्थान | Critical | Messianic Prophecy | 16:10 (background) |
| Holy Spirit | רוּחַ קָדְשְׁךָ | पवित्र आत्मा | Critical | Confession and Forgiveness | 51:11 |
| Holy / Holiness | קֹדֶש | पवित्र | High | Character of God; Worship | 24:3; 99:5,9; 103:1 |
| Sin | חֵטְא / חַטָּאָה | पाप | High | Confession and Forgiveness | 51:2-3,5,9 |
| Covenant | בְּרִית | वाचा | High | Covenant Faithfulness; Davidic Covenant | 89:3,28,34; 105:8; 106:45 |
| Promise | (conceptual; oath/covenant word) | प्रतिज्ञा | High | Kingship and the Messianic King | 89:34-35 (oath); 132:11 |
| Redemption | פִּדְיוֹן / גָּאַל | छुटकारा | High | Confession/Forgiveness; Refuge | 49:8; 130:7-8 |
| Repentance | (conceptual; שׁוּב, “turn”) | मन फिराव | High | Confession and Forgiveness | 51 (thematic) |
| Worship | הִשְׁתַּחֲוּוּ / עָבַד | आराधना | High | Praise and Worship | 29:2; 95:6; 96:9 |
| Power of God | עֹז / כֹּח | परमेश्वर की सामर्थ्य | High | Character of God as King | 46:1; 62:11; 68:35 |
| Creator/Creation | בָּרָא / עָשָׂה | सृजनहार / सृजन करना | High | Confession and Forgiveness (Ps 51:10); Praise | 51:10; 104; 148:5 |
| Idolatry | עֲצַבִּים / אֱלִילִים | मूर्तिपूजा | High | Character of God vs. false gods | 115:4-8; 135:15-18 |
| Priest | כֹּהֵן | याजक | High | Kingship and the Messianic King | 110:4 |
| Father | אָב | पिता | Critical | Character of God | 103:13 |
| Fear of the LORD (adjacent to obedience_of_faith) | יִרְאַת יְהוָה | यहोवा का भय / परमेश्वर का भय | Medium | Righteous and Wicked | 34:11; 111:10; 128:1 |
| Thanksgiving | תּוֹדָה | धन्यवाद | Low | Praise and Worship | 50:14; 100:4; 107:22; 116:17 |
| Brotherly love/unity | אַחִים…יָחַד | भाईचारे का प्रेम | Medium | Church/community psalms | 133:1 |
| Amen / Hallelujah | אָמֵן / הַלְלוּ־יָה | आमीन / हल्लेलूयाह | Low | Praise and Worship | 41:13; 106:48; 146-150 |
Section 2 — New Critical-Risk Terms (Introduced by This Curriculum)
| English Term | Hebrew | Transliteration | Proposed Hindi Term | Doctrine Link | Grounded Risk Reason | Psalms Occurrences |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shepherd (God as) | רֹעֶה | ro’eh | चरवाहा | Character of God as Shepherd | Krishna is popularly named/depicted as गोप/गोपाल/गोविन्द (“cowherd”) in North Indian Hindi bhakti devotion; using गोप-family vocabulary for YHWH-as-shepherd risks syncretistic conflation with Krishna’s Vrindavan cowherd persona. चरवाहा (generic herdsman) must be used; गोप/गोपाल/गोविन्द forbidden. | 23:1; 28:9; 80:1; 95:7; 100:3 |
| Soul (as self-address/inner self) | נֶפֶשׁ | nephesh | प्राण / मन | Lament and Honest Prayer; Praise and Worship | आत्मा is already documented (baseline Galatians extension) as advaita-collision-prone (Hindi आत्मा denotes both Holy Spirit and, popularly, the individual self identical with an impersonal universal Self). नेफेש/nephesh is one of the Psalter’s most frequent words and the basis of its signature self-address genre (“Bless the LORD, O my soul”); consistent misuse of आत्मा here would multiply the collision across dozens of psalms. आत्मा must be reserved exclusively for the Holy Spirit/third-Person contexts. | 23:3; 42:1-2,5,11; 43:5; 103:1,22; 104:1,35; 116:7; 146:1 |
| Hesed (covenant faithfulness / lovingkindness) | חֶסֶד | chesed | करुणा (default) / वाचा की करुणा (covenant-loaded contexts) | Covenant Faithfulness (Hesed) | करुणा is the established Hindi Bible-tradition rendering (continuity with existing usage, e.g., Psalm 136 refrain) but risks flattening into generic pity or a Buddhist-style cultivated-compassion virtue, losing the covenant-bound, relationship-specific loyalty that defines chesed. The compound वाचा की करुणा must be used wherever the covenantal dimension is the explicit teaching point. | 23:6; 89 (throughout); 103:4,8,11,17; 107 (refrain); 136 (26x) |
| Anointing with oil | מָשַׁח / דָּשֵׁן | mashach / dashen | तेल से अभिषेक करना | Character of God as King; Messianic Prophecy | अभिषेक is a live, ritually-efficacious Hindu practice (deity/idol/king anointing) commonly understood as itself conferring or activating divine power. Because מָשִׁיחַ/Messiah shares this root, translators must keep God as sole active agent bestowing a gift, never implying the ritual act itself is efficacious the way Hindu abhishek is popularly understood. | 23:5; 45:7; 89:20; 133:2 |
| Begotten (Son, today) | יָלַד | yalad | जन्म दिया | Kingship and the Messianic King; (Sonship of Christ, baseline) | Risk of two opposite errors: (1) suggesting the eternal Son’s existence began at a point in time (Arian-adjacent error, structurally parallel to the forbidden अवतार/incarnation error already flagged in the baseline); (2) if over-softened, losing the real Father-Son relational language grounding Sonship of Christ. Requires framing as royal-enthronement/declarative “begetting,” not ontological origination. | 2:7 |
| Sheol / realm of the dead | שְׁאוֹל | she’ol | अधोलोक / शेओल | Messianic Prophecy (resurrection hope) | The natural-sounding alternative पाताल is the actual proper name of a specific tier of Hindu/Puranic cosmology (home of Nagas, part of the traditional multi-loka universe) — its use would import specific Hindu cosmology into biblical death-theology. पाताल forbidden; use अधोलोक or transliterate शेओल. | 16:10; 6:5; 30:3; 49:14-15; 86:13; 88:3 |
| The stone the builders rejected → cornerstone | אֶבֶן…רֹאשׁ פִּנָּה | even…rosh pinah | भवन के सिरे का प्रधान पत्थर | Messianic Prophecy | Distinct image from the baseline’s stumbling_stone (an obstacle causing offense); this is vindication-through-rejection becoming the very foundation — repeatedly self-applied by Jesus and the apostles to himself, making it a core, non-negotiable Messianic Prophecy text requiring a dedicated, carefully distinguished rendering. | 118:22 |
| ”The LORD said to my Lord” (two-referent formula) | יְהוָה…אֲדֹנִי | YHWH…adoni | यहोवा ने मेरे प्रभु से कहा (परमेश्वर/प्रभु distinction) | Kingship and the Messianic King; Lordship/Deity of Christ | The single most-quoted OT verse in the NT; its argument (Messiah is David’s Lord, not merely descendant) depends entirely on preserving two distinct referents. Collapsing both into one undifferentiated Hindi word for “lord” destroys the verse’s very logic and its dominical use by Jesus himself. | 110:1 |
Section 3 — New High-Risk Terms
| English Term | Hebrew | Transliteration | Proposed Hindi Term | Doctrine Link | Grounded Risk Reason | Psalms Occurrences |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| King (of God/Messiah) | מֶלֶךְ | melekh | राजा | Kingship and the Messianic King | Escalates from Medium (generic earthly kingship) to High/Critical whenever applied to God’s own installed Anointed King, intersecting the baseline’s Critical Lordship/Deity-of-Christ doctrines. | 2; 5:2; 24:7-10; 44:4; 45; 47; 72; 93-100; 145 |
| Refuge | מַחְסֶה | machaseh | शरण | Character of God as Refuge | शरण is the operative term in both Hindu bhakti śaraṇāgati (surrender to a chosen deity/guru) and Buddhist refuge-taking formulas — both structurally similar acts but within a pluralist/non-theistic framework. Requires a translator note distinguishing covenant-relational refuge in one personal God from refuge-taking as one devotional option among many. | 2:12; 46:1; 62:7-8; 91:2; 118:8-9 |
| Rock / Fortress / Stronghold | צוּר / מְצוּדָה / מָעוֹז | tsur / metsudah / ma’oz | चट्टान / गढ़ | Character of God as Refuge | दुर्ग (a natural-sounding alternative for “fortress”) is the root of देवी दुर्गा, the widely venerated North Indian warrior-protector goddess — a direct functional-parallel collision to the very protector-imagery this term-family conveys. दुर्ग forbidden throughout. | 18:2,31,46; 19:14; 31:2-3; 62:2,6-7; 91:2; 92:15; 95:1 |
| Way / Path | דֶּרֶךְ | derekh | मार्ग / राह | Righteous and Wicked (Psalm 1) | मार्ग readily evokes India’s religious-pluralism framework of multiple co-equal spiritual paths (bhakti/jñāna/karma mārga); Psalm 1’s entire structuring argument is exactly TWO mutually exclusive ways with opposite outcomes, the reverse of “many valid paths.” Highest-stakes translation decision in the curriculum’s opening doctrinal unit. | 1:1,6; 23:3; 25:4; 119:1; 139:24 |
| Almighty | שַׁדַּי | Shaddai | सर्वशक्तिमान | Character of God as Refuge | Built on the शक्ति morpheme the baseline forbids in bare form (Hindu Shakti-goddess association); permitted only as the full fixed compound, exactly as आत्मिक वरदान is permitted only as a fixed compound in the baseline. शक्ति alone forbidden as a divine title. | 91:1 |
| Table / Anoint (banquet imagery) | שֻׁלְחָן / דָּשֵׁן | shulchan / dashen | मेज़ (never थाली) | Character of God as Shepherd/King | थाली (ritual food-offering plate) would reverse the direction of the gift (worshipper-to-deity instead of God-to-guest); मेज़ (neutral table) preserves God as gracious Host. | 23:5; 78:19 |
| House of the LORD (relational/eschatological sense) | בֵּית־יְהוָה | beit-YHWH | घर (relational) / भवन (architectural) | Character of God as Refuge; core passage climax | मंदिर forbidden (baseline church prohibition extends here with even more force given the OT literal-temple referent risk); धाम forbidden (Hindu pilgrimage-destination connotation, e.g., Char Dham). Context-sensitive choice between घर (relational dwelling-forever sense, Ps 23:6) and भवन (literal architecture, Ps 27:4; 84; 122) required. | 23:6; 27:4; 84:1-4,10; 122:1,9 |
| Cleanse / Create (in confession) | טָהֵר / בָּרָא | taher / bara | शुद्ध कर (cleanse) / सृजन कर (create) | Confession and Forgiveness (Psalm 51) | शुद्ध is contextually appropriate here (unlike the baseline’s caution for hagios/holy) because the Hebrew itself redirects ritual-purification vocabulary toward inward moral cleansing (v.16-17 make this explicit) — but requires a mandatory translator note making the redirection clear. בָּרָא (create) must use the same creative-agency verb as सृजनहार, never a self-improvement verb. | 51:2,7,10 |
| Zeal for God’s house; reproach (Messianic suffering) | קִנְאָה / חֶרְפָּה | qinah / cherpah | उत्साह/जलन; निन्दा | Messianic Prophecy | Directly and repeatedly quoted in the NT Passion narratives (John 2:17; crucifixion allusions); theologically parallel in weight to Psalm 22’s suffering vocabulary. | 69:9,19-21 |
| Forsaken (lament cry) | עֲזַבְתָּנִי | azavtani | तू ने मुझे क्यों छोड़ दिया | Lament and Honest Prayer; Messianic Prophecy | Verbatim quoted by Jesus on the cross; must retain full force of abandonment without softening, doubling as both the paradigm lament-cry and a direct Messianic-fulfillment text. | 22:1 |
| Pierced (disputed textual reading) | כָּארוּ / כָּאֲרִי | ka’aru / ka’ari | छेदा गया है | Messianic Prophecy | Well-documented textual variant (MT vocalization tradition vs. LXX/DSS witnesses); requires transparent handling in teaching material, not silent resolution of the textual question. | 22:16 |
| Throne (of the divine king) | כִּסֵּא | kise | सिंहासन | Kingship and the Messianic King; Deity of Christ | Low lexical-collision risk but Critical-by-doctrinal-linkage: directly quoted in Hebrews 1:8 of Christ’s deity. | 45:6; 89:4,14,29,36; 93:2 |
| ”The LORD reigns” (declarative kingship) | יְהוָה מָלָךְ | YHWH malakh | यहोवा राज्य करता है | Kingship and the Messianic King | Complements the Messianic-King strand (Ps 2, 72, 110) with God’s own directly-declared, eternal reign; theologically weighty pairing requiring explicit teaching-material coordination between the two strands. | 93:1; 96:10; 97:1; 99:1 |
| Cup of salvation | כּוֹס יְשׁוּעוֹת | kos yeshu’ot | उद्धार का कटोरा/प्याला | Character of God as King/Host | Compounds two Critical/High baseline-linked terms (उद्धार + cup imagery from the core passage); requires internal cross-referencing consistency with Ps 23:5. | 116:13 |
| Bowing/prostrating in worship | הִשְׁתַּחֲוּוּ | hishtachavu | झुक जाओ (preferred) / दण्डवत (contextual only) | Praise and Worship | दण्डवत is also the term for common Hindu devotional prostration before an image, guru, or elder; primary verb should be झुक जाओ, always paired with आराधना (never पूजा-family vocabulary). | 95:6; 96:9 |
| Imprecatory cursing of enemies (genre-level) | (various imprecation formulas) | — | (pastoral note, no single fixed term) | Lament and Honest Prayer | Risk of conflation with the live Indian folk-religious category of ritually-invoked personal curses (तांत्रिक श्राप); requires a mandatory teaching note distinguishing covenant-lawsuit prayer addressed to God from self-effective ritual cursing. | 109; 137:8-9 |
| ”You have searched me and known me” (relational omniscience) | חֲקַרְתַּנִי וַתֵּדָע | chaqartani vateda | तू ने मुझे जांचा और जान लिया है | Character of God | Requires framing as personal, relational divine knowledge of a distinct individual, implicitly guarding against an advaitic “impersonal cosmic awareness in which knower and known are non-distinct” misreading. | 139:1 |
Section 4 — New Medium-Risk Terms
| English Term | Hebrew | Transliteration | Proposed Hindi Term | Doctrine Link | Notes | Psalms Occurrences |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Righteous (person) | צַדִּיק | tsaddiq | धर्मी | Righteous and Wicked | Reuses the धर्मी morpheme already embedded in the baseline’s Critical justification compound (धर्मी ठहराया जाना); धर्म alone remains forbidden. | 1:5-6; 34:15,19,21 |
| Wicked (person) | רָשָׁע | rasha | दुष्ट | Righteous and Wicked | Must be framed as a moral-relational, changeable category (cf. Psalm 51), not a permanent caste-like status. | 1:1,4,6; 9:16-17; 10:2-4 |
| Transgression | פֶּשַׁע | pesha | अपराध | Confession and Forgiveness | Distinct nuance from पाप (general sin/hamartia, baseline): a willful covenant-breach. | 51:1,3; 32:1 |
| Iniquity | עָוֹן | avon | दोष | Confession and Forgiveness | Avoids अधर्म, already forbidden in the baseline sin entry. | 51:2,9; 32:5 |
| Wash (God cleansing sinner) | כָּבַס | kabbes | मुझे धो दे | Confession and Forgiveness | Must retain God as sole active agent; avoid any self-administered ritual-bathing connotation (parallel to baseline’s baptism caution). | 51:2,7 |
| Broken/contrite spirit | רוּחַ נִשְׁבָּרָה / לֵב נִדְכֶּה | ruach nishberah / lev nidkeh | टूटा हुआ मन / दुःखित हृदय | Confession and Forgiveness | Distinguish from voluntary ascetic self-mortification (tapasya, a merit-earning category in Indian religious practice); this is Spirit-produced repentance, not self-inflicted religious achievement. | 51:17 |
| Fool (moral/practical, not intellectual) | נָבָל | naval | मूर्ख | Righteous and Wicked | Frame as practical/moral folly (“lives as if there is no God”), not an insult to intellectual unbelievers. | 14:1; 53:1 |
| Son of Man (generic humanity; NT Messianic bridge) | בֶּן־אָדָם | ben-adam | मनुष्य / मनुष्य का पुत्र | Character of God; (Messianic bridge via Hebrews 2) | Translate generically in OT context; flag distinctly when curriculum material draws the NT Christological application (a related but separate exegetical topic from the NT title “Son of Man”). | 8:4 |
| Glory and honor (bestowed on humanity) | כָּבוֹד וְהָדָר | kavod vehadar | महिमा और ऐश्वर्य | Character of God | Must not drift toward Hindu divinization/self-realization language; bestowed dignity, not attained godhood. | 8:5 |
| Ransom | פִּדְיוֹן | pidyon | छुटकारे का दाम | Character of God as Refuge | Reuses the redemption/छुटकारा family exactly (baseline High, inherited); never मुक्ति/मोक्ष. | 49:8 |
| Sacrifice of thanksgiving | זֶבַח תּוֹדָה | zevach todah | धन्यवाद का बलिदान | Praise and Worship | Distinguish from बलि/यज्ञ merit-earning ritual offering (per baseline living_sacrifice caution); heart-response, not transaction. | 50:14,23 |
| Statute | חֻקָּה / חֹק | chuqqah / choq | विधि | Righteous and Wicked (Psalm 119) | Minor collision with Hindu ritual-procedure sense of vidhi; sufficiently disambiguated by context (God’s revealed word, not ritual technique). | 119 (throughout) |
| Judgment / ordinance | מִשְׁפָּט | mishpat | न्याय | Righteous and Wicked | Distinct Hebrew word/semantic slot from righteousness/dikaiosynē; does not contradict the baseline’s separate rejection of न्याय as a righteousness-alternative. | 119 (throughout); 89:14 |
| Wings (sheltering imagery) | כָּנָף | kanaph | पंखों की छाया | Character of God as Refuge | Minor resonance with Hindu vahana (divine-vehicle) bird iconography (e.g., Garuda); native-speaker check recommended, not a forbidding-level collision. | 91:4; 17:8; 36:7; 57:1 |
| Fear of the LORD | יִרְאַת יְהוָה | yirat YHWH | यहोवा का भय / परमेश्वर का भय | Righteous and Wicked | Must be glossed as reverent awe + trust + obedience, not servile terror or superstitious appeasement-fear of an unpredictable spirit/deity. | 34:11; 111:10; 128:1 |
| Heal | רָפָא | rapha | चंगा करना | Character of God | Standard Hindi Christian healing term. | 30:2; 41:4; 103:3; 147:3 |
| Waiting/hoping (active, relational) | קִוִּיתִי (קוה) | qivviti | आशा रखना / बाट जोहना | Lament and Honest Prayer | Must not read as karma-determined patience or fatalistic acceptance; personal, relational, expectant trust in a God who forgives and redeems. | 130:5-6 |
| Everlasting/eternity (of God) | עוֹלָם | olam | अनन्त / सदा सर्वदा | Character of God | Avoid any suggestion of cyclical cosmic time (yuga-cycle cosmology); linear, unending divine eternity framing linear, mortal human life. | 90:2; 93:2; 103:17 |
| Table/banquet (host imagery, general) | שֻׁלְחָן | shulchan | मेज़ / भोज | Character of God as Shepherd/King | See Section 3 High-risk entry for full analysis; retained here as cross-reference. | 23:5; 78:19 |
Section 5 — New Low-Risk Terms
| English Term | Hebrew | Transliteration | Proposed Hindi Term | Doctrine Link | Psalms Occurrences |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I shall not want/lack | אֶחְסָר | echsar | मुझे कुछ घटी नहीं | Character of God as Shepherd | 23:1 |
| Green pastures | נְאוֹת דֶּשֶׁא | ne’ot deshe | हरी चराई | Character of God as Shepherd | 23:2 |
| Still/quiet waters | מֵי מְנֻחֹת | mei menuchot | शान्त जल | Character of God as Shepherd | 23:2 |
| Enemies/adversaries | צֹרְרָי / אֹיְבִים | tsorerai / oyevim | शत्रु | core passage; laments generally | 23:5; throughout |
| Selah (liturgical pause) | סֶלָה | selah | सेला (transliterated) | Praise and Worship | 71 occurrences throughout Book I-III |
| Shield | מָגֵן | magen | ढाल | Character of God as Refuge | 3:3; 18:2,30,35 |
| New song | שִׁיר חָדָש | shir chadash | नया गीत | Praise and Worship | 33:3; 40:3; 96:1; 98:1; 144:9; 149:1 |
| Taste and see | טַעֲמוּ וּרְאוּ | ta’amu ur’u | चख कर देखो | Praise and Worship | 34:8 |
| Heavens declare | הַשָּׁמַיִם מְסַפְּרִים | hashamayim mesaprim | आकाश वर्णन करता है | Character of God | 19:1 |
| Covered (sin) | כְּסוּי | kesui | ढांपा गया | Confession and Forgiveness | 32:1 |
| My help | עֶזְרִי | ezri | मेरी सहायता | Character of God as Refuge | 121:1-2 |
| Everything that has breath | כֹּל הַנְּשָׁמָה | kol han’shamah | जिस जिस में प्राण है | Praise and Worship | 150:6 |
| Rod and staff | שֵׁבֶט וּמִשְׁעֶנֶת | shevet umish’enet | छड़ी और लाठी | Character of God as Shepherd | 23:4 |
| For his name’s sake | לְמַעַן שְׁמוֹ | lema’an shemo | अपने नाम की खातिर | Character of God as Shepherd | 23:3; 25:11; 31:3 |
| For length of days | לְאֹרֶךְ יָמִים | le’orekh yamim | सदा सर्वदा | core passage climax | 23:6 |
| Precept | פִּקּוּד | piqqud | उपदेश | Righteous and Wicked (Ps 119) | 119 (throughout) |
| Commandment | מִצְוָה | mitzvah | आज्ञा | Righteous and Wicked (Ps 119) | 119 (throughout); 19:8 |
Section 6 — Proper Names (Transliteration Standard)
| English | Hebrew | Hindi (established/proposed) | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| David | דָּוִד | दाऊद | Reused exactly from baseline. |
| Zion | צִיּוֹן | सिय्योन | Established Hindi Bible form. |
| Melchizedek | מַלְכִּי־צֶדֶק | मलिकिसिदक | New; standard Hindi Bible transliteration. |
| Israel | יִשְׂרָאֵל | इस्राएल | Reused exactly from baseline. |
| Moses | מֹשֶׁה | मूसा | Reused exactly per the AI requirements doc’s established transliteration table. |
| Babylon | בָּבֶל | बाबेल | Standard Hindi Bible form (Psalm 137). |
| Sheol | שְׁאוֹל | शेओल (transliteration) / अधोलोक (descriptive gloss) | New; see Section 2. Never पाताल. |
Cross-Document Consistency Notes
- हेसद (hesed) is this curriculum’s single highest-frequency Critical term and requires the most sustained theologian attention of any term in this glossary, given its presence in Psalm 23 (core passage), 89, 103, 107, 136, and dozens of shorter occurrences. All occurrences must be tracked in translation memory under a single entry with the करुणा / वाचा की करुणा dual-form rule documented in Section 2.
- नेफेש/soul (प्राण, never आत्मा) is the second-highest-frequency Critical term and requires a standing rule in translation memory analogous to the baseline’s Galatians
christ_lives_in_meadvaita-guardrail — every occurrence should be checked against this rule before acceptance. - Shepherd (चरवाहा, never गोप/गोपाल/गोविन्द) and Refuge/Rock (शरण/चट्टान/गढ़, never दुर्ग) together anchor the Character of God as Shepherd, King, and Refuge doctrine and must be enforced with the same absoluteness as the baseline’s forbidden-substitution list for मुक्ति/मोक्ष/अवतार/शक्ति.
- मार्ग (way/path) requires a standing translator note wherever Psalm 1’s or Psalm 23:3’s “two ways” theology is taught, given the live risk of assimilation to India’s multi-path religious pluralism.
- All Section 1 terms are locked; any deviation must be flagged and escalated per the baseline’s Glossary Enforcement Priority Order before entering the Psalms-specific translation memory extension.
Critical Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर
Transliteration: Parameśvara
Doctrine: Character of God as Shepherd, King, and Refuge
Rejected alternatives: ईश्वर, भगवान
Original: אֱלֹהִים / יהוה
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. परमेश्वर is the BSI OV standard for אֱלֹהִים/יהוה; भगवान carries broad Hindu deity usage and must be avoided. In Psalms, both the covenant name YHWH and generic Elohim map to this single Hindi term — flag for reviewers that a ‘personal covenant name’ nuance is present at every YHWH occurrence, since the Character of God doctrine trades on covenant intimacy (‘my Shepherd’), not abstract deity.
Lord
Approved rendering: प्रभु
Transliteration: Prabhu
Doctrine: Kingship and the Messianic King (Psalms 2 and 110)
Rejected alternatives: स्वामी, ईश्वर
Original: אֲדֹנָי / κύριος (LXX)
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Must convey exclusive, supreme Lordship. In Psalm 110:1’s two-referent formula (‘The LORD said to my Lord’), प्रभु renders אֲדֹנִי (David’s Lord, the Messianic King) and must remain visibly distinct from परमेश्वर/यहोवा (YHWH) — collapsing both into one word destroys the verse’s own argument, used by Jesus himself (Matthew 22:44).
Father
Approved rendering: पिता
Transliteration: Pitā
Doctrine: Character of God as Shepherd, King, and Refuge
Rejected alternatives: ब्रह्मा, सृष्टिकर्ता
Original: אָב
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. God as personal, compassionate Father; never a Hindu creator-deity name. Reinforced in Psalm 103:13’s simile ‘as a father pities his children.‘
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: पवित्र आत्मा
Transliteration: Pavitra Ātmā
Doctrine: Confession and Forgiveness (Psalm 51)
Rejected alternatives: ब्रह्म, परमात्मा, देव-आत्मा
Original: רוּחַ קָדְשְׁךָ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Never ब्रह्म or परमात्मा alone. Psalm 51:11 (‘do not take your Holy Spirit from me’) is one of only a handful of explicit OT Holy Spirit references; pair with a progressive-revelation note without softening personhood.
Messiah
Approved rendering: मसीह
Transliteration: Masīha
Doctrine: Kingship and the Messianic King (Psalms 2 and 110)
Rejected alternatives: अभिषिक्त व्यक्ति, देव-दूत
Original: מָשִׁיחַ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Shares its root with the anointing-with-oil vocabulary of Ps 23:5 and 45:7 — keep both terms consistent. Not one of many divine figures.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर का पुत्र
Transliteration: Parameśvara kā putra
Doctrine: Sonship and Deity of Christ (Psalms Witness)
Rejected alternatives: ईश्वर का अंश, देव-पुरुष
Original: בֵּן
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Full phrase required. Prophesied in Psalm 2:7,12 and 89:26-27; must not read as metaphorical or honorary sonship.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: धार्मिकता
Transliteration: dhārmikatā
Doctrine: The Righteous and the Wicked (Psalm 1)
Rejected alternatives: धर्म, पुण्य, न्याय
Original: צֶדֶק / צְדָקָה
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: never धर्म. Governs Psalm 1:6; 23:3; 24:5; 119:7 and the धर्मी morpheme used for righteous_person.
Salvation
Approved rendering: उद्धार
Transliteration: uddhāra
Doctrine: Character of God as Shepherd, King, and Refuge
Rejected alternatives: मुक्ति, मोक्ष, छुटकारा (reserved for redemption)
Original: יְשׁוּעָה / יֵשַׁע
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. NEVER मुक्ति/मोक्ष. Pervasive across Psalms (3:8; 18:2; 51:12; 116:13; 118:14); underlies cup_of_salvation and horn_of_salvation.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: पुनरुत्थान
Transliteration: punaruttāna
Doctrine: Resurrection Hope (Psalm 16)
Rejected alternatives: पुनर्जन्म, पुनर्जीवन
Original: (conceptual; Ps 16:10 background)
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. NEVER पुनर्जन्म. Foreshadowed in Psalm 16:10, quoted by Peter (Acts 2:25-31) of Christ’s bodily resurrection.
Shepherd
Approved rendering: चरवाहा
Transliteration: caravāhā
Doctrine: Character of God as Shepherd, King, and Refuge
Rejected alternatives: गोप, गोपाल, गोविन्द
Original: רֹעֶה
Category: God
New term for Psalms. Krishna is popularly named/depicted as गोप/गोपाल/गोविन्द (‘cowherd’) throughout North Indian Hindi bhakti devotion. Using गोप-family vocabulary for YHWH-as-shepherd risks syncretistic conflation with Krishna’s Vrindavan cowherd/romantic persona. चरवाहा (generic herdsman) is mandatory. Anchors Psalm 23:1 (core passage) and 28:9; 80:1; 95:7; 100:3. Mandatory theologian review and translator note on every occurrence.
Soul Nephesh
Approved rendering: प्राण / मन
Transliteration: prāṇa / mana
Doctrine: Lament and Honest Prayer
Rejected alternatives: आत्मा
Original: נֶפֶשׁ
Category: Anthropology
New term for Psalms. आत्मा is documented (baseline Galatians extension) as advaita-collision-prone, denoting both the Holy Spirit and, popularly, the individual self identical with an impersonal universal Self. नेफेש is one of the Psalter’s most frequent words and the basis of its self-address genre (‘Bless the LORD, O my soul,’ Ps 42; 43; 103; 104; 116; 146). MANDATORY RULE: reserve आत्मा exclusively for the Holy Spirit; render nephesh as प्राण or मन, never आत्मा. Theologian review required for every doctrinally load-bearing occurrence, including Ps 23:3.
Hesed
Approved rendering: करुणा / वाचा की करुणा
Transliteration: karuṇā / vācā kī karuṇā
Doctrine: Covenant Faithfulness (Hesed)
Original: חֶסֶד
Category: Covenant
New term for Psalms; this curriculum’s single highest-frequency Critical term. करुणा is the established Hindi Bible-tradition rendering (continuity with Psalm 136’s refrain) but risks flattening chesed into generic pity or a Buddhist-style self-cultivated compassion-virtue, losing its covenant-bound, relationship-specific, freely-committed loyalty. RULE: use करुणा by default; supplement with वाचा की करुणा wherever the covenantal dimension is the explicit teaching point (Ps 23:6 core passage; 89; 103:4,8,11,17; 107 refrain; 136, 26x). Mandatory theologian review on every doctrinally load-bearing occurrence.
Begotten Son
Approved rendering: मैं ने आज तुझे जन्म दिया है
Transliteration: maiṃ ne āja tujhe janma diyā hai
Doctrine: Kingship and the Messianic King (Psalms 2 and 110)
Original: יְלִדְתִּיךָ (ילד)
Category: Christology
New term for Psalms (Ps 2:7). Royal-enthronement/declarative language, quoted repeatedly in the NT of Christ’s baptism, transfiguration, and resurrection/enthronement. Risk of two opposite errors: (1) suggesting the eternal Son’s existence began at this point in time (Arian-adjacent, structurally parallel to the forbidden अवतार/incarnation error); (2) if over-softened, losing the real Father-Son relational language grounding son_of_god. Mandatory translator note on every occurrence framing this as declarative royal installation, not ontological origination.
Lord Said To My Lord
Approved rendering: यहोवा ने मेरे प्रभु से कहा
Transliteration: Yahovā ne mere Prabhu se kahā
Doctrine: Kingship and the Messianic King (Psalms 2 and 110)
Original: נְאֻם יְהוָה לַאדֹנִי
Category: Christology
New term for Psalms (Ps 110:1). The most-quoted OT verse in the NT. The two Hebrew referents (יְהוָה → परमेश्वर/यहोवा; אֲדֹנִי → प्रभु) must remain visibly distinct in Hindi. Collapsing both into one undifferentiated word destroys the verse’s argument, used by Jesus himself (Matthew 22:44). Forbid summarization that drops either referent.
Anointing With Oil
Approved rendering: तेल से अभिषेक करना
Transliteration: tela se abhiṣeka karanā
Doctrine: Divine Anointing
Rejected alternatives: अभिषेक (used alone as the primary verb)
Original: מָשַׁח / דָּשֵׁן
Category: Christology
New term for Psalms (Ps 23:5 core passage; 45:7; 89:20; 133:2). अभिषेक is a live, ritually-efficacious Hindu practice (pouring oil/milk/ghee over a deity’s image or a king’s head) popularly understood as itself conferring/activating divine power. Because מָשִׁיחַ/Messiah shares this root, the Hindi must keep God as sole active agent bestowing a gift, never implying the ritual act itself is efficacious. Mandatory translator note on every occurrence.
Cornerstone Rejected Stone
Approved rendering: जिस पत्थर को राजगीरों ने निकम्मा ठहराया, वह भवन के सिरे का प्रधान पत्थर हो गया
Transliteration: jisa patthara ko rājagīroṃ ne nikammā ṭaharāyā, vaha bhavana ke sire kā pradhāna patthara ho gayā
Doctrine: Messianic Prophecy in the Psalms
Original: אֶבֶן מָאֲסוּ הַבּוֹנִים הָיְתָה לְרֹאשׁ פִּנָּה
Category: Christology
New term for Psalms (Ps 118:22), quoted by Jesus of himself and repeatedly by the apostles. Distinct image from stumbling_stone (an obstacle causing offense): here the rejected stone becomes the very foundation, vindication-through-rejection. Must be kept lexically non-overlapping with ठोकर का पत्थर.
Sheol
Approved rendering: अधोलोक / शेओल
Transliteration: adholoka / śeola
Doctrine: Resurrection Hope (Psalm 16)
Rejected alternatives: पाताल
Original: שְׁאוֹל
Category: Eschatology
New term for Psalms (Ps 16:10; 6:5; 30:3; 49:14-15; 86:13; 88:3). पाताल is FORBIDDEN — it is the actual proper name of a specific tier of Hindu/Puranic cosmology (home of Nagas). Use अधोलोक (generic ‘lower realm’) or transliterate शेओल, with a translator note on first use.
Create Clean Heart
Approved rendering: मेरे लिये शुद्ध मन उत्पन्न कर
Transliteration: mere liye śuddha mana utpanna kara
Doctrine: Confession and Forgiveness (Psalm 51)
Rejected alternatives: सुधारना, निर्मल करना (self-improvement framing)
Original: לֵב טָהוֹר בְּרָא־לִי (ברא)
Category: Confession and Forgiveness
New term for Psalms (Ps 51:10), using בָּרָא, the Genesis 1 creation-ex-nihilo verb. Must be rendered with the same creative-agency verb-family as सृजनहार — never a verb suggesting self-improvement, self-purification, or yogic/meditative attainment of inner purity. God’s exclusive creative act.
High Risk Terms
Holy
Approved rendering: पवित्र
Transliteration: pavitra
Doctrine: Praise and Worship
Rejected alternatives: शुद्ध, निर्मल
Original: קֹדֶשׁ / קָדוֹשׁ
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Set apart for God, morally pure; not ritual purity. Applies to God’s holy hill/mountain (Ps 24:3; 99:9) and to God’s own character (Ps 99:5).
Power Of God
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर की सामर्थ्य
Transliteration: Parameśvara kī sāmarthya
Doctrine: Character of God as Refuge
Rejected alternatives: शक्ति, ताकत
Original: עֹז / כֹּחַ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Never शक्ति (Hindu Shakti association). Reinforced across refuge psalms (46:1; 62:11; 68:35).
Creator
Approved rendering: सृजनहार / सृजन करना
Transliteration: sṛjanahāra / sṛjana karanā
Doctrine: Confession and Forgiveness (Psalm 51)
Rejected alternatives: ब्रह्मा
Original: בָּרָא / עָשָׂה
Category: Creation
Inherited from Romans package. Never a Hindu creator-deity name. Governs the creative-agency verb family reused in Psalm 51:10’s ‘create in me a clean heart’ (see create_clean_heart) and the creation psalms (104; 148:5).
Glory
Approved rendering: महिमा
Transliteration: mahimā
Doctrine: Character of God as King
Rejected alternatives: देव-ज्योति, प्रकाश
Original: כָּבוֹד
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Avoid light-metaphor terms conflating with Hindu divine-radiance concepts. Combines with राजा at Psalm 24:7-10 (‘King of glory’).
Sin
Approved rendering: पाप
Transliteration: pāpa
Doctrine: Confession and Forgiveness (Psalm 51)
Rejected alternatives: अधर्म, अशुद्धता
Original: חֵטְא / חַטָּאָה
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Moral transgression before a personal God, distinct from ritual impurity and karma. Core vocabulary of Psalm 51:2-3,5,9.
Redemption
Approved rendering: छुटकारा
Transliteration: chuṭakārā
Doctrine: Character of God as Refuge
Rejected alternatives: मुक्ति, मोक्ष
Original: גָּאַל / פִּדְיוֹן
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Never मुक्ति/मोक्ष. Used at Psalm 49:8; 130:7-8 and underlies ransom (see ransom entry).
Covenant
Approved rendering: वाचा
Transliteration: vācā
Doctrine: Covenant Faithfulness (Hesed)
Rejected alternatives: अनुबंध, समझौता
Original: בְּרִית
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Relational covenant bond, not merely legal contract. Central to Psalm 89:3,28,34; 105:8; 106:45.
Promise
Approved rendering: प्रतिज्ञा
Transliteration: pratijñā
Doctrine: Covenant Faithfulness (Hesed)
Rejected alternatives: वरदान, वचन (alone)
Original: (oath/covenant word)
Category: Covenant
Inherited from the Galatians extension of the Romans package. वरदान forbidden — would make God’s oath to David (Ps 89:34-35; 132:11) merit-conditioned, the reverse of its unconditional character.
Repentance
Approved rendering: मन फिराव
Transliteration: mana phirāva
Doctrine: Confession and Forgiveness (Psalm 51)
Rejected alternatives: पश्चाताप
Original: שׁוּב
Category: Confession and Forgiveness
Inherited from Romans package. Turning of the whole mind/life toward God, not merely remorse or penance; thematic across Psalm 51.
Law
Approved rendering: व्यवस्था
Transliteration: vyavasthā
Doctrine: Torah Meditation and the Authority of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: धर्म, शरीयत, नियम
Original: תּוֹרָה
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Never धर्म. Governs Psalm 1:2; 19:7-14 and the extended Psalm 119 acrostic.
Idolatry
Approved rendering: मूर्तिपूजा
Transliteration: mūrtipūjā
Doctrine: Idolatry and the Living God
Original: עֲצַבִּים / אֱלִילִים
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Handle pastorally given widespread devotional मूर्ति-veneration in readers’ own families; do not soften the polemic of Psalm 115:4-8; 135:15-18.
Worship
Approved rendering: आराधना
Transliteration: ārādhanā
Doctrine: Praise and Worship
Rejected alternatives: पूजा
Original: הִשְׁתַּחֲוּוּ / עָבַד
Category: Worship
Inherited from Romans package. NEVER पूजा. Whole-life worship of the living God (Ps 29:2; 95:6; 96:9).
New Creation
Approved rendering: नई सृष्टि
Transliteration: naī sṛṣṭi
Doctrine: Confession and Forgiveness (Psalm 51)
Rejected alternatives: पुनर्जन्म
Inherited from the Galatians extension of the Romans package. Never पुनर्जन्म; cross-reference create_clean_heart (Ps 51:10) and God’s creative-agency verb family.
Election
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर का चुनाव
Transliteration: Parameśvara kā cunāva
Doctrine: Covenant Faithfulness (Hesed)
Rejected alternatives: भाग्य, नियति, किस्मत
Inherited from Romans package. God’s sovereign personal choice, e.g. David as God’s ‘chosen’ (Ps 89); never karma-determined fate.
Providence
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर का विधान
Transliteration: Parameśvara kā vidhāna
Doctrine: Divine Omniscience and Omnipresence
Rejected alternatives: भाग्य, कर्म का नियम
Inherited from Romans package. God’s personal, purposive governance; never fate or karma. Relevant to Psalm 139’s relational omniscience.
Sovereignty
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर की संप्रभुता
Transliteration: Parameśvara kī samprabhutā
Doctrine: Character of God as King
Rejected alternatives: भाग्य, नियति
Inherited from Romans package. God’s personal rule; never impersonal fate/karma. Undergirds the ‘the LORD reigns’ declarative-kingship cluster (Ps 93-99).
Kingship Of Jesus
Approved rendering: यीशु का राजत्व
Transliteration: Yīśu kā rājatva
Doctrine: Kingship and the Messianic King (Psalms 2 and 110)
Inherited from Romans package. Adjacent to the Critical Lordship doctrine; keep consistent with प्रभु and राजा usage in Psalms 2, 45, 72, 110.
Wrath Of God
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर का क्रोध
Transliteration: Parameśvara kā krodha
Doctrine: Divine Judgment and Imprecatory Prayer
Rejected alternatives: बदला
Inherited from Romans package. God’s settled, righteous judgment against sin, never personal revenge; relevant to Psalm 2:5 and Psalm 90’s meditation on mortality.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: अनन्त जीवन
Transliteration: ananta jīvana
Doctrine: Covenant Faithfulness (Hesed)
Rejected alternatives: अमरता
Inherited from the Galatians extension of the Romans package. Cross-referenced to Psalm 133:3’s ‘life forevermore’ and the for_length_of_days idiom of Psalm 23:6; never moksha-style absorption.
Valley Of Shadow Of Death
Approved rendering: मृत्यु की छाया की तराई
Transliteration: mṛtyu kī chāyā kī tarāī
Doctrine: Character of God as Shepherd, King, and Refuge
Original: גֵּיא צַלְמָוֶת
Category: God
New term for Psalms (Ps 23:4). Must be framed as a single, real, this-life crisis traversed once under God’s accompanying presence, never a repeating cycle of death-and-return. Guard against any folk reading assimilating it to a wheel-of-rebirth journey through successive deaths.
House Of The Lord
Approved rendering: घर (relational) / भवन (architectural)
Transliteration: ghara / bhavana
Doctrine: Character of God as Shepherd, King, and Refuge
Rejected alternatives: मंदिर, धाम
Original: בֵּית־יְהוָה
Category: God
New term for Psalms (Ps 23:6 core passage climax; 27:4; 84:1-4,10; 122:1,9). मंदिर forbidden (Hindu temple); धाम forbidden (Char Dham pilgrimage-destination connotation). Use घर for the relational/eschatological sense, भवन for literal temple architecture, kept clearly distinct.
Table Banquet
Approved rendering: मेज़
Transliteration: mez
Doctrine: Character of God as Shepherd, King, and Refuge
Rejected alternatives: थाली
Original: שֻׁלְחָן
Category: God
New term for Psalms (Ps 23:5; 78:19). थाली forbidden — carries a strong Hindu ritual food-offering connotation (devotee-to-deity direction); मेज़ preserves God as gracious Host giving to the guest.
Refuge
Approved rendering: शरण
Transliteration: śaraṇa
Doctrine: Character of God as Shepherd, King, and Refuge
Original: מַחְסֶה / חָסָה
Category: God
New term for Psalms. शरण is the natural and closest Hindi word but is also the operative term in Hindu bhakti śaraṇāgati (self-surrender to a chosen deity/guru) and the Buddhist three-refuges formula. Retain शरण (no clean alternative exists) but require a translator note on first occurrence per psalm (2:12; 46:1; 62:7-8; 91:2; 118:8-9) distinguishing covenant-relational refuge in the one true personal God from refuge-taking as one devotional option among many.
Rock Fortress
Approved rendering: चट्टान / गढ़
Transliteration: caṭṭāna / gaṛha
Doctrine: Character of God as Shepherd, King, and Refuge
Rejected alternatives: दुर्ग
Original: צוּר / מְצוּדָה / מָעוֹז
Category: God
New term for Psalms. दुर्ग must NEVER be used — it is the etymological root of देवी दुर्गा, the widely venerated North Indian warrior-protector goddess, and would functionally assimilate YHWH’s protector-role to Durga’s. Use चट्टान (rock) and गढ़ (stronghold) instead (Ps 18:2,31,46; 31:2-3; 62:2,6-7; 91:2; 92:15; 95:1).
Almighty
Approved rendering: सर्वशक्तिमान
Transliteration: sarvaśaktimāna
Doctrine: Character of God as Shepherd, King, and Refuge
Rejected alternatives: शक्ति (bare)
Original: שַׁדַּי
Category: God
New term for Psalms (Ps 91:1, ‘shadow of the Almighty’). Built on the शक्ति morpheme forbidden bare per baseline (Shakti-goddess association). Permitted ONLY as the full fixed compound, exactly as आत्मिक वरदान is permitted only as a fixed compound in the baseline. शक्ति must never stand alone as a divine title.
Throne Of Christ
Approved rendering: तेरा सिंहासन, हे परमेश्वर
Transliteration: terā siṃhāsana, he Parameśvara
Doctrine: Sonship and Deity of Christ (Psalms Witness)
Original: כִּסְאֲךָ אֱלֹהִים
Category: Christology
New term for Psalms (Ps 45:6), addressed to the Davidic king and applied by Hebrews 1:8 to the divine Son. Low lexical-collision risk but Critical-by-doctrinal-linkage; theologian review required whenever this verse teaches the Deity of Christ.
Priest
Approved rendering: याजक
Transliteration: yājaka
Doctrine: The Priesthood of the Messianic King
Rejected alternatives: पुजारी
Original: כֹּהֵן
Category: Christology
New term for Psalms (Ps 110:4, ‘a priest forever after the order of Melchizedek’). याजक must be used, never पुजारी — पुजारी denotes a contemporary Hindu temple ritual functionary typically embedded in a caste-based (often Brahmin) priestly lineage, importing assumptions foreign to (and, for Melchizedek, explicitly prior to and outside of) the Israelite priestly system.
Forsaken
Approved rendering: तू ने मुझे क्यों छोड़ दिया
Transliteration: tū ne mujhe kyoṃ choṛa diyā
Doctrine: Messianic Prophecy in the Psalms
Original: עֲזַבְתָּנִי
Category: Christology
New term for Psalms (Ps 22:1), verbatim quoted by Jesus on the cross. Must retain the full force of abandonment, not softened; doubles as the paradigm Lament cry and a direct Messianic fulfillment text.
Pierced
Approved rendering: छेदा गया है
Transliteration: chedā gayā hai
Doctrine: Messianic Prophecy in the Psalms
Original: כָּארוּ / כָּאֲרִי
Category: Christology
New term for Psalms (Ps 22:16), a textually disputed reading (MT vocalization tradition vs. LXX/DSS witnesses). Teaching material must disclose the variant transparently rather than silently adopting one reading as uncontested.
Zeal For Gods House
Approved rendering: तेरे भवन के लिये जलन/उत्साह
Transliteration: tere bhavana ke liye jalana/utsāha
Doctrine: Messianic Prophecy in the Psalms
Original: קִנְאַת בֵּיתְךָ
Category: Christology
New term for Psalms (Ps 69:9), quoted of Jesus’s temple action (John 2:17). Zeal for God’s honor, not personal ambition.
Reproach Suffering
Approved rendering: निन्दा
Transliteration: nindā
Doctrine: Messianic Prophecy in the Psalms
Original: חֶרְפָּה
Category: Christology
New term for Psalms (Ps 69:9,19-21), anticipating the crucifixion narrative’s gall/vinegar allusions. Honor/shame dynamics are pronounced in the Indian social context; flag for joint theologian/native-speaker review alongside Psalm 22.
King Of Glory
Approved rendering: महिमा का राजा
Transliteration: mahimā kā rājā
Doctrine: Character of God as King
Original: מֶלֶךְ הַכָּבוֹד
Category: Christology
New term for Psalms (Ps 24:7-10), combining राजा and महिमा; theologian review recommended given the combination’s weight for Kingship and Deity of Christ together.
Holy One Chasid
Approved rendering: पवित्र जन
Transliteration: pavitra jana
Doctrine: Resurrection Hope (Psalm 16)
Rejected alternatives: भक्त
Original: חָסִיד
Category: Christology
New term for Psalms (Ps 16:10), applied by Peter (Acts 2) uniquely to Christ’s resurrection. भक्त forbidden — recasts Christ as an exemplary devotee rather than the divine Holy One himself.
Cup Of Salvation
Approved rendering: उद्धार का कटोरा / प्याला
Transliteration: uddhāra kā kaṭorā / pyālā
Doctrine: Character of God as Shepherd, King, and Refuge
Original: כּוֹס יְשׁוּעוֹת
Category: Salvation
New term for Psalms (Ps 116:13). Compounds two Critical/High baseline-linked terms (उद्धार + cup imagery); cross-reference cup_overflows (Ps 23:5).
Forgiveness
Approved rendering: क्षमा किया गया
Transliteration: kṣamā kiyā gayā
Doctrine: Confession and Forgiveness (Psalm 51)
Original: נָשָׂא (סָלַח)
Category: Confession and Forgiveness
New term for Psalms (Ps 32:1,5; 51 thematic). Sin actively carried away/lifted off by God, not merely overlooked; not a self-earned pardon.
Cleanse Purify Hyssop
Approved rendering: मुझे शुद्ध कर
Transliteration: mujhe śuddha kara
Doctrine: Confession and Forgiveness (Psalm 51)
Original: חִטֵּא (טָהֵר) בְאֵזוֹב
Category: Confession and Forgiveness
New term for Psalms (Ps 51:7, ‘purge me with hyssop’). शुद्ध is contextually appropriate here (unlike the usual holiness caution) because the Hebrew itself redirects ritual-purification vocabulary toward inward moral cleansing (made explicit in vv.16-17). Mandatory translator note stating the cleansing is moral/relational, accomplished by God, not a rite performed by the sinner.
Way Path
Approved rendering: मार्ग / राह
Transliteration: mārga / rāha
Doctrine: The Righteous and the Wicked (Psalm 1)
Original: דֶּרֶךְ
Category: Righteous and Wicked
New term for Psalms (Ps 1:1,6; 23:3; 25:4; 119:1; 139:24). मार्ग readily evokes India’s religious-pluralism framework of multiple co-equal spiritual paths. Psalm 1’s argument is exactly TWO mutually exclusive ways with opposite outcomes. Mandatory translator note ‘two ways, not many paths’ on first use.
King Messianic
Approved rendering: राजा
Transliteration: rājā
Doctrine: Kingship and the Messianic King (Psalms 2 and 110)
Original: מֶלֶךְ
Category: Kingship
New term for Psalms. राजा as a generic earthly ruler is Medium risk; when the referent is God’s own installed Anointed King (Ps 2; 5:2; 24:7-10; 44:4; 45; 47; 72; 93-100; 145), it escalates to High/Critical, intersecting the baseline’s Critical Lordship/Deity-of-Christ doctrines. Require referent-level context tagging (earthly king / God’s own kingship / Messianic King) at segment-cache level.
Lord Reigns
Approved rendering: यहोवा राज्य करता है
Transliteration: Yahovā rājya karatā hai
Doctrine: Character of God as King
Original: יְהוָה מָלָךְ
Category: Kingship
New term for Psalms (Ps 93:1; 96:10; 97:1; 99:1). Ties to परमेश्वर का राज्य; theologian review recommended so God’s own eternal reign and the Messianic King’s derived, installed reign are taught as complementary, not duplicative or competing.
Bowing Prostrating
Approved rendering: झुक जाओ
Transliteration: jhuka jāo
Doctrine: Praise and Worship
Rejected alternatives: दण्डवत (as a primary standalone verb)
Original: הִשְׁתַּחֲוּוּ
Category: Worship
New term for Psalms (Ps 95:6; 96:9). दण्डवत is also the term for common Hindu devotional prostration before an image, guru, or elder. Prefer झुक जाओ as the default verb, always paired with आराधना, never with पूजा-family vocabulary.
Imprecatory Cursing
Approved rendering: (context-dependent; no single fixed term — accompanied by mandatory teaching note)
Transliteration: —
Doctrine: Divine Judgment and Imprecatory Prayer
Rejected alternatives: तांत्रिक श्राप framing (as if self-effective ritual cursing)
Original: (various imprecation formulas)
Category: Lament
New term for Psalms (Ps 109; 137:8-9). Risk of conflation with the live Indian folk-religious category of ritually-invoked personal curses (तांत्रिक श्राप). Mandatory teaching note distinguishing biblical imprecatory prayer — a covenant-lawsuit appeal to God’s own justice, addressed TO God — from self-effective ritual cursing.
Medium Risk Terms
Mercy
Approved rendering: दया
Transliteration: dayā
Doctrine: Character of God as Shepherd, King, and Refuge
Original: רַחֲמִים / חָנַן
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Kept distinct from अनुग्रह (grace) and from करुणा (reserved for חֶסֶד/hesed in this curriculum). Used for Psalm 103:13’s fatherly compassion.
Brotherly Love
Approved rendering: भाईचारे का प्रेम
Transliteration: bhāīcāre kā prema
Doctrine: Covenant Faithfulness (Hesed)
Original: אַחִים…יָחַד
Category: Church
Inherited from the Galatians extension of the Romans package. Used at Psalm 133:1’s communal covenant-family unity.
Israel
Approved rendering: इस्राएल
Transliteration: Isrāela
Doctrine: Covenant Faithfulness (Hesed)
Original: יִשְׂרָאֵל
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. God’s covenant people (Ps 78; 105-106; 136).
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर का राज्य
Transliteration: Parameśvara kā rājya
Doctrine: Character of God as King
Rejected alternatives: ईश्वर का राष्ट्र
Original: מַלְכוּת
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package. God’s sovereign reign, proclaimed throughout the kingship psalms (93-100); distinguish from a political/territorial kingdom.
Zeal
Approved rendering: उत्साह
Transliteration: utsāha
Doctrine: The Righteous and the Wicked (Psalm 1)
Rejected alternatives: जोश
Inherited from the Galatians extension of the Romans package. Sincere religious energy that cannot itself save; cross-reference zeal_for_gods_house for the Ps 69:9 intensified sense.
Stumbling Stone
Approved rendering: ठोकर का पत्थर
Transliteration: ṭhokara kā patthara
Doctrine: Messianic Prophecy in the Psalms
Inherited from Romans package. Must be kept lexically distinct from cornerstone_rejected_stone (Ps 118:22) — the two images represent opposite trajectories (offense vs. vindication-into-foundation).
Still Waters
Approved rendering: शान्त जल
Transliteration: śānta jala
Doctrine: Character of God as Shepherd, King, and Refuge
Original: מֵי מְנֻחֹת
Category: God
New term for Psalms (Ps 23:2). Retain as relational rest supplied by a personal Shepherd, not meditative inner stillness self-attained by the sheep.
Cup Overflows
Approved rendering: मेरा प्याला छलकता है
Transliteration: merā pyālā chalakatā hai
Doctrine: Character of God as Shepherd, King, and Refuge
Original: כּוֹסִי רְוָיָה
Category: God
New term for Psalms (Ps 23:5). Keep the banquet-hospitality framing clear so this remains a guest’s cup at a host’s banquet, not a ritual offering-vessel; cross-reference cup_of_salvation (Ps 116:13).
Restores Soul
Approved rendering: लौटा लाता है
Transliteration: lauṭā lātā hai
Doctrine: Character of God as Shepherd, King, and Refuge
Rejected alternatives: पुनर्जीवन
Original: יְשׁוֹבֵב (שׁוּב)
Category: Anthropology
New term for Psalms (Ps 23:3). Must not suggest cyclical return-to-life (avoid पुनर्जीवन, adjacent to forbidden पुनर्जन्म); a single, personal restoration of vitality, not a life-cycle doctrine.
Oath Sworn
Approved rendering: शपथ
Transliteration: śapatha
Doctrine: Covenant Faithfulness (Hesed)
Original: נִשְׁבַּע (שְׁבוּעָה)
Category: Covenant
New term for Psalms (Ps 89; 110:4 ‘the LORD has sworn’). Standard, non-collision-prone term; frame as God’s own unconditional, unilateral commitment, not a boon exchanged for devotion.
Wings
Approved rendering: पंखों की छाया
Transliteration: paṃkhoṃ kī chāyā
Doctrine: Character of God as Shepherd, King, and Refuge
Original: כָּנָף
Category: God
New term for Psalms (Ps 91:4; 17:8; 36:7; 57:1). Minor resonance with Hindu vahana (divine-vehicle) bird iconography (e.g., Garuda); native-speaker check recommended, not a forbidding-level collision.
Eternity Olam
Approved rendering: अनन्त / सदा सर्वदा
Transliteration: ananta / sadā sarvadā
Doctrine: Character of God as Shepherd, King, and Refuge
Original: עוֹלָם
Category: God
New term for Psalms (Ps 90:2; 93:2; 103:17). Avoid any suggestion of cyclical cosmic time (yuga-cycle cosmology); linear, unending divine eternity framing linear, mortal human life.
Omniscience Search Known
Approved rendering: तू ने मुझे जांचा और जान लिया है
Transliteration: tū ne mujhe jāṃcā aura jāna liyā hai
Doctrine: Divine Omniscience and Omnipresence
Original: חֲקַרְתַּנִי וַתֵּדָע
Category: God
New term for Psalms (Ps 139:1). Frame as the personal God’s relational knowledge of a distinct individual, guarding against an implicit advaitic reading in which knower and known are ultimately non-distinct within an impersonal cosmic consciousness.
Glory And Honor
Approved rendering: महिमा और ऐश्वर्य
Transliteration: mahimā aura aiśvarya
Doctrine: Creation and the Dignity of Humanity
Original: כָּבוֹד וְהָדָר
Category: Creation
New term for Psalms (Ps 8:5), later applied Messianically to Christ (Hebrews 2). Must not drift toward Hindu divinization/self-realization language — bestowed dignity, not attained godhood.
Fear Of The Lord
Approved rendering: यहोवा का भय / परमेश्वर का भय
Transliteration: Yahovā kā bhaya / Parameśvara kā bhaya
Doctrine: Fear of the LORD
Original: יִרְאַת יְהוָה
Category: Ethics
New term for Psalms (Ps 34:11; 111:10; 128:1). Must be glossed as reverent awe combined with trust and obedience, not servile terror or superstitious ritual-appeasement fear of an unpredictable spirit/deity.
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: मनुष्य / मनुष्य का पुत्र
Transliteration: manuṣya / manuṣya kā putra
Doctrine: Creation and the Dignity of Humanity
Original: בֶּן־אָדָם
Category: Christology
New term for Psalms (Ps 8:4). Translate generically as मनुष्य in the OT context; flag separately wherever the NT Christological application (Hebrews 2:6-9) is drawn, a related but distinct topic from the NT title ‘Son of Man.‘
Ransom
Approved rendering: छुटकारे का दाम
Transliteration: chuṭakāre kā dāma
Doctrine: Character of God as Shepherd, King, and Refuge
Rejected alternatives: मुक्ति, मोक्ष
Original: פִּדְיוֹן
Category: Salvation
New term for Psalms (Ps 49:8, ‘no one can ransom his own life’). Reuses the छुटकारा/redemption family exactly; never मुक्ति/मोक्ष.
Horn Of Salvation
Approved rendering: मेरे उद्धार का सींग
Transliteration: mere uddhāra kā sīṃga
Doctrine: Character of God as Shepherd, King, and Refuge
Original: קֶרֶן יִשְׁעִי
Category: Salvation
New term for Psalms (Ps 18:2). ANE strength-metaphor tied to उद्धार; not a dominant Indian strength-symbol, so an explanatory gloss is recommended.
Deliverer
Approved rendering: मेरा छुड़ानेवाला
Transliteration: merā chuṛānevālā
Doctrine: Character of God as Shepherd, King, and Refuge
Original: מְפַלְטִי
Category: Salvation
New term for Psalms (Ps 18:2). Ties to the छुटकारा/redemption family; keep consistent.
Transgression
Approved rendering: अपराध
Transliteration: aparādha
Doctrine: Confession and Forgiveness (Psalm 51)
Rejected alternatives: अधर्म
Original: פֶּשַׁע
Category: Sin
New term for Psalms (Ps 51:1,3; 32:1). Distinct nuance from पाप: a willful rebellion/breach of covenant relationship (פֶּשַׁע).
Iniquity
Approved rendering: मेरा दोष
Transliteration: merā doṣa
Doctrine: Confession and Forgiveness (Psalm 51)
Rejected alternatives: अधर्म
Original: עָוֹן
Category: Sin
New term for Psalms (Ps 51:2,9; 32:5). Inward moral crookedness and resulting guilt (עָוֹן); avoids अधर्म, already forbidden in the baseline sin entry.
Wash Cleanse
Approved rendering: मुझे धो दे
Transliteration: mujhe dho de
Doctrine: Confession and Forgiveness (Psalm 51)
Rejected alternatives: स्नान (self-administered ritual bathing)
Original: כָּבַס
Category: Confession and Forgiveness
New term for Psalms (Ps 51:2,7). Must retain God as sole active agent; avoid any phrasing suggesting self-administered ritual bathing, per the baseline’s baptism caution.
Broken Contrite Spirit
Approved rendering: टूटा हुआ मन, दुःखित और चूर हृदय
Transliteration: ṭūṭā huā mana, duḥkhita aura cūra hṛdaya
Doctrine: Confession and Forgiveness (Psalm 51)
Original: רוּחַ נִשְׁבָּרָה / לֵב נִדְכֶּה
Category: Confession and Forgiveness
New term for Psalms (Ps 51:17). Must be distinguished from voluntary ascetic self-mortification (tapasya), a merit-earning category in Indian religious practice; this is Spirit-produced repentance, not a self-inflicted religious achievement.
Steadfast Spirit
Approved rendering: स्थिर मन
Transliteration: sthira mana
Doctrine: Confession and Forgiveness (Psalm 51)
Original: רוּחַ נָכוֹן
Category: Confession and Forgiveness
New term for Psalms (Ps 51:10). Context must distinguish this human ‘spirit/disposition’ sense from the divine Holy Spirit sense in the very next verse (51:11).
Righteous Person
Approved rendering: धर्मी
Transliteration: dharmī
Doctrine: The Righteous and the Wicked (Psalm 1)
Rejected alternatives: धर्म (bare, forbidden)
Original: צַדִּיק
Category: Righteous and Wicked
New term for Psalms (Ps 1:5-6; 34:15,19,21). Reuses the धर्मी morpheme already embedded in the baseline’s Critical justification compound (धर्मी ठहराया जाना); bare धर्म remains forbidden.
Wicked Person
Approved rendering: दुष्ट
Transliteration: duṣṭa
Doctrine: The Righteous and the Wicked (Psalm 1)
Original: רָשָׁע
Category: Righteous and Wicked
New term for Psalms (Ps 1:1,4,6; 9:16-17; 10:2-4). Must be framed as a moral-relational, changeable category (cf. Psalm 51’s repentance), not a permanent caste-like status.
Fool
Approved rendering: मूर्ख
Transliteration: mūrkha
Doctrine: The Righteous and the Wicked (Psalm 1)
Original: נָבָל
Category: Righteous and Wicked
New term for Psalms (Ps 14:1; 53:1). Frame as practical/moral folly (‘lives as if there is no God’), not an insult to intellectual unbelievers.
Statute
Approved rendering: विधि
Transliteration: vidhi
Doctrine: Torah Meditation and the Authority of Scripture
Original: חֻקָּה / חֹק
Category: Righteous and Wicked
New term for Psalms (Ps 119, throughout). विधि can also denote a Hindu ritual procedure (puja vidhi); context sufficiently disambiguates as God’s revealed word.
Judgment Ordinance
Approved rendering: न्याय
Transliteration: nyāya
Doctrine: Torah Meditation and the Authority of Scripture
Original: מִשְׁפָּט
Category: Righteous and Wicked
New term for Psalms (Ps 119, throughout; 89:14). Distinct Hebrew word/semantic slot (מִשְׁפָּט) from righteousness/tsedeq; does not contradict the baseline’s separate rejection of न्याय as a righteousness-alternative.
Meditate
Approved rendering: मनन करना
Transliteration: manana karanā
Doctrine: Torah Meditation and the Authority of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: ध्यान (content-free contemplative sense)
Original: הָגָה
Category: Righteous and Wicked
New term for Psalms (Ps 1:2). मनन/ध्यान-adjacent vocabulary carries yogic/meditative-technique connotations; frame specifically as reflection on God’s revealed, external, spoken/written word.
Perish
Approved rendering: नाश हो जाएगा
Transliteration: nāśa ho jāegā
Doctrine: The Righteous and the Wicked (Psalm 1)
Original: אָבַד
Category: Righteous and Wicked
New term for Psalms (Ps 1:6). Keep as a final, linear outcome, not one stage in a cyclical process of death-and-rebirth.
Dominion
Approved rendering: अधिकार / प्रभुता
Transliteration: adhikāra / prabhutā
Doctrine: Creation and the Dignity of Humanity
Original: מָשַׁל (רָדָה)
Category: Kingship
New term for Psalms (Ps 8:6). Delegated stewardship-authority granted to humanity, distinct from but preparing for the Messianic King’s dominion (Ps 2, 72, 110).
Sacrifice Of Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: धन्यवाद का बलिदान
Transliteration: dhanyavāda kā balidāna
Doctrine: Praise and Worship
Rejected alternatives: बलि, यज्ञ
Original: זֶבַח תּוֹדָה
Category: Worship
New term for Psalms (Ps 50:14,23). Distinguish from बलि/यज्ञ merit-earning ritual offering; heart-response, not transaction.
Waiting Hoping
Approved rendering: मैं आशा रखता हूँ / बाट जोहता हूँ
Transliteration: maiṃ āśā rakhatā hūṃ / bāṭa johatā hūṃ
Doctrine: Lament and Honest Prayer
Original: קִוִּיתִי (קוה)
Category: Lament
New term for Psalms (Ps 130:5-6). Must not read as karma-determined patience or fatalistic acceptance; personal, relational, expectant trust in a God who forgives and redeems.
Heal
Approved rendering: चंगा करना
Transliteration: caṃgā karanā
Doctrine: Character of God as Shepherd, King, and Refuge
Original: רָפָא
Category: God
New term for Psalms (Ps 30:2; 41:4; 103:3; 147:3). Standard Hindi Christian healing term; no significant collision.
Zion
Approved rendering: सिय्योन
Transliteration: Siyyona
Doctrine: Kingship and the Messianic King (Psalms 2 and 110)
Original: צִיּוֹן
Category: Kingship
New proper-name entry for Psalms (Ps 2:6 and throughout). Established Hindi Bible form; keep distinct from generic ‘Jerusalem’ where the text names Zion for royal/covenantal emphasis.
Melchizedek
Approved rendering: मलिकिसिदक
Transliteration: Malikisidaka
Doctrine: The Priesthood of the Messianic King
Original: מַלְכִּי־צֶדֶק
Category: Christology
New proper-name entry for Psalms (Ps 110:4). Standard Hindi Bible transliteration; pairs with याजक to avoid the पुजारी caste-priesthood collision.
Psalm Mizmor
Approved rendering: भजन
Transliteration: bhajana
Doctrine: Praise and Worship
New term for Psalms. भजन is also the standard Hindi word for Hindu bhakti devotional songs (to Krishna, Rama, Devi, etc.), but is the established BSI OV convention for the book title भजन संहिता (‘Psalms’) and cannot be avoided. Surrounding introductory material must frame these songs as addressed to the one covenant God, not generic devotional bhajans to any chosen deity. Native speaker review recommended on introductory material, not per-occurrence.
Low Risk Terms
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: धन्यवाद
Transliteration: dhanyavāda
Doctrine: Praise and Worship
Original: תּוֹדָה
Category: Worship
Inherited from Romans package. Standard term (Ps 50:14; 100:4; 107:22; 116:17).
Amen
Approved rendering: आमीन
Transliteration: āmīna
Doctrine: Praise and Worship
Original: אָמֵן
Category: Worship
Inherited from Romans package. Transliterated doxological formula closing Psalm 41:13; 106:48.
David
Approved rendering: दाऊद
Transliteration: Dāūda
Doctrine: Kingship and the Messianic King (Psalms 2 and 110)
Original: דָּוִד
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. BSI OV proper name form; human author of many psalms and recipient of the Davidic covenant.
Doxology
Approved rendering: महिमा-गान
Transliteration: mahimā-gāna
Doctrine: Praise and Worship
Rejected alternatives: स्तुति
Inherited from Romans package. Names the praise-formula genre; the Hallelujah psalms (146-150) and Book-closing आमीन formulas (41:13; 72:19; 89:52; 106:48; 150:6) are this genre’s Psalter home.
Green Pastures
Approved rendering: हरी चराई
Transliteration: harī carāī
Doctrine: Character of God as Shepherd, King, and Refuge
Original: נְאוֹת דֶּשֶׁא
Category: God
New term for Psalms. Concrete agrarian image (Ps 23:2); no religious collision.
Rod And Staff
Approved rendering: तेरी छड़ी और तेरी लाठी
Transliteration: terī chaṛī aura terī lāṭhī
Doctrine: Character of God as Shepherd, King, and Refuge
Original: שֵׁבֶט וּמִשְׁעֶנֶת
Category: God
New term for Psalms (Ps 23:4). Concrete pastoral tools; inherits the same Krishna-cowherd caution flagged at shepherd — no separate escalation needed.
For His Names Sake
Approved rendering: अपने नाम की खातिर
Transliteration: apane nāma kī khātira
Doctrine: Character of God as Shepherd, King, and Refuge
Original: לְמַעַן שְׁמוֹ
Category: God
New term for Psalms (Ps 23:3; 25:11; 31:3). नाम carries the Hebrew idiom of ‘name’ as revealed character/reputation, not merely a label.
For Length Of Days
Approved rendering: सदा सर्वदा
Transliteration: sadā sarvadā
Doctrine: Character of God as Shepherd, King, and Refuge
Original: לְאֹרֶךְ יָמִים
Category: God
New term for Psalms (Ps 23:6, core passage climax). Keep distinct in register from generic ‘a long life’ so the eschatological, beyond-death horizon is not lost.
I Shall Not Want
Approved rendering: मुझे कुछ घटी नहीं
Transliteration: mujhe kucha ghaṭī nahīṃ
Doctrine: Character of God as Shepherd, King, and Refuge
Original: לֹא אֶחְסָר
Category: God
New term for Psalms (Ps 23:1). Must not be softened into a prosperity-gospel promise of wealth; keep as sufficiency-in-God.
Everything That Has Breath
Approved rendering: जिस जिस में प्राण है
Transliteration: jisa jisa meṃ prāṇa hai
Doctrine: Praise and Worship
Rejected alternatives: आत्मा
Original: כֹּל הַנְּשָׁמָה
Category: Anthropology
New term for Psalms (Ps 150:6, the Psalter’s climactic final verse). Consistent with the प्राण (never आत्मा) rule for nephesh/neshamah.
Precept
Approved rendering: उपदेश
Transliteration: upadeśa
Doctrine: Torah Meditation and the Authority of Scripture
Original: פִּקּוּד
Category: Righteous and Wicked
New term for Psalms (Ps 119, throughout). Minor synonym within the established law/instruction family; no independent collision risk.
Commandment
Approved rendering: आज्ञा
Transliteration: ājñā
Doctrine: Torah Meditation and the Authority of Scripture
Original: מִצְוָה
Category: Righteous and Wicked
New term for Psalms (Ps 19:8; 119, throughout). Standard general term.
New Song
Approved rendering: नया गीत
Transliteration: nayā gīta
Doctrine: Praise and Worship
Original: שִׁיר חָדָשׁ
Category: Worship
New term for Psalms (Ps 33:3; 40:3; 96:1; 98:1; 144:9; 149:1). No collision; recurring ‘new song’ motif.
Hallelujah
Approved rendering: हल्लेलूयाह
Transliteration: hallelūyāha
Doctrine: Praise and Worship
Original: הַלְלוּ־יָהּ
Category: Worship
New term for Psalms (Ps 146-150, five times). Transliterate per the established AI requirements convention.
Selah
Approved rendering: सेला
Transliteration: selā
Doctrine: Praise and Worship
Original: סֶלָה
Category: Worship
New term for Psalms. Liturgical pause/musical interlude marker, 71 occurrences across Books I-III. Transliterate; do not translate.
Taste And See
Approved rendering: चख कर देखो
Transliteration: cakha kara dekho
Doctrine: Praise and Worship
Original: טַעֲמוּ וּרְאוּ
Category: Worship
New term for Psalms (Ps 34:8). Standard idiom; no significant collision.
Enemies
Approved rendering: शत्रु
Transliteration: śatru
Doctrine: Lament and Honest Prayer
Original: צֹרְרָי / אֹיְבִים
Category: Lament
New term for Psalms (Ps 23:5; throughout). Standard term; no significant collision.
Heavens Declare
Approved rendering: आकाश वर्णन करता है
Transliteration: ākāśa varṇana karatā hai
Doctrine: Creation and the Dignity of Humanity
Original: הַשָּׁמַיִם מְסַפְּרִים
Category: Creation
New term for Psalms (Ps 19:1). General revelation; no significant collision.
Covered Sin
Approved rendering: ढांपा गया
Transliteration: ḍhāṃpā gayā
Doctrine: Confession and Forgiveness (Psalm 51)
Original: כְּסוּי (כָּסָה)
Category: Confession and Forgiveness
New term for Psalms (Ps 32:1). Must not imply the sinner’s own concealment/denial; this is God’s gracious covering.
My Help
Approved rendering: मेरी सहायता
Transliteration: merī sahāyatā
Doctrine: Character of God as Shepherd, King, and Refuge
Original: עֶזְרִי
Category: God
New term for Psalms (Ps 121:1-2). God as active source of help for the pilgrim’s journey.
Shield
Approved rendering: ढाल
Transliteration: ḍhāla
Doctrine: Character of God as Shepherd, King, and Refuge
Original: מָגֵן
Category: God
New term for Psalms (Ps 3:3; 18:2,30,35). Concrete military metaphor; no collision.
Moses
Approved rendering: मूसा
Transliteration: Mūsā
Doctrine: Covenant Faithfulness (Hesed)
Original: מֹשֶׁה
Category: Covenant
New proper-name entry for Psalms (author of Ps 90). Reused per the AI requirements doc’s established transliteration table.
Babylon
Approved rendering: बाबेल
Transliteration: Bābela
Doctrine: Lament and Honest Prayer
Original: בָּבֶל
Category: Lament
New proper-name entry for Psalms (Ps 137, exile lament). Standard Hindi Bible form.
Referenced passages