Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Ruth (English → Hindi)
Purpose and Usage Notes
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, across the entire Book of Ruth (chapters 1–4), with the core passage (Ruth 1:16–17) terms listed first. Each entry gives risk tier, original-language forms (Hebrew, with LXX Greek per this pipeline’s Koine Greek analysis convention), and the Hindi rendering with rationale.
Reuse discipline: Entries marked [TM-REUSE] cite the baseline translation_memory.json rendering exactly, with no deviation permitted. Entries marked [NEW] are proposed for the first time in this curriculum and must be added to translation memory (with version increment) before Phase 2 translation begins, per the baseline’s term-discovery protocol. Entries marked [EXTEND] reuse a baseline term but extend or qualify its application for an Old Testament/Ruth-specific context not covered by the original Romans/Galatians entry.
Risk tiers follow the baseline’s four-tier framework: Critical (theologian review, every occurrence) / High (theologian review) / Medium (native speaker review recommended) / Low (automated review sufficient).
Core Passage Terms (Ruth 1:16–17)
| # | Term (EN) | Category | Risk | Original (Heb. / LXX Gk.) | Transliteration | Hindi Term | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | leave/forsake | Loyalty | Medium | עָזַב / καταλείπω | ʿazab / kataleipō | छोड़ना / त्याग देना | NEW | Covenant-abandonment vocabulary Ruth refuses to apply to Naomi; contrast with baseline’s covenant-faithfulness terms. |
| 2 | return/turn back | Loyalty | Medium | שׁוּב / ἀποστρέφω | shub / apostrephō | लौटना / फिर जाना | NEW | Do NOT conflate with baseline repentance (मन फिराव) — literal/relational return here, not the repentance doctrine. |
| 3 | people | Gentile Inclusion | High | עַם / λαός | ʿam / laos | लोग / प्रजा | NEW | ”Your people shall be my people” — voluntary covenant-community incorporation; ties to baseline gentiles and unity_of_jews_and_gentiles. |
| 4 | God / my God | Gentile Inclusion, Deity | Critical | אֱלֹהִים / θεός | Elohim / theos | परमेश्वर | [TM-REUSE] | Reuse baseline god exactly. Preserve exclusivity of the personal-allegiance-transfer confession. |
| 5 | go | Loyalty | Low | הָלַךְ / πορεύομαι | halak / poreuomai | जाना | NEW | Part of go/lodge merism; minimal risk. |
| 6 | lodge | Loyalty | Low | לוּן / αὐλίζομαι | lun / aulizomai | ठहरना / टिकना | NEW | Part of go/lodge merism; minimal risk. |
| 7 | die | Loyalty | Low | מוּת / ἀποθνήσκω | muth / apothnēskō | मरना | NEW | Extends the vow past Naomi’s lifetime; total commitment. |
| 8 | bury | Loyalty | Medium | קָבַר / θάπτω | qabar / thaptō | दफनाया जाना | NEW | Renunciation of ancestral burial-identity; flag for native speaker cultural-resonance review. |
| 9 | LORD (Divine Name, YHWH) | Deity, Providence | Critical | יְהוָה / κύριος | YHWH / kyrios | यहोवा | [NEW — do not confuse with TM lord] | Baseline lord=प्रभु renders NT κύριος as the Christological Lordship confession (Romans 10:9). The OT Tetragrammaton follows established BSI convention: यहोवा. Using प्रभु here would wrongly merge the OT covenant-name with the NT confession formula. Mandatory theologian review of every one of Ruth’s ~17 occurrences for consistency. |
| 10 | part/separate | Loyalty | Medium | פָּרַד / διαστέλλω | parad / diastellō | अलग करना / जुदा करना | NEW | Only death may end the bond; preserve absolute force. |
| 11 | self-maledictory oath formula | Loyalty | Medium | כֹּה וְכֹה / τάδε…τάδε | koh va-koh / tade…tade | यहोवा मुझसे ऐसा ही करे, वरन इससे भी अधिक | NEW | Full oath-clause required; no single-word/idiom equivalent. Native speaker review for naturalness. |
Chapter 1 — Additional Terms
| # | Term (EN) | Category | Risk | Original (Heb. / LXX Gk.) | Transliteration | Hindi Term | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 12 | hesed / covenant loving-kindness | Hesed | Critical | חֶסֶד / ἔλεος | chesed / eleos | करुणा-प्रेम | [NEW — coined compound] | The curriculum’s title doctrine. Distinct from baseline अनुग्रह (grace, Critical — salvific/unmerited), दया (mercy, Medium — compassion toward the miserable), and कृपा (kindness, Medium — non-grace contexts). Hesed uniquely combines covenant loyalty + proactive kindness + steadfastness beyond obligation. Mandatory theologian review, every occurrence, across all four chapters. |
| 13 | Moab / Moabite | Gentile Inclusion | High | מוֹאָב / מוֹאָבִיָּה / Μωαβ / Μωαβῖτις | Moʾab / Moʾabiyyah | मोआब / मोआबिन | NEW | Retain the repeated ethnic label every time it recurs (1:22; 2:2,6,21; 4:5,10) — narrator deliberately keeps the Gentile-inclusion tension alive until ch. 4’s resolution. Connects to baseline gentiles/अन्यजाति. |
| 14 | widow | Loyalty, Providence | Medium | אַלְמָנָה / χήρα | almanah / chēra | विधवा | NEW | Legal-covenant vulnerability category, not a status of shame. Native speaker review for tone. |
| 15 | famine | Providence | Low | רָעָב / λιμός | raʿab / limos | अकाल | NEW | Sets the providential backdrop; minor risk on its own. |
| 16 | sojourn/dwell as an alien | Gentile Inclusion, Providence | Medium | גּוּר / παροικέω | gur / paroikeō | प्रवास करना / परदेशी होकर रहना | NEW | Preserve “resident alien” nuance; parallels Ruth’s later status in Bethlehem. |
| 17 | Almighty (Shaddai) | Providence, Deity | High | שַׁדַּי / ὁ ἱκανός / ὁ παντοκράτωρ | Shaddai / ho hikanos / ho pantokratōr | सर्वशक्तिमान | [EXTEND — flag tension with baseline] | Established BSI title, but literally contains शक्ति, which baseline’s power_of_god forbids for generic “power of God” contexts (reserved सामर्थ्य). Retain सर्वशक्तिमान as a sanctioned fixed proper-title exception, with mandatory translator note on first use and theologian review every occurrence given the direct tension with an existing baseline prohibition. |
| 18 | bitter (Mara) — name pun | Providence, Loyalty | Medium | מָרָא | mara | मारा (transliterated) | NEW | Untranslatable wordplay; retain transliterated names (नाओमी/मारा) with mandatory footnote explaining Hebrew meanings. Native speaker review for footnote naturalness. |
Chapter 2 — Additional Terms
| # | Term (EN) | Category | Risk | Original (Heb. / LXX Gk.) | Transliteration | Hindi Term | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 19 | glean | Providence, Kinsman-Redeemer | Low-Medium | לָקַט / συλλέγω | laqat / syllegō | बटोरना / इकट्ठा करना | NEW | Legal right for the poor/widow/sojourner (Lev 19:9-10), not modern charity; brief cultural note recommended. |
| 20 | happened/chance | Providence | Critical | מִקְרֶה / συνάντημα | miqreh / synantēma | ऐसा हुआ कि… (परमेश्वर के विधान से) | [NEW — extends baseline providence] | The single highest-risk Providence term in the book. A bare “by chance” rendering risks landing on भाग्य/नियति/किस्मत, all three explicitly forbidden by baseline providence, election, and sovereignty entries. Require periphrastic rendering plus explicit providential framing. Mandatory theologian review, every occurrence (2:3; echoed 2:20; 4:14). |
| 21 | favor (in someone’s eyes) | Hesed, Grace-collision | High | חֵן / χάρις | chen / charis | कृपा | [EXTEND — deliberate divergence from אनुग्रह] | LXX’s χάρις is identical to the NT word baseline reserves exclusively for अनुग्रह (Critical, salvific grace). Use कृपा (already sanctioned by baseline for non-grace kindness) instead, with a mandatory translator note distinguishing this human-relational favor from salvific grace. |
| 22 | wings / covering | Hesed, Providence, Kinsman-Redeemer | High | כָּנָף / πτέρυξ | kanaph / pteryx | पंख (2:12, divine refuge) / वस्त्र का सिरा, चादर (3:9, garment-covering) | NEW | Same Hebrew word links God’s protective “wings” (2:12) to Boaz’s literal covering of Ruth (3:9) — coordinated rendering with cross-referencing translator note required, or the doctrinal echo is lost. Theologian review recommended. |
| 23 | reward/wages | Hesed, Grace-collision | Medium | מַשְׂכֻּרֶת / פְּעֻלָּה / μισθός | maskoret / peʿulah / misthos | प्रतिफल | NEW | Flag with translator note distinguishing relational/gracious recompense from merit-earns-salvation framework (cf. baseline works_of_the_law prohibition on कर्म). |
Chapter 3 — Additional Terms
| # | Term (EN) | Category | Risk | Original (Heb. / LXX Gk.) | Transliteration | Hindi Term | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 24 | threshing floor | Kinsman-Redeemer | Medium | גֹּרֶן / ἅλων | goren / halōn | खलिहान | NEW | Flag for native-speaker honor/shame review per baseline routing convention; scene is legitimate legal appeal, not scandal. |
| 25 | uncover the feet (euphemism) | Kinsman-Redeemer | High | גָּלָה מַרְגְּלוֹת | galah margelot | (render literally + explanatory note) | NEW | Mandatory native-speaker AND theologian review; formal legal-symbolic appeal, not a sexual euphemism — narrator’s own discretion (3:14) must guide the Hindi rendering’s tone. |
| 26 | kinsman / near relative | Kinsman-Redeemer | High | קָרוֹב / מוֹדַע / ἀγχιστεύς / συγγενής | qarob / modaʿ / agchisteus / syngenēs | कुटुम्बी / निकट का रिश्तेदार | NEW | Legal kinship-redemption eligibility category; pair consistently with the go’el/redeemer entry below. |
| 27 | worthy woman / woman of noble character | Loyalty | Medium | אֵשֶׁת חַיִל / γυναῖκα δυνάμεως | eshet chayil / gynaika dynameōs | गुणवती स्त्री / समर्थ स्त्री | NEW | Avoid शक्तिशाली स्त्री — chayil/dynamis here echoes the root baseline’s power_of_god protects from शक्ति-vocabulary; maintain translation-memory discipline even for this human-descriptive use. |
Chapter 4 — Additional Terms
| # | Term (EN) | Category | Risk | Original (Heb. / LXX Gk.) | Transliteration | Hindi Term | Status | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 28 | redeemer / kinsman-redeemer (go’el) | Kinsman-Redeemer | Critical | גֹּאֵל / ἀγχιστεύς | goʾel / agchisteus | कुटुम्बी छुटकारा देनेवाला | [NEW — built on TM-REUSE base] | The curriculum’s second title doctrine. Built on baseline redemption/छुटकारा (High, reused exactly). NEVER मुक्तिदाता (moksha-adjacent liberation register); never a bare commercial “buyer” term that loses the covenant-kinship-obligation dimension. Typologically anticipates Christ. Mandatory theologian review, every occurrence. |
| 29 | redeem (verb) | Kinsman-Redeemer | High | גָּאַל / ἀγχιστεύω / λυτρόομαι | gaʾal / agchisteuō / lytroomai | छुड़ाना | [EXTEND] | Verbal counterpart to #28; paired consistently across ch. 4’s legal negotiation. |
| 30 | buy/acquire | Kinsman-Redeemer | Medium | קָנָה / κτάομαι | qanah / ktaomai | खरीदना / अर्जित करना | NEW | Flag pastoral/honor-sensitivity note: covenantal-marital acquisition language, not commodification of a person; sensitive given dowry/bride-price associations in South Asian context. |
| 31 | gate (city gate as court) | Kinsman-Redeemer | Low-Medium | שַׂעַר / πύλη | shaʿar / pylē | नगर द्वार / फाटक | NEW | Cultural-historical note: gate = ancient courthouse; low doctrinal risk. |
| 32 | elders / witnesses | Kinsman-Redeemer | Low | זְקֵנִים / עֵדִים / πρεσβύτεροι / μάρτυρες | zeqenim / ʿedim / presbyteroi / martyres | प्राचीन / बुज़ुर्ग; गवाह / साक्षी | NEW | Standard legal-narrative vocabulary; no special risk. |
| 33 | sandal-removal custom | Kinsman-Redeemer | Medium | חֲלִיצָה / נָתַן נַעֲלוֹ / ὑπόδημα | chalitsah / naʿal / hypodēma | जूती/चप्पल उतारने की रीति | NEW | Flag for native-speaker/cultural review; retain narrator’s own explanatory aside (4:7); add translator’s note if insufficient for modern readers. |
| 34 | name/inheritance perpetuated | Kinsman-Redeemer, Genealogy | High | שֵׁם / נַחֲלָה / ὄνομα / κληρονομία | shem / nachalah / onoma / klēronomia | नाम / मीरास (विरासत) | NEW | Legal-theological hinge connecting Kinsman-Redeemer doctrine to Genealogy doctrine; not a mere property detail. Theologian review recommended. |
| 35 | genealogy | Genealogy Pointing to David and Christ | Critical | תּוֹלְדוֹת / γενέσεις | toledot / geneseis | वंशावली | [EXTEND] | Built on baseline’s already-Critical davidic_covenant and messianic_promise doctrines; reuse seed_of_david/दाऊद के वंश से exactly where lineage language recurs. Mandatory theologian review — this is where Gentile inclusion, Providence, and Messianic promise converge. |
| 36 | blessed be the LORD | Genealogy, Deity | High | בָּרוּךְ יְהוָה / εὐλογητὸς κύριος | baruk YHWH / eulogētos kyrios | धन्य है यहोवा | [EXTEND] | Uses यहोवा (see entry #9), not baseline प्रभु. Distinct from baseline doxology/महिमा-गान (a genre label) — this is the specific formula itself. |
Cross-Doctrine Risk Summary
| Doctrine | Terms Involved | Highest Risk | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hesed (Covenant Loving-kindness) | #12, #21, #22, #23 | Critical (#12) | Human theologian, every occurrence |
| The Kinsman-Redeemer | #22, #24, #25, #26, #28, #29, #30, #34 | Critical (#28) | Human theologian, every occurrence |
| God’s Providence in Ordinary Life | #17, #20, #22, #36 | Critical (#20) | Human theologian, every occurrence |
| Inclusion of Gentiles in God’s Redemptive Plan | #3, #13, #16 | High (#3, #13) | Human theologian |
| Loyalty and Faithfulness | #1, #2, #7, #8, #10, #11, #14, #27 | Medium (majority) | Native speaker review, with theologian spot-review on #11 |
| Genealogy Pointing to David and Christ | #34, #35, #36 | Critical (#35) | Human theologian, every occurrence |
| Deity/Divine Name (cross-cutting) | #4, #9, #17, #36 | Critical (#9) | Human theologian — new यहोवा entry requires dedicated Phase 2 consistency tracking distinct from baseline प्रभु |
Total new/extended terms proposed for translation memory addition: 36 (1 reused verbatim, 35 new or extended). All Critical-risk entries (#4 reused; #9, #12, #20, #28, #35 new/extended) require translation-memory registration with mandatory theologian review before Phase 2 begins, per the baseline’s term-discovery protocol.
Critical Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर
Transliteration: Parameśvara
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ईश्वर, भगवान
Original: אֱלֹהִים / אֱלֹהַי (Heb.) / θεός (LXX)
Category: God
परमेश्वर (Supreme Lord) is the BSI OV standard. ईश्वर is used in some contexts; both are acceptable but परमेश्वर is preferred for doctrinal precision. भगवान has broad Hindu deity usage — avoid. Inherited from Romans package. In Ruth, renders אֱלֹהִים/אֱלֹהַי (Elohim/elohai) at 1:16’s exclusive personal-allegiance confession (‘your God, my God’); kept distinct from the dedicated yhwh proper-name entry.
Lord
Approved rendering: प्रभु
Transliteration: Prabhu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: स्वामी, ईश्वर
Established term. In Romans 10:9 the confession ‘Jesus is Lord’ = यीशु प्रभु है. Must convey exclusive, supreme Lordship; add context notes distinguishing from Hindu deity usage. Inherited from Romans package. In the Ruth curriculum this term is reserved exclusively for New Testament-pattern Christological confession contexts; the ~17 Old Testament Tetragrammaton occurrences in Ruth use the dedicated lord_yhwh entry instead, per doctrine_risk_registry.json’s dedicated YHWH doctrine. Never interchange the two.
Salvation
Approved rendering: उद्धार
Transliteration: uddhāra
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: मुक्ति, मोक्ष, छुटकारा
CRITICAL: NEVER use मुक्ति or मोक्ष — these carry Hindu liberation from samsara meaning. उद्धार = deliverance by God through Christ. छुटकारा may be used for ‘redemption’ in specific contexts. Inherited from Romans package. Referenced in Ruth comparative theology as the doctrinal anchor guarding kinsman_redeemer_goel and happened_chance_providence against moksha/karma-adjacent drift.
Messiah
Approved rendering: मसीह
Transliteration: Masīha
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: अभिषिक्त व्यक्ति, देव-दूत
Transliterated term; established in all Hindi Bible traditions. The Anointed One fulfilling OT promise. Not one of many divine figures. Inherited from Romans package. Ruth’s genealogy doctrine is the OT narrative hinge toward this fulfillment; do not introduce this term into the base Ruth translation text itself (Ruth never uses it), but it governs the theological framing of any accompanying teaching notes on 4:18-22.
Incarnation
Approved rendering: देहधारण
Transliteration: dehadhāraṇa
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: अवतार, देह प्रकटीकरण
CRITICAL: NEVER use अवतार (Hindu avatar/deity-descent). देहधारण = eternal Son permanently taking human nature. Add note distinguishing from avatar concept. Inherited from Romans package. Guards Ruth’s kinsman-redeemer and genealogy doctrines against being read through an avatar-descent framework: Boaz is a fully human relative acting within ordinary legal process, and David’s/Christ’s Davidic descent (via this genealogy) is genuine human ancestry, not repeatable divine descent.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर का पुत्र
Transliteration: Parameśvara kā putra
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ईश्वर का अंश, देव-पुरुष
CRITICAL: Full phrase required. Never render as ‘godly man’ or ‘divine person’. Conveys eternal, unique Sonship within the Godhead. Inherited from Romans package. Relevant to teaching material tracing Ruth’s genealogy forward to Christ’s eternal Sonship; the base Ruth text does not use this term directly.
Lord Yhwh
Approved rendering: यहोवा
Transliteration: Yahovā
Doctrine: Divine Name YHWH
Rejected alternatives: प्रभु, परमेश्वर (as a substitute for the proper covenant name)
Original: יְהוָה (Heb.) / κύριος (LXX)
Category: God
The personal, revealed Tetragrammaton (יְהוָה/κύριος), occurring ~17 times across Ruth (1:6,8-9,17,21; 2:4,12,20; 3:10,13; 4:11,14 and others). A DEDICATED entry, distinct from the baseline lord entry (प्रभु), which is reserved for the NT Christological Lordship confession. Established Hindi Bible tradition (BSI OV/NV) renders the Tetragrammaton as यहोवा; using प्रभु here would blur God’s OT proper covenant name into the NT confession formula, and परमेश्वर alone would lose the fact that this is God’s own personal name invoked in Ruth’s binding oath (1:17). Mandatory theologian review of every occurrence for consistency; tracked as its own dedicated Phase 2 consistency item, separate from lord/प्रभु.
Hesed
Approved rendering: करुणा-प्रेम
Transliteration: karuṇā-prema
Doctrine: Hesed (Covenant Loving-kindness)
Rejected alternatives: अनुग्रह, दया (alone), कृपा (alone), भक्ति-प्रेरित सेवा (devotional-merit framing)
Original: חֶסֶד (Heb.) / ἔλεος (LXX)
Category: Hesed
Ruth 1:8; 2:20; 3:10 (חֶסֶד/ἔλεος). The curriculum’s title doctrine. No existing baseline term suffices: अनुग्रह is reserved for unmerited salvific grace; दया alone lacks the covenant-obligation dimension; कृपा alone is episodic/asymmetric favor. करुणा-प्रेम coins the dedicated compound capturing covenant loyalty + proactive kindness + steadfastness beyond obligation, flowing divine-to-human and human-to-human alike. Must be glossed on first use in every document with an explicit three-way fence against अनुग्रह, दया, and कृपा. Mandatory theologian review, every occurrence.
Happened Chance Providence
Approved rendering: ऐसा हुआ कि… (परमेश्वर के विधान से)
Transliteration: aisā huā ki… (Parameśvara ke vidhāna se)
Doctrine: God’s Providence in Ordinary Life
Rejected alternatives: भाग्य, नियति, किस्मत, संयोग (bare, without providential framing)
Original: מִקְרֶה (Heb.) / συνάντημα (LXX)
Category: Providence
Ruth 2:3, echoed conceptually at 2:20 and 4:14 (מִקְרֶה/συνάντημα). The single highest-risk Providence term in the book: the natural, unmarked Hindi glosses for ‘happened/by chance’ are the very vocabulary the baseline’s providence, election, and sovereignty entries explicitly forbid as impersonal-fate/karma vocabulary. Require a periphrastic, clause-level rendering with explicit providential framing; never a bare single-word gloss. Mandatory theologian review, every occurrence; automated pre-screening should reject any bare भाग्य/नियति/किस्मत/संयोग occurrence outright.
Kinsman Redeemer Goel
Approved rendering: कुटुम्बी छुटकारा देनेवाला
Transliteration: kuṭumbī chuṭakārā denevālā
Doctrine: The Kinsman-Redeemer
Rejected alternatives: मुक्तिदाता, बेयर व्यावसायिक ‘खरीदनेवाला’ (bare commercial ‘buyer’)
Original: גֹּאֵל (Heb.) / ἀγχιστεύς, ὁ ἀγχιστεύων (LXX)
Category: Kinsman-Redeemer
Ruth 3:9,12; 4:1-10,14 (גֹּאֵל/ἀγχιστεύς). The curriculum’s second title doctrine. Built on the baseline’s already-established छुटकारा (redemption, High, reused from Galatians). NEVER मुक्तिदाता, which suggests moksha-adjacent liberation from samsara; never a bare commercial-buyer term, which loses the covenant-kinship-obligation dimension entirely. Boaz’s redemption of Elimelech’s field and Ruth herself typologically anticipates Christ as the ultimate Kinsman-Redeemer. Mandatory theologian review, every occurrence.
Genealogy
Approved rendering: वंशावली
Transliteration: vaṃśāvalī
Doctrine: Genealogy Pointing to David and Christ
Original: תּוֹלְדוֹת (Heb.) / γενέσεις (LXX)
Category: Genealogy
Ruth 4:18-22, with the preceding blessing of 4:11-17 (תּוֹלְדוֹת/γενέσεις). Traces Boaz → Obed → Jesse → David, retroactively revealing every ‘ordinary’ event of the book as providentially aimed at the Davidic and Messianic line (cf. Matthew 1:5-6). Built on the baseline’s already-Critical davidic_covenant and messianic_promise doctrines; reuse seed_of_david (दाऊद के वंश से) exactly wherever lineage language recurs. This is the point where Gentile inclusion, Providence, and Messianic promise converge into a single genealogical fact. Mandatory theologian review.
High Risk Terms
Redemption
Approved rendering: छुटकारा
Transliteration: chuṭakārā
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: मुक्ति, मोक्ष
Formalizes the side-note in the salvation entry. Deliverance secured at a price; never मुक्ति/मोक्ष. Inherited from Romans package. Serves as the base component of the new coined compound kinsman_redeemer_goel (कुटुम्बी छुटकारा देनेवाला) for Ruth’s go’el office; the verbal counterpart redeem_verb (छुड़ाना) must be paired consistently with it.
Grace
Approved rendering: अनुग्रह
Transliteration: anugraha
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: कृपा, दया, वरदान, भाग्य, कर्म-फल, पुण्य
Must convey unmerited favor apart from any human merit. Directly counters karma worldview. कृपा may be used for mercy/compassion in non-grace contexts only. Inherited from Romans package. MUST NEVER be used to render hesed (करुणा-प्रेम) or chen/favor (कृपा) in Ruth — doing so would import salvific-grace doctrine into human-to-human kindness scenes (1:8; 2:10-13,20; 3:10).
Faith
Approved rendering: विश्वास
Transliteration: viśvāsa
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: श्रद्धा, आस्था, भरोसा
Trust in a specific person (Christ/God); not generalized religious devotion. Object of faith must always be specified in context. Distinguish from Hindu śraddhā. Inherited from Romans package. Ruth 1:16’s confession (‘your God, my God’) is structurally parallel to the object-of-faith principle this entry protects, though the base narrative text renders that verse via the god and people entries rather than this term directly; useful for teaching material drawing the parallel to Romans 10:9.
Covenant
Approved rendering: वाचा
Transliteration: vācā
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: अनुबंध, समझौता
Relational covenant bond; more than a legal contract. Established in BSI OV. Inherited from Romans package. Hesed (करुणा-प्रेम) operates specifically within the relational-covenant framework this term names; teaching material should draw this connection explicitly for Ruth 1:8; 2:20; 3:10.
Election
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर का चुनाव
Transliteration: Parameśvara kā cunāva
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: भाग्य, नियति, किस्मत
God’s sovereign personal choice; not karma-determined fate or impersonal destiny. Inherited from Romans package. Cited directly in the Ruth Providence doctrine as one of three baseline entries (with providence and sovereignty) whose forbidden-terms list (भाग्य/नियति/किस्मत) is the exact vocabulary a fluent Hindi speaker would otherwise reach for when rendering happened_chance_providence.
Providence
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर का विधान
Transliteration: Parameśvara kā vidhāna
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: भाग्य, कर्म का नियम
God’s personal, purposive governance. Never use भाग्य (fate) or karma language. Inherited from Romans package. This entry names the doctrinal frame; Ruth extends it to Critical risk specifically at the ‘happened by chance’ narrative technique (2:3; echoed 2:20; 4:13-14) via the new happened_chance_providence entry, which requires a periphrastic clause-level rendering rather than a single-word gloss.
Sovereignty
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर की संप्रभुता
Transliteration: Parameśvara kī samprabhutā
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: भाग्य, नियति
Spelling adjudicated v2: संप्रभुता (anusvara form). God’s personal rule; never impersonal fate/karma. Inherited from Romans package. Reinforces the same forbidden-terms guard as election and providence for Ruth’s happened_chance_providence entry.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर की सामर्थ्य
Transliteration: Parameśvara kī sāmarthya
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: शक्ति, ताकत
Use सामर्थ्य; never शक्ति (Hindu Shakti concept). Inherited from Romans package. Directly relevant to Ruth’s शक्ति-root fencing: this entry’s प्रोहिबिशन is why the Shaddai title almighty_shaddai (सर्वशक्तिमान) is flagged as a documented exception, and why worthy_woman (3:11, eshet chayil) is rendered गुणवती/समर्थ स्त्री rather than शक्तिशाली स्त्री.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: दाऊद के वंश से
Transliteration: Dāūda ke vaṃśa se
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Romans 1:3; conveys physical lineage and OT covenant fulfillment. Inherited from Romans package. Must be reused verbatim in any Ruth teaching material connecting the book’s closing genealogy (4:18-22) to the NT Davidic-Messianic line (Matthew 1:5-6).
Law
Approved rendering: व्यवस्था
Transliteration: vyavasthā
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: धर्म, शरीयत, नियम
Torah/Mosaic law. NEVER use धर्म (Hindu dharma). व्यवस्था is established in BSI OV. Inherited from Romans package. Underlies the legal provisions that structure Ruth’s plot: gleaning rights for the poor/widow/sojourner (Leviticus 19:9-10; Deuteronomy 24:19-21, cf. glean) and kinsman-redemption/levirate-adjacent statutes (Leviticus 25; Deuteronomy 25:5-10, cf. kinsman_redeemer_goel and sandal_removal_custom).
People
Approved rendering: लोग / प्रजा
Transliteration: loga / prajā
Doctrine: Inclusion of Gentiles in God’s Redemptive Plan
Rejected alternatives: जाति
Original: עַם (Heb.) / λαός (LXX)
Category: Gentile Inclusion
Ruth 1:16 (עַם/λαός). ‘Your people shall be my people’ — voluntary covenant-community incorporation, the seed of the Gentile-inclusion doctrine resolved in the ch.4 genealogy. जाति (caste/community) is absolutely forbidden here — it would map Ruth’s covenant-allegiance transfer directly onto India’s caste-identity system, the precise collapse this doctrine must avoid. Accompanying lesson material should proactively address this misreading risk.
Moab Moabite
Approved rendering: मोआब / मोआबिन
Transliteration: Moʾāb / Moʾābina
Doctrine: Inclusion of Gentiles in God’s Redemptive Plan
Rejected alternatives: softening or dropping the ethnic label at later occurrences out of cultural tact
Original: מוֹאָב / מוֹאָבִיָּה (Heb.) / Μωαβ / Μωαβῖτις (LXX)
Category: Gentile Inclusion
Ruth 1:22; 2:2,6,21; 4:5,10 (מוֹאָב/מוֹאָבִיָּה — Μωαβ/Μωαβῖτις). Israel’s historical enemy-neighbor nation, formally excluded from Israel’s assembly (Deuteronomy 23:3). The narrator deliberately retains this label for Ruth even after her conversion; the Hindi rendering must retain it at every recurrence, including at 4:5,10’s moment of highest social stakes, or the book’s sustained Gentile-inclusion tension is erased before its resolution.
Almighty Shaddai
Approved rendering: सर्वशक्तिमान
Transliteration: sarvaśaktimāna
Doctrine: God’s Providence in Ordinary Life
Original: שַׁדַּי (Heb.) / ὁ ἱκανός / ὁ παντοκράτωρ (LXX, varies by manuscript)
Category: God
Ruth 1:20-21 (שַׁדַּי/ὁ ἱκανός or ὁ παντοκράτωρ). Naomi’s bitter complaint names God by this title precisely when she cannot yet see his hidden providence. Established BSI convention, but the compound literally contains शक्ति, otherwise forbidden by the baseline power_of_god entry to avoid Hindu Shakti-goddess associations. Retained as a documented, sanctioned proper-title EXCEPTION only — never generalized to any other ‘power of God’ phrase in Ruth (cf. worthy_woman, where the same root is deliberately avoided). Mandatory translator note on first occurrence; theologian review every occurrence.
Favor Chen
Approved rendering: कृपा
Transliteration: kṛpā
Doctrine: Hesed (Covenant Loving-kindness)
Rejected alternatives: अनुग्रह
Original: חֵן (Heb.) / χάρις (LXX)
Category: Hesed
Ruth 2:10,13 (חֵן/χάρις). Ruth’s grateful astonishment at Boaz’s kindness. The LXX’s χάρις is identical to the NT word the baseline reserves exclusively for अनुग्रह (salvific grace, Critical); rendering chen with अनुग्रह would blur an ordinary human courtesy-and-kindness scene into salvation-doctrine vocabulary. Use कृपा instead, with a mandatory translator note distinguishing this human-relational favor from salvific अनुग्रह at every occurrence — a required override given that pattern-matching against the Romans/Galatians χάρις→अनुग्रह rule would otherwise misapply it here.
Wings Covering
Approved rendering: पंख / पंखों के नीचे (2:12); वस्त्र का सिरा / चादर (3:9)
Transliteration: paṅkha / paṅkhoṃ ke nīce; vastra kā sirā / cādara
Doctrine: Hesed (Covenant Loving-kindness)
Original: כָּנָף (Heb.) / πτέρυξ (LXX)
Category: Hesed
Ruth 2:12; 3:9 (כָּנָף/πτέρυξ). The same Hebrew word links God’s protective ‘wings’ (2:12 metaphor) to Boaz’s literal covering gesture over Ruth (3:9), binding divine and human hesed into one action. Requires coordinated rendering across both occurrences plus a translator’s note connecting them, or the theological echo (Boaz as the visible extension of the divine wings he blessed her under) is lost. Theologian review recommended for the coordinated pair, not each verse in isolation.
Uncover The Feet
Approved rendering: उसके पाँवों को उघाड़कर लेट गई (स्पष्टीकरण-टिप्पणी सहित)
Transliteration: usake pāṃvoṃ ko ughāṛakara leṭa gaī
Doctrine: The Kinsman-Redeemer
Rejected alternatives: domesticating euphemism substitution that could obscure the legal-symbolic meaning entirely
Original: גָּלָה מַרְגְּלוֹת (Heb.)
Category: Kinsman-Redeemer
Ruth 3:4,7 (גָּלָה מַרְגְּלוֹת). A formal legal-symbolic gesture of appeal for protection/redemption, not a sexual euphemism in context. Render literally but pair with a mandatory explanatory translator’s note preventing a scandalous misreading; the narrator’s own emphasis on discretion (3:14) shows the Hindi rendering must foreclose this misreading the same way. Mandatory native speaker AND theologian review.
Kinsman Near Relative
Approved rendering: कुटुम्बी / निकट का रिश्तेदार
Transliteration: kuṭumbī / nikaṭa kā riśtedāra
Doctrine: The Kinsman-Redeemer
Rejected alternatives: मित्र (friend, too generic), जानकार (mere acquaintance)
Original: קָרוֹב / מוֹדַע (Heb.) / ἀγχιστεύς / συγγενής (LXX)
Category: Kinsman-Redeemer
Ruth 2:1,20; 3:12 (קָרוֹב/מוֹדַע — ἀγχιστεύς/συγγενής). The specific legal category of persons eligible to act as go’el. Must be paired consistently with kinsman_redeemer_goel, since the two terms function as a single legal-theological unit; a generic ‘friend/acquaintance’ rendering would strip out the legal kinship-eligibility component the ch.3-4 plot depends on.
Redeem Verb
Approved rendering: छुड़ाना
Transliteration: chuṛānā
Doctrine: The Kinsman-Redeemer
Rejected alternatives: मुक्त करना (moksha-adjacent liberation register)
Original: גָּאַל (Heb.) / ἀγχιστεύω / λυτρόομαι (LXX)
Category: Kinsman-Redeemer
Ruth 4:4,6 (גָּאַל/ἀγχιστεύω/λυτρόομαι). Verbal counterpart to kinsman_redeemer_goel, used throughout the ch.4 legal negotiation where the nearer kinsman first agrees, then declines, to redeem. Must be paired consistently with the noun entry.
Name Inheritance Perpetuated
Approved rendering: नाम / मीरास (विरासत)
Transliteration: nāma / mīrāsa (virāsata)
Doctrine: Genealogy Pointing to David and Christ
Original: שֵׁם / נַחֲלָה (Heb.) / ὄνομα / κληρονομία (LXX)
Category: Genealogy
Ruth 4:5,10 (שֵׁם/נַחֲלָה — ὄνομα/κληρονομία). The stated purpose clause of the redemption transaction: preserving Elimelech’s and Mahlon’s name/inheritance within Israel. This is the direct legal-theological hinge connecting the Kinsman-Redeemer doctrine to the Genealogy doctrine; must not read as a mere property detail. Theologian review recommended given its load-bearing role linking both doctrines.
Blessed Be The Lord
Approved rendering: धन्य है यहोवा
Transliteration: dhanya hai Yahovā
Doctrine: Genealogy Pointing to David and Christ
Rejected alternatives: धन्य है प्रभु (would wrongly substitute the NT Lordship confession term for the OT covenant-name doxology)
Original: בָּרוּךְ יְהוָה (Heb.) / εὐλογητὸς κύριος (LXX)
Category: Genealogy
Ruth 4:14 (בָּרוּךְ יְהוָה/εὐλογητὸς κύριος). The women’s doxological exclamation at Obed’s birth — the narrative’s own theological verdict on the whole book. Uses the dedicated lord_yhwh rendering, not the baseline’s प्रभु, since this is an OT covenant-name doxology, not the NT Lordship confession. Distinct from the baseline’s doxology (महिमा-गान) genre entry; this names the specific formula itself.
Medium Risk Terms
Gentiles
Approved rendering: अन्यजाति
Transliteration: anyajāti
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: विदेशी
Non-Jews; established BSI term. Use राष्ट्र (nations) in mission contexts. Inherited from Romans package. Available for explanatory/teaching material connecting Ruth’s Moabite inclusion to the broader biblical Gentile-inclusion theme; the base narrative text itself uses the dedicated moab_moabite ethnonym instead of this general category term.
Mercy
Approved rendering: दया
Transliteration: dayā
Doctrine: Mercy of God
Kept distinct from अनुग्रह (grace, unmerited favor). दया = compassion toward the miserable. Inherited from Romans package. In Ruth, दया captures the compassion component of hesed but not its covenant-obligation or reciprocal-steadfastness components; must not be substituted for the dedicated hesed entry (करुणा-प्रेम).
Kindness Of God
Approved rendering: कृपा
Transliteration: kṛpā
Doctrine: Character of God
Romans 11:22 kindness/severity contrast. Permitted here per the grace entry’s note (कृपा allowed in non-grace contexts). Inherited from Romans package. This is the same Hindi word used for Ruth’s favor_chen entry (2:10,13, chen/χάρις) — a deliberate, sanctioned reuse for ordinary human-relational favor, distinct from both अनुग्रह (salvific grace) and the dedicated hesed compound.
David
Approved rendering: दाऊद
Transliteration: Dāūda
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
BSI OV proper name form. Inherited from Romans package. Ruth’s closing genealogy (4:18-22) terminates in this name; consistency with this exact form is mandatory at every occurrence.
Israel
Approved rendering: इस्राएल
Transliteration: Isrāela
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Proper name; BSI established form. Inherited from Romans package. Ruth is voluntarily incorporated into this covenant people at 1:16 (‘your people shall be my people’), the seed of the book’s Gentile-inclusion doctrine.
Heir
Approved rendering: वारिस
Transliteration: vārisa
Doctrine: Covenant
Galatians 3:29; 4:1,7. Full inheritance by promise/adoption, never merit-earned; must be governed by the surrounding grace/promise framework, not left standing alone. Inherited from Romans package. Relevant to Ruth 4’s legal transaction preserving Elimelech’s and Mahlon’s inheritance; governed in Ruth by the more specific new entry name_inheritance_perpetuated, which is the term of record for 4:5,10.
Leave Forsake
Approved rendering: छोड़ना / त्याग देना
Transliteration: choṛanā / tyāga denā
Doctrine: Loyalty and Faithfulness
Original: עָזַב (Heb.) / καταλείπω (LXX)
Category: Loyalty
Ruth 1:16. Ruth refuses the very verb (עָזַב/καταλείπω) elsewhere used for covenant-breaking (cf. Deuteronomy 31:6). त्याग देना carries stronger covenantal resonance than bare छोड़ना and is preferred at the climactic refusal; must not read as merely leaving on a journey.
Return Turn Back
Approved rendering: लौटना / फिर जाना
Transliteration: lauṭanā / phira jānā
Doctrine: Loyalty and Faithfulness
Rejected alternatives: मन फिराव
Original: שׁוּב (Heb.) / ἀποστρέφω (LXX)
Category: Loyalty
Ruth 1 (12 occurrences, שׁוּב/ἀποστρέφω). Literal geographic/relational return, the chapter’s dominant verb of decision. Must NOT be rendered with the baseline’s मन फिराव, reserved exclusively for the distinct soteriological doctrine of repentance.
Bury
Approved rendering: दफनाया जाना
Transliteration: daphanāyā jānā
Doctrine: Loyalty and Faithfulness
Original: קָבַר (Heb.) / θάπτω (LXX)
Category: Loyalty
Ruth 1:17 (קָבַר/θάπτω). To be buried among Naomi’s people rather than her own Moabite family is a total renunciation of ancestral afterlife-belonging. Flag for native speaker review: burial/cremation site and ancestral rites carry comparably deep identity significance in many Indian contexts, so this clause will resonate strongly and must not be flattened into a logistical detail.
Part Separate
Approved rendering: अलग करना / जुदा करना
Transliteration: alaga karanā / judā karanā
Doctrine: Loyalty and Faithfulness
Original: פָּרַד (Heb.) / διαστέλλω (LXX)
Category: Loyalty
Ruth 1:17 (פָּרַד/διαστέλλω). Only death is permitted to end the bond Ruth vows — the strongest possible declaration of hesed-loyalty in the book. Must not be softened into a general expression of affection or preference.
Self Maledictory Oath
Approved rendering: यहोवा मुझसे ऐसा ही करे, वरन इससे भी अधिक
Transliteration: Yahovā mujhase aisā hī kare, varana isase bhī adhika
Doctrine: Loyalty and Faithfulness
Rejected alternatives: loose paraphrase such as ‘मैं सदा तेरे साथ रहूँगी’ (loses the binding legal-oath force entirely)
Original: כֹּה וְכֹה (Heb.) / τάδε…τάδε (LXX)
Category: Loyalty
Ruth 1:17 (כֹּה וְכֹה/τάδε…τάδε). Ancient Near Eastern self-maledictory oath formula, no single Hindi idiom reproduces it. Must be rendered as a full legal-oath clause invoking the lord_yhwh name, never abbreviated. Native speaker review for naturalness; theologian spot-review mandatory given the covenant-oath weight.
Widow
Approved rendering: विधवा
Transliteration: vidhavā
Doctrine: Loyalty and Faithfulness
Original: אַלְמָנָה (Heb.) / χήρα (LXX)
Category: Loyalty
Ruth 1:5 and throughout (אַלְמָנָה/χήρα). A legally and economically vulnerable covenant category, object of special divine and legal protection (Deuteronomy 10:18; 24:17-21). Standard term; flag for native speaker review of tone — the biblical frame is covenant protection, not shame, and must not import South Asian social-stigma connotations.
Sojourn Alien
Approved rendering: प्रवास करना / परदेशी होकर रहना
Transliteration: pravāsa karanā / paradeśī hokara rahanā
Doctrine: Inclusion of Gentiles in God’s Redemptive Plan
Original: גּוּר (Heb.) / παροικέω (LXX)
Category: Gentile Inclusion
Ruth 1:1 (גּוּר/παροικέω). To dwell as a resident alien in a land not one’s own. Preserve this nuance rather than a flat ‘to live’ — it connects thematically to Ruth’s later vulnerable status as a foreigner gleaning in Bethlehem, mirroring Elimelech’s family’s earlier sojourn in Moab.
Bitter Mara Wordplay
Approved rendering: मारा (नाओमी का नया नाम, अर्थ: कड़वी)
Transliteration: Mārā
Doctrine: God’s Providence in Ordinary Life
Original: מָרָא (Heb.)
Category: Providence
Ruth 1:20 (מָרָא). Naomi’s despair self-renaming, an untranslatable Hebrew wordplay (‘pleasant’ vs. ‘bitter’) carrying no meaning in Devanagari without explanation. Retain the transliterated proper names नाओमी/मारा with a mandatory translator’s footnote explaining the underlying Hebrew meanings. Flag for native speaker review of footnote naturalness.
Glean
Approved rendering: बटोरना / इकट्ठा करना
Transliteration: baṭoranā / ikaṭṭhā karanā
Doctrine: God’s Providence in Ordinary Life
Original: לָקַט (Heb.) / συλλέγω (LXX)
Category: Providence
Ruth 2 (לָקַט/συλλέγω). A specific Mosaic legal provision for the poor, widow, orphan, and sojourner (Leviticus 19:9-10; Deuteronomy 24:19-21) — Ruth’s legal right, not modern charity. A brief cultural note on ancient harvest-gleaning customs is recommended; no doctrinal collision risk on the term itself.
Reward Wages
Approved rendering: प्रतिफल
Transliteration: pratiphala
Doctrine: Hesed (Covenant Loving-kindness)
Rejected alternatives: कर्म (merit-accumulation framing)
Original: מַשְׂכֻּרֶת / פְּעֻלָּה (Heb.) / μισθός (LXX)
Category: Hesed
Ruth 2:12 (מַשְׂכֻּרֶת/פְּעֻלָּה/μισθός). Boaz’s blessing — ‘may the LORD repay you a full reward’ — is God’s gracious relational response to Ruth’s hesed-driven loyalty, not a wage earning salvation. Flag with a translator’s note distinguishing this from the baseline’s works_of_the_law merit-framing prohibition.
Threshing Floor
Approved rendering: खलिहान
Transliteration: khalihāna
Doctrine: The Kinsman-Redeemer
Original: גֹּרֶן (Heb.) / ἅλων (LXX)
Category: Kinsman-Redeemer
Ruth 3:1-15 (גֹּרֶן/ἅλων). A harvest-season workplace and, in this narrative, the setting of Ruth’s legitimate legal appeal to Boaz. Per the baseline’s honor/shame routing convention, flag this entire scene for native speaker review to ensure the Hindi rendering conveys legitimate legal appeal, not scandal, consistent with the narrator’s own careful protection of both parties’ reputations (3:14).
Worthy Woman
Approved rendering: गुणवती स्त्री / समर्थ स्त्री
Transliteration: guṇavatī strī / samartha strī
Doctrine: Loyalty and Faithfulness
Rejected alternatives: शक्तिशाली स्त्री
Original: אֵשֶׁת חַיִל (Heb.) / γυναῖκα δυνάμεως (LXX)
Category: Loyalty
Ruth 3:11 (אֵשֶׁת חַיִל/γυναῖκα δυνάμεως). Boaz’s public vindication of Ruth’s reputation before the redemption transaction proceeds. Although this describes a human woman, חַיִל/δύναμις echoes the same root the baseline’s power_of_god entry protects from शक्ति-vocabulary; avoid शक्तिशाली स्त्री to preserve translation-memory discipline for this root even in a human-descriptive context.
Buy Acquire
Approved rendering: खरीदना / अर्जित करना
Transliteration: kharīdanā / arjita karanā
Doctrine: The Kinsman-Redeemer
Original: קָנָה (Heb.) / κτάομαι (LXX)
Category: Kinsman-Redeemer
Ruth 4:10 (קָנָה/κτάομαι). Legal-covenantal acquisition language extended to Ruth herself (‘I have also acquired Ruth… to be my wife’). A translator’s note must clarify this is marriage language within a redemption transaction, not commodification of a person — particularly sensitive given dowry/bride-price associations in South Asian contexts.
Sandal Removal Custom
Approved rendering: जूती/चप्पल उतारने की रीति
Transliteration: jūtī/cappala utārane kī rīti
Doctrine: The Kinsman-Redeemer
Original: חֲלִיצָה, implied by נָתַן נַעֲלוֹ (Heb.) / ὑπόδημα (LXX)
Category: Kinsman-Redeemer
Ruth 4:7-8 (חֲלִיצָה/נָתַן נַעֲלוֹ/ὑπόδημα). A legal symbol confirming the transfer of a redemption-right (cf. Deuteronomy 25:9-10). The narrator explains this custom for his own already-unfamiliar ancient audience — a signal modern Hindi readers need the same help. Retain the narrator’s explanatory aside; add a translator’s note if it does not suffice for a modern reader unfamiliar with ancient Near Eastern legal custom.
Low Risk Terms
Doxology
Approved rendering: महिमा-गान
Transliteration: mahimā-gāna
Doctrine: Worship
Rejected alternatives: स्तुति
Adjudicated v2: महिमा-गान (ties to the महिमा entry and names the praise-formula genre specifically); स्तुति is generic praise and remains fine in running prose. Inherited from Romans package. Distinct from Ruth’s new blessed_be_the_lord entry, which names the specific doxological formula at 4:14 rather than the genre label this entry provides.
Go
Approved rendering: जाना
Transliteration: jānā
Doctrine: Loyalty and Faithfulness
Original: הָלַךְ (Heb.) / πορεύομαι (LXX)
Category: Loyalty
Ruth 1:16 (הָלַךְ/πορεύομαι). Paired with lodge to form a merism (go + stay = total, unconditional accompaniment in every circumstance). No independent doctrinal risk.
Lodge
Approved rendering: ठहरना / टिकना
Transliteration: ṭhaharanā / ṭikanā
Doctrine: Loyalty and Faithfulness
Original: לוּן (Heb.) / αὐλίζομαι (LXX)
Category: Loyalty
Ruth 1:16 (לוּן/αὐλίζομαι). Completes the go/lodge merism; no independent doctrinal risk.
Die
Approved rendering: मरना
Transliteration: maranā
Doctrine: Loyalty and Faithfulness
Original: מוּת (Heb.) / ἀποθνήσκω (LXX)
Category: Loyalty
Ruth 1:17 (מוּת/ἀποθνήσκω). Ruth extends her vow past Naomi’s lifetime into her own death — total, unconditional loyalty. Pair with bury to preserve the vow’s totality.
Famine
Approved rendering: अकाल
Transliteration: akāla
Doctrine: God’s Providence in Ordinary Life
Original: רָעָב (Heb.) / λιμός (LXX)
Category: Providence
Ruth 1:1 (רָעָב/λιμός). The circumstance that sends Elimelech’s family to Moab; the first of several ‘ordinary’ circumstances the narrative reveals as providentially governed. No independent doctrinal risk on its own.
Gate
Approved rendering: नगर द्वार / फाटक
Transliteration: nagara dvāra / phāṭaka
Doctrine: The Kinsman-Redeemer
Original: שַׂעַר (Heb.) / πύλη (LXX)
Category: Kinsman-Redeemer
Ruth 4:1-2 (שַׂעַר/πύλη). The customary public location for legal transactions in ancient Israelite towns. A brief cultural-historical note (gate = ancient courthouse) aids comprehension; no doctrinal collision risk.
Elders Witnesses
Approved rendering: प्राचीन / बुज़ुर्ग; गवाह / साक्षी
Transliteration: prācīna / buzurga; gavāha / sākṣī
Doctrine: The Kinsman-Redeemer
Original: זְקֵנִים / עֵדִים (Heb.) / πρεσβύτεροι / μάρτυρες (LXX)
Category: Kinsman-Redeemer
Ruth 4:9-11 (זְקֵנִים/עֵדִים — πρεσβύτεροι/μάρτυρες). The legally recognized body ratifying the redemption transaction, transforming Boaz’s private commitment into a publicly binding, community-affirmed act. Standard legal-narrative vocabulary; no special risk.
Referenced passages