Semantic Analysis

Semantic Analysis — 2 Corinthians (English → Hindi)

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Terms marked [BASELINE] already exist in translation_memory.json from the Romans/Galatians run and MUST be reused exactly as recorded there. Terms marked [NEW] are proposed additions specific to 2 Corinthians, formatted for later insertion into translation memory (see 08_core_glossary.md).

PART 1 — Core Passage Verse-by-Verse: 2 Corinthians 5:11-21

5:11 — “Since, then, we know the fear of the Lord, we try to persuade others… we are known to God, and I hope also to your conscience.”

Term	Translit.	Literal meaning	Semantic range	English variants	Contextual theological meaning
φόβος τοῦ Κυρίου	phobos tou Kyriou	”fear/dread of the Lord”	reverential awe before a sovereign judge; not terror of an arbitrary power	fear of the Lord, reverence for the Lord	Motivates Paul’s ministry integrity: he serves knowing he will answer to Christ at the judgment (5:10). [NEW] प्रभु का भय — High risk: must be reverential accountability before a personal, righteous Judge, not the fatalistic dread of an unpredictable deity or of impersonal karmic reckoning.
πείθομεν	peithomen	”we persuade”	persuade, win over, convince	persuade, try to win over	Apostolic appeal to genuine conviction, not manipulation — sets up the sincerity/false-teacher contrast of ch. 2, 11. Low risk; standard verb.
πεφανερώμεθα	pephanerōmetha	”we have been made manifest/revealed”	disclosed, laid open, made evident	manifest, plainly known	Paul’s motives are transparent before God and (he hopes) before the Corinthians’ conscience.
συνείδησις	syneidēsis	”conscience”	moral self-awareness, inner witness	conscience	[BASELINE] विवेक (High risk) — reused exactly; here it functions as the Corinthians’ inner judge of Paul’s sincerity, tying Sincerity/Apostolic Authority (D5) to the baseline’s caution against a Vedantic “higher discrimination” reading of विवेक.

5:12 — “We are not commending ourselves to you again, but giving you cause to boast about us, so that you may have an answer for those who boast about outward appearance rather than about what is in the heart.”

Term	Translit.	Literal meaning	Semantic range	English variants	Contextual theological meaning
συνιστάνομεν (ἑαυτούς)	synistanomen (heautous)	“we commend/set ourselves together (with you)“	recommend, present favorably, vouch for	commend ourselves, promote ourselves	Contrasts self-promotion (which false apostles practice, 11:12-18) with God-given, Spirit-attested ministry credentials. [NEW] अपनी सिफारिश करना / अपनी प्रशंसा आप करना — Medium risk; must read as illegitimate self-promotion here, not neutral self-description.
καύχημα	kauchēma	”boast, ground/matter for boasting”	that in which one boasts; boast-object	boast, pride, reason to be proud	[BASELINE] घमण्ड family (Low/Medium in baseline; elevated to High-adjacent here given ch. 10-12’s extended irony) — Paul gives the Corinthians legitimate grounds to boast in him against rival teachers.
ἐν προσώπῳ … ἐν καρδίᾳ	en prosōpō … en kardia	”in face/appearance … in heart”	outward show vs. inward reality	outward appearance vs. the heart	Sets up the whole letter’s contrast between showy, credential-based ministry and Spirit-authenticated sincerity (D5). [NEW] बाहरी रूप / हृदय — Low-Medium risk; must not collapse into a body/spirit dualism that denigrates the physical per se (cf. 4:16 outer/inner man).

5:13 — “For if we are beside ourselves, it is for God; if we are of sound mind, it is for you.”

Term	Translit.	Literal meaning	Semantic range	English variants	Contextual theological meaning	Hindi risk
ἐξέστημεν	exestēmen	”we were beside ourselves / out of our mind”	ecstatic, overwhelmed, “mad” (as rivals allege)	beside ourselves, out of our mind, “crazy”	Likely answers a charge that Paul’s visionary experiences (cf. 12:1-7) make him unstable. [NEW] बुद्धिहीन होना (or context-gloss “ऐसा प्रतीत होना”) — Low-Medium risk; needs a translator note that this answers an opponents’ accusation, not a description Paul endorses of himself generally.
σωφρονοῦμεν	sōphronoumen	”we are of sound mind / self-controlled”	sober-minded, sensible, disciplined	of sound mind, sober, self-controlled	Paul’s ordinary, sober ministry toward the church, done “for you.” Low risk; standard term.

5:14 — “For the love of Christ controls us, because we have concluded this: that one has died for all, therefore all have died.”

Term	Translit.	Literal meaning	Semantic range	English variants	Contextual theological meaning
ἡ ἀγάπη τοῦ Χριστοῦ	hē agapē tou Christou	”the love of Christ”	Christ’s own self-giving love (subjective genitive), possibly also “our love for Christ”	the love of Christ, Christ’s love	The engine of apostolic ministry (D3, D5) — not duty, fear of loss of merit, or professional obligation. [NEW] मसीह का प्रेम — reuses baseline प्रेम morpheme; High risk if rendered ambiguous between “Christ’s love for us” and “our love for Christ” — context (his substitutionary death, following clause) should fix it as Christ’s own love.
συνέχει	synechei	”holds together, constrains, compels”	grips, controls, presses in on every side	controls, compels, constrains, urges on	Describes an inward compulsion, not external law-keeping. [NEW] विवश करना — Medium-High risk; must not read as fate/compulsion from an impersonal force (avoid भाग्य-adjacent vocabulary); this is a personal, relational compulsion arising from Christ’s own love.
εἷς ὑπὲρ πάντων ἀπέθανεν … οἱ πάντες ἀπέθανον	heis hyper pantōn apethanen … hoi pantes apethanon	”one died for all … therefore all died”	representative, substitutionary death with a corporate/representative “all died”	one died for all, all have died in him	Federal/representative headship: Christ’s death is the death of all who are united to him — parallel to Romans 5’s Adam/Christ structure. [BASELINE] reuse प्रतिनिधि प्रधानता (federal_headship, Medium in baseline, but here directly load-bearing for Reconciliation with God, D1) — gloss on first use, tying to Romans 5:12-21.

5:15 — “…and he died for all, that those who live might no longer live for themselves but for him who for their sake died and was raised.”

Term	Translit.	Literal meaning	Semantic range	English variants	Contextual theological meaning
οἱ ζῶντες	hoi zōntes	”those who live”	the living, believers now alive in Christ	those who live, the living	New-covenant existence, no longer self-directed. Low-Medium risk.
ἑαυτοῖς ζῶσιν	heautois zōsin	”live for themselves”	self-oriented existence	live for themselves, live for self	The old, self-referential mode of life that the cross ends (cf. 5:17’s “old things”). Medium risk; must not be moralized into generic selfishness alone — it names the entire unregenerate orientation of the self.
ἐγερθέντι	egerthenti	”having been raised”	resurrected, raised up	who was raised	[BASELINE] पुनरुत्थान family (Critical) — reused; grounds the “live for him” ethic in the historical, bodily resurrection, never पुनर्जन्म.

5:16 — “From now on, therefore, we regard no one according to the flesh. Even though we once regarded Christ according to the flesh, we regard him thus no longer.”

Term	Translit.	Literal meaning	Semantic range	English variants	Contextual theological meaning	Hindi risk
κατὰ σάρκα	kata sarka	”according to the flesh”	by worldly/external standards; by mere human, unregenerate criteria of evaluation	according to the flesh, from a worldly point of view, by human standards	[BASELINE] शरीर (High) — reused, but flag a distinct sense from the Galatians “sinful nature” usage: here it denotes a merely external, unregenerate standard of judging persons (including the pre-resurrection, merely-human view of Christ), not primarily indwelling sin’s power. Translator note required distinguishing the two senses across the Language Package.
γινώσκω	ginōskō	”know”	perceive, recognize, understand, evaluate	know, regard, understand	Standard verb; low risk, but paired above it carries the weight of “evaluate by which standard.”

5:17 — “Therefore, if anyone is in Christ, he is a new creation. The old has passed away; behold, the new has come.”

Term	Translit.	Literal meaning	Semantic range	English variants	Contextual theological meaning
ἐν Χριστῷ	en Christō	”in Christ”	personal incorporation/union formula	in Christ, united to Christ	[BASELINE] मसीह में (in_christ, High) — reused; this is the locus classicus for the phrase alongside Galatians 3:26-28.
καινὴ κτίσις	kainē ktisis	”new creation”	a new act of creation; a newly created reality/order	new creation, new creature	[BASELINE] नई सृष्टि (High) — reused; 2 Corinthians 5:17, not Galatians 6:15, is this curriculum’s primary text for New Creation in Christ (D2) and should be treated as the doctrine’s anchor verse across both curricula.
τὰ ἀρχαῖα παρῆλθεν	ta archaia parēlthen	”the old things passed away”	former state/order has ended, decisively	the old has passed away, the old order is gone	[NEW] पुरानी बातें बीत गई हैं — High risk: must not be rendered so as to suggest a self-effort “old self dies, new self reborn” cycle recalling पुनर्जन्म (reincarnation), an error already flagged for the “crucified with Christ” and “new creation” entries in the Galatians run. This is a completed, God-wrought, once-for-all transition, not a repeatable cycle.
γέγονεν καινά	gegonen kaina	”have become new”	new things have come into being	the new has come, everything is new	Perfect tense: an accomplished, abiding new reality. Medium risk; keep the perfect-tense abiding sense (cf. baseline crucified_with_christ note on perfect tense).

5:18 — “All this is from God, who reconciled us to himself through Christ and gave us the ministry of reconciliation…”

Term	Translit.	Literal meaning	Semantic range	English variants	Contextual theological meaning
ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ	ek tou theou	”from God”	originating from God, God’s own initiative	from God, of God	Emphasizes reconciliation’s divine origin — God is the acting subject throughout, never the sinner initiating reconciliation. Low-Medium risk; must not be inverted grammatically.
καταλλάξαντος … καταλλαγῆς	katallaxantos … katallagēs	”having reconciled … of reconciliation”	restoring to friendship/right relationship after enmity	reconciled, reconciliation	[BASELINE] मेल-मिलाप (reconciliation, High) — reused exactly. This is the anchor verse for Reconciliation with God (D1); though baseline records this at High tier, in this curriculum it functions as the core-passage’s central doctrine and should receive theologian-review priority equal to Critical-tier terms in practice, without contradicting the recorded tier.
διακονίαν	diakonian	”ministry, service”	assigned task of service; delegated stewardship	ministry, service	[NEW] सेवकाई — Medium risk; reuses the Hindi word already established in the Romans/Galatians doctrine-name “मसीह-केंद्रित सेवकाई.” Must not be flattened into generic social service disconnected from proclaiming reconciliation’s message (see 5:19-20).

5:19 — “…that is, God was reconciling the world to himself in Christ, not counting their trespasses against them, and entrusting to us the message of reconciliation.”

Term	Translit.	Literal meaning	Semantic range	English variants	Contextual theological meaning
κόσμον	kosmon	”world”	the created order; humanity in its fallenness	the world, humankind	Universal scope of the reconciling work (echoes Romans/Galatians universal-scope cautions). Low-Medium risk.
μὴ λογιζόμενος … τὰ παραπτώματα	mē logizomenos … ta paraptōmata	”not reckoning/counting … the trespasses”	not crediting/charging sins to one’s account	not counting their sins against them, not holding their trespasses against them	[NEW] उनके अपराधों को उनके विरुद्ध न गिनना — High risk: this is the negative mirror of the baseline’s imputed_righteousness (आरोपित धार्मिकता, Critical) — sin is not credited, exactly as righteousness is credited. The forensic-accounting logic must be preserved in both directions or the doctrine collapses.
παράπτωμα	paraptōma	”trespass, transgression, misstep”	a falling-aside from the right path; a specific offense	trespass, transgression, sin, wrongdoing	[NEW] अपराध — Medium risk; distinct from the baseline’s general पाप (sin) — used here for the countable “trespasses” not credited to sinners’ account; keep terminologically distinct from पाप to preserve the accounting metaphor.
τὸν λόγον τῆς καταλλαγῆς	ton logon tēs katallagēs	”the word/message of reconciliation”	the content entrusted for proclamation	the message of reconciliation, the word of reconciliation	[NEW] मेल-मिलाप का सन्देश — High risk; ties directly to the gospel entry (सुसमाचार) — this is the content of the apostolic message; do not render generically as “a nice teaching” among many.

5:20 — “Therefore we are ambassadors for Christ, God making his appeal through us. We implore you on behalf of Christ, be reconciled to God.”

Term	Translit.	Literal meaning	Semantic range	English variants	Contextual theological meaning
πρεσβεύομεν	presbeuomen	”we act as ambassadors/envoys”	official, authorized representative of a sovereign, especially in diplomatic/royal contexts	we are ambassadors, we serve as Christ’s representatives	[NEW] मसीह के राजदूत — High risk, central to Sincerity and Apostolic Authority (D5) and Genuine vs False Apostleship (D8): apostolic authority is delegated, official representation of a King, not self-appointed guru status or a freelance spiritual-teacher role. Must not be softened to “messenger” (संदेशवाहक), which loses the delegated-authority nuance the baseline’s apostle entry (प्रेरित) already protects; ambassador language should be read as complementary to, not a replacement for, प्रेरित.
παρακαλοῦντος	parakalountos	”appealing, exhorting, entreating”	urging, beseeching, encouraging	appealing, pleading, entreating	[BASELINE] प्रोत्साहित करना / विनती family (exhort, Low) — reused; here in the “entreaty” sense (विनती), since it is a beseeching appeal for reconciliation, not mere encouragement.
καταλλάγητε	katallagēte	”be reconciled” (imperative passive)	receive reconciliation; be brought into right relationship	be reconciled	[BASELINE] मेल-मिलाप करो — reused; passive voice is theologically load-bearing: sinners receive reconciliation accomplished by God, they do not achieve it by their own religious effort. Must preserve the passive sense in Hindi phrasing.

5:21 — “For our sake he made him to be sin who knew no sin, so that in him we might become the righteousness of God.”

Term	Translit.	Literal meaning	Semantic range	English variants	Contextual theological meaning
τὸν μὴ γνόντα ἁμαρτίαν	ton mē gnonta hamartian	”the one who did not know sin”	sinlessness; no personal experience of committing sin	he who knew no sin, the sinless one	Affirms Christ’s sinlessness as the necessary premise for substitution. Medium-High risk; must not be softened to “the relatively good one.”
ἁμαρτίαν ἐποίησεν	hamartian epoiēsen	”he made [to be] sin”	God judicially identified/constituted the sinless Christ with sin’s guilt (not moral corruption)	made him to be sin, made him a sin-offering (interpretive), treated him as sin	[NEW] CRITICAL. जिसने पाप को नहीं जाना, परमेश्वर ने हमारे लिये उसे पाप बना दिया — Critical risk, the doctrinal apex of the core passage. Two guardrails are mandatory: (1) this is a forensic, judicial identification — God treating the sinless Christ as sin’s bearer on the cross — never a claim that Christ’s own moral nature became sinful or corrupted; (2) Hindi readers with Hindu-background assumptions about ritual sin-transfer (e.g., the folk/priestly practice of a ritual specialist “absorbing” a deceased or dying person’s sins, as in certain funerary customs) may hear this as a magical transfer of impurity rather than a judicial substitution accomplished once for all by a sovereign, personal God. This doubles the risk already documented for the Galatians atonement_curse_bearing entry (Christ “becoming” a curse) and must receive the same mandatory theologian review and explanatory translator note on every occurrence.
δικαιοσύνη θεοῦ	dikaiosynē theou	”righteousness of God”	God’s own righteousness, credited to believers	the righteousness of God, God’s righteousness	[BASELINE] धार्मिकता (Critical) — reused; directly parallels and should be cross-referenced with the baseline’s आरोपित धार्मिकता (imputed_righteousness) entry — “we become” (γενώμεθα) righteousness in the same credited, non-achieved sense that Christ “became” sin for us. The chiastic exchange (his sin-bearing for our righteousness-crediting) must survive translation intact.
ἐν αὐτῷ	en autō	”in him”	union formula, same as ἐν Χριστῷ	in him	[BASELINE] मसीह में — reused; closes the passage on the same union-formula that opened v. 17.

PART 2 — Chapter-by-Chapter Study of the Whole Book

Chapter 1

Term	Translit.	Literal/semantic range	English variants	Theological meaning
παράκλησις / παρακαλέω	paraklēsis / parakaleō	comfort, consolation, encouragement, appeal	comfort, consolation, encouragement	”God of all comfort” (1:3) who comforts in affliction so believers can comfort others (1:4) — the seed of Suffering and Comfort in Ministry (D3). [NEW] सांत्वना — High risk: must be understood as active, personal divine comfort flowing through relationship, not a philosophical acceptance of suffering as fated (avoid भाग्य/karma-resignation framing).
θλῖψις	thlipsis	pressure, affliction, tribulation	affliction, suffering, trouble, tribulation	Suffering endured specifically “for Christ” (1:5-7), productive of comfort and hope, not meaningless or self-inflicted. [NEW] क्लेश — High risk: क्लेश is also the precise Sanskrit/Buddhist technical term for the “afflictions” (kleśas — ignorance, ego, attachment, aversion, fear of death) that bind a person to the cycle of rebirth and are overcome by detachment/self-realization. A translator note is mandatory distinguishing Paul’s external, gospel-related suffering (endured in hope of resurrection, productive of relational comfort) from the kleśa doctrine’s internal, self-caused mental afflictions (dissolved through spiritual technique).
πάθημα τοῦ Χριστοῦ	pathēma tou Christou	sufferings of Christ	sufferings of Christ	Believers’ sufferings “overflow” in fellowship with Christ’s own sufferings — ties to baseline fellowship (संगति, Low) but with added suffering-specific weight; Medium risk.
σφραγίζω / ἀρραβών	sphragizō / arrabōn	to seal / down payment, pledge, guarantee	sealed us / guarantee, deposit, down payment	God has sealed believers and given the Spirit as a guarantee of the promised inheritance (1:22). [NEW] मुहर लगाई (sealed) / बयाना (guarantee) — Medium risk; बयाना is a natural Hindi commercial term (earnest money) that vividly conveys a guaranteed future payment; must be read as personal divine assurance (ties to baseline assurance_of_salvation doctrine), not an impersonal cosmic contract.
ἁπλότης	haplotēs	simplicity, singleness, sincerity	sincerity, simplicity, holiness	Paul’s conduct toward the Corinthians was marked by sincerity and God’s grace, not worldly cunning (1:12). [NEW] निष्कपटता — Medium risk; anchors Sincerity and Apostolic Authority (D5) at its first occurrence.
ἀμήν	amēn	amen	amen	[BASELINE] आमीन — reused (1:20, echoing Galatians usage).

Chapter 2

Term	Translit.	Literal/semantic range	English variants	Theological meaning
λύπη	lypē	grief, sorrow, pain	sorrow, grief, sadness	The painful letter and its intended remedial grief (2:1-4), anticipating the godly/worldly grief contrast of ch. 7. Medium risk; keep distinct from repentance (मन फिराव) — grief is the emotion that may or may not lead to it.
θριαμβεύοντι	thriambeuonti	to lead in a triumphal procession	leads us in triumphal procession	Roman military-triumph imagery: God leads Paul as a captive-yet-honored participant in Christ’s victory procession (2:14). [NEW] जय-यात्रा में हमें लिये चलता है — Medium risk; the Roman-triumph background is culturally unfamiliar and needs a brief historical gloss, but carries no major syncretism risk itself.
ὀσμή / εὐωδία Χριστοῦ	osmē / euōdia Christou	fragrance, odor / pleasing aroma of Christ	fragrance, aroma, sweet smell of Christ	The apostles spread the “fragrance” of the knowledge of Christ — to some a fragrance of life, to others of death (2:15-16). [NEW] मसीह की सुगन्ध — Medium-High risk: must not be assimilated to incense/pūjā-offering imagery (agarbatti offered to a deity to secure favor); the fragrance here spreads from Christ through the apostles to others, the reverse direction of a votive offering.
καπηλεύοντες τὸν λόγον	kapēleuontes ton logon	peddling, huckstering, trafficking in the word	peddlers of God’s word, those who sell the word for profit	Paul denies being a mercenary preacher who profits from the gospel (2:17), directly relevant to Genuine vs False Apostleship (D8). [NEW] परमेश्वर के वचन का व्यापार करनेवाले — High risk: this critique lands with particular force in the Indian context of paid darśan, fee-based spiritual guidance, and commercialized guru ministries; must not be softened, though delivered pastorally.
εἰλικρίνεια	eilikrineia	purity, sincerity (lit. “judged by sunlight”)	sincerity	Reinforces ch. 1’s ἁπλότης; Medium risk, may be merged with निष्कपटता in glossary.

Chapter 3

Term	Translit.	Literal/semantic range	English variants	Theological meaning
ἐπιστολαὶ συστατικαί	epistolai systatikai	letters of recommendation	letters of commendation	Paul needs no human letters of recommendation; the Corinthians themselves are his “letter” (3:1-3). [NEW] सिफारिशी पत्र — Low-Medium risk.
πλάκες λίθιναι / πλάκες καρδίας σαρκίναις	plakes lithinai / plakes kardias sarkinais	tablets of stone / tablets of fleshly hearts	tablets of stone / tablets of human hearts	Contrasts the old covenant’s external, stone-inscribed law with the new covenant’s Spirit-written law on hearts (3:3). [NEW] पत्थर की पट्टियाँ / हृदय की पट्टियाँ — Medium risk; central to New Covenant vs Old (D4).
διαθήκη καινή	diathēkē kainē	new covenant	new covenant	[BASELINE] वाचा (covenant, High) + नई → नई वाचा — High risk; must not be read as one more cyclical renewal of dharma/yuga but a linear, once-for-all covenant fulfilling and superseding the Mosaic covenant (consistent with baseline fulfillment_of_prophecy notes).
γράμμα / πνεῦμα	gramma / pneuma	letter (written text) / Spirit	letter / Spirit	”The letter kills, but the Spirit gives life” (3:6) — the Mosaic law’s condemning function apart from the Spirit’s life-giving, transforming work. [NEW] अक्षर / आत्मा — High risk: must not be generalized into a Vedantic word-versus-reality (śabda vs. brahman) distinction; this is Paul’s specific covenant-historical claim about Torah’s letter versus the Spirit’s new-covenant work, not a mystical epistemology.
διακονία τοῦ θανάτου / τοῦ πνεύματος / τῆς κατακρίσεως / τῆς δικαιοσύνης	diakonia tou thanatou / tou pneumatos / tēs katakriseōs / tēs dikaiosynēs	ministry of death / of the Spirit / of condemnation / of righteousness	ministry of death, ministry of the Spirit, ministry of condemnation, ministry of righteousness	The old covenant’s ministry, though glorious, led to death and condemnation apart from Christ; the new covenant’s ministry gives life and righteousness (3:7-9). [NEW] मृत्यु की सेवकाई / आत्मा की सेवकाई / दण्ड की सेवकाई / धार्मिकता की सेवकाई — High risk; reuses baseline दण्ड की आज्ञा (condemnation, Critical) and धार्मिकता (Critical) as compound heads — the whole passage requires theologian review given its density of Critical-tier baseline terms.
κάλυμμα	kalymma	veil, covering	veil	Moses veiled his face; a veil remains over hearts that read the old covenant apart from Christ, removed only in Christ (3:13-16). [NEW] परदा — High risk: must not be assimilated to the Vedantic concept of māyā (a veil of cosmic illusion removed through impersonal gnosis/self-realization); the veil here is removed by a personal turning to the Lord (3:16), not by attaining hidden knowledge.
μεταμορφούμεθα ἀπὸ δόξης εἰς δόξαν	metamorphoumetha apo doxēs eis doxan	we are being transformed from glory to glory	we are being transformed	Believers, unveiled, reflect the Lord’s glory in ever-increasing transformation. [BASELINE] रूपांतरित (reused from the renewing_of_the_mind entry’s note) + महिमा (glory, High) — Medium risk.
ἱκανότης	hikanotēs	sufficiency, adequacy, competence	sufficiency, competence, adequacy	”Not that we are sufficient in ourselves… our sufficiency is from God” (3:5) — ministerial competence is God-given, not self-generated. [NEW] योग्यता — Medium risk; keep distinct from baseline सामर्थ्य (power_of_god), which is reserved for δύναμις.

Chapter 4

Term	Translit.	Literal/semantic range	English variants	Theological meaning
θησαυρὸν ἐν ὀστρακίνοις σκεύεσιν	thēsauron en ostrakinois skeuesin	treasure in earthen/clay vessels	treasure in jars of clay	The gospel’s surpassing power is displayed through frail, ordinary human ministers so that God alone gets the glory (4:7). [NEW] यह धन मिट्टी के बरतनों में — Low-Medium risk; vivid, culturally accessible metaphor.
ὁ θεὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου	ho theos tou aiōnos toutou	the god of this age	the god of this world, the god of this age	Satan blinds the minds of unbelievers to keep the gospel’s glory veiled from them (4:4). Medium-High risk: must not be read as one legitimate deity among the pantheon of a polytheistic worldview; this is a title of derision for the usurping deceiver, not a rival true divine being.
ἔξω ἄνθρωπος / ἔσω ἄνθρωπος	exō anthrōpos / esō anthrōpos	outer man / inner man	outer self / inner self, outward man / inward man	The outer, mortal body wastes away while the inner life is renewed daily by the Spirit (4:16). [NEW] बाहरी मनुष्यत्व / भीतरी मनुष्यत्व — High risk: must not be read through an ascetic body-negation lens (physical body as maya/illusion or as inherently defiling, to be transcended); the “outer man” is simply the mortal, aging body, not evil matter, and its decay is not itself redemptive.
τὸ παραυτίκα ἐλαφρὸν τῆς θλίψεως / αἰώνιον βάρος δόξης	to parautika elaphron tēs thlipseōs / aiōnion baros doxēs	the momentary light thing of affliction / eternal weight of glory	light and momentary affliction / eternal weight of glory	Present suffering is disproportionately outweighed by future glory (4:17). [NEW] क्षणिक क्लेश / अनन्त और भारी महिमा — High risk (reuses क्लेश, High, and महिमा, High): must not be read as suffering earning glory through accumulated merit (a karma-adjacent reading); glory is granted by grace, suffering is not its meritorious cause but its temporary, incommensurate backdrop.
τὰ βλεπόμενα / τὰ μὴ βλεπόμενα	ta blepomena / ta mē blepomena	things seen / things not seen	seen things / unseen things	Faith’s proper object is the unseen eternal reality, not the visible present (4:18). Low risk.

Chapter 5 (verses outside the core passage: 5:1-10)

Term	Translit.	Literal/semantic range	English variants	Theological meaning
σκῆνος / οἰκία ἐκ θεοῦ / οἰκοδομή / οἰκία … ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς	skēnos / oikia ek theou / oikodomē / oikia en tois ouranois	tent / house from God / building / house in the heavens	earthly tent / building from God / eternal house in heaven	The present mortal body is a temporary “tent”; believers await a permanent resurrection body from God (5:1-4). [NEW] यह डेरा / परमेश्वर की ओर से भवन — High risk: must be read as the future bodily resurrection (reuse baseline पुनरुत्थान guardrails), never as reincarnation into successive bodies across lifetimes — the “house not made by hands” is received once, at Christ’s return, not repeatedly across a cycle of births.
στενάζομεν βαρούμενοι	stenazomen baroumenoi	we groan, being burdened	we groan, burdened	The present body’s frailty produces a longing groan for the resurrection body (5:2,4). [NEW] कराहना — Medium risk; parallel to (but distinct occurrence from) Romans 8:23’s Spirit-groaning imagery — no TM entry exists yet for either; flag for cross-curriculum consistency review.
γυμνός	gymnos	naked, unclothed	naked, without a body	The intermediate state’s “unclothed” condition, resolved by the resurrection body (5:3). [NEW] नंगे — Low risk.
ἀρραβών (τοῦ πνεύματος)	arrabōn (tou pneumatos)	down payment, pledge, guarantee (of the Spirit)	guarantee of the Spirit, deposit	Same term as 1:22; the Spirit is God’s guarantee of the coming resurrection (5:5). [NEW] बयाना — Medium risk, same guardrails as ch. 1.
διὰ πίστεως … οὐ διὰ εἴδους	dia pisteōs … ou dia eidous	through faith … not through sight/appearance	by faith, not by sight	Christian existence is characterized by trust in the unseen God, not visible confirmation (5:7). [BASELINE] विश्वास (faith, High) — reused; Medium risk on the “sight” contrast, which could be misheard as denigrating the devotionally positive practice of darśan (seeing/being seen by the divine) in bhakti traditions; a note distinguishing this Pauline eschatological contrast from darśan piety may be warranted.
βῆμα τοῦ Χριστοῦ	bēma tou Christou	judgment seat/tribunal of Christ	judgment seat of Christ	Believers will appear before Christ to receive an accounting for what was done in the body — reward, not condemnation, since salvation is already secure (5:10). [NEW] मसीह का न्याय-आसन — High risk: must not be conflated with the Hindu concept of Yama’s judgment court or Chitragupta’s karmic ledger recording deeds for rebirth-determination; this is Christ’s own personal evaluation of believers already secure in him, for reward, not a redetermination of one’s eternal destiny.

Chapter 6

Term	Translit.	Literal/semantic range	English variants	Theological meaning
ὅπλα δικαιοσύνης	hopla dikaiosynēs	weapons of righteousness	weapons of righteousness	Paul commends his ministry through righteous conduct amid hardship, described as weapons (6:7). [NEW] धार्मिकता के हथियार — Medium risk; reuses baseline धार्मिकता (Critical) and the armor_of_light हथियार pattern.
μὴ γίνεσθε ἑτεροζυγοῦντες ἀπίστοις	mē ginesthe heterozygountes apistois	do not become unequally yoked with unbelievers	do not be unequally yoked	A call to covenantal separation from compromising alliances, using the same yoke-metaphor family as Galatians’ yoke_of_slavery. [NEW] अविश्वासियों के साथ एक ही जूए में न बंधो — Medium risk; agrarian yoke imagery is naturally intelligible in the Indian context.
ναὸς θεοῦ ζῶντος	naos theou zōntos	temple of the living God	temple of the living God	Believers, corporately and individually, are the dwelling-place of the living God (6:16) — distinct sense from the baseline church entry’s rejection of मंदिर for ekklesia; ναός here is the literal-metaphor “temple” word, correctly रुेndered मंदिर. [NEW] जीवित परमेश्वर का मन्दिर — High risk: mandatory translator note distinguishing this from a Hindu मंदिर that houses a murti/idol — here the living God himself, without any image, indwells his people directly by his Spirit.
υἱοὶ καὶ θυγατέρες	huioi kai thygateres	sons and daughters	sons and daughters	God’s promise (quoting OT) to receive believers as sons and daughters (6:18) — ties to baseline adoption (दत्तक-पुत्रता, High) and पिता (Father, Critical). Medium risk.

Chapter 7

Term	Translit.	Literal/semantic range	English variants	Theological meaning	Hindi rendering / risk
ἡ κατὰ θεὸν λύπη / ἡ τοῦ κόσμου λύπη	hē kata theon lypē / hē tou kosmou lypē	grief according to God / grief of the world	godly grief/sorrow / worldly grief	Godly grief produces repentance leading to salvation, without regret; worldly grief produces death (7:9-10). [NEW] परमेश्वर के अनुसार शोक / संसार का शोक — High risk on the godly-grief side (reuses baseline मन फिराव, repentance, High): must be distinguished both from mere emotional remorse (baseline explicitly rejects पश्चाताप as an equivalent for repentance) and from ritual/ascetic penance culturally associated with tapasya as merit-generating grief-performance.
παράκλησις (Titus)	paraklēsis	comfort (via Titus’s arrival)	comfort, encouragement	Reuses ch. 1’s comfort term (सांत्वना, High) in a narrative report of answered prayer through Titus’s news (7:6-7,13). No new term.

Chapter 7 introduces no further new theological vocabulary beyond godly/worldly grief; all other terms (comfort, joy, fellowship) reuse ch. 1 and baseline entries.

Chapter 8

Term	Translit.	Literal/semantic range	English variants	Theological meaning
ἡ χάρις τοῦ θεοῦ (in giving)	hē charis tou theou	the grace of God (applied to generous giving)	the grace of God, God’s grace	The Macedonians’ generosity is itself called “grace” — giving is grace’s overflow, not a meritorious religious duty (8:1-7). [BASELINE] अनुग्रह (grace, High/Critical) — reused; anchors Generosity and Grace in Giving (D6); NEVER कर्म-फल, दान-as-merit, or पुण्य framing.
ἁπλότης (τῆς κοινωνίας)	haplotēs	generosity, liberality (lit. “singleness/simplicity”)	generosity, liberality	Reuses the ch. 1 sincerity-word in a giving context, denoting open-handed, unmixed-motive generosity. [NEW] उदारता — High risk: must not be rendered दान without heavy qualification, since दान in popular Hindu religious usage denotes meritorious ritual almsgiving that generates पुण्य (accumulated merit) for the giver — the reverse of Paul’s grace-flows-from-having-received-grace logic.
ἰσότης	isotēs	equality, fairness	equality, fair balance	The goal of the collection is not to impoverish givers but to produce equitable mutual sharing among believers (8:13-14). [NEW] समानता — Medium risk.
ἡ πτωχεία αὐτοῦ	hē ptōcheia autou	his poverty	Christ’s poverty	Christ, being rich, became poor so that believers might become rich through his poverty (8:9) — an incarnational-economic parallel to grace itself. Medium-High risk; must not be moralized into a prosperity-gospel “give to get rich” formula; the riches in view are spiritual, not primarily material.

Chapter 9

Term	Translit.	Literal/semantic range	English variants	Theological meaning
ὁ σπείρων … θερίσει	ho speirōn … therisei	the one who sows … will reap	sowing and reaping (in giving)	“The one who sows sparingly will also reap sparingly, and the one who sows bountifully will also reap bountifully” (9:6). [BASELINE] reuse the sowing_and_reaping pattern (मनुष्य जो कुछ बोता है, वही काटेगा, High, established in the Galatians run) — applied here to generous giving rather than flesh/Spirit eschatology; the same guardrail applies: God, not an impersonal cosmic ledger, is the one who supplies the harvest (9:8,10), guarding against a जैसा कर्म वैसा फल reading.
ἱλαρὸν δότην	hilaron dotēn	a cheerful giver	cheerful giver	”God loves a cheerful giver” (9:7) — giving flows from joy, not compulsion or reluctant obligation. [NEW] आनन्द से देनेवाला — Medium risk; must not be read as giving-for-the-good-feeling-of-merit but as joyful response to grace already received.
αὐτάρκεια	autarkeia	sufficiency, contentment, having enough	sufficiency	God supplies all sufficiency so believers “abound in every good work” (9:8) — a distinct term from ch. 3’s ἱκανότης (ministerial competence). [NEW] पर्याप्तता — Medium risk; keep terminologically distinct from योग्यता (ch. 3) and from baseline सामर्थ्य (power_of_god).
δικαιοσύνη (fruit of righteousness, 9:10)	dikaiosynē	righteousness (here, the “fruit” produced by generosity)	righteousness, righteous character	[BASELINE] धार्मिकता (Critical) — reused; note the distinct application (the practical fruit of generous giving) alongside its forensic sense in 5:21.
εὐχαριστία	eucharistia	thanksgiving	thanksgiving	Generosity results in overflowing thanksgiving to God (9:11-12). [BASELINE] धन्यवाद (Low) — reused.

Chapter 10

Term	Translit.	Literal/semantic range	English variants	Theological meaning
οὐ κατὰ σάρκα στρατευόμεθα	ou kata sarka strateuometha	we do not wage war according to the flesh	not warring according to the flesh	Apostolic conflict is not carried out by worldly/fleshly methods (10:3) — reuses शरीर (High, baseline) in the “external/worldly-method” sense noted at 5:16.
ὀχυρώματα	ochyrōmata	strongholds, fortresses	strongholds	Arguments and proud obstacles to the knowledge of God, torn down by divinely powerful weapons (10:4-5). [NEW] किले — Medium risk; must be read as intellectual/spiritual argument-demolition (imaginations, proud claims), not literal or occult warfare — avoid any drift toward the jādū-ṭonā (sorcery) caution already documented in the Galatians run.
τὰ ὅπλα … δυνατὰ τῷ θεῷ	ta hopla … dynata tō theō	weapons… powerful for/from God	weapons that have divine power	[NEW] परमेश्वर के हथियार / दिव्य सामर्थ्य के हथियार — Medium risk; reuses baseline सामर्थ्य (power_of_god, High).
ὁ καυχώμενος ἐν Κυρίῳ καυχάσθω	ho kauchōmenos en Kyriō kauchasthō	let the one who boasts, boast in the Lord	boast in the Lord	Legitimate boasting is entirely redirected to the Lord, never to self-commendation (10:17-18, quoting Jeremiah 9:24). [BASELINE] घमण्ड (Low, baseline) — reused; Medium risk given the extended irony of ch. 11-12 that builds on this verse.

Chapter 11

Term	Translit.	Literal/semantic range	English variants	Theological meaning
ζῆλος θεοῦ	zēlos theou	jealousy of/for God, godly jealousy	godly jealousy	Paul’s protective jealousy for the Corinthians’ exclusive devotion to Christ, likened to a father guarding his daughter’s betrothal purity (11:2). [NEW] परमेश्वर की सी धुन/जलन — Medium risk; must be read as protective covenantal jealousy, not sinful envy — no existing baseline “jealousy” entry, so this establishes the term.
ἁρμόσασθαι … παρθένον … τῷ Χριστῷ	harmosasthai … parthenon … tō Christō	to betroth [as] a virgin … to Christ	betrothed as a pure virgin to Christ, presented as a chaste bride	The church’s singular, exclusive covenantal devotion to Christ as bridegroom (11:2). [NEW] मसीह रूपी एक ही पति के लिये कुँवारी दुल्हिन — High risk: must not be assimilated to Hindu bhakti bridal-mysticism (e.g., gopī-devotion to Krishna, or goddess-consort traditions) that could recast exclusive devotion to Christ as one legitimate devotional path among several; Christ is the sole, exclusive bridegroom, paralleling the false_gospel exclusivity guardrail from Galatians.
ἄλλον Ἰησοῦν / ἕτερον πνεῦμα / ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον	allon Iēsoun / heteron pneuma / heteron euangelion	another Jesus / a different spirit / a different gospel	another Jesus, a different spirit, a different gospel	Paul fears the Corinthians will accept a counterfeit Jesus, spirit, and gospel from the false apostles (11:4). [NEW] CRITICAL. दूसरा यीशु / दूसरी आत्मा / दूसरा सुसमाचार — directly extends the Galatians false_gospel guardrail (ἕτερος vs. ἄλλος; दूसरा सुसमाचार जो सुसमाचार है ही नहीं) to Christ’s own person and the Spirit’s identity: the rival “Jesus,” “spirit,” and “gospel” must be presented as illegitimate counterfeits, not alternative valid paths, especially given India’s pluralist assumption that multiple accounts of the divine may be equally valid.
ψευδαπόστολοι / ἐργάται δόλιοι	pseudapostoloi / ergatai dolioi	false apostles / deceitful workers	false apostles, deceitful workmen	Named opponents masquerading as genuine apostles of Christ (11:13) — the direct textual anchor for Genuine vs False Apostleship (D8). [NEW] झूठे प्रेरित / छल करनेवाले मज़दूर — High risk; reuses baseline प्रेरित (apostle, Medium) with झूठे (false, cf. false_brothers pattern).
ὁ Σατανᾶς μετασχηματίζεται εἰς ἄγγελον φωτός	ho Satanas metaschēmatizetai eis angelon phōtos	Satan disguises himself as an angel of light	Satan disguises himself as an angel of light	The false apostles’ deception mirrors Satan’s own strategy of appearing as a legitimate divine messenger (11:14-15). [NEW] शैतान ज्योति के स्वर्गदूत का रूप धारण करता है — High risk: highly relevant warning against deceptive godmen/spiritual guides in the Indian religious landscape; must not be softened, though the “form-taking” language must avoid अवतार-adjacent vocabulary (this is deceptive impersonation, not a legitimate divine descent).
διάκονοι δικαιοσύνης (of the false apostles)	diakonoi dikaiosynēs	servants/ministers of righteousness	servants of righteousness (ironic, of false teachers)	The false apostles present themselves as ministers of righteousness while actually serving Satan (11:15). [NEW] धार्मिकता के सेवक (धोखे से) — Medium risk; reuses baseline धार्मिकता (Critical) ironically.
ἀφροσύνη (“boasting” in the “fool’s speech”)	aphrosynē	foolishness	foolishness, folly (of Paul’s ironic self-boasting)	Paul adopts an ironic persona of “foolish boasting” (11:16-30) to expose the false apostles’ actual folly. Medium risk; requires literary/rhetorical framing note so translators do not read Paul’s self-praise here at face value.

Chapter 12

Term	Translit.	Literal/semantic range	English variants	Theological meaning
ἁρπαγέντα ἕως τρίτου οὐρανοῦ / εἰς τὸν παράδεισον	harpagenta heōs tritou ouranou / eis ton paradeison	caught up to the third heaven / into paradise	caught up to the third heaven / paradise	Paul’s unrepeatable, God-initiated visionary experience (12:2-4). [NEW] तीसरे आकाश तक उठा लिया गया / स्वर्गलोक — High risk: must not be conflated with yogic/tantric accounts of astral projection, kundalini ascent through cosmic planes (lokas), or meditative techniques for attaining visionary states; this was a sovereign, unrepeatable act of God’s grace upon Paul, not a technique any devotee can master.
σκόλοψ τῇ σαρκί	skolops tē sarki	a thorn/stake in the flesh	thorn in the flesh	A persistent physical/personal affliction given to keep Paul from pride, despite his extraordinary revelations (12:7). [NEW] शरीर में काँटा — High risk, central to Power in Weakness (D7): must not be read as retributive punishment for accumulated past-life sin (a common cultural assumption linking affliction/disability to karma); it is purposeful, grace-attending, and given precisely to a faithful apostle, not evidence of moral failure.
ἄγγελος Σατανᾶ	angelos Satana	messenger/angel of Satan	messenger of Satan	The agent behind the thorn, permitted by God for a sanctifying purpose (12:7). [NEW] शैतान का दूत — Medium risk.
ἀρκεῖ σοι ἡ χάρις μου / ἡ δύναμις ἐν ἀσθενεί�ᾳ τελειοῦται	arkei soi hē charis mou / hē dynamis en astheneia teleioutai	my grace is sufficient for you / power is perfected in weakness	my grace is sufficient for you / power is made perfect in weakness	God’s answer to Paul’s prayer for the thorn’s removal: sustaining grace, not removal, and power displayed precisely through incapacity (12:9). [NEW] CRITICAL. मेरा अनुग्रह ही तेरे लिये बहुत है; सामर्थ्य निर्बलता में सिद्ध होता है — Critical risk, the doctrinal apex of Power in Weakness (D7): reuses baseline अनुग्रह (grace, Critical) and सामर्थ्य (power_of_god, High); must not be assimilated to a tapasya/siddhi logic in which ascetic self-denial or suffering generates spiritual power as an achievement — here God’s power operates despite and through unremoved weakness as his own sovereign gift, never the weak person’s own accomplishment.
ἀσθένεια	astheneia	weakness, infirmity, frailty	weakness, infirmity	The condition through which God’s power is displayed (12:9-10) — establishes the term for Power in Weakness (D7) throughout. [NEW] निर्बलता — High risk; must be read positively (occasion for grace) without becoming an endorsement of passivity or fatalistic resignation.
σημεῖα καὶ τέρατα καὶ δυνάμεις	sēmeia kai terata kai dynameis	signs and wonders and mighty works	signs, wonders, and mighty works	The marks of a genuine apostle, performed among the Corinthians (12:12) — central to Genuine vs False Apostleship (D8). [NEW] चिन्ह, अद्भुत काम, और सामर्थ्य के काम — Medium-High risk: must be read as authenticating a specific apostolic message (the true gospel), not as free-floating displays of supernatural power comparable to siddhi (yogic/tantric supernatural attainments) or folk-magic wonder-working.

Chapter 13

Term	Translit.	Literal/semantic range	English variants	Theological meaning
ἐσταυρώθη … ζῇ ἐκ δυνάμεως θεοῦ	estaurōthē … zē ek dynameōs theou	he was crucified … he lives by the power of God	he was crucified in weakness, yet he lives by God’s power	Christ’s own crucifixion-in-weakness and resurrection-in-power is the pattern grounding Power in Weakness (D7) at the letter’s close (13:4). [BASELINE] क्रूस (cross, Medium) + reuse resurrection/power terms — Medium-High risk; ties this doctrine’s climax directly to Christ’s own history, not merely Paul’s experience.
ἑαυτοὺς πειράζετε εἰ ἐστὲ ἐν τῇ πίστει	heautous peirazete ei este en tē pistei	examine/test yourselves whether you are in the faith	examine yourselves, whether you are in the faith	A call to self-examination regarding genuine faith-union with Christ (13:5). [NEW] क्या तुम विश्वास में हो, यह अपने आपको परखो — Medium-High risk: must not be conflated with Hindu/Advaitic आत्म-विचार (self-inquiry into one’s impersonal true Self, e.g., “Who am I?”); this is examining one’s covenantal fidelity to Christ and the gospel, not searching for one’s ultimate metaphysical identity.
Χριστὸς ἐν ὑμῖν	Christos en hymin	Christ in you	Christ is in you	The positive test of genuine faith: Christ’s personal, distinct indwelling presence (13:5). [BASELINE/NEW] CRITICAL. मसीह तुम में है — directly reuses the christ_lives_in_me guardrails established for Galatians 2:20 (Critical): Christ must remain a distinct, personal indwelling presence within a believer who remains a real, addressable “you/I,” never the dissolution of individual identity into an impersonal universal Self. Mandatory theologian review and translator note, identical in force to the Galatians entry.
ἀδόκιμος	adokimos	unapproved, failing the test, disqualified	disqualified, failing the test	The negative outcome of the self-examination if genuine faith is absent (13:5-7). [NEW] परखे जाने में अनुत्तीर्ण — Medium risk.
ἅσπασμα … ἐν ἁγίῳ φιλήματι	aspasma … en hagiō philēmati	greeting … with a holy kiss	greet one another with a holy kiss	A liturgical greeting of familial affection among believers (13:12). [NEW] पवित्र चुम्बन — Low-Medium risk; primarily a cultural-adaptation note (kissing as public greeting is uncommon in Indian custom; a functional-equivalent greeting/embrace may be footnoted) rather than a doctrinal risk.
ἡ χάρις τοῦ Κυρίου Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, καὶ ἡ ἀγάπη τοῦ θεοῦ, καὶ ἡ κοινωνία τοῦ ἁγίου Πνεύματος	hē charis… kai hē agapē… kai hē koinōnia tou hagiou Pneumatos	the grace of the Lord Jesus Christ, and the love of God, and the fellowship of the Holy Spirit	grace, love, and fellowship (the trinitarian benediction)	The letter’s closing benediction names all three Persons distinctly and personally in one blessing (13:14) — a proto-trinitarian formula. [BASELINE/NEW] CRITICAL. अनुग्रह / प्रेम / पवित्र आत्मा की संगति — reuses अनुग्रह (Critical), प्रेम, पवित्र आत्मा (Critical), and संगति (Low) exactly as recorded; the three-Person distinctness must be preserved with the same rigor as the baseline त्रिएकता (trinity, Critical) entry — never collapsed into a single divine principle or blurred toward त्रिमूर्ति.

Summary Note on Coverage

All thirteen chapters of 2 Corinthians have been reviewed. Chapters 1–13 each contribute load-bearing theological vocabulary as documented above; no chapter was found to introduce zero new material, though several terms recur across chapters (comfort, affliction, grace, boasting, sufficiency, righteousness, weakness) and are cross-referenced rather than re-defined at each occurrence. All baseline Romans/Galatians terms encountered are reused exactly as recorded in translation_memory.json.

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