Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Mark (Koine Greek → Hindi)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md, drawn from the entire book of Mark (ch. 1-16), citing chapter references. Terms already recorded in the baseline Romans/Galatians translation_memory.json are marked “Reused (baseline)” and MUST NOT be altered. New terms introduced by this Mark analysis are marked “New (Mark)” and are proposed for addition to translation memory pending Phase 1 Step 17-equivalent theologian sign-off. Risk tiers and review routing follow the baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json conventions exactly.
Legend — Review Routing: Critical/High → Human theologian required. Medium → Native speaker review recommended. Low → Automated review sufficient.
Part A: Terms Reused Exactly from the Baseline (Romans/Galatians) Translation Memory
| English Term | Hindi Rendering | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine Tag(s) | Mark Chapter Refs | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gospel | सुसमाचार | susamācar | High | Suffering Servant & Son of God; Kingdom Breaking In | 1, 8, 10, 13, 14, 16 | Mark 1:1 is the book’s thesis; render identically everywhere. |
| Faith | विश्वास | viśvāsa | High | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11 | Object of faith (Jesus) must be contextually clear at every occurrence. |
| Salvation (theological sense of σῴζω) | उद्धार | uddhāra | Critical | The Ransom for Many; Kingdom Breaking In | 8, 10, 13 | See Part C save/heal (σῴζω) for the dual-sense handling protocol. |
| Lord | प्रभु | Prabhu | Critical | Suffering Servant & Son of God | 1, 2, 11, 12 | Never used for the negative “lord it over” sense in 10:42 — see Part B lord it over. |
| Son of God | परमेश्वर का पुत्र | Parameśvara kā putra | Critical | Suffering Servant & Son of God | 1, 3, 5, 9, 14, 15 | Bracketing title of the whole Gospel (1:1 → 15:39); identical rendering mandatory at every occurrence. |
| Holy Spirit | पवित्र आत्मा | Pavitra Ātmā | Critical | Kingdom Breaking In; Authority over Sickness, Sin, Nature | 1, 3, 13 | Must be kept distinct from अशुद्ध आत्मा (unclean spirit) and from ψυχή-derived प्राण/आत्मा usages. |
| God | परमेश्वर | Parameśvara | Critical | all doctrines | throughout | — |
| Jesus | यीशु | Yīśu | Critical | all doctrines | throughout | — |
| Messiah / Christ | मसीह | Masīha | Critical | Suffering Servant & Son of God; Messianic Secret | 1, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15 | Peter’s confession (8:29) and the high priest’s question (14:61) must match. |
| Kingdom of God | परमेश्वर का राज्य | Parameśvara kā rājya | Medium (baseline) / elevated to High in Mark context | Kingdom Breaking In | 1, 4, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15 | The perfect-tense “has come near” (1:15) needs its own note — see Part B. |
| Law | व्यवस्था | vyavasthā | High | (background to Sabbath/purity controversies) | 2, 7, 12 | Never धर्म. |
| Sin | पाप | pāpa | High | Authority over Sin | 2, 3, 14 | — |
| Resurrection | पुनरुत्थान | punaruttāna | Critical | Necessity of the Cross (vindication) | 9 (Transfiguration anticipates), 12 (Sadducee debate), 16 | Never पुनर्जन्म. |
| Covenant | वाचा | vācā | High | Ransom for Many | 14 | 14:24 “blood of the covenant” — must match Exodus 24:8 background note. |
| Repentance | मन फिराव | mana phirāva | High | Kingdom Breaking In | 1 | — |
| Cross | क्रूस | krūsa | Medium | Necessity of the Cross | 8, 10, 15 | Never सूली. |
| Baptism | बपतिस्मा | bapatismā | Medium (literal) / High (metaphorical, 10:38-39) | Necessity of the Cross | 1, 10 | Metaphorical extension in core passage requires translator note. |
| Apostle | प्रेरित | prerita | Medium | (background) | 3, 6 | — |
| Called/Calling | बुलाए हुए / बुलाहट | bulāe hue / bulāhaṭ | High | (background) | 1, 3 | — |
| Glory | महिमा | mahimā | High | Suffering Servant & Son of God; Necessity of the Cross | 8 (core passage v.37), 10, 13 | Christ’s glory is inseparable from his suffering in Mark — note required. |
| Mercy | दया | dayā | Medium | (background) | 10 | Bartimaeus’s cry, 10:47-48. |
| Mystery | भेद | bheda | Medium | Messianic Secret; Kingdom Breaking In | 4 | Ties formally to the doctrine “The Messianic Secret.” |
| Election (root) | परमेश्वर का चुनाव / चुने हुए लोग | Parameśvara kā cunāva / cune hue loga | High | (background) | 13 | Never भाग्य/नियति/किस्मत. |
| Slavery/Slave (root) | दासत्व / दास | dāsatva / dāsa | Critical (positive sense in Mark, see Part B) | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | 10 (core passage v.44) | Opposite valence from Galatians usage — mandatory cross-reference note. |
| Redemption | छुटकारा | chuṭakārā | High | The Ransom for Many | 10 (root of new λύτρον coinage) | See Part B ransom, built directly on this entry. |
| Father | पिता | Pitā | Critical | Necessity of the Cross | 14 | Gethsemane, 14:36. |
| Abba | अब्बा | Abbā | High | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 14 | Retained transliteration per baseline. |
| David | दाऊद | Dāūda | Medium | (background) | 10, 12 | Son of David title. |
| Power of God | परमेश्वर की सामर्थ्य | Parameśvara kī sāmarthya | High | Authority over Sickness, Sin, Nature | 13 | Never शक्ति. |
| Worship | आराधना | ārādhanā | High | (background) | 11 | House of prayer context. |
| Flesh | शरीर | śarīra | High | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 14 | ”The spirit is willing, the flesh is weak” (14:38). |
| Deacon (church office; distinct sense) | सेवक / सेविका | sevaka / sevikā | Medium (office sense) | — | (not directly in Mark; noted to distinguish from Part B servant) | See Part B servant (διάκονος) for the distinct general sense used in Mark 9:35; 10:43,45. |
Part B: New Terms Established by This Mark Analysis (Proposed for Translation Memory)
| English Term | Hindi Rendering | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine Tag(s) | Mark Chapter Refs | Alternatives Rejected | Grounded Risk Reason |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Son of Man | मनुष्य का पुत्र | manuṣya kā putra | Critical | Suffering Servant & Son of God; Necessity of the Cross | 2, 8, 9, 10 (core passage v.45), 13, 14 | ”मनुष्य” alone (loses title status); “मनुष्य का बेटा” (colloquial, loses formal titular register) | Danielic (Dan 7:13-14) exalted-judge title combined with genuine humanity and suffering; must not collapse into generic “a human being,” must not be conflated with परमेश्वर का पुत्र (a distinct, complementary title), and must not be assimilated to the avatar concept the baseline already forbids for incarnation. |
| Ransom | छुटकारे का दाम | chuṭakāre kā dāma | Critical | The Ransom for Many | 10 (core passage v.45) | मुक्ति-मूल्य (forbidden — contains मुक्ति); प्रायश्चित्त (confuses ransom-price with propitiation, a distinct atonement facet); बलिदान (too general, loses the specific commercial “price paid for release” sense) | Apex doctrinal term of the core passage; must convey a price paid to release a captive/slave by a personal God’s initiative, never self-attained liberation from a cosmic cycle (extends the baseline salvation/freedom prohibitions). |
| Servant (διάκονος, general ethical sense) | सेवक | sevaka | Critical | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | 9 (v.35), 10 (core passage vv.43,45) | — | Distinct from the baseline’s ecclesial-office sense (सेवक/सेविका = deacon); here names the voluntary posture every disciple must embrace to be great in the kingdom. Requires caste-sensitivity framing given India’s caste-assigned service roles. |
| Slave (δοῦλος, positive/paradoxical sense) | दास | dāsa | Critical | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | 10 (core passage v.44) | — | Same Hindi root as the baseline’s negative slavery entry (bondage to sin/law) but here used in the opposite theological direction (voluntary self-subordination as the model of greatness); mandatory cross-reference note to prevent apparent doctrinal contradiction. Bonded-labor/caste-servitude sensitivity required. |
| Authority | अधिकार | adhikāra | High | Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 1, 2, 4, 6, 10 (core passage vv.42,45), 11 | सामर्थ्य (rejected — reserved for raw power, power_of_god) | Central to Mark’s characterization of Jesus; must be distinguished from its own negative cognate usage (κατεξουσιάζω, 10:42) describing abusive Gentile rule. |
| Lord it over (negative sense) | प्रभुता करना (उन पर) | prabhutā karanā | High | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | 10 (core passage v.42) | — | Shares a root with प्रभु, the baseline’s Critical term for Christ’s true, benevolent, exclusive Lordship; must be sharply distinguished by translator note from that positive usage. |
| Exercise authority over/domineer | अधिकार जताना / हुकूमत चलाना | adhikāra jaṭānā / hukūmata calānā | High | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | 10 (core passage v.42) | — | Shares the अधिकार root used positively for Jesus’ own legitimate authority elsewhere in Mark; context and note required to prevent conflation. |
| Cup (metaphorical, suffering) | कटोरा | kaṭorā | High | Necessity of the Cross | 10 (core passage v.38), 14 | — | OT idiom (Ps 75:8; Isa 51:17; Jer 25:15) for one’s appointed portion of suffering/judgment; risk of a merely literal reading, or of conflation with Hindu ritual offering-vessels, without a translator note. |
| Soul/life (ψυχή) | प्राण | prāṇa | High | The Ransom for Many; Necessity of the Cross | 8, 10 (core passage v.45) | आत्मा (rejected here — reserved for Holy Spirit / technical self-in-Pauline-sense; would cause serious category confusion) | Christ’s actual embodied life laid down in death; प्राण itself carries yogic vitalistic connotations requiring a note that this is not a life-force teaching. |
| In place of / instead of (ἀντί) | के बदले | ke badale | Critical | The Ransom for Many | 10 (core passage v.45) | के लिये alone (too general — would flatten to the weaker benefactive sense also used for ὑπέρ at 14:24) | Substitutionary-exchange preposition; the entire “ransom for many” doctrine’s substitutionary character depends on preserving this over a generic benefactive. |
| Unclean spirit / demon | अशुद्ध आत्मा / दुष्टात्मा | aśuddha ātmā / duṣṭātmā | High | Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature; Kingdom Breaking In | 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9 | भूत-प्रेत (rejected — invokes Indian folk-ghost/possession vocabulary rather than the biblical demonic category) | आत्मा root risks confusion with पवित्र आत्मा without careful contextual contrast; must also be distinguished from India’s live folk exorcism traditions (ojha, tantric ritual) as a matter of pastoral clarity. |
| Disciple | चेला | celā | High | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 2 and throughout | शिष्य (equally guru-paradigm-loaded; चेला retained as the established BSI term) | Saturated with the Hindu guru-shishya paradigm (esoteric-knowledge transmission, guru veneration); context must consistently show Jesus’ चेले following him into mission, servanthood, and suffering, not seeking private liberating knowledge. |
| Teacher (address to Jesus) | गुरुजी | gurujī | High | Messianic Secret; Suffering Servant & Son of God | 10 (core passage v.35), 9, 11, 14 | शिक्षक (too generic, loses respectful-address register) | गुरु is the master category of Hindu spiritual authority (lineage-transmitted, often venerated); must be balanced elsewhere by प्रभु and मसीह so Jesus is never read as merely one guru among competing gurus. |
| Forgiveness of sins (ἀφίημι + sin) | पापों की क्षमा | pāpoṇ kī kṣamā | Critical | Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 2 | माफी (too casual/informal for the divine-prerogative claim at stake) | Jesus claims a divine prerogative provoking a blasphemy charge; must not be softened to priestly absolution or conflated with karma-debt cancellation. |
| Blasphemy against the Holy Spirit / unforgivable sin | पवित्र आत्मा के विरुद्ध निन्दा | Pavitra Ātmā ke viruddha nindā | Critical | Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 3 | — | Must not be misread as any specific sin being categorically unforgivable, contradicting the universal gospel offer; pastoral note mandatory to prevent despair-driven misapplication. |
| Clean / unclean (ritual purity) | शुद्ध / अशुद्ध | śuddha / aśuddha | High | Kingdom Breaking In | 7 | — | Direct collision with deeply embedded Hindu/caste ritual-purity systems (touch, food, caste-based pollution); Jesus’ relocation of defilement to the heart has significant caste-disruptive implications requiring theologian framing. |
| Son of Man must suffer (δεῖ…παθεῖν) | दुख उठाना अवश्य है | dukha uṭhānā avaśya hai | Critical | The Necessity of the Cross | 8, 9, 10 | — | δεῖ signals divine, purposive, Scripture-fulfilling necessity; must be sharply distinguished from karmic/fatalistic inevitability (niyati), extending the baseline’s existing caution on providence/election/sovereignty. |
| Deny himself, take up his cross | अपने आप का इन्कार करे और अपना क्रूस उठाए | apane āpa kā inkāra kare aura apanā krūsa uṭhāe | Critical | The Necessity of the Cross | 8 | — | Must not drift toward Hindu ascetic self-mortification (tapasya) as an independently meritorious achievement; self-denial here is responsive allegiance to Christ’s own prior suffering, mirroring the baseline’s crucified_with_christ guardrail. |
| I am (ἐγώ εἰμι, theophanic) | मैं हूँ | maiṃ hūṃ | Critical | Suffering Servant & Son of God | 6, 14 | यह तो मैं हूँ (rejected — too casual, loses theophanic resonance) | Possible echo of the divine self-disclosure formula (Exod 3:14/Isa 43:10-13 LXX); at 14:62 functions as the direct trigger for the blasphemy charge and death sentence — must retain full declarative force. |
| Gehenna / hell | गेहेन्ना (transliteration; नरक only as glossed explanatory aid) | gehennā | High | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 9 | नरक alone (rejected as primary rendering — implies cyclical, temporary Hindu cosmology) | Biblical Gehenna is final, non-cyclical judgment; Hindu नरक (naraka) is a temporary way-station within a rebirth cycle — the two eschatologies must not be conflated. |
| Abomination of desolation | उजाड़ करनेवाली घृणित वस्तु | ujāṛa karanevālī ghṛṇita vastu | Critical | Kingdom Breaking In (eschatological horizon) | 13 | — | Highly vulnerable to speculative or sensationalized end-times misreading in any culture; requires theologian review to anchor it historically (Dan 9/11/12 echo) without inviting date-setting speculation disconnected from the passage’s pastoral aim (watchfulness). |
| Son of Man coming in clouds with power and glory | मनुष्य का पुत्र … बड़ी सामर्थ्य और महिमा के साथ बादलों में आता हुआ | — | Critical | Suffering Servant & Son of God | 13 | — | Direct fulfillment of Dan 7:13-14, converging three Critical/High baseline-and-Mark terms (Son of Man, power, glory) in one climactic eschatological statement. |
| This is my body | यह मेरी देह है | yaha merī deha hai | Critical | The Ransom for Many | 14 | — | Must avoid Hindu ritual-offering (yajna/prasad) vocabulary implying a worshipper’s gift to a deity; the movement here is Christ giving himself to his disciples. Must also be distinguished from the corporate “body of Christ” (church) metaphor already in the baseline. |
| Blood of the covenant poured out for many | वाचा का मेरा लोहू है, जो बहुतों के लिये बहाया जाता है | — | Critical | The Ransom for Many | 14 | — | Echoes Exod 24:8 and Isa 53:12; reused वाचा (Critical baseline term); ὑπέρ here should be distinguished in translator notes from ἀντί at 10:45 though both jointly ground substitutionary atonement. |
| Not my will but yours | नहीं जो मैं चाहता हूँ, परन्तु जो तू चाहता है | — | Critical | Necessity of the Cross; Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 14 | — | Must be rendered as costly, personal, willing submission within relationship, never as passive fatalistic resignation to impersonal destiny. |
| Truly this man was the Son of God (centurion) | सचमुच यह मनुष्य परमेश्वर का पुत्र था | — | Critical | Suffering Servant & Son of God | 15 | — | Climactic payoff of the Son-of-God bracket (1:1 → 15:39); must render परमेश्वर का पुत्र identically to every other occurrence for the literary arc to remain visible. |
| Eloi, Eloi, lama sabachthani | एलोई, एलोई, लमा शबक्तनी (+ gloss) | Elōī, Elōī, lamā śabaktanī | Critical | The Ransom for Many; Necessity of the Cross | 15 | — | Genuine cry of anguish/abandonment (citing Ps 22:1); must retain the Aramaic per the source’s own practice, glossed immediately, not softened into rhetorical metaphor. |
| He has risen; he is not here | वह जी उठा है, वह यहाँ नहीं है | vaha jī uṭhā hai | Critical | Necessity of the Cross (vindication) | 16 | — | Reuses पुनरुत्थान root exactly; must never drift toward पुनर्जन्म per the baseline’s explicit, repeated prohibition. |
| Save/heal (σῴζω, dual semantic range) | उद्धार पाना (theological) / चंगा होना, बचना (physical) | — | High | The Ransom for Many; Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 5, 6, 8, 10, 13, 15 | rendering all occurrences उद्धार (over-theologizes healing narratives); rendering all occurrences merely चंगा होना (loses the sign-value pointing to fuller salvation) | Mark deliberately uses one Greek verb for both bodily healing and eschatological salvation, presenting healings as signs; requires a documented dual-track rendering protocol with cross-referencing translator notes rather than a single fixed term. |
| Fear (φόβος/φοβέομαι) | भय / डर | bhaya / ḍara | High | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 4, 5, 6, 9, 16 | — | Consistently functions as faith’s narrative counter-force across five pivotal scenes (4:40; 5:36; 6:50; 9:24; 16:8); softening to generic “worry” loses the faith/fear polarity structuring the doctrine. |
| Compassion (σπλαγχνίζομαι) | तरस खाना / करुणा से भर जाना | taras khānā | Medium | Suffering Servant & Son of God | 6, 8 | — | Visceral, shepherd-imagery compassion (Ezek 34-echo); should retain intensity beyond mere intellectual pity. |
| Parable | दृष्टान्त | dṛṣṭānta | Medium | Kingdom Breaking In; Messianic Secret | 4, 12 | — | Shares its Hindi root with the baseline’s distinct “allegory” sense (Galatians); context should keep the two exegetical categories separate. |
| Tradition of the elders | पुरनियों की परम्परा | puraniyoṇ kī paramparā | Medium | Kingdom Breaking In | 7 | — | Contrast is with tradition set against God’s command, not tradition as such — relevant given India’s own sampradaya/parampara customs. |
| Sabbath | सब्त का दिन | sabt kā din | Medium | Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 2 | — | Established transliterated term; background note on the weekly institution required. |
| Beelzebul | बील्ज़ेबूल | bīlzebūl | Medium | Kingdom Breaking In (cosmic conflict) | 3 | — | Proper noun; brief gloss as ruler-of-demons byname required. |
| Satan | शैतान | śaitāna | Medium | Kingdom Breaking In (cosmic conflict) | 3, 8 | — | Personal, defeated adversary; distinguish from Hindu Asura/rakshasa cosmology. |
| Legion | लीजियन | lījiyana | Low | Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 5 | — | Proper noun; Roman military-scale gloss helpful. |
| Corban | कुरबान | kurabāna | Low | Kingdom Breaking In | 7 | — | Legal-religious technical term; brief gloss required. |
| Ephphatha | एफ्फाता | ephphātā | Low | Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 7 | — | Retained Aramaic per source; gloss “खुल जा” provided in-text as in the source. |
| Hosanna | होशाना | hośānā | Medium | Kingdom Breaking In | 11 | — | Liturgical loanword from Ps 118; note its literal “save now” sense (σῴζω root). |
| House of prayer for all nations / den of robbers | प्रार्थना का घर / डाकुओं की खोह | — | Medium | Kingdom Breaking In | 11 | — | Universal (“for all nations”) clause must not be dropped. |
| The stone the builders rejected (cornerstone) | कोने का सिरा पत्थर | kone kā sirā patthara | High | Necessity of the Cross | 12 | — | Distinct citation (Ps 118:22-23) from the baseline’s ठोकर का पत्थर (Isa 8:14/28:16) — complementary rejection/vindication image, not identical. |
| The elect | चुने हुए लोग | cune hue loga | High | Kingdom Breaking In | 13 | — | Extends baseline election; never भाग्य/नियति/किस्मत. |
| Gospel preached to all nations | सुसमाचार सब जातियों में प्रचार किया जाना अवश्य है | — | High | Kingdom Breaking In | 13 | — | Universal scope must not be narrowed. |
| Watch / be alert | जागते रहो | jāgate raho | Medium | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 13, 14 | — | Deliberate narrative link to the disciples’ sleep in Gethsemane; consistent rendering rewarded. |
| King of the Jews | यहूदियों का राजा | yahūdiyoṇ kā rājā | High | Suffering Servant & Son of God | 15 | — | Sustained dramatic irony (mocking title, objectively true) across five occurrences must be preserved. |
| Temple curtain torn | मन्दिर का पर्दा फट गया | mandira kā pardā phaṭa gayā | High | Necessity of the Cross | 15 | — | Symbolic opened-access-to-God connection to the cross’s effect should be noted. |
| Preach the gospel to all creation (Great Commission) | सारी सृष्टि में सुसमाचार का प्रचार करो | — | High | Kingdom Breaking In | 16 (longer ending) | — | Mandatory textual-critical note: Mark 16:9-20 is absent from the earliest manuscripts; editorial team must decide bracketing/footnoting convention per standard Hindi Bible practice. |
| Immediately (style marker) | तुरन्त / जल्दी से | turanta | Low | Kingdom Breaking In (literary urgency) | 1 and throughout | — | Stylistic, not doctrinal; preserve Markan pace where feasible. |
| Great (μέγας, kingdom-greatness paradox) | बड़ा | baḍā | Medium | Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | 10 (core passage v.43) | — | Must retain ordinary status/honor connotation so the paradox (greatness = servanthood) is felt. |
| Prepared (ἡτοίμασται, divine appointment) | तैयार किया गया है | taiyāra kiyā gayā hai | High | Suffering Servant & Son of God (Trinity-adjacent) | 10 (core passage v.40) | — | Must not suggest karma-style predetermination; personal, purposive divine appointment only. |
| It is not mine to give (Son’s functional deference) | यह मेरे देने की बात नहीं | — | Critical | Suffering Servant & Son of God | 10 (core passage v.40) | — | Must communicate functional deference within the Godhead’s redemptive plan, never ontological inferiority — direct Trinity/Deity-of-Christ adjacency. |
| Lord over the Sabbath (κύριος + σάββατον) | सब्त का प्रभु | sabt kā Prabhu | High | Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 2 | — | Reuses प्रभु positively here (contrast with the negative 10:42 usage flagged above); Jesus’ authority over the Law-institution itself. |
| Son of David | दाऊद की सन्तान / दाऊद का पुत्र | Dāūda kī santāna | High | Suffering Servant & Son of God | 10, 12 | — | Ties Davidic-covenant royal title to the transcendent-lordship riddle of 12:35-37. |
Part C: Doctrine-to-Term Cross-Index
| Doctrine | Primary Terms (this glossary) |
|---|---|
| Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God | Son of God, Son of Man, glory, compassion, King of the Jords, temple curtain torn, “truly this man was the Son of God,” ransom, “this is my body,” Eloi Eloi lama sabachthani |
| The Kingdom of God Breaking In | Kingdom of God, mystery, unclean spirit/demon, Satan, Beelzebul, the elect, gospel preached to all nations, Hosanna, house of prayer for all nations |
| Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | faith, fear, disciple, “do not fear only believe,” “I believe help my unbelief,” Abba Father, watch/be alert, fear and silence (16:8), flesh (14:38) |
| The Necessity of the Cross | ”must suffer” (δεῖ παθεῖν), deny himself/take up cross, cross, cup, baptism (metaphorical), “not my will but yours,” resurrection, cornerstone |
| Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness | servant (διάκονος), slave (δοῦλος), great, lord it over, exercise authority over, “servant of all” |
| The Messianic Secret | mystery, “You are the Christ,” commands to silence (narrative pattern — see below), Teacher/Rabbi |
| Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | authority, unclean spirit/demon, forgiveness of sins, clean/unclean, blasphemy against the Holy Spirit, save/heal (σῴζω), Sabbath lordship |
| The Ransom for Many | ransom, “in place of/instead of” (ἀντί), soul/life (ψυχή), “blood of the covenant poured out for many,” “this is my body” |
Note on “The Messianic Secret”: this doctrine is primarily a narrative pattern rather than a single lexical item — Jesus’ repeated commands to silence after exorcisms and healings (1:34,44; 3:12; 5:43; 7:36; 8:26) and after Peter’s confession (8:30) and the Transfiguration (9:9), typically expressed with imperatives of ἐπιτιμάω (“to charge, warn strictly”) or φιμωθῆναι/σιωπᾶν (“to be silenced/be quiet”). Recommended Hindi handling: किसी को न बताने की चेतावनी (“a warning to tell no one”), rendered consistently at each occurrence. Risk: High — the pattern must be preserved as a deliberate literary-theological strategy (premature or misunderstood messianic disclosure before the cross would distort, not merely inform, Jesus’ identity) rather than read as mere narrative caution or false modesty; flagged for human theologian review at each occurrence given its direct bearing on Christology.
Part D: Terms Flagged for Native Speaker Review Only (Medium Risk, No Critical/High Collision)
| Term | Hindi | Chapters |
|---|---|---|
| Compassion | तरस खाना | 6, 8 |
| Parable | दृष्टान्त | 4, 12 |
| Tradition of the elders | पुरनियों की परम्परा | 7 |
| Sabbath | सब्त का दिन | 2 |
| Beelzebul | बील्ज़ेबूल | 3 |
| Satan | शैतान | 3, 8 |
| Hosanna | होशाना | 11 |
| House of prayer / den of robbers | प्रार्थना का घर / डाकुओं की खोह | 11 |
| Watch/be alert | जागते रहो | 13, 14 |
| Great (μέγας) | बड़ा | 10 |
| Unbelief | अविश्वास | 9 |
| Hardened hearts | मन का कठोर होना | 6 |
| Cause to stumble | ठोकर का कारण बनना | 9 |
Part E: Terms Requiring Only Automated Review (Low Risk)
| Term | Hindi | Chapters |
|---|---|---|
| Legion | लीजियन | 5 |
| Corban | कुरबान | 7 |
| Ephphatha | एफ्फाता | 7 |
| Immediately | तुरन्त | 1 (throughout) |
| Began to be indignant | नाराज़ होना | 10 |
| We are able | हम सक्षम हैं | 10 |
| Right hand / left hand | दाहिने और बाएँ | 10 |
This glossary is the Step 1 companion to analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md and must be loaded, alongside the baseline translation_memory.json, bible_term_registry.json, and doctrine_risk_registry.json, before any Phase 2 segment translation of Mark begins.
Critical Risk Terms
Salvation
Approved rendering: उद्धार
Transliteration: uddhāra
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many; The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Rejected alternatives: मुक्ति, मोक्ष, छुटकारा (reserved for redemption)
Original: σωτηρία / σῴζω (theological sense)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Reserved for the explicitly theological sense of σῴζω (8:35; 10:26; 13:13,20). See the new save_heal_sozo entry below for the physical-healing sense of the same Greek verb, which requires a distinct rendering protocol.
Lord
Approved rendering: प्रभु
Transliteration: Prabhu
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Rejected alternatives: स्वामी, ईश्वर
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Used positively of Christ’s exclusive Lordship (1:3; 2:28 Sabbath-lordship; 11:3; 12:36-37). Must NEVER be used to render the negative κατακυριεύω sense at 10:42 — see the new lord_it_over entry, which requires a mandatory fencing note.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर का पुत्र
Transliteration: Parameśvara kā putra
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God; Sonship and Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ईश्वर का अंश, देव-पुरुष
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. In Mark this is the bracketing title of the whole Gospel (1:1; 1:11; 3:11; 5:7; 9:7; 14:61; 15:39). Must render byte-identically at every occurrence or the literary-theological arc uniting suffering and divine sonship as ONE identity becomes invisible.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: पवित्र आत्मा
Transliteration: Pavitra Ātmā
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In; Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Rejected alternatives: ब्रह्म, परमात्मा, देव-आत्मा
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Must be kept sharply distinct from the new unclean_spirit entry (अशुद्ध आत्मा) and from the new soul_life_psyche entry (प्राण, reserved for Christ’s own ψυχή given in death, 10:45).
God
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर
Transliteration: Parameśvara
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Rejected alternatives: ईश्वर, भगवान
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package.
Jesus
Approved rendering: यीशु
Transliteration: Yīśu
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Rejected alternatives: ईसा, ईशू
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package.
Messiah
Approved rendering: मसीह
Transliteration: Masīha
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God; The Messianic Secret
Rejected alternatives: अभिषिक्त व्यक्ति, देव-दूत
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Peter’s confession (8:29) and the high priest’s interrogation (14:61-62) both turn on this title and must be rendered byte-identically to preserve the deliberate parallel between the two scenes.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: पुनरुत्थान
Transliteration: punaruttāna
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross; Resurrection as Vindication
Rejected alternatives: पुनर्जन्म, पुनर्जीवन
Original: ἀνάστασις / ἐγείρω
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. NEVER पुनर्जन्म. Anticipated in every passion prediction (8:31; 9:31; 10:34), debated with the Sadducees (12:18-27), and proclaimed at the empty tomb (16:6, see the new he_has_risen entry).
Slavery
Approved rendering: दासत्व / दास
Transliteration: dāsatva / dāsa
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: δουλεία / δοῦλος (word-family)
Category: Discipleship
Inherited from Romans package (from the Galatians baseline, where the root names NEGATIVE bondage to sin/law). Mark 10:44 redeploys the identical root POSITIVELY as the paradigm of voluntary kingdom greatness — see the new slave_doulos_positive entry, which requires a mandatory cross-reference note at every Mark occurrence so students do not perceive Scripture as self-contradictory about slavery.
Father
Approved rendering: पिता
Transliteration: Pitā
Doctrine: Gethsemane: The Son’s Submission to the Father’s Will
Rejected alternatives: ब्रह्मा, सृष्टिकर्ता
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Addressed with anguished intimacy in Gethsemane (14:36, paired with अब्बा).
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: मनुष्य का पुत्र
Transliteration: manuṣya kā putra
Doctrine: The Son of Man Title; Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God; The Necessity of the Cross
Rejected alternatives: मनुष्य (bare, loses titular status), मनुष्य का बेटा (colloquial, loses formal register), अवतार-adjacent phrasing (forbidden avatar collision)
Original: υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology
New term established for Mark. Jesus’ preferred self-designation (14 occurrences: 2:10,28; 8:31; 9:31; 10:33-34,45; 13:26; 14:62), uniting Daniel 7:13-14’s exalted, dominion-receiving figure with genuine vulnerable humanity. Must not flatten to generic ‘a human being,’ must not collapse into परमेश्वर का पुत्र (a distinct, complementary title), and must not be assimilated to the avatar concept already forbidden for incarnation. Render identically at every occurrence. Mandatory theologian review.
Ransom
Approved rendering: छुटकारे का दाम
Transliteration: chuṭakāre kā dāma
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: मुक्ति-मूल्य (forbidden — contains मुक्ति), प्रायश्चित्त (confuses ransom-price with propitiation, a distinct atonement facet), बलिदान (too general, loses the specific commercial price-for-release sense)
Original: λύτρον
Category: Atonement
New term established for Mark. The apex doctrinal term of the core passage (10:45): Christ’s ψυχή (life) IS the λύτρον, the price paid to release a captive/slave by a personal God’s own initiative — never self-attained liberation from a cosmic cycle. Built directly on the baseline redemption entry (छुटकारा) plus दाम (‘price’). Mandatory theologian review every occurrence, with a note tying it to the baseline redemption entry.
Anti Instead Of
Approved rendering: के बदले
Transliteration: ke badale
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: के लिये alone (too general — flattens to the weaker benefactive sense shared with ὑπέρ at 14:24)
Original: ἀντί
Category: Atonement
New term established for Mark. The substitutionary preposition ἀντί (10:45) governing ‘many,’ distinct from the more general benefactive ὑπέρ used at 14:24. Must be kept distinguishable in translator notes from the ὑπέρ rendering even where surface phrasing is similar, so the substitutionary logic of the ransom saying is not diluted.
Servant Diakonos
Approved rendering: सेवक
Transliteration: sevaka
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: διάκονος (general ethical sense)
Category: Discipleship
New term established for Mark. The voluntary posture of humble service every disciple who desires kingdom greatness must embrace (9:35; 10:43), modeled supremely by Jesus (10:45). Distinct from the baseline’s ecclesial-office sense (deacon entry above) — must not be narrowed to that office. India’s caste system historically assigns service roles (sevā) to specific lower-caste/Dalit communities as inherited social status; the universal, freely-chosen call to सेवक-hood for ALL disciples must be presented so as to dignify service without reinforcing caste-based servitude. Mandatory theologian review with pastoral sensitivity notes. Render identically at 9:35; 10:43,45.
Slave Doulos Positive
Approved rendering: दास
Transliteration: dāsa
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: δοῦλος (positive/paradoxical sense)
Category: Discipleship
New term established for Mark. The starkest social category in the ancient world, deliberately chosen by Jesus (10:44) as the paradigm of kingdom greatness — voluntary total self-subordination to others’ good. Same Hindi root as the inherited slavery entry but the OPPOSITE theological direction; mandatory cross-reference note required at every occurrence, plus caste/bonded-labor sensitivity framing given दास’s live social resonance in India. Must escalate visibly beyond servant_diakonos in the same sentence-sequence (9:35→10:43→10:44).
Forgiveness Of Sins
Approved rendering: पापों की क्षमा
Transliteration: pāpoṇ kī kṣamā
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Rejected alternatives: माफी (too casual/informal for the divine-prerogative claim at stake)
Original: ἀφίενται αἱ ἁμαρτίαι
Category: Miracles and Authority
New term established for Mark. Jesus’ claim of the divine prerogative to forgive sins (2:5-10), provoking the ‘blasphemy’ charge that recurs at his trial (14:64). Must retain the force of a claimed divine prerogative, not priestly absolution or karma-debt cancellation.
Blasphemy Against Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: पवित्र आत्मा के विरुद्ध निन्दा
Transliteration: Pavitra Ātmā ke viruddha nindā
Doctrine: The Unforgivable Sin: Blasphemy against the Holy Spirit
Original: βλασφημήσῃ εἰς τὸ Πνεῦμα τὸ Ἅγιον
Category: Sin
New term established for Mark. The sole sin Mark identifies as beyond forgiveness (3:28-29): a fixed, willful rejection of the Spirit’s own testimony to Christ. Must not be misheard as any specific sinful act being categorically unforgivable, contradicting the universal gospel offer. Mandatory pastoral note required to prevent despair-inducing misapplication. Mandatory theologian review.
Son Of Man Must Suffer
Approved rendering: दुख उठाना अवश्य है
Transliteration: dukha uṭhānā avaśya hai
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: δεῖ τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου παθεῖν
Category: Necessity of the Cross
New term established for Mark. δεῖ (‘it is necessary,’ 8:31; repeated 9:31; 10:33-34) signals divine, purposive, Scripture-fulfilling necessity — must be sharply distinguished from the fatalistic inevitability of karma/niyati, extending the baseline’s caution on providence, election, and sovereignty. Mandatory theologian review at every occurrence.
Deny Self Take Up Cross
Approved rendering: अपने आप का इन्कार करे और अपना क्रूस उठाए
Transliteration: apane āpa kā inkāra kare aura apanā krūsa uṭhāe
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross; The Cost of Discipleship: Self-Denial
Original: ἀπαρνησάσθω ἑαυτὸν καὶ ἄρῃ τὸν σταυρὸν αὐτοῦ
Category: Necessity of the Cross
New term established for Mark. The cost of discipleship (8:34), modeled directly on Jesus’ own path (v.31) — self-denial as a response of allegiance, not an independent path of merit. Must not drift toward Hindu ascetic self-mortification (tapasya); mirrors the baseline’s crucified_with_christ guardrail from Galatians. Mandatory theologian review.
Not Mine To Give
Approved rendering: यह मेरे देने की बात नहीं
Transliteration: yaha mere dene kī bāta nahīṃ
Doctrine: Sonship and Deity of Christ (Trinitarian Adjacency)
Original: οὐκ ἔστιν ἐμὸν δοῦναι
Category: Christology
New term established for Mark. Jesus’ voluntary submission of the assignment of eschatological honor to the Father’s sovereign plan (10:40) — functional deference within the Godhead, not ontological inferiority. Directly adjacent to the baseline’s Critical Trinity/Deity-of-Christ cautions. Mandatory theologian review every occurrence.
Beloved Son Listen
Approved rendering: यह मेरा प्रिय पुत्र है, इसकी सुनो
Transliteration: yaha merā priya putra hai, isakī suno
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Original: Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ υἱός μου ὁ ἀγαπητός, ἀκούετε αὐτοῦ
Category: Christology
New term established for Mark. The Transfiguration voice (9:7), echoing 1:11’s baptismal declaration, confirming Jesus’ unique divine sonship immediately before the road to the cross intensifies. Reuses the परमेश्वर का पुत्र family; the added command ‘listen to him’ underscores Jesus’ teaching authority as backed by the Father’s own voice.
Ego Eimi I Am
Approved rendering: मैं हूँ
Transliteration: maiṃ hūṃ
Doctrine: Sonship and Deity of Christ (Trinitarian Adjacency)
Rejected alternatives: यह तो मैं हूँ (too casual, loses theophanic resonance)
Original: ἐγώ εἰμι
Category: Christology
New term established for Mark. Jesus’ theophanic self-disclosure walking on water (6:50) and at his trial (14:62), possibly echoing Exodus 3:14/Isaiah 43:10-13 LXX. Must retain full declarative force at both occurrences (rendered identically) — at 14:62 this functions as the direct trigger for the blasphemy charge and death sentence. Mandatory theologian review.
Abomination Of Desolation
Approved rendering: उजाड़ करनेवाली घृणित वस्तु
Transliteration: ujāṛa karanevālī ghṛṇita vastu
Doctrine: Eschatological Judgment and the Son of Man’s Return
Original: τὸ βδέλυγμα τῆς ἐρημώσεως
Category: Eschatology
New term established for Mark. Apocalyptic sign of coming judgment on the temple (13:14), echoing Daniel 9:27; 11:31; 12:11. Requires theologian review to convey the historically-anchored sense without inviting speculative/date-setting misreading disconnected from the passage’s pastoral aim of watchfulness.
Son Of Man Coming In Clouds
Approved rendering: मनुष्य का पुत्र … बड़ी सामर्थ्य और महिमा के साथ बादलों में आता हुआ
Transliteration: manuṣya kā putra … baḍī sāmarthya aura mahimā ke sātha bādaloṇ meṇ ātā huā
Doctrine: The Son of Man Title; Eschatological Judgment and the Son of Man’s Return
Original: ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ἐρχόμενον ἐν νεφέλαις μετὰ δυνάμεως πολλῆς καὶ δόξης
Category: Eschatology
New term established for Mark. The full unveiling of the Danielic Son-of-Man title (13:26) as cosmic judge and king; converges three Critical/High terms (Son of Man, power, glory). Must preserve the direct echo of Daniel 7:13-14 so hearers recognize fulfillment of the exalted-judge figure introduced at 2:10.
This Is My Body
Approved rendering: यह मेरी देह है
Transliteration: yaha merī deha hai
Doctrine: Institution of the Lord’s Supper; The Ransom for Many
Original: τοῦτό ἐστιν τὸ σῶμά μου
Category: Atonement
New term established for Mark. The Last Supper’s institution words (14:22). Must avoid drift toward Hindu ritual-offering (yajna/prasad) vocabulary in which a worshipper’s gift secures a deity’s favor — the movement here is Christ giving himself to his disciples. Must also be distinguished from the baseline’s distinct corporate ‘body of Christ’ (church) metaphor.
Blood Of Covenant Poured Out
Approved rendering: यह वाचा का मेरा लोहू है, जो बहुतों के लिये बहाया जाता है
Transliteration: yaha vācā kā merā lohū hai, jo bahutoṇ ke liye bahāyā jātā hai
Doctrine: Institution of the Lord’s Supper; The Ransom for Many
Original: τὸ αἷμά μου τῆς διαθήκης τὸ ἐκχυννόμενον ὑπὲρ πολλῶν
Category: Atonement
New term established for Mark. Echoing Exodus 24:8 and Isaiah 53:12 (14:24), tying the Ransom for Many (10:45) to the New Covenant it inaugurates. Reuses वाचा exactly. The ὑπέρ here should be distinguished in translator notes from ἀντί at 10:45 (see anti_instead_of), though both jointly ground substitutionary, covenant-inaugurating atonement. Mandatory theologian review.
Not My Will But Yours
Approved rendering: नहीं जो मैं चाहता हूँ, परन्तु जो तू चाहता है
Transliteration: nahīṃ jo maiṃ cāhatā hūṃ, parantu jo tū cāhatā hai
Doctrine: Gethsemane: The Son’s Submission to the Father’s Will; The Necessity of the Cross
Original: ἀλλὰ τί σὺ
Category: Necessity of the Cross
New term established for Mark. Jesus’ climactic Gethsemane expression of submission (14:36), resolving the tension first raised at 10:40. Must be rendered as costly, personal, willing submission within loving relationship, never as passive fatalistic resignation to impersonal destiny.
Truly Son Of God Centurion
Approved rendering: सचमुच यह मनुष्य परमेश्वर का पुत्र था
Transliteration: sacamuca yaha manuṣya Parameśvara kā putra thā
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Original: ἀληθῶς οὗτος ὁ ἄνθρωπος υἱὸς θεοῦ ἦν
Category: Christology
New term established for Mark. The climactic, ironic confession of a Gentile Roman centurion at the cross (15:39) — the first full human voicing of the truth the reader has known since 1:1. Reuses परमेश्वर का पुत्र exactly; must render identically to every other Son-of-God occurrence so the bracketing arc (1:1→15:39) remains visible.
Eloi Eloi Lama Sabachthani
Approved rendering: एलोई, एलोई, लमा शबक्तनी
Transliteration: Elōī, Elōī, lamā śabaktanī
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many; The Necessity of the Cross
Original: Ἐλωΐ Ἐλωΐ λεμὰ σαβαχθάνι
Category: Atonement
New term established for Mark. Jesus’ cry of dereliction from the cross (15:34), citing Psalm 22:1. The Aramaic must be retained (per the source text’s own practice) with an immediate, exact gloss (मेरे परमेश्वर, मेरे परमेश्वर, तूने मुझे क्यों त्याग दिया?); must not be softened into rhetorical metaphor. Mandatory theologian review.
He Has Risen
Approved rendering: वह जी उठा है, वह यहाँ नहीं है
Transliteration: vaha jī uṭhā hai, vaha yahāṇ nahīṇ hai
Doctrine: Resurrection as Vindication of the Suffering Servant
Original: ἠγέρθη, οὐκ ἔστιν ὧδε
Category: Eschatology
New term established for Mark. The empty tomb’s proclamation (16:6) — the historical, bodily vindication of everything the Necessity of the Cross doctrine anticipated. Uses the established जी उठना verb form tied to the पुनरुत्थान root; must never drift toward पुनर्जन्म. Mandatory theologian review.
Peter Confession You Are The Christ
Approved rendering: तू मसीह है
Transliteration: tū Masīha hai
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret; Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
New term established for Mark. The narrative and theological turning point of the Gospel (8:29) — the first full, correct human confession of Jesus’ identity, immediately followed by the first passion prediction. Reuses मसीह exactly; must render identically wherever the confession is echoed (14:61-62).
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: सुसमाचार
Transliteration: susamācar
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God; The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Rejected alternatives: खुशखबरी, शुभ सन्देश
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Gospel
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 1:1 functions as the whole book’s thesis statement (‘the beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ, Son of God’); render identically at every occurrence (1:1,14-15; 8:35; 10:29; 13:10; 14:9; 16:15).
Faith
Approved rendering: विश्वास
Transliteration: viśvāsa
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Rejected alternatives: श्रद्धा, आस्था, भरोसा
Original: πίστις / πιστεύω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package. In Mark this term is Jesus specifically, and functions throughout as the narrative counter-force to fear (4:40; 5:36; 6:50; 9:24; 16:8). Distinguish from Hindu śraddhā.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर का राज्य
Transliteration: Parameśvara kā rājya
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Rejected alternatives: ईश्वर का राष्ट्र, रामराज्य (this-worldly ideal political order)
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package (Medium there). ELEVATED to High for Mark: the perfect-tense ‘has drawn near’ (ἤγγικεν, 1:15) carries an already-and-not-yet nuance absent from the baseline’s mostly-future Romans usage. Render 1:15 as निकट आ गया है (neither pure future nor fully-arrived), with the tension held open through 9:1 and 14:25.
Law
Approved rendering: व्यवस्था
Transliteration: vyavasthā
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Rejected alternatives: धर्म, शरीयत, नियम
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Never धर्म. Background to the Sabbath (2:23-28) and purity (7:1-13) controversies and the greatest-commandment pericope (12:28-34).
Sin
Approved rendering: पाप
Transliteration: pāpa
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Rejected alternatives: अधर्म, अशुद्धता
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Object of Jesus’ authoritative forgiveness (2:5-10) and of his self-giving death (10:45; 14:24).
Covenant
Approved rendering: वाचा
Transliteration: vācā
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many; Institution of the Lord’s Supper
Rejected alternatives: अनुबंध, समझौता
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. At 14:24 Jesus’ blood inaugurates the new covenant, echoing Exodus 24:8 and Isaiah 53:12; must visibly connect back to the ransom saying of 10:45 for students to see one integrated doctrine.
Repentance
Approved rendering: मन फिराव
Transliteration: mana phirāva
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Rejected alternatives: पश्चाताप
Original: μετανοέω
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package. John’s and Jesus’ shared inaugural call (1:4,15) — whole-life reorientation, not mere remorse.
Baptism
Approved rendering: बपतिस्मा
Transliteration: bapatismā
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Rejected alternatives: स्नान, दीक्षा
Original: βάπτισμα
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package (Medium there, literal sense — 1:4,8,9). ELEVATED to High for Mark: the metaphorical extension at 10:38-39 (‘the baptism I am baptized with’ = total immersion in suffering and death) requires a mandatory translator note preventing readers from assuming a second literal water rite is promised to James and John.
Called
Approved rendering: बुलाए हुए
Transliteration: bulāe hue
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Rejected alternatives: निमंत्रित, आमंत्रित
Original: καλέω
Category: Discipleship
Inherited from Romans package. Jesus’ sovereign summons to discipleship (1:20; 2:17; 3:13).
Calling
Approved rendering: बुलाहट
Transliteration: bulāhaṭ
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Rejected alternatives: आह्वान
Original: κλῆσις (word-family)
Category: Discipleship
Inherited from Romans package. Noun form of the summons into Jesus’ mission.
Glory
Approved rendering: महिमा
Transliteration: mahimā
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Rejected alternatives: देव-ज्योति, प्रकाश
Original: δόξα
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Mark-specific addendum: Christ’s महिमा (10:37; 13:26) is inseparable from, not opposed to, his suffering — a mandatory note is required at both occurrences distinguishing this from the Hindu cultural default that glory/light is opposed to suffering.
Election
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर का चुनाव
Transliteration: Parameśvara kā cunāva
Doctrine: Divine Election of the Elect
Rejected alternatives: भाग्य, नियति, किस्मत
Original: ἐκλεκτός / ἐκλογή (word-family)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. See the new the_elect entry for Mark’s specific 13:20,22,27 noun usage.
Redemption
Approved rendering: छुटकारा
Transliteration: chuṭakārā
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: मुक्ति, मोक्ष
Original: λύτρωσις (word-family)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Never मुक्ति/मोक्ष. This is the root on which Mark’s new ransom coinage (छुटकारे का दाम, 10:45) is directly built — see the new ransom entry.
Abba
Approved rendering: अब्बा
Transliteration: Abbā
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear; Gethsemane Submission
Original: Ἀββά
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Retained transliteration at Gethsemane (14:36); must retain both the intimacy of the address and the anguish of 14:34 (‘my soul is very sorrowful, even to death’) in the same segment cache entry.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर की सामर्थ्य
Transliteration: Parameśvara kī sāmarthya
Doctrine: Eschatological Judgment and the Son of Man’s Return
Rejected alternatives: शक्ति, ताकत
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Never शक्ति. Converges with Son of Man and glory at the climactic 13:26 eschatological statement — see the new son_of_man_coming_in_clouds entry.
Worship
Approved rendering: आराधना
Transliteration: ārādhanā
Doctrine: The Temple, Its Judgment, and New Access to God
Rejected alternatives: पूजा
Original: προσκυνέω / προσευχή (word-family)
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package. Never पूजा. Background to the temple’s intended purpose as a ‘house of prayer’ (11:17, see the new house_of_prayer_den_of_robbers entry).
Flesh
Approved rendering: शरीर
Transliteration: śarīra
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear; Gethsemane Submission
Rejected alternatives: देह (in sarx contexts)
Original: σάρξ
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. ‘The spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak’ (14:38) — must not be read as mere bodily weakness inviting a body-negating ascetic reading.
Save Heal Sozo
Approved rendering: चंगा होना / बचना (narrative healing sense); उद्धार पाना (theological sense)
Transliteration: caṅgā honā / bacanā ; uddhāra pānā
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many; Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Rejected alternatives: उद्धार for every occurrence (over-theologizes healing narratives), चंगा होना for every occurrence (strips the sign-value pointing to fuller salvation)
Original: σῴζω (physical-healing sense)
Category: Salvation
New term established for Mark. Mark’s single Greek verb σῴζω spans both bodily healing (5:23,28,34; 6:56; 10:52) and eschatological salvation (8:35; 10:26; 13:13,20). Render as चंगा करना/बचाना in narrative healing contexts WITH a translator note flagging the shared root with the theological उद्धार occurrences, so the sign-value is preserved in commentary even where the narrative rendering differs.
Unclean Spirit
Approved rendering: अशुद्ध आत्मा / दुष्टात्मा
Transliteration: aśuddha ātmā / duṣṭātmā
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Unclean Spirits
Rejected alternatives: भूत-प्रेत (invokes Indian folk-ghost/possession vocabulary rather than the biblical demonic category)
Original: πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον
Category: Miracles and Authority
New term established for Mark. Demonic beings subject to Jesus’ authoritative exorcism (1:23-26; 3:11; 5:1-13; 6:7; 7:25; 9:25). The आत्मा root risks confusion with पवित्र आत्मा without careful contextual contrast at every occurrence. A note is required distinguishing biblical exorcism (Christ’s unique, once-for-all divine authority) from India’s live folk exorcism traditions (ojha, tantric ritual).
Soul Life Psyche
Approved rendering: प्राण
Transliteration: prāṇa
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many; The Necessity of the Cross
Rejected alternatives: आत्मा (reserved for the Holy Spirit and the technical Pauline self; would cause serious category confusion)
Original: ψυχή
Category: Atonement
New term established for Mark. Christ’s actual embodied life laid down in death (10:45) and the self one may lose-to-gain (8:35-37). प्राण itself carries Hindu vitalistic/yogic connotations (prāṇāyāma); a note is required clarifying this is Christ’s real, embodied death, not a yogic life-force teaching.
Authority Exousia
Approved rendering: अधिकार
Transliteration: adhikāra
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Rejected alternatives: सामर्थ्य (reserved by the baseline for raw power/δύναμις)
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Miracles and Authority
New term established for Mark. Jesus’ authorized, delegated right to teach (1:22,27), forgive sins (2:10), rule the Sabbath (2:28), command unclean spirits (1:27; 3:15; 6:7), delegated to the Twelve (6:7), and interrogated by the religious leaders (11:28-33). Must be kept distinct from its own negative cognate usage at 10:42 — see exercise_authority_domineer.
Lord It Over
Approved rendering: उन पर प्रभुता करना
Transliteration: una para prabhutā karanā
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: κατακυριεύω
Category: Discipleship
New term established for Mark. Coercive, self-serving domination characteristic of Gentile rulers (κατακυριεύω, 10:42), forbidden as a pattern for Jesus’ disciples. Shares its root with प्रभु (Christ’s own true, exclusive, benevolent Lordship); a mandatory translator note must distinguish this negative human domination from Christ’s positive Lordship, or readers may hear an implicit critique of Lordship itself.
Exercise Authority Domineer
Approved rendering: उन पर अधिकार जताना / हुकूमत चलाना
Transliteration: una para adhikāra jaṭānā / hukūmata calānā
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: κατεξουσιάζω
Category: Discipleship
New term established for Mark. Abusive exercise of power (κατεξουσιάζω, 10:42), paralleling κατακυριεύω. Shares the अधिकार root used positively for Jesus’ own legitimate authority throughout the book; a mandatory note is required distinguishing this negative usage from Jesus’ authority over sickness, sin, and nature.
Lord Over Sabbath
Approved rendering: सब्त का प्रभु
Transliteration: sabt kā Prabhu
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature; Sabbath Observance and Torah Authority
Original: κύριος + σάββατον
Category: Miracles and Authority
New term established for Mark. Jesus’ claim of lordship over the Sabbath institution itself (2:28) — a direct claim of authority over Torah. Reuses प्रभु positively, in deliberate contrast to the negative 10:42 usage flagged in lord_it_over; the contrast itself is theologically significant and should be noted.
Cup Metaphorical
Approved rendering: कटोरा
Transliteration: kaṭorā
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Rejected alternatives: प्याला (acceptable secondary variant; कटोरा primary)
Original: ποτήριον (metaphorical, suffering)
Category: Atonement
New term established for Mark. The Jewish OT idiom (Ps 75:8; Isa 51:17,22; Jer 25:15-29) for one’s appointed portion, especially of suffering/judgment; Jesus’ appointed suffering unto death (10:38; cf. 14:23-24,36). Without an explanatory note, कटोरा risks a merely literal drinking-vessel reading and could be confused with Hindu ritual offering-vessels (अर्घ्य, प्रसाद-पात्र); note must tie forward to 14:23-24 and 14:36 for consistency.
Disciple
Approved rendering: चेला
Transliteration: celā
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Rejected alternatives: शिष्य (equally guru-paradigm-loaded)
Original: μαθητής
Category: Discipleship
New term established for Mark (established BSI term, flagged here for doctrinal collision risk). Saturated with the Hindu guru-shishya paradigm (esoteric-knowledge transmission, guru veneration); context must consistently show Jesus’ चेले following him into mission, servanthood, and suffering, not seeking private liberating knowledge.
Teacher Address
Approved rendering: गुरुजी
Transliteration: gurujī
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret; Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Rejected alternatives: शिक्षक (too generic, loses respectful-address register)
Original: Διδάσκαλε / Ῥαββί
Category: Messianic Secret
New term established for Mark. Respectful address to Jesus as authoritative religious instructor (9:5; 10:35,51; 11:21; 14:45). गुरु is the master category of Hindu spiritual authority (lineage-transmitted, often venerated); must be balanced elsewhere by प्रभु and मसीह so Jesus is never read as merely one guru among competing gurus. Permitted only as respectful address in dialogue, never as a doctrinal descriptor.
Clean Unclean
Approved rendering: शुद्ध / अशुद्ध
Transliteration: śuddha / aśuddha
Doctrine: Ritual Purity Reoriented to the Heart
Original: καθαρός / κοινός
Category: Kingdom
New term established for Mark. Jesus relocates defilement from external ritual observance to the internal condition of the heart (7:14-23). Direct collision with deeply embedded Hindu/caste ritual-purity systems (touch, food-sharing, caste-based pollution); requires theologian review and pastoral framing paralleling the baseline’s Galatians hypocrisy/commensality caution.
Prepared Hetoimastai
Approved rendering: तैयार किया गया है
Transliteration: taiyāra kiyā gayā hai
Doctrine: Divine Election of the Elect
Original: ἡτοίμασται
Category: God
New term established for Mark. Divine, prior, sovereign preparation of positions of honor (10:40), appointed by the Father rather than obtained by request or ambition. Must not suggest karma-style predetermined destiny (भाग्य/नियति).
Get Behind Me Satan
Approved rendering: मेरे पीछे हट जा, शैतान
Transliteration: mere pīche haṭa jā, śaitāna
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: Ὕπαγε ὀπίσω μου, Σατανᾶ
Category: Necessity of the Cross
New term established for Mark. Jesus’ rebuke of Peter (8:33) for opposing the necessity of the cross immediately after Peter’s correct confession (8:29). Guards against a triumphalist reading of ‘Messiah’ untethered from the cross.
Gehenna
Approved rendering: गेहेन्ना
Transliteration: gehennā
Doctrine: Eschatological Judgment and the Son of Man’s Return
Rejected alternatives: नरक alone as primary rendering (implies cyclical, temporary Hindu cosmology)
Original: γέεννα
Category: Eschatology
New term established for Mark. Final, non-cyclical judgment described with unquenchable-fire imagery (9:43-48). Hindu नरक is a temporary way-station within a rebirth cycle; transliteration is the safer primary rendering, with नरक permitted only as a carefully-qualified explanatory gloss.
Cornerstone Stone Rejected
Approved rendering: कोने का सिरा पत्थर
Transliteration: kone kā sirā patthara
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross; The Temple, Its Judgment, and New Access to God
Original: λίθον ὃν ἀπεδοκίμασαν οἱ οἰκοδομοῦντες, οὗτος ἐγενήθη εἰς κεφαλὴν γωνίας
Category: Necessity of the Cross
New term established for Mark. Citing Ps 118:22-23 at the close of the wicked-tenants parable (12:10-11); the rejected stone becoming the cornerstone anticipates resurrection-vindication after rejection. Must be flagged as related to but distinct from the baseline’s stumbling_stone entry (Isa 8:14/28:16, Romans 9:32-33) — a complementary vindication-image, not an identical citation.
Gospel To All Nations
Approved rendering: सुसमाचार सब जातियों में प्रचार किया जाना अवश्य है
Transliteration: susamācar saba jātiyoṇ meṇ pracāra kiyā jānā avaśya hai
Doctrine: Universal Scope of the Gospel Mission
Original: εἰς πάντα τὰ ἔθνη κηρυχθῆναι τὸ εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Kingdom
New term established for Mark. A necessary precondition of the end (13:10), universalizing the gospel’s scope. Reuses सुसमाचार exactly; the universal ‘all nations’ scope must not be narrowed or qualified.
King Of The Jews
Approved rendering: यहूदियों का राजा
Transliteration: yahūdiyoṇ kā rājā
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Original: ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων
Category: Christology
New term established for Mark. The repeated, mocking title (15:2,9,12,18,26) that Mark’s readers know to be unwittingly, ironically true. The sustained irony must be preserved across all five occurrences; softening the mockery or over-explaining it both risk flattening Mark’s deliberate narrative technique.
Temple Curtain Torn
Approved rendering: मन्दिर का पर्दा फट गया
Transliteration: mandira kā pardā phaṭa gayā
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross; The Temple, Its Judgment, and New Access to God
Original: τὸ καταπέτασμα τοῦ ναοῦ ἐσχίσθη
Category: Necessity of the Cross
New term established for Mark. Occurring at the moment of Jesus’ death (15:38), symbolically signaling opened access to God’s presence. A translator note connecting this to the Necessity of the Cross and the Ransom for Many is advisable so the symbolism is not read as a merely incidental narrative detail.
Preach Gospel All Creation
Approved rendering: सारी सृष्टि में सुसमाचार का प्रचार करो
Transliteration: sārī sṛṣṭi meṇ susamācar kā pracāra karo
Doctrine: Universal Scope of the Gospel Mission
Original: κηρύξατε τὸ εὐαγγέλιον πάσῃ τῇ κτίσει
Category: Kingdom
New term established for Mark. The closing missionary mandate of the longer ending (16:15). Reuses सुसमाचार exactly. Mandatory textual note: Mark 16:9-20 is widely regarded by textual critics as a later addition absent from the earliest manuscripts (Sinaiticus, Vaticanus); the editorial team must decide bracketing/footnoting convention per standard Hindi Bible (BSI) practice.
Fear Phobos
Approved rendering: भय / डर
Transliteration: bhaya / ḍara
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Rejected alternatives: चिन्ता/घबराहट as the primary rendering (loses the diagnostic faith/fear polarity)
Original: φόβος / φοβέομαι
Category: Faith and Discipleship
New term established for Mark. The consistent narrative counter-force to faith across five pivotal scenes (4:40; 5:36; 6:50; 9:24; 16:8). भय is the primary fixed rendering across all five anchor verses; डर is permitted only as a secondary gloss, never as the primary term, to preserve pattern-recognition across the book.
Messianic Secret Silence Command
Approved rendering: किसी को न बताने की चेतावनी
Transliteration: kisī ko na batāne kī cetāvanī
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Original: ἐπιτιμάω / φιμωθῆναι / σιωπᾶν (narrative pattern)
Category: Messianic Secret
New term established for Mark. Jesus’ repeated commands to silence after exorcisms/healings (1:34,44; 3:12; 5:43; 7:36; 8:26), after Peter’s confession (8:30), and after the Transfiguration (9:9) — a deliberate literary-theological strategy withholding premature or misunderstood messianic disclosure before the cross. Fix one consistent phrase across all eight occurrences. Must not be read as esoteric gatekeeping (guru-parampara model) or false modesty. Flagged for human theologian review.
With God All Things Possible
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर के लिये सब कुछ सम्भव है
Transliteration: Parameśvara ke liye saba kucha sambhava hai
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In (grace versus merit)
Original: πάντα δυνατὰ παρὰ τῷ θεῷ
Category: Salvation
New term established for Mark. Response to ‘who then can be saved?’ (10:27) — salvation as God’s sovereign, gracious act, impossible by human wealth or effort. Direct grace-versus-merit statement consistent with the baseline grace doctrine’s caution against a karma worldview.
The Elect
Approved rendering: चुने हुए लोग
Transliteration: cune hue loga
Doctrine: Divine Election of the Elect
Rejected alternatives: भाग्य/नियति/किस्मत (fate/destiny/karma language)
Original: οἱ ἐκλεκτοί
Category: Eschatology
New term established for Mark. God’s sovereignly chosen ones, preserved through eschatological tribulation and gathered by the Son of Man (13:20,22,27). Built on the baseline election entry; never render with fate/destiny/karma vocabulary.
Son Of David
Approved rendering: दाऊद की सन्तान / दाऊद का पुत्र
Transliteration: Dāūda kī santāna / Dāūda kā putra
Doctrine: Davidic Messiahship and Christ’s Transcendent Lordship
Original: υἱὸς Δαυίδ
Category: Christology
New term established for Mark. The Davidic-covenant royal title, invoked by Bartimaeus (10:47-48) and probed by Jesus’ Psalm 110:1 riddle (12:35-37), implying the Christ is David’s LORD as well as descendant. Must retain both the Davidic-descent claim and the transcendent-lordship implication together; resolving the riddle prematurely in either direction weakens the passage.
Do Not Fear Only Believe
Approved rendering: मत डरो, केवल विश्वास कर
Transliteration: mata ḍaro, kevala viśvāsa kara
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
New term established for Mark. Jesus’ word to Jairus at the height of crisis (5:36) — a direct textual anchor, alongside 4:40, for the fear/faith polarity. Must not be softened into generic reassurance (‘don’t worry’), which would lose the diagnostic contrast structuring multiple pivotal scenes.
Blasphemy Charge Against Jesus
Approved rendering: निन्दा
Transliteration: nindā
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret; Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
New term established for Mark. The high priest’s charge against Jesus (14:63-64), built on the irony that Jesus’ truthful claim to divine identity is condemned as blasphemy by those unable to recognize it — the dramatic inverse of the ch.3 unforgivable-sin warning about attributing the Spirit’s true work to Satan. Preserve the irony; pairs instructively with blasphemy_against_holy_spirit.
Medium Risk Terms
Cross
Approved rendering: क्रूस
Transliteration: krūsa
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Rejected alternatives: सूली
Original: σταυρός
Category: Atonement
Inherited from Romans package. Never सूली. The instrument of Christ’s death and the pattern every disciple is called to take up (8:34, see the new deny_self_take_up_cross entry).
Apostle
Approved rendering: प्रेरित
Transliteration: prerita
Doctrine: background — Jesus’ Authority; Church
Rejected alternatives: दूत, संदेशवाहक
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. The Twelve, formally appointed and sent with delegated authority (3:14; 6:7-13).
Mercy
Approved rendering: दया
Transliteration: dayā
Doctrine: Davidic Messiahship
Original: ἐλεέω
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Bartimaeus’s cry, ‘Son of David, have mercy on me’ (10:47-48).
Mystery
Approved rendering: भेद
Transliteration: bheda
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In; The Messianic Secret
Rejected alternatives: रहस्य
Original: μυστήριον
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package. The kingdom’s true nature, disclosed to insiders through parables (4:11), hidden from outsiders by God’s own design — feeds directly into the Messianic Secret doctrine. A now-revealed secret of God’s plan, not guru-transmitted esoteric knowledge.
David
Approved rendering: दाऊद
Transliteration: Dāūda
Doctrine: Davidic Messiahship
Original: Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Background to the new son_of_david entry (10:47-48; 12:35-37).
Deacon
Approved rendering: सेविका
Transliteration: sevikā
Doctrine: background — Church
Original: διάκονος (ecclesial office sense)
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package (feminine form; masculine सेवक). This is the specific ECCLESIAL OFFICE sense (Phoebe, Romans 16:1) and is DISTINCT from the new servant_diakonos entry, which names the broader, universal ethical posture of humble service Mark 9:35 and 10:43,45 require of every disciple. Do not narrow the Mark sense to this office.
Great Megas
Approved rendering: बड़ा
Transliteration: baḍā
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: μέγας
Category: Discipleship
New term established for Mark. Greatness of status/honor (10:43), radically redefined by Jesus as attained through service. Must retain ordinary status/honor connotation so the paradox is felt, not softened into vague moral encouragement.
Compassion
Approved rendering: तरस खाना / करुणा से भर जाना
Transliteration: taras khānā
Doctrine: Pastoral Compassion and Shepherd-King Imagery
Original: σπλαγχνίζομαι
Category: Christology
New term established for Mark. σπλαγχνίζομαι — visceral, deep compassion (6:34; 8:2), echoing OT shepherd-king imagery (Ezek 34; Ps 23) anticipating the smitten-shepherd motif at 14:27. Should retain intensity beyond mere intellectual pity.
Parable
Approved rendering: दृष्टान्त
Transliteration: dṛṣṭānta
Doctrine: Parables and the Pattern of Hidden Revelation
Original: παραβολή
Category: Kingdom
New term established for Mark. Jesus’ characteristic teaching form (4:2 and throughout; 12:1-12). Shares its Hindi root with the baseline’s distinct ‘allegory’ sense (Galatians 4:21-31); the two exegetical categories must remain distinguishable in context.
Tradition Of Elders
Approved rendering: पुरनियों की परम्परा
Transliteration: puraniyoṇ kī paramparā
Doctrine: Ritual Purity Reoriented to the Heart
Original: ἡ παράδοσις τῶν πρεσβυτέρων
Category: Kingdom
New term established for Mark. Human religious tradition contrasted with ‘the commandment of God’ (7:3-13). Jesus does not reject all tradition per se but tradition set against God’s actual command; relevant given India’s own sampradaya/parampara customs.
Sabbath
Approved rendering: सब्त का दिन
Transliteration: sabt kā dina
Doctrine: Sabbath Observance and Torah Authority
Original: σάββατον
Category: Covenant
New term established for Mark. The weekly rest institution over which Jesus claims lordship (2:23-28). Established transliterated Hindi Christian term; requires a background note distinguishing it from Hindu vrat (votive fast/observance) days.
Beelzebul
Approved rendering: बील्ज़ेबूल
Transliteration: bīlzebūl
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: Βεελζεβούλ
Category: Kingdom
New term established for Mark. Proper noun byname for the prince of demons (3:22); brief gloss required.
Satan
Approved rendering: शैतान
Transliteration: śaitāna
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: Σατανᾶς
Category: Kingdom
New term established for Mark. The personal, hostile spiritual adversary (3:23,26; 8:33), whose kingdom Jesus’ exorcisms dismantle. Established transliterated term; note that this is a personal, defeated adversary, not an abstract principle of evil or a Hindu Asura/rakshasa figure with a different cosmology.
Hosanna
Approved rendering: होशाना
Transliteration: hośānā
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: ὡσαννά
Category: Kingdom
New term established for Mark. The crowd’s messianic acclamation at the triumphal entry (11:9-10, from Ps 118:25). Established transliterated liturgical term; brief gloss on its literal ‘save now’ sense (σῴζω root) is advisable.
House Of Prayer Den Of Robbers
Approved rendering: प्रार्थना का घर / डाकुओं की खोह
Transliteration: prārthanā kā ghara / ḍākuoṇ kī khoha
Doctrine: The Temple, Its Judgment, and New Access to God
Original: οἶκος προσευχῆς … σπήλαιον λῃστῶν
Category: Kingdom
New term established for Mark. The temple-cleansing’s prophetic indictment (11:17, citing Isa 56:7; Jer 7:11), affirming the temple’s intended universal scope ‘for all nations.’ This universal clause must not be dropped.
Watch Be Alert
Approved rendering: जागते रहो
Transliteration: jāgate raho
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear; Eschatological Judgment and the Son of Man’s Return
Original: γρηγορεῖτε
Category: Eschatology
New term established for Mark. The Olivet Discourse’s closing pastoral imperative (13:33-37), ironically echoed when the disciples fail to watch in Gethsemane (14:34,37,38). Should be understood as spiritual vigilance, not merely physical wakefulness; consistent rendering across both passages rewards the deliberate narrative link.
Unbelief
Approved rendering: अविश्वास
Transliteration: aviśvāsa
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: ἀπιστία
Category: Faith and Discipleship
New term established for Mark. The direct antonym of faith, held together with faith in the honest prayer ‘I believe; help my unbelief!’ (9:24). Should preserve the paradoxical honesty of the prayer, not resolved into either pure confidence or pure doubt.
Hardened Hearts
Approved rendering: मन का कठोर होना
Transliteration: mana kā kaṭhora honā
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: πεπωρωμένη ἡ καρδία
Category: Faith and Discipleship
New term established for Mark. The disciples’ spiritual dullness diagnosed after the feeding miracle (6:52), an ongoing struggle Jesus patiently addresses. Must be read as reversible spiritual dullness, not an irreversible condemnation (unlike the ch.3 unforgivable sin).
Cause To Stumble
Approved rendering: ठोकर का कारण बनना
Transliteration: ṭhokara kā kāraṇa bananā
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear (ethical application)
Original: σκανδαλίζω
Category: Discipleship
New term established for Mark. Causing another to sin/fall away in faith (9:42-47). Reuses the established ठोकर root shared with the baseline’s stumbling_stone/offense_of_the_cross entries but in a distinct ethical (not christological) application; both senses must remain distinguishable in context.
Will Of God
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर की इच्छा
Transliteration: Parameśvara kī icchā
Doctrine: Gethsemane: The Son’s Submission to the Father’s Will
New term established for Mark. 3:35 — true kinship with Jesus is defined by doing God’s will, not blood relation; recurs at 14:36 (Gethsemane). Must not be rendered as impersonal fatalistic destiny; this is the personal, relational will of a Father to be actively embraced, not passively endured as karma.
Love Command Greatest Commandment
Approved rendering: प्रेम
Transliteration: prema
Doctrine: background — Parables and the Pattern of Hidden Revelation; Law and Torah Authority
New term established for Mark. Citing Deut 6:4-5 and Lev 19:18 (12:28-34); the latter is shared verbatim with the Galatians baseline’s law_of_christ background citation. This Leviticus 19:18 citation should match the Hindi rendering used for the same OT text wherever it appears in the broader Language Package.
Appointed Time Fulfilled
Approved rendering: समय पूरा हो गया है
Transliteration: samaya pūrā ho gayā hai
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
New term established for Mark. πεπλήρωται ὁ καιρός (1:15) — καιρός (‘appointed/opportune time’) signals redemptive-historical fulfillment, not mere calendar time (χρόνος). Must be distinguished from Hindu cyclical yuga-time consciousness; a note clarifying linear, once-for-all redemptive fulfillment is advisable.
Follow Discipleship
Approved rendering: पीछे चलना / अनुसरण करना
Transliteration: pīche calanā / anusaraṇa karanā
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
New term established for Mark. ἀκολουθέω (1:17-18) — Simon and Andrew ‘immediately’ leave their nets, establishing the pattern of costly, immediate response to Jesus’ call. Distinguish from following a guru for teaching/blessing; here it means abandoning livelihood to accompany Jesus in mission, including toward suffering.
Low Risk Terms
Legion
Approved rendering: लीजियन
Transliteration: lījiyana
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: Λεγιών
Category: Miracles and Authority
New term established for Mark. Proper noun; the demoniac’s self-identification (5:9), signaling the overwhelming scale of the possession. Brief gloss on Roman military scale (~6,000 soldiers) is helpful.
Corban
Approved rendering: कुरबान
Transliteration: kurabāna
Doctrine: Ritual Purity Reoriented to the Heart
Original: κορβᾶν
Category: Kingdom
New term established for Mark. A legal device declaring assets ‘devoted to God’ to avoid supporting aging parents, condemned by Jesus (7:11). Brief gloss required.
Ephphatha
Approved rendering: एफ्फाता
Transliteration: ephphātā
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: Ἐφφαθά
Category: Miracles and Authority
New term established for Mark. Jesus’ healing word to the deaf-mute man (7:34), retained untranslated in the source text then glossed. Gloss ‘खुल जा’ required immediately in-text, mirroring the source’s own practice.
Immediately
Approved rendering: तुरन्त
Transliteration: turanta
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In (literary urgency)
Original: εὐθύς
Category: Kingdom
New term established for Mark. Mark’s signature adverb εὐθύς (~40 occurrences), conveying narrative urgency appropriate to the in-breaking kingdom. Literary/stylistic; preserve Mark’s characteristic pace where feasible. No doctrinal collision risk.
Referenced passages