Core Glossary
Core Glossary — 2 Kings (English → Hindi)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, covering the core passage (2 Kings 17:1-23) and every chapter of the book (1-25). Terms already fixed in the baseline translation_memory.json (Romans/Galatians) are marked [BASELINE — reused exactly] and must never be altered. New terms introduced by this curriculum are marked [NEW] and require entry into translation_memory.json before Phase 2 translation begins, per the pipeline’s standing instructions.
Section A — Baseline Terms Reused Exactly (no deviation permitted)
| Term (English) | Hindi | Transliteration | Risk | Chapters Occurring | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | परमेश्वर | Parameśvara | Critical | all | Never ईश्वर/भगवान in this book’s idolatry-contrast contexts |
| sin | पाप | pāpa | High | 1, 3, 10, 13, 14, 17, 21, 23, 24 | Causal “because they sinned” clauses must stay tightly causal |
| covenant | वाचा | vācā | High | 11, 13, 17, 18, 23 | Never अनुबंध/समझौता |
| law / Torah / Book of the Law | व्यवस्था | vyavasthā | Critical | 10, 14, 17, 18, 21, 22, 23 | Never धर्म, under any circumstance |
| prophet | भविष्यद्वक्ता | bhaviṣyadvaktā | Low (baseline) / High in ch.17 warning-formula context | 1-9, 13, 14, 17, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24 | Distinguish from “seer” (नया/NEW term, see Section B) |
| prophecy | भविष्यवाणी | bhaviṣyavāṇī | Low | 13, 14, 17, 19, 20, 23, 24 | |
| idolatry | मूर्तिपूजा | mūrtipūjā | High | 1, 3, 9, 10, 11, 16, 17, 18, 21, 23 | Umbrella term; see Section B for specific idol-vocabulary |
| repentance | मन फिराव | mana phirāva | High | 17, 22, 23 | ”Turn from your evil ways” (17:13) |
| wrath of God | परमेश्वर का क्रोध | Parameśvara kā krodha | High | 17, 21, 23, 24 | Recurring “removed out of his sight” formula ties directly to this term |
| mercy | दया | dayā | Medium | 13 | Grounded explicitly in the Abrahamic covenant, not merit |
| holy / Holy One | पवित्र | pavitra | High | 19 | ”Holy One of Israel” title |
| remnant | बचे हुए लोग | bace hue loga | High | 19 | Structurally identical to Romans 9-11 remnant doctrine |
| zeal | उत्साह | utsāha | Medium | 9, 10 | Jehu’s zeal proves partial, didactic parallel to Galatians Judaizers |
| Israel | इस्राएल | Isrāela | Medium | all | |
| David / house of David | दाऊद / दाऊद का घराना | Dāūda | Medium | 8, 11, 17, 21, 25 | |
| faith / trust (Christ-directed sense) | विश्वास | viśvāsa | High | 17 (v.14, “did not believe”) | See Section B bāṭaḥ/भरोसा for the distinct OT general-trust term used elsewhere |
| worship | आराधना | ārādhanā | High | 17 | पूजा contextually permitted ONLY when describing condemned idol-worship (see analysis v.7) — theologian confirmation required |
Section B — New Terms Introduced by 2 Kings (require translation_memory.json entry)
| Term (English) | Hindi Rendering | Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Chapters | Alternatives Rejected | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| exile / carried away captive | बंधुआई | bandhuāī | High | Covenant Judgment and the Exile | 17, 24, 25 | निर्वासन (less established), देश निकाला (too generic/secular) | Must read as personal covenant-curse judgment, never karma/samsara-cycle framing |
| high places | ऊँचे स्थान | ūnche sthāna | High | Fall of Israel/Judah; Josiah’s Reforms | 17, 18, 21, 23 | none viable; literal rendering required | Collision with living Indian hill-shrine pilgrimage practice; mandatory translator note |
| Asherah / Asherim | अशेरा (+ gloss) | Ashera | Critical | Fall of Israel/Judah as Covenant Consequence | 10, 11 (implied), 17, 18, 21, 23 | generic “मूरत” alone (loses specific deity identity) | Direct collision with living sacred-tree/grove goddess devotion; theologian review every occurrence |
| Baal (as deity) | बाल देवता | Bāla devatā | Critical | Fall of Israel/Judah; Prophetic Ministry | 1, 3, 9, 10, 11, 17, 21, 23 | bare बाल (forbidden — homograph with “hair”/“child”) | Qualifier देवता mandatory on every single occurrence without exception |
| host of heaven (astral worship) | आकाश की सारी सेना | ākāśa kī sārī senā | High | Fall of Israel/Judah | 17, 21 | none; must be kept distinct from the positive “host of the LORD” | Direct collision with Navagraha/Surya-Chandra devotion; keep lexically separate from ch.6/19’s positive angelic-host term |
| host / army of the LORD (angelic, positive) | यहोवा की स्वर्गीय सेना / यहोवा का दूत | Yahovā kī svargīya senā | Medium | Prophetic Ministry and Miraculous Power | 6, 19 | same Hebrew root as “host of heaven” — Hindi MUST differentiate | Positive counterpart to the above; consistency-critical pair |
| idols (pejorative, gillulim) | घिनौनी मूर्तियाँ | ghinaunī mūrtiyāṅ | High | Fall of Israel/Judah | 17, 21 | generic मूर्ति (loses derisive register) | Preserves Hebrew’s own contemptuous coinage |
| seer (ḥōzeh, distinct from nabi) | दर्शी | darśī | High | God’s Patience through Repeated Prophetic Warning | 17 | द्रष्टा (stronger guru/rishi-attainment connotation) | Must carry the same “divinely-given, not self-attained” guardrail as baseline revelation |
| divination / sorcery (qesem) | भावी कथन करना / जादू-टोना | bhāvī kathan karanā / jādū-ṭonā | High | Fall of Israel/Judah | 17, 21 | none | जादू-टोना reused from Galatians baseline for cross-curriculum consistency |
| omens (niḥesh) | शगुन देखना | shaguna dekhanā | High | Fall of Israel/Judah | 17 | none | Collides with live Indian folk omen-reading practice |
| mediums and necromancers (ʾôv/yiddĕʿōnî) | भूत-सिद्धि करनेवाले और तांत्रिक | bhūta-siddhi karanevāle aura tāntrika | High | Fall of Israel/Judah | 17, 21 | none | Collides with living spiritist/tantra practice |
| child sacrifice (“passed through fire”) | अपने बेटे-बेटियों को आग में से चढ़ाना/जलाना | apane beṭe-beṭiyoṅ ko āga meṅ se caṛhānā/jalānā | Critical | Fall of Israel/Judah; Covenant Judgment | 16, 17, 21, 23 | यज्ञ, बलि, होम (all forbidden — sanctify/soften via positive ritual connotation) | Theologian review mandatory every occurrence |
| calves (golden calf images) | बछड़ों की मूरतें | bacharoṅ kī mūrateṅ | High | Fall of Israel; Prophetic Ministry | 10, 17 | none | Traces apostasy to Jeroboam I’s founding sin |
| covenant-expulsion formula (“removed out of his sight”) | अपने सम्मुख से दूर कर दिया / निकाल दिया | apane sammukha se dūra kara diyā | Critical | Covenant Judgment and the Exile | 17 (×3), 23, 24 | none | Must be rendered IDENTICALLY at every occurrence across both Israel’s and Judah’s fall — the book’s key structural link |
| man of God | परमेश्वर का जन | Parameśvara kā jana | Medium | Prophetic Ministry and Miraculous Power | 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 13 | none | Guard against guru/avatar-style divinization of the prophet |
| double portion of the Spirit | आत्मा का दूना अंश | ātmā kā dūnā aṅśa | High | Prophetic Ministry and Miraculous Power | 2 | none | Overlaps baseline Critical holy_spirit; theologian review recommended |
| sons of the prophets (prophetic guild) | भविष्यद्वक्ताओं के समूह/शिष्यगण | bhaviṣyadvaktāoṅ ke samūha/śiṣyagaṇa | Medium | Prophetic Ministry and Miraculous Power | 2, 4, 6, 9 | none | Distinguish divinely-bestowed office from guru-śiṣya-paramparā human lineage |
| restored to (mortal) life (distinct from resurrection) | जीवित हो गया / जीवन लौट आया | jīvita ho gayā / jīvana lauṭa āyā | High | Prophetic Ministry and Miraculous Power | 4, 8, 13 | पुनरुत्थान (forbidden — reserved for Christ’s resurrection per baseline) | Mandatory theologian note distinguishing from baseline Critical resurrection doctrine |
| leprosy | कोढ़ / चर्म रोग | koṛha / carma roga | High | Prophetic Ministry; Covenant Judgment | 5, 7, 15 | none | Context-dependent: healing-by-grace (Naaman) vs. judicial judgment (Gehazi, Uzziah) |
| washing / ritual cleansing | धोना / शुद्ध होना | dhonā / śuddha honā | High | Prophetic Ministry and Miraculous Power | 5 | none | Disambiguate from Ganga-snān ritual river-purification |
| trust (bāṭaḥ, general covenant reliance) | भरोसा करना | bharosā karanā | Medium | Josiah’s Reforms; general | 18 | विश्वास (reserved for baseline Christ-directed faith) | Keeps baseline विश्वास’s Christological loading intact |
| blasphemy | निन्दा करना | nindā karanā | Medium | Fall of Israel/Judah | 18, 19 | none | |
| bronze serpent (Nehushtan) | पीतल का साँप (नहूश्तान) | pītala kā sāṅpa (Nahūśtāna) | Medium-High | Josiah’s Reforms (precedent, ch. 18) | 18 | none | Cross-reference flag: positive typology in John 3:14; must not read as self-contradictory |
| angel of the LORD | यहोवा का दूत | Yahovā kā dūta | Medium | Hope amid Judgment | 19 | none | Distinct from baseline’s रejected दूत-for-apostle; different semantic domain |
| Book of the Law (rediscovered) | व्यवस्था की पुस्तक | vyavasthā kī pustaka | Critical | Josiah’s Reforms and the Rediscovered Law | 22 | none | Central artifact of this doctrine; ties to baseline inspiration_of_scripture |
| tender heart / humbled himself | मन का कोमल होना / दीन होना | mana kā komala honā / dīna honā | High | Hope amid Judgment | 22 | none | Requires nuanced note: genuine but not judgment-cancelling repentance |
| Passover | फसह | phasaha | Medium | Josiah’s Reforms and the Rediscovered Law | 23 | none | New to this Language Package; anchor to Exodus redemptive history, not generic festival |
| Topheth / Valley of Hinnom (Gehenna precursor) | तोफेत / हिन्नोम की तराई | Topheta / Hinnoma kī tarāī | High | Josiah’s Reforms and the Rediscovered Law | 23 | none | Cross-curriculum consistency flag for future Gospel/Revelation “Gehenna” renderings |
| ”did not turn from his great wrath” (judgment proceeds despite reform) | अपने बड़े क्रोध से न फिरा | apane baṛe krodha se na phirā | Critical | Hope amid Judgment; Covenant Judgment | 23 | none | The hardest verse for this doctrine; must not be flattened either direction |
| temple (Jerusalem, Solomon’s) | मन्दिर | mandira | Critical | all reform/judgment chapters | 11, 12, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 | none — मन्दिर is correct and expected here | Distinct referent from baseline’s church-context rejection of मंदिर; a literal OT building, not the NT ekklēsia — clarifying note recommended to prevent reflexive avoidance |
| legitimate sacrifice/offering (Levitical, at the temple) | बलिदान / भेंट चढ़ाना (context: to the LORD, at the temple) | balidāna / bheṇṭa caṛhānā | Medium | Josiah’s Reforms; general | 12, 16, 23 | — | Must be kept visibly distinct from condemned high-place/idol offerings using the same root vocabulary; context (recipient + location) is the only disambiguator |
| anointed / anointing (royal, political office) | अभिषेक करना / अभिषिक्त | abhiṣeka karanā / abhiṣikta | Critical | Prophetic Ministry and Miraculous Power | 9 | मसीह (forbidden — reserved exclusively for the baseline’s Messiah doctrine) | Direct collision with Hindu deity-image ritual anointing (abhiṣek); mandatory theologian note on every occurrence |
| ”feared the LORD and also served their own gods” (syncretism) | यहोवा का भय तो मानते थे, परन्तु अपने ही देवताओं की सेवा भी करते रहे | Yahovā kā bhaya to mānate the, parantu apane hī devatāoṅ kī sevā bhī karate rahe | Critical | Fall of Israel/Judah as Covenant Consequence | 17 (vv.24-41) | any rendering implying dual devotion is acceptable | Direct confrontation of India’s “many paths” pluralism; must not be softened |
| vanity / became worthless (hevel) | व्यर्थ मूरतें / वे आप ही व्यर्थ हो गए | vyartha mūrateṅ / ve āpa hī vyartha ho gaye | High | Fall of Israel/Judah | 17 | माया-adjacent phrasing (forbidden — risks conflation with Advaitic illusion metaphysic) | Moral/covenantal emptiness verdict, not a metaphysical claim about the material world |
| stiffened their neck / stubborn | अपनी गर्दन कठोर कर ली / हठी बने रहे | apanī gardana kaṭhora kara lī / haṭhī bane rahe | Medium | God’s Patience through Repeated Prophetic Warning | 17 | none | Retain the ox/yoke agricultural idiom concretely |
| torn (the kingdom divided/removed) | फाड़ डाला / अलग कर दिया | phāṛa ḍālā / alaga kara diyā | High | Fall of Israel/Judah | 17, (echoes 1 Kings 11) | none | Flag for consistency with any existing 1 Kings Language Package |
| vassal / political servant | अधीन होना / दास बनना (political sense only) | adhīna honā / dāsa bananā | Medium | Fall of Israel/Judah (background) | 3, 16, 17, 24 | बare दासत्व without qualifier (risks conflation with baseline’s spiritual-bondage slavery entry) | Political vassalage ≠ spiritual bondage; qualify contextually |
| Samaria / Samaritans | सामरिया / सामरी | Sāmariyā / Sāmarī | Low | Fall of Israel; ch.17 supplement | 17, 18 | शोमरोन (less cross-testament consistent) | Keep consistent with NT Samaritan-woman usage for reader continuity |
| Manasseh’s sin as proximate cause of Judah’s exile | मनश्शे के पापों के कारण | Manaśśe ke pāpoṅ ke kāraṇa | High | Covenant Judgment and the Exile | 21, 23, 24 | none | Generational covenant-consequence causal clause; consistent with 17:7’s structure |
| Jehoiachin’s continuing favor (closing note of hope) | राजा की मेज़ पर नियमित भोजन पाता रहा | rājā kī mez para niyamita bhojana pātā rahā | High | Hope amid Judgment | 25 | none | Deliberately understated; do not over- or under-read its theological weight |
Section C — Proper Nouns (Established Transliteration Forms)
| English | Hindi | Chapters | Risk |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hoshea | होशे | 15, 17 | Low |
| Shalmaneser | शल्मनेसेर | 17 | Low |
| Assyria | अश्शूर | 15-19 | Low |
| Halah / Habor / Gozan / Medes | हलह / हाबोर / गोजान / मादी | 17 | Low |
| So (king of Egypt) | मिस्र का राजा सो | 17 | Low |
| Jeroboam (I) / Nebat | यारोबाम / नबात | 17, 3, 9-10, 14 (Jeroboam II) | Low |
| Elijah | एलिय्याह | 1-2 | Low |
| Elisha | एलीशा | 2-9, 13 | Low |
| Naaman | नामान | 5, 8 | Low |
| Gehazi | गेहजी | 5, 8 | Low |
| Jehu | येहू | 9-10 | Low |
| Jezebel | ईज़ेबेल | 9 | Low |
| Hazael | हजाएल | 8, 13 | Low |
| Athaliah | अतल्याह | 11 | Low |
| Jehoiada | यहोयादा | 11-12 | Low |
| Joash (Judah) | योआश | 11-12 | Low |
| Hezekiah | हिजकिय्याह | 16, 18-20 | Low |
| Sennacherib | सन्हेरीब | 18-19 | Low |
| Isaiah | यशायाह | 19-20 | Low |
| Manasseh | मनश्शे | 20-21, 23-24 | Low |
| Josiah | योशिय्याह | 21-23 | Low |
| Hilkiah | हिल्किय्याह | 22-23 | Low |
| Huldah | हुल्दा | 22 | Low |
| Nebuchadnezzar | नबूकदनेस्सर | 24-25 | Low |
| Zedekiah | सिदकिय्याह | 24-25 | Low |
| Gedaliah | गदल्याह | 25 | Low |
| Jehoiachin | यहोयाकीन | 24-25 | Low |
| Babylon | बाबेल | 17, 20, 24-25 | Low |
| Chemosh | कमोश देवता | 3 | Low |
| Baal-zebub | बाल-जबूब देवता | 1 | High (Baal-family disambiguation rule applies) |
Section D — Chapters with No New Theological Vocabulary
| Chapter | Note |
|---|---|
| 7 | No new theological vocabulary beyond ch.6’s famine/siege terms; reuses the recurring “word of the LORD” fulfillment motif established elsewhere in the book. Reviewed. |
| 12 | Administrative chapter (temple-fund repairs); reuses मन्दिर and वाचा-adjacent covenant-fidelity vocabulary from ch.11. No new doctrinal terms. Reviewed. |
(All other chapters, 1-6, 8-11, 13-25, and the ch.17 core passage plus its vv.24-41 supplement, contribute at least one new or newly-contextualized load-bearing term, documented in Sections A-C above and in full in 07_semantic_analysis.md.)
Cross-Cutting Risk Flags for Phase 2 Routing
The following term-clusters require mandatory human theologian review on every occurrence per the doctrine_risk_registry.json routing convention, extending the baseline’s escalation rules to 2 Kings:
- Baal (देवता-qualifier discipline) — chs. 1, 3, 9, 10, 11, 17, 21, 23
- Asherah/Asherim — chs. 10, 11, 17, 18, 21, 23
- Child sacrifice (“passed through fire”) — chs. 16, 17, 21, 23
- The covenant-expulsion formula (“removed out of his sight”) — ch. 17 (×3), 23, 24 — consistency check across Israel’s and Judah’s parallel falls
- Royal anointing (अभिषेक) vs. Messiah (मसीह) disambiguation — ch. 9
- Syncretism verse 17:33 (“feared the LORD and also served their own gods”) — ch. 17
- “The LORD did not turn from his great wrath” despite Josiah’s total reform — ch. 23
- Manasseh’s sin as the named proximate cause of Judah’s fall — chs. 21, 23, 24
The following require native speaker review:
- High places (ऊँचे स्थान) — cultural resonance with Indian hill-shrine practice
- Divination/omens/mediums vocabulary — cultural resonance with living occult/astrological practice
- “Sons of the prophets” guild language — guru-śiṣya-paramparā resonance
- Trust (भरोसा) vs. faith (विश्वास) disambiguation — ch. 18
End of core glossary. Cross-reference with 07_semantic_analysis.md for full contextual argumentation behind each risk assignment.
Critical Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर
Transliteration: Parameśvara
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ईश्वर, भगवान
Original: אֱלֹהִים / יְהוָה
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly. परमेश्वर (Supreme Lord) is the BSI OV standard; भगवान has broad Hindu deity usage — avoid. In 2 Kings this term functions polemically against a crowded field of named rival deities (Baal, Asherah, Chemosh, the host of heaven); must never be diluted toward ‘a god among gods’ in contrast passages.
Law
Approved rendering: व्यवस्था
Transliteration: vyavasthā
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: धर्म, शरीयत, नियम
Original: תּוֹרָה
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly. NEVER धर्म. 17:8’s wordplay depends on व्यवस्था/विधियाँ (God’s own statutes) being lexically distinguishable from the pagan nations’ रीति-रिवाज — a distinction धर्म would erase.
Messiah
Approved rendering: मसीह
Transliteration: Masīha
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: अभिषिक्त व्यक्ति, देव-दूत
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly. Included here as a guardrail term: 2 Kings 9’s royal anointing of Jehu (see royal_anointing below) must NEVER be rendered as or equated with मसीह, which remains reserved exclusively for the eschatological Messianic office fulfilled in Jesus.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: पवित्र आत्मा
Transliteration: Pavitra Ātmā
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: ब्रह्म, परमात्मा, देव-आत्मा
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly. Included as a guardrail term: 2 Kings 2:9’s ‘double portion of your spirit’ (see double_portion_of_the_spirit below) overlaps this Critical doctrine closely enough that theologian review is recommended to keep the two conceptually distinct while related.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: पुनरुत्थान
Transliteration: punaruttāna
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: पुनर्जन्म, पुनर्जीवन
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly. CRITICAL guardrail for 2 Kings: this term must NEVER be used for Elisha’s restoration-to-mortal-life miracles (4:18-37; 8:1-6; 13:20-21) — see restored_to_mortal_life below, which supplies the required distinct rendering.
Salvation
Approved rendering: उद्धार
Transliteration: uddhāra
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: मुक्ति, मोक्ष, छुटकारा
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly. Guardrail note: 2 Kings 14’s this-worldly military deliverance through Jeroboam II (from the root יָשַׁע) is deliberately rendered with the general बचाया rather than this technical, eschatologically-loaded उद्धार, to avoid over-theologizing a political-military rescue.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: देहधारण
Transliteration: dehadhāraṇa
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: अवतार, देह प्रकटीकरण
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly. Included as a standing guardrail term: the CRITICAL अवतार prohibition it establishes extends across this book to man_of_god, double_portion_of_the_spirit, royal_anointing, and chariot_of_fire — none of these may be rendered or explained in a way suggesting a deity’s periodic avatar-descent.
Removed From His Sight
Approved rendering: अपने सम्मुख से दूर कर दिया
Transliteration: apane sammukha se dūra kara diyā
Doctrine: Covenant Judgment and the Exile
Original: הֵסִיר מֵעַל פָּנָיו
Category: Covenant Judgment
NEW term. The book’s single most important consistency-check phrase (2 Kings 17:18,20,23; 23:27; 24:20). Must be rendered IDENTICALLY at all five occurrences so the deliberate literary link between Israel’s and Judah’s parallel falls survives translation. Mandatory theologian review and automated consistency check on every occurrence.
Did Not Turn From His Wrath
Approved rendering: अपने बड़े क्रोध से न फिरा
Transliteration: apane baṛe krodha se na phirā
Doctrine: Hope amid Judgment
Original: לֹא־שָׁב יְהוָה מֵחֲרוֹן אַפּוֹ הַגָּדוֹל
Category: Covenant Judgment
NEW term (2 Kings 23:26). The hardest verse in the book for Hope amid Judgment: despite Josiah’s total personal reform, judgment fixed ‘because of Manasseh’ proceeds. Must never be flattened to ‘Josiah’s reforms saved Judah,’ which the text itself denies. Mandatory theologian review.
Asherah
Approved rendering: अशेरा
Transliteration: Ashera
Doctrine: Idolatry and Religious Syncretism
Rejected alternatives: generic देवी
Original: אֲשֵׁרָה / אֲשֵׁרִים
Category: Idolatry
NEW term (2 Kings 10; 17; 18; 21; 23). Sharpest single collision point in the book with living Indian sacred-tree/grove goddess devotion. Must be kept as a specific, named, historically located pagan deity condemned by name — with gloss ‘अशेरा नामक देवी के स्तम्भ/पेड़’ on first occurrence — never generalized into commentary on tree-veneration as a category. Mandatory theologian review every occurrence.
Baal
Approved rendering: बाल देवता
Transliteration: Bāla devatā
Doctrine: Idolatry and Religious Syncretism
Rejected alternatives: bare बाल (forbidden — homograph with ‘hair’/‘child’)
Original: בַּעַל
Category: Idolatry
NEW term (2 Kings 1,3,9,10,11,17,21,23). The qualifier देवता is MANDATORY without exception at every single occurrence, not merely first use — omission produces nonsense or unintended comedy at a point of maximal doctrinal seriousness.
Child Sacrifice
Approved rendering: अपने बेटे-बेटियों को आग में से चढ़ाना
Transliteration: apane beṭe-beṭiyoṅ ko āga meṅ se caṛhānā
Doctrine: Child Sacrifice and Molech Worship
Rejected alternatives: यज्ञ, बलि, होम
Original: הֶעֱבִיר…בָּאֵשׁ
Category: Idolatry
NEW term (2 Kings 16:3; 17:17; 21:6; 23:10). The book’s most severe atrocity. यज्ञ/बलि/होम are FORBIDDEN — each carries a positive/neutral Vedic ritual-offering connotation that would sanctify or soften atrocity. Plain descriptive phrase mandatory. Theologian review every occurrence.
Syncretism Formula
Approved rendering: यहोवा का भय तो मानते थे, परन्तु अपने ही देवताओं की सेवा भी करते रहे
Transliteration: Yahovā kā bhaya to mānate the, parantu apane hī devatāoṅ kī sevā bhī karate rahe
Doctrine: Syncretism of the Resettled Peoples of Samaria
Rejected alternatives: any rendering implying dual devotion is acceptable
Original: אֶת־יְהוָה הָיוּ יְרֵאִים וְאֶת־אֱלֹהֵיהֶם הָיוּ עֹבְדִים
Category: Idolatry
NEW term (2 Kings 17:33-34). The single most important verse-cluster for confronting India’s pluralist ‘many paths, one truth’ assumption. Must retain the text’s own verdict (17:34) that this divided allegiance is NOT true fear of the LORD. Mandatory theologian review, directly analogous to the Galatians baseline’s false_gospel guardrail.
Temple
Approved rendering: मन्दिर
Transliteration: mandira
Doctrine: Temple Centralization and Destruction
Original: בֵּית יְהוָה
Category: Worship
NEW term for this Language Package. मन्दिर is correct and EXPECTED here — a distinct referent from the baseline’s church-context rejection of मंदिर (which concerns the NT ekklēsia, not this literal OT building). Do not reflexively avoid the word. Also must not be read as commentary on any contemporary Indian temple-politics context.
Royal Anointing
Approved rendering: अभिषेक करना
Transliteration: abhiṣeka karanā
Doctrine: Royal Anointing and Kingship
Rejected alternatives: मसीह (forbidden — reserved exclusively for the Messiah doctrine)
Original: מָשַׁח
Category: Kingship
NEW term (2 Kings 9; 11:12). Direct collision hazard: अभिषेक is the standard Hindi term for Hindu ritual anointing of deity-images. Mandatory theologian note on every occurrence: (a) a human king, never an idol, is anointed; (b) commanded by the one true God through his prophet for a specific historical office; (c) never equated with मसीह.
Book Of The Law
Approved rendering: व्यवस्था की पुस्तक
Transliteration: vyavasthā kī pustaka
Doctrine: Josiah’s Reforms and the Rediscovered Law
Original: סֵפֶר הַתּוֹרָה
Category: Covenant
NEW term (2 Kings 22:8-13). The doctrinal center of Josiah’s Reforms: a fixed, previously-given, textual covenant document REDISCOVERED, not newly composed or received as fresh revelation — distinct from the Hindu shruti/smriti model of eternal or evolving revelation.
High Risk Terms
Sin
Approved rendering: पाप
Transliteration: pāpa
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: अधर्म, अशुद्धता
Original: חָטָא
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly. In 2 Kings 17:7 and 24:3 पाप opens a tightly causal clause (‘this occurred because they sinned’) that must never be softened into mere temporal sequence, or the book’s covenant-consequence argument collapses into unrelated misfortune.
Covenant
Approved rendering: वाचा
Transliteration: vācā
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: अनुबंध, समझौता
Original: בְּרִית
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly. Never अनुबंध/समझौता (commercial contract). Must be preserved so 17:15’s ‘despised the covenant’ and 23:3’s public covenant-renewal both read as breach and restoration of a living relationship, not a broken-and-remade business deal.
Prophet
Approved rendering: भविष्यद्वक्ता
Transliteration: bhaviṣyadvaktā
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: ज्योतिषी
Original: נָבִיא
Category: Prophetic Ministry
Inherited from Romans package; risk elevated from Low (Romans) to High in 2 Kings because 17:13’s ‘every prophet and every seer’ warning-formula makes the office’s forensic, covenant-testimony function load-bearing, not merely descriptive.
Idolatry
Approved rendering: मूर्तिपूजा
Transliteration: mūrtipūjā
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Original: עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה (concept) / cf. εἰδωλολατρία
Category: Idolatry
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly. Functions in 2 Kings as an umbrella term; the book’s specificity (Baal, Asherah, calves, host of heaven, each named individually) requires that मूर्तिपूजा not become the only idolatry vocabulary used — see idols_gillulim, baal, asherah, host_of_heaven below.
Repentance
Approved rendering: मन फिराव
Transliteration: mana phirāva
Doctrine: Repentance
Rejected alternatives: पश्चाताप
Original: שׁוּב
Category: Repentance
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly. 17:13’s imperative ‘turn’ (शुबू) and Josiah’s personal turning (22:19) both draw on this entry; turning of the whole mind/life, not mere remorse or ritual penance.
Wrath Of God
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर का क्रोध
Transliteration: Parameśvara kā krodha
Doctrine: Judgment
Rejected alternatives: बदला
Original: חֵמָה / אַף
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly. In 2 Kings this frames God’s response to idolatry as the grieved anger of a personal covenant partner (17:11,18; 21:6; 23:26; 24:20), never impersonal cosmic recoil, capricious anger, or a wrathful-deity temperament.
Holy
Approved rendering: पवित्र
Transliteration: pavitra
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: शुद्ध, निर्मल
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly. Underlies the holy_one_of_israel title (19:22) emphasizing God’s utterly set-apart, incomparable character against Assyria’s blasphemous comparison to defeated national gods.
Remnant
Approved rendering: बचे हुए लोग
Transliteration: bace hue loga
Doctrine: Election
Original: שְׁאָר / פְּלֵיטָה
Category: Hope
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly. Romans 9-11’s remnant doctrine recurs structurally in 19:30-31’s surviving Jerusalem remnant amid Assyria’s siege threat — grace/merit-excluding logic must be preserved.
Faith
Approved rendering: विश्वास
Transliteration: viśvāsa
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: श्रद्धा, आस्था, भरोसा
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly. 17:14’s ‘they did not believe’ (see faith_trust_believe below) deliberately reuses this vocabulary rather than a separate word, to preserve trans-testamental continuity of the trust/faith concept. भरोसा is reserved for general OT covenant reliance (see trust_general_reliance).
Worship
Approved rendering: आराधना
Transliteration: ārādhanā
Doctrine: Worship
Rejected alternatives: पूजा
Original: יָרֵא / עָבַד
Category: Worship
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for worship of the true God. NEW CONTEXTUAL RULE for 2 Kings only: पूजा becomes permitted, exceptionally, to describe Israel’s condemned worship of false gods (e.g. 17:7’s ‘अन्य देवताओं की पूजा करना’), since the baseline’s rejection of पूजा targets its use for the true God, not its accurate, pejorative naming of idol-worship. Theologian confirmation required that this reversal is applied consistently at every idolatry-description verse.
Grace
Approved rendering: अनुग्रह
Transliteration: anugraha
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: कृपा, दया, वरदान, भाग्य, कर्म-फल, पुण्य
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly. Guardrail note: 13:23’s compassion toward Israel is दया (mercy), not अनुग्रह, in the baseline’s technical sense — theologian note recommended to keep दया and अनुग्रह properly distinguished in this book even though both exclude human merit as their ground.
Providence
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर का विधान
Transliteration: Parameśvara kā vidhāna
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: भाग्य, कर्म का नियम
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly. Directly relevant to 2 Kings 16-18’s Reliance on Foreign Powers versus Trust in God doctrine: never भाग्य/कर्म-adjacent vocabulary for Judah’s political-alliance-seeking versus covenant trust in the LORD.
Sovereignty
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर की संप्रभुता
Transliteration: Parameśvara kī samprabhutā
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: भाग्य, नियति
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly. Underlies 2 Kings’ repeated demonstration that God alone, not political alliance or impersonal fate, governs Israel’s and Judah’s national fortunes.
Exile
Approved rendering: बंधुआई
Transliteration: bandhuāī
Doctrine: Covenant Judgment and the Exile
Rejected alternatives: निर्वासन, देश निकाला, वनवास
Original: גָּלָה (Hiphil הִגְלָה)
Category: Covenant Judgment
NEW term. Hinge word of the book’s central doctrine (2 Kings 17:6; 24-25). Must be anchored to this specific historical covenant-curse event, never generalized into a karma/samsara-style cyclical suffering metaphor. वनवास (the Ramayana’s forest-exile) is explicitly forbidden — it carries heroic, dharma-fulfilling connotations that are the moral opposite of this disgraced covenant-curse judgment on a guilty nation.
Manasseh Sin As Cause
Approved rendering: मनश्शे के पापों के कारण
Transliteration: Manaśśe ke pāpoṅ ke kāraṇa
Doctrine: The Fall of Israel and Judah as Covenant Consequence
Original: עַל־חַטֹּאת מְנַשֶּׁה
Category: Covenant Judgment
NEW term (2 Kings 23:26; 24:3). Must retain explicit causal force (के कारण), not mere narrative sequence, or the theological weight of generational covenant consequence (Manasseh’s specific named sin, cited decades after his death) collapses into vague ‘accumulated national karma.‘
Torn Kingdom
Approved rendering: फाड़ डाला
Transliteration: phāṛa ḍālā
Doctrine: The Fall of Israel and Judah as Covenant Consequence
Original: קָרַע
Category: Covenant Judgment
NEW term (2 Kings 17:21, echoing 1 Kings 11:11-13,30-31). Frames the final exile of the north as completion of a divine sentence pronounced two hundred years earlier. Flag for consistency with any existing 1 Kings Language Package rendering of the same verb.
Rejected Despised
Approved rendering: तुच्छ जाना
Transliteration: tuccha jānā
Doctrine: The Fall of Israel and Judah as Covenant Consequence
Original: מָאַס
Category: Covenant Judgment
NEW term. The single Hebrew root (מאס) used both of Israel despising the covenant (17:15) and God in turn rejecting Israel (17:20). The Hindi rendering at both verses should share the same root (तुच्छ जाना/ठुकराना) so this mirrored lex talionis structure remains visible.
Idols Gillulim
Approved rendering: घिनौनी मूर्तियाँ
Transliteration: ghinaunī mūrtiyāṅ
Doctrine: Idolatry and Religious Syncretism
Rejected alternatives: मूर्ति (generic, loses derisive register)
Original: גִּלֻּלִים
Category: Idolatry
NEW term (2 Kings 17:12; 21). Hebrew gillulim is a deliberately pejorative coinage, likely cognate with ‘dung/refuse’; the neutral मूर्ति would lose the built-in derision. Idols are worthless refuse, not competing gods of comparable dignity.
Baal Zebub
Approved rendering: बाल-जबूब देवता
Transliteration: Bāla-jabūba devatā
Doctrine: Idolatry and Religious Syncretism
NEW term (2 Kings 1:2-16). Same Baal-family disambiguation rule applies to this compound deity-name; the देवता qualifier must accompany every occurrence.
Host Of Heaven
Approved rendering: आकाश की सारी सेना
Transliteration: ākāśa kī sārī senā
Doctrine: Idolatry and Religious Syncretism
Original: צְבָא הַשָּׁמַיִם
Category: Idolatry
NEW term (2 Kings 17:16; 21:3,5). Condemned astral worship (sun/moon/stars). Direct collision with living Navagraha/Surya-Chandra devotion. MUST be kept lexically distinct from host_of_the_lord below, even though the underlying Hebrew root (צָבָא) is identical in both.
Golden Calves
Approved rendering: बछड़ों की मूरतें
Transliteration: bacharoṅ kī mūrateṅ
Doctrine: The Fall of Israel and Judah as Covenant Consequence
Original: עֶגְלִים
Category: Idolatry
NEW term (2 Kings 17:16, citing 1 Kings 12:28-30). Traces the northern kingdom’s apostasy to Jeroboam I’s founding sin. Must be kept distinct from any incidental resonance with cattle’s protected status in Hindu practice — this concerns a specific historical act of idol-manufacture, not animals.
High Places
Approved rendering: ऊँचे स्थान
Transliteration: ūnche sthāna
Doctrine: High Places and Illegitimate Worship Sites
Original: בָּמוֹת
Category: Idolatry
NEW term (2 Kings 17,18,21,23). The book’s most repeated concrete symbol of covenant infidelity. Collides with living Indian hill-shrine pilgrimage practice (तीर्थ/धाम deliberately avoided). Mandatory translator note on first occurrence, recommended at recurrences, stating these are illegitimate rival worship sites under explicit divine prohibition.
Divination
Approved rendering: जादू-टोना
Transliteration: jādū-ṭonā
Doctrine: Divination and Occult Practices Condemned
Original: קֶסֶם
Category: Idolatry
NEW term for this book, but the Hindi rendering is deliberately reused from the Galatians-era sorcery entry for cross-curriculum consistency (2 Kings 17:17; 21:6). Direct collision with living jyotish/tantra practice; name plainly, without sensationalizing, but do not soften the condemnation.
Omens
Approved rendering: शगुन देखना
Transliteration: shaguna dekhanā
Doctrine: Divination and Occult Practices Condemned
Original: נִחֵשׁ
Category: Idolatry
NEW term (2 Kings 17:17; 21:6). शगुन (auspicious/inauspicious sign-reading) is a live, everyday Indian folk practice; must not be softened into a quaint or harmless custom.
Mediums And Necromancers
Approved rendering: भूत-सिद्धि करनेवाले और तांत्रिक
Transliteration: bhūta-siddhi karanevāle aura tāntrika
Doctrine: Divination and Occult Practices Condemned
Original: אוֹב וְיִדְּעֹנִי
Category: Idolatry
NEW term (2 Kings 21:6). Direct collision with contemporary Indian spiritist/occult practice. Handle descriptively, preserving the full condemnatory force attached to Manasseh’s climactic apostasy.
Vanity Hevel
Approved rendering: व्यर्थ मूरतें
Transliteration: vyartha mūrateṅ
Doctrine: Idolatry and Religious Syncretism
Rejected alternatives: माया-adjacent phrasing
Original: הֶבֶל
Category: Idolatry
NEW term (2 Kings 17:15). Hebrew hevel (‘worthless, insubstantial’) must not be conflated with Advaitic māyā (cosmic illusion inherent to the material world). This is a moral-covenantal verdict on false gods specifically, not a metaphysical claim about creation.
Warned Testified
Approved rendering: चेतावनी दी / गवाही देकर चेताया
Transliteration: cetāvanī dī / gavāhī dekara cetāyā
Doctrine: God’s Patience through Repeated Prophetic Warning
Rejected alternatives: bare कहना (‘to say’)
NEW term (2 Kings 17:13, Heb. הֵעִיד/hēʿîd). Forensic/legal register — a witness formally testifying in a covenant lawsuit — must be retained via गवाही-family vocabulary, not softened into casual कहना. Central to God’s patient, documented case-building before judgment.
Seer
Approved rendering: दर्शी
Transliteration: darśī
Doctrine: God’s Patience through Repeated Prophetic Warning
Rejected alternatives: द्रष्टा (stronger guru/rishi self-attainment connotation)
Original: חֹזֶה
Category: Prophetic Ministry
NEW term (2 Kings 17:13, ḥōzeh). A synonym prophetic office to nāvîʾ. Hindi द्रष्टा/दर्शी evokes the ṛṣi/sage paradigm of self-attained visionary insight; must carry the same divinely-given, not self-attained, guardrail the baseline applies to revelation (प्रकाशन). Mandatory translator note on first occurrence.
Double Portion Of The Spirit
Approved rendering: आत्मा का दूना अंश
Transliteration: ātmā kā dūnā aṅśa
Doctrine: Prophetic Ministry and Miraculous Power
Original: פִּי־שְׁנַיִם בְּרוּחַ
Category: Prophetic Ministry
NEW term (2 Kings 2:9). Must never appear as bare आत्मा without the qualifying possessive (‘your/the LORD’s spirit’), lest it be misread as Elisha’s own inner self or a Vedantic self-identity claim. Theologian review recommended given proximity to the Critical holy_spirit doctrine.
Restored To Mortal Life
Approved rendering: जीवित हो गया
Transliteration: jīvita ho gayā
Doctrine: Resurrection versus Restoration to Mortal Life
Rejected alternatives: पुनरुत्थान (forbidden — reserved for Christ’s resurrection)
Original: וַיֶּחִי
Category: Prophetic Ministry
NEW term (2 Kings 4:18-37; 8:1-6; 13:20-21). Temporal restoration to ordinary mortal life (the person will die again someday) — must never be rendered with the Critical baseline पुनरुत्थान. Mandatory theologian note on every occurrence distinguishing from the NT resurrection doctrine.
Leprosy
Approved rendering: कोढ़
Transliteration: koṛha
Doctrine: Prophetic Ministry and Miraculous Power
Original: צָרַעַת
Category: Prophetic Ministry
NEW term (2 Kings 5,7,15). Context-dependent: healing-by-grace (Naaman) vs. judicial judgment (Gehazi, Uzziah). Guard against a folk-Hindu-influenced reading that skin affliction is automatically evidence of past-life karma.
Ritual Washing Healing
Approved rendering: धोना
Transliteration: dhonā
Doctrine: Prophetic Ministry and Miraculous Power
Original: טָבַל / טָהֵר
Category: Prophetic Ministry
NEW term (2 Kings 5:14). Naaman’s washing in the Jordan at Elisha’s word. Mandatory disambiguation from Hindu sacred-river bathing (Ganga snān) for ritual purification — healing here is entirely a function of obedient faith in the prophetic word, not the water’s inherent sanctity.
Jehoiachins Continuing Favor
Approved rendering: राजा की मेज़ पर नियमित भोजन पाता रहा
Transliteration: rājā kī mez para niyamita bhojana pātā rahā
Doctrine: Hope amid Judgment
Original: וְלַחְמוֹ נָתַן־לוֹ תָמִיד
Category: Hope
NEW term (2 Kings 25:27-30). The book’s deliberately understated final sentence. Must be neither over-read as full restoration nor under-read as insignificant; its placement as the very last line is a considered theological choice.
Tender Heart Humbled Himself
Approved rendering: मन का कोमल होना
Transliteration: mana kā komala honā
Doctrine: Josiah’s Reforms and the Rediscovered Law
Original: לֵבָב רַךְ…וַתִּכָּנֵעַ
Category: Repentance
NEW term (2 Kings 22:19). Josiah’s personal humility, ground for judgment being delayed past his own lifetime, though not cancelled for the nation. Requires a nuanced note framing genuine, God-honoring, yet not judgment-cancelling repentance.
Topheth
Approved rendering: तोफेत
Transliteration: Topheta
Doctrine: Josiah’s Reforms and the Rediscovered Law
Original: תֹּפֶת / גֵּי בֶן־הִנֹּם
Category: Covenant Judgment
NEW term (2 Kings 23:10). Site of child sacrifice to Molech, desecrated by Josiah. Mandatory cross-curriculum flag: this Hindi term must be reused identically wherever Gehenna/hell-imagery is translated downstream (Gospels/Revelation), since Gê-Hinnōm becomes Gehenna.
Bronze Serpent
Approved rendering: पीतल का साँप (नहूश्तान)
Transliteration: pītala kā sāṅpa (Nahūśtāna)
Doctrine: Josiah’s Reforms and the Rediscovered Law
Original: נְחֻשְׁתָּן
Category: Worship
NEW term (2 Kings 18:4). Originally made by Moses (Numbers 21:8-9), later idolized, destroyed by Hezekiah. Cross-reference flag: carries positive typological weight in John 3:14; both destructions-as-idol and typology-as-type are theologically correct and must not be presented as contradictory.
Holy One Of Israel
Approved rendering: इस्राएल का पवित्र
Transliteration: Isrāela kā pavitra
Doctrine: Remnant and Preserved Hope
Original: קְדוֹשׁ יִשְׂרָאֵל
Category: God
NEW term (2 Kings 19:22). Divine title emphasizing God’s utterly set-apart, incomparable character, answering Assyria’s blasphemous comparison to defeated national gods.
Faith Trust Believe
Approved rendering: विश्वास
Transliteration: viśvāsa
Doctrine: God’s Patience through Repeated Prophetic Warning
Original: אָמַן (Hiphil הֶאֱמִין)
Category: Faith
NEW term (2 Kings 17:14, root ʾāman). Deliberately reuses baseline विश्वास rather than a separate word to preserve trans-testamental continuity of the trust/faith concept, since OT ʾāman-trust is conceptually continuous with, though historically prior to, NT πίστις.
Medium Risk Terms
Mercy
Approved rendering: दया
Transliteration: dayā
Doctrine: Mercy of God
Original: חָנַן / רָחַם
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly. In 13:23 must be tied explicitly, per the verse’s own grammar, to God’s covenant with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, not to Israel’s merit — kept distinct from अनुग्रह (grace) per the baseline note.
Zeal
Approved rendering: उत्साह
Transliteration: utsāha
Doctrine: Obedience of Faith
Rejected alternatives: जोश
Original: קִנְאָה
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly. Jehu’s self-described zeal (10:16) proves partial and self-interested (10:29,31) — a useful didactic parallel to the Galatians Judaizers’ zeal without full obedience.
Israel
Approved rendering: इस्राएल
Transliteration: Isrāela
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: יִשְׂרָאֵל
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly. In 2 Kings most often denotes the ten northern tribes as a distinct political-covenantal entity from Judah; context must disambiguate which sense is active.
David
Approved rendering: दाऊद
Transliteration: Dāūda
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: דָּוִד
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly. ‘House of David’ (दाऊद का घराना) functions across the book as shorthand for the enduring southern covenant dynasty, contrasted with the north’s repeated dynastic overthrows and its being ‘torn’ from David’s house (17:21).
Slavery
Approved rendering: दासत्व / दास
Transliteration: dāsatva / dāsa
Doctrine: Freedom
Inherited from Galatians extension of Romans package; reused exactly. Guardrail note: must NOT be applied unqualified to 2 Kings’ political vassalage (see vassal below) — political subjugation to Assyria/Babylon is a distinct referent from this term’s spiritual-bondage-to-sin sense.
Yoke Of Slavery
Approved rendering: दासत्व का जूआ
Transliteration: dāsatva kā jūā
Doctrine: Freedom
Inherited from Galatians extension of Romans package; reused exactly. Cited as the precedent for judging 2 Kings 17:14’s ox/yoke idiom (stiffened_their_neck, below) naturally intelligible in the Indian agrarian context without special handling beyond consistency.
Revelation
Approved rendering: प्रकाशन
Transliteration: prakāśana
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: दर्शन, साक्षात्कार
Inherited from Galatians extension of Romans package; reused exactly. Its दर्शन/साक्षात्कार prohibition (objective divine disclosure, never a devotee’s mystical attainment) is extended in 2 Kings to the office-title दर्शी/seer (see seer below), which requires the identical divinely-given, not self-attained, guardrail.
Host Of The Lord
Approved rendering: यहोवा की स्वर्गीय सेना
Transliteration: Yahovā kī svargīya senā
Doctrine: Prophetic Ministry and Miraculous Power
Original: צְבָא יְהוָה
Category: God
NEW term (2 Kings 6:17; 19:35). God’s own angelic army — the positive counterpart to host_of_heaven. Must use visibly distinct vocabulary from that condemned term so Hindi readers do not conflate God commanding his own heavenly army with idolatrous astral worship.
Pillars
Approved rendering: खम्भे
Transliteration: khambhe
Doctrine: Idolatry and Religious Syncretism
Original: מַצֵּבוֹת
Category: Idolatry
NEW term (2 Kings 17:10). Cultic standing stones associated with Baal worship. खम्भे/स्तम्भ alone is neutral architectural vocabulary; every occurrence must carry a qualifying phrase making the cultic referent explicit.
Legitimate Sacrifice
Approved rendering: बलिदान
Transliteration: balidāna
Doctrine: High Places and Illegitimate Worship Sites
Original: זֶבַח / מִנְחָה
Category: Worship
NEW term (2 Kings 12, 16, 23). Offerings to YHWH at the Jerusalem temple. Must be kept visibly distinct from condemned high-place/idol offerings using overlapping root vocabulary; context (recipient + location) is the only disambiguator and must always be explicit.
Vassal
Approved rendering: अधीन होना
Transliteration: adhīna honā
Doctrine: Reliance on Foreign Powers versus Trust in God
Rejected alternatives: bare दासत्व/दास without qualifier
Original: עֶבֶד
Category: Kingship
NEW term (2 Kings 3,16,17,24). Political subjugation and tribute-paying subordination to a foreign king. Must not use the baseline’s spiritually-loaded दासत्व/दास without a contextual qualifier distinguishing political vassalage from spiritual bondage-to-sin.
Stiffened Their Neck
Approved rendering: अपनी गर्दन कठोर कर ली
Transliteration: apanī gardana kaṭhora kara lī
Doctrine: God’s Patience through Repeated Prophetic Warning
Original: הִקְשׁוּ אֶת־עׇרְפָּם
Category: Sin
NEW term (2 Kings 17:14). Agricultural idiom (an ox refusing the yoke) for willful, active defiance. Retain concretely rather than flattening to an abstract ‘were stubborn’ — it deepens, not merely repeats, ‘would not listen.‘
Statutes And Customs
Approved rendering: विधियाँ
Transliteration: vidhiyāṅ
Doctrine: God’s Patience through Repeated Prophetic Warning
Original: חֻקִּים / חֻקּוֹת
Category: Covenant
NEW term (2 Kings 17:8,13,15,19). Same Hebrew root used both of God’s own statutes and the pagan nations’ customs — a deliberate irony. Hindi must use विधियाँ consistently for both senses so the wordplay (Israel swapped one set of statutes for another, not religion for irreligion) survives.
Commandments
Approved rendering: आज्ञाएँ
Transliteration: ājñāeṅ
Doctrine: God’s Patience through Repeated Prophetic Warning
NEW term (2 Kings 17:13). Part of the commandments/statutes/Law triad naming the whole body of covenant instruction given ‘by my servants the prophets’ as the standard of the warning.
Every High Hill And Green Tree
Approved rendering: हर ऊँची पहाड़ी पर और हर हरे पेड़ के नीचे
Transliteration: hara ūṅcī pahāṛī para aura hara hare peṛa ke nīche
Doctrine: Idolatry and Religious Syncretism
NEW term (2 Kings 17:10). Stock idiomatic pairing throughout the Prophets denoting comprehensive, unrestrained idolatry. Keep concrete, not abstracted into a vague ‘everywhere.‘
Sons Of The Prophets
Approved rendering: भविष्यद्वक्ताओं के समूह
Transliteration: bhaviṣyadvaktāoṅ ke samūha
Doctrine: Prophetic Guild and Succession
Original: בְּנֵי הַנְּבִיאִים
Category: Prophetic Ministry
NEW term (2 Kings 2,4,6,9). An organized prophetic guild attached to Elijah/Elisha. Superficially resembles guru-śiṣya-paramparā (master-disciple lineage); a clarifying note should distinguish the divinely, sovereignly bestowed prophetic office from human-transmitted spiritual authority.
Man Of God
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर का जन
Transliteration: Parameśvara kā jana
Doctrine: Prophetic Ministry and Miraculous Power
Original: אִישׁ הָאֱלֹהִים
Category: Prophetic Ministry
NEW term (2 Kings 1,4,5,6,7,13). Standing title for Elijah/Elisha — human, commissioned and empowered, never divinized. Must not be read, in a culture where gurus/babas are sometimes venerated as living divine incarnations, as implying the prophet’s own divinity.
Blasphemy
Approved rendering: निन्दा करना
Transliteration: nindā karanā
Doctrine: Divine Wrath and Judgment
Original: חֵרֵף
Category: Sin
NEW term (2 Kings 18:32-35; 19:22). Rabshakeh’s and Sennacherib’s taunting reproach against the LORD. Must retain contempt directed at God specifically, requiring direct divine vindication (ch. 19).
Sign
Approved rendering: चिन्ह
Transliteration: cinha
Doctrine: Prophetic Ministry and Miraculous Power
Original: אוֹת
Category: Prophetic Ministry
NEW term (2 Kings 13:21 sign-act; 20:8-11). Divine confirmation of an already-given prophetic word — must be distinguished from the condemned omen-reading (शगुन) vocabulary of chs. 17 and 21.
Inquire Of The Lord
Approved rendering: यहोवा से पूछना
Transliteration: Yahovā se pūchhanā
Doctrine: Divination and Occult Practices Condemned
Original: דָּרַשׁ אֶת־יְהוָה
Category: Faith
NEW term (2 Kings 3:11). Legitimate covenant access to God through his prophet — the opposite religious posture from the occult practices catalogued in chs. 17, 21.
Hand Of The Lord
Approved rendering: यहोवा का हाथ
Transliteration: Yahovā kā hātha
Doctrine: Prophetic Ministry and Miraculous Power
Original: יַד־יְהוָה
Category: Prophetic Ministry
NEW term (2 Kings 3:15). Idiom for God’s active, empowering presence coming upon a prophet before he speaks; distinct from a literal reference to God’s physical hand.
Fire From Heaven
Approved rendering: आकाश से आग
Transliteration: ākāśa se āga
Doctrine: Prophetic Ministry and Miraculous Power
NEW term (2 Kings 1:10-14). Judicial miracle; must be read as a specific historical judgment act, not a recurring nature-force.
Chariot Of Fire
Approved rendering: आग का रथ
Transliteration: āga kā ratha
Doctrine: Prophetic Ministry and Miraculous Power
NEW term (2 Kings 2:11; 6:17). Avoid any framing suggesting a deity’s personal vehicle (vāhana) in the Hindu iconographic sense (e.g., Vishnu’s Garuda) — this is God’s means of translating his servant or defending him, not a deity’s mount.
Sold Themselves To Evil
Approved rendering: अपने आप को बुराई करने के लिये बेच दिया
Transliteration: apane āpa ko burāī karane ke liye becha diyā
Doctrine: The Fall of Israel and Judah as Covenant Consequence
NEW term (2 Kings 17:17). Vivid reflexive idiom picturing total, willing self-surrender to evil. Retain concretely.
Individual Accountability Deut2416
Approved rendering: पिता अपनी सन्तान के बदले मार डाला न जाए
Transliteration: pitā apanī santāna ke badale māra ḍālā na jāe
Doctrine: Individual Accountability and Corporate Guilt
NEW term (2 Kings 14:5-6, citing Deuteronomy 24:16). Judicial individual-accountability principle sitting alongside, without contradicting, the corporate-guilt logic completed at 24:3.
Lions Judgment
Approved rendering: सिंह भेजे
Transliteration: siṅha bheje
Doctrine: Syncretism of the Resettled Peoples of Samaria
NEW term (2 Kings 17:25-26). Concrete, historical judgment-sign on the new Samaritan settlers who did not yet fear the LORD; not a symbol to be allegorized loosely.
Passover
Approved rendering: फसह
Transliteration: phasaha
Doctrine: Josiah’s Reforms and the Rediscovered Law
Original: פֶּסַח
Category: Worship
NEW term (2 Kings 23:21-23). New to this Language Package. Must be anchored to its redemptive-historical Exodus meaning, not assimilated to a generic seasonal/harvest festival category. Explanatory gloss recommended on first occurrence.
Angel Of The Lord
Approved rendering: यहोवा का दूत
Transliteration: Yahovā kā dūta
Doctrine: Remnant and Preserved Hope
Original: מַלְאַךְ יְהוָה
Category: God
NEW term (2 Kings 19:35). God’s own dispatched agent of judgment/deliverance. Kept distinct from generic ‘messenger’ usage and from any Hindu deva/messenger-spirit framework.
Trust General Reliance
Approved rendering: भरोसा करना
Transliteration: bharosā karanā
Doctrine: Reliance on Foreign Powers versus Trust in God
Rejected alternatives: विश्वास (reserved for baseline Christ-directed faith)
Original: בָּטַח
Category: Faith
NEW term (2 Kings 18:5). Hezekiah’s defining virtue. भरोसा preferred over विश्वास here to keep the baseline term’s Christ-directed, saving-faith connotation intact, while still conveying genuine OT covenant trust — but must retain an EXCLUSIVE covenant-trust sense, not generic multi-source reliance.
Low Risk Terms
Prophecy
Approved rendering: भविष्यवाणी
Transliteration: bhaviṣyavāṇī
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: भविष्यफल
Original: נְבוּאָה
Category: Prophetic Ministry
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly. 2 Kings anchors भविष्यवाणी to specific, dated historical fulfillment (17:23; 24:2), not cyclical fortune-telling.
Chemosh
Approved rendering: कमोश देवता
Transliteration: Kamośa devatā
Doctrine: Idolatry and Religious Syncretism
NEW term (2 Kings 3, background). Named Moabite national deity; same disambiguation-qualifier discipline applied for consistency even though risk is Low.
Tribute
Approved rendering: कर / भेंट
Transliteration: kara / bheṇṭa
Doctrine: Reliance on Foreign Powers versus Trust in God
NEW term (2 Kings 17:3-4). Political tax/tribute paid by a vassal. Translator note required: this is the same Hebrew root (minḥāh) used elsewhere for cultic grain-offerings; context alone disambiguates, and Hindi must not accidentally suggest a religious offering here.
Besiege
Approved rendering: घेरना
Transliteration: gheranā
Doctrine: Covenant Judgment and the Exile
NEW term (2 Kings 17:5). Standard military-narrative vocabulary; no doctrinal collision.
Treachery Conspiracy
Approved rendering: विश्वासघात / राजद्रोह
Transliteration: viśvāsaghāta / rājadroha
Doctrine: Reliance on Foreign Powers versus Trust in God
NEW term (2 Kings 17:4). Purely political-historical term for Hoshea’s conspiracy against Assyria; no doctrinal collision.
Samaria
Approved rendering: सामरिया
Transliteration: Sāmariyā
Doctrine: The Fall of Israel and Judah as Covenant Consequence
Rejected alternatives: शोमरोन
Original: שֹׁמְרוֹן
Category: Covenant
NEW term (2 Kings 17,18). Capital of the northern kingdom, becoming shorthand for the fallen kingdom by end of ch.17. Kept consistent with NT Samaritan-woman usage (John 4) for cross-testament reader continuity.
Referenced passages