Core Glossary
Core Glossary: 2 Samuel
A. Terms Reused Exactly from the Romans/Galatians Baseline
| Term (key) | Hindi | Transliteration | Original Hebrew | Risk | Doctrine(s) | Chapters | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| covenant | वाचा | vācā | בְּרִית (berith) | High | Davidic Covenant | 3, 5, 7, 23 | Reused (baseline). Ch.23:5’s “everlasting covenant” is the explicit capstone; ch.3/5 uses are political/human covenants, not the divine Davidic covenant proper — flag distinction in teaching notes. |
| seed_of_david (pattern) | वंश | vaṃśa | זֶרַע (zera) | Critical | Davidic Covenant; Messianic Hope | 7, 22 | Reused (baseline seed_of_david/seed_of_abraham pattern). Singular/collective noun carries both near referent (Solomon) and far referent (Messiah); do not force disambiguation in the base text. |
| kingdom_of_god (root term, distinct referent) | राज्य | rājya | מַמְלָכָה (mamlakah) | High | Davidic Covenant | 7 | CAUTION: this is David’s human/dynastic kingdom, not identical to the baseline’s kingdom_of_god (परमेश्वर का राज्य). Same Hindi root word (राज्य) but distinct referent — translator note required at first occurrence distinguishing the two while showing their typological connection. |
| holy | पवित्र | pavitra | קָדוֹשׁ (qadosh) | High | Ark/Presence of God | 6 | Reused (baseline) exactly. |
| son_of_god (contrast term) | परमेश्वर का पुत्र | Parameśvara kā putra | — (cf. אָב/בֵּן, av/ben) | Critical | Sonship contrast | 7 | The father-son covenant language of 7:14 must be kept DISTINCT from this baseline term (Christ’s unique eternal Sonship). See new term davidic_sonship below. |
| propitiation | प्रायश्चित्त | prāyaścitta | כָּפַר (kaphar) | Critical | Consequences of Sin | 21, 24 | Reused (baseline) exactly, with the same mandatory-theologian-review caution: never a self-performed penance. |
| curse | श्राप / श्रापित | śrāpa / śrāpita | קָלַל (qalal) | High | Consequences of Sin | 16 | Reused (baseline, Galatians) exactly. Translator note distinguishing a mere human curse-utterance from both ritual curse-magic and divine judicial curse required. |
| worship | आराधना | ārādhanā | (dance/bow before YHWH) | High | Ark/Presence of God | 6 | Reused (baseline) exactly; never पूजा. |
| peace | शांति | śānti | שָׁלוֹם (shalom) | Medium | Reconciliation (political) | 19 | Reused (baseline) exactly; here political/interpersonal reconciliation — note distinct from baseline’s soteriological “peace with God” sense (Romans 5:1) while flagging the analogy. |
| reconciliation (root sense) | मेल-मिलाप | mela-milāpa | שָׁלוֹם (shalom) | High | Reconciliation (political) | 19 | Reused (baseline) exactly for the concept of restored relationship; keep denotation political here, not soteriological. |
| righteousness | धार्मिकता | dhārmikatā | צֶדֶק (tsedeq) | Critical | Messianic Hope (contrast) | 22 | Reused (baseline) exactly, but MANDATORY translator note: here = David’s own relative covenant-loyal conduct, NOT NT forensic imputed righteousness. Never धर्म. |
| salvation | उद्धार | uddhāra | יְשׁוּעָה (yeshuah) | Critical | Messianic Hope | 22 | Reused (baseline) exactly. Never मुक्ति/मोक्ष. Reserve for the theologically comprehensive sense (ch.22); do not use for mere military victory (see divine_victory below). |
| sin | पाप | pāpa | חָטָא (chata) | High | David’s Sin and Repentance | 11, 12 | Reused (baseline) exactly, as the general covenant-breaking category term. |
| amen (etymological link) | आमीन | āmīna | (root אָמַן, aman) | Low | Davidic Covenant (faithfulness) | 7 | Reused (baseline) transliteration; cited here only to note the etymological link to נֶאְמָן (ne’eman, “made sure/faithful,” 7:16) for teaching purposes — not a direct occurrence in 2 Samuel. |
| law (contrast note) | व्यवस्था | vyavasthā | — | High | (background) | — | Not a load-bearing term in 2 Samuel itself; listed to confirm no drift toward व्यवस्था occurs when translating “oath” (שְׁבוּעָה) or “covenant” (בְּרִית) in this book. |
| sanctification (contrast term) | पवित्रीकरण | pavitrikaraṇa | — | High | (contrast) | 8 | Listed only to distinguish from the new term dedicate (ch.8), which is a cultic-object sense, not a person’s moral sanctification. |
| living_sacrifice (contrast term) | जीवित बलिदान | jīvita balidāna | — | High | (contrast) | 6, 24 | Listed to anchor the same बलि/यज्ञ-avoidance caution applied to the new terms sacrifice_burnt_offering and altar below. |
B. New Terms Introduced by 2 Samuel (Not in Baseline — Proposed for Addition to translation_memory.json)
| Term (key) | Hindi | Transliteration | Original Hebrew | Risk | Doctrine(s) | Chapters | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| yhwh_divine_name | यहोवा | Yahovā | יהוה (YHWH) | Critical | All | 1-24 (pervasive) | Cross-cutting. Distinct from baseline’s परमेश्वर (generic God/Elohim). Established BSI OV convention. Must not be confused with baseline’s lord (प्रभु, NT κύριος/kyrios) — different textual register and referent, though theologically continuous. |
| house_dynasty | घराना | gharānā | בַּיִת (bayith, dynastic sense) | Critical | Davidic Covenant | 3, 5, 7 (from v.11), 23 | The dynastic sense of bayith; the chapter’s central wordplay pivots on this shifting from the literal sense (घर) below. Must track consistently 7:11 onward. |
| house_literal | घर | ghar | בַּיִת (bayith, literal sense) | Medium | Davidic Covenant | 5, 7 (vv.1-2) | The physical-dwelling sense of bayith, used before the wordplay pivot at 7:11. |
| throne | सिंहासन | siṃhāsana | כִּסֵּא (kisse) | High | Davidic Covenant; Messianic Hope | 7 | Full royal-messianic weight; root of NT “throne of his father David” (Luke 1:32). |
| forever_covenantal | सदा के लिये / अनन्त तक | sadā ke liye / ananta taka | עַד־עוֹלָם (ad-olam) | High | Davidic Covenant | 7, 22, 23 | Must render consistently across all occurrences (7:13,16,24-26,29; 22:51; 23:5) so the single unified promise remains visible across the book. |
| everlasting_covenant | अनन्त वाचा | ananta vācā | בְּרִית עוֹלָם (berith olam) | Critical | Davidic Covenant | 23 | The book’s only explicit naming of “covenant” + “forever” together regarding David’s house. Terminological capstone — must combine the vācā (baseline) and ananta (this book) renderings exactly as used elsewhere. |
| steadfast_love_chesed | करुणा (theological sense) / दया (general sense) | karuṇā / dayā | חֶסֶד (chesed) | High | God’s Steadfast Love; Davidic Covenant | 1, 2, 7, 9, 22 | Context-sensitive: करुणा (with supplementary phrase “अपनी वाचा के अनुसार” recommended) when covenant-loyalty is load-bearing (7:15; 22:51; 23:5 by implication); baseline’s दया permissible for simple interpersonal kindness (1:23 context; 2:5-6; 9:1,3,7). Never कर्म-फल-adjacent phrasing. |
| davidic_sonship | पिता / पुत्र (सम्बन्ध) | pitā / putra (sambandha) | אָב / בֵּן (av/ben) | Critical | Davidic Covenant; Messianic Hope | 7 | Covenantal father-son relationship extended to David’s dynastic heir — MUST be kept distinct from baseline’s son_of_god (Christ’s unique eternal Sonship); mandatory translator note required showing both the distinction and the NT’s use of this verse (Hebrews 1:5) to point to Christ’s ultimate fulfillment. |
| discipline_covenantal | ताड़ना | tāḍanā | יסר (yasar) | High | Consequences of Sin | 7, 12 | Fatherly covenant correction, NOT impersonal karmic retribution. Distinguish from baseline’s sowing_and_reaping caution (Galatians) — same guardrail logic applies. |
| iniquity | अपराध / दोष | aparādha / doṣa | עָוֹן (avon) | Medium | David’s Sin and Repentance | 7, 12 | Distinct from baseline’s general पाप; carries a “guilt to be accounted for” nuance. |
| faithful_sure | विश्वासयोग्य / स्थिर / दृढ़ | viśvāsayogya / sthira / dṛḍha | נֶאְמָן (ne’eman) | High | Davidic Covenant | 7 | Root-linked to आमीन; ground the covenant’s certainty in God’s own character, not David’s performance. |
| word_of_the_lord | यहोवा का वचन | Yahovā kā vacana | דְּבַר־יהוה (devar-YHWH) | High | Davidic Covenant; Inspiration | 7 | Must be lexically distinct from ordinary human counsel/advice (सम्मति/सलाह, ch.16-17) to preserve the ch.7 contrast between Nathan’s premature human advice (v.3) and the actual divine oracle (v.4ff). |
| prophetic_vision | दर्शन | darśana | חִזָּיוֹן (chizzayon) | High | Inspiration of Scripture | 7 | Established Hindi Bible term for prophetic vision, but collides with Hindu devotional “darshan” (sight of a deity/guru). Mandatory translator note distinguishing God’s own sovereign disclosure from a devotee’s sought/attained sight of the divine. |
| anointed_one_royal | अभिषिक्त | abhiṣikta | מָשִׁיחַ (mashiach, royal-office sense) | High | Messianic Hope | 1, 19, 22, 23 | Descriptive royal title for the reigning historical king (Saul/David) — reserve baseline’s transliterated मसीह (Critical) exclusively for the fulfilled eschatological title, to avoid anachronistically identifying Saul or David himself as “the Messiah.” |
| anoint_verb | अभिषेक करना | abhiṣeka karanā | מָשַׁח (mashach) | Medium | Messianic Hope | 2, 5 | The ritual act of designation to office; lower risk than the noun-title. |
| prince_nagid | प्रधान | pradhāna | נָגִיד (nagid) | Medium-High | Davidic Covenant | 7 | Distinct from राजा (melekh, king by dynastic right); emphasizes divine designation to office over political/hereditary claim. |
| shepherd_king | चरवाहा / चराना | carawāhā / carānā | רָעָה (ra’ah) | Medium | Davidic Covenant | 5, 7 | Royal-governance metaphor; derived kingship sense must be made explicit in teaching notes. |
| great_name | नाम | nāma | שֵׁם (shem) | Low-Medium | Davidic Covenant | 7 | Ensure gift-character (divine grant, not merit) is clear from surrounding grammar. |
| establish_confirm | स्थिर करना / स्थापित करना | sthira karanā / sthāpita karanā | כּוּן / הֵכִין (kun/hekhin) | Medium-High | Davidic Covenant | 7, 23 | Must render consistently across 7:12,13,16 and 23:5. |
| confession_of_sin_david | पाप का अंगीकार करना | pāpa kā aṃgīkāra karanā | חָטָאתִי לַיהוָה (chatati la-YHWH) | High | David’s Sin and Repentance | 12 | Compound-phrase convention (cf. baseline’s confession_of_faith). Genuine, unqualified acknowledgment before God. |
| forgiveness | क्षमा | kṣamā | נָשָׂא (nasa, “taken away”) | High | David’s Sin and Repentance; Consequences of Sin | 12 | Immediate forgiveness of guilt coexists with ongoing temporal consequences — distinguish forgiveness-of-guilt from consequence-in-history in teaching notes. |
| consequence_of_sin | परिणाम | pariṇāma | (narrative sense, 2 Sam 12:10-14) | High | Consequences of Sin | 12, 13 | Deliberately NOT फल (avoids कर्म-फल collision per Galatians baseline precedent); keeps consequence within personal covenant-relational frame. |
| parable | दृष्टान्त | dṛṣṭānta | מָשָׁל (mashal) | Low-Medium | David’s Sin and Repentance | 12 | Do not generalize into license for allegorizing all Scripture (per baseline’s Galatians allegory caution). |
| adultery | व्यभिचार | vyabhicāra | נָאַף (naaph) | Medium | David’s Sin and Repentance | 11 | Specific-act term; general category remains पाप. |
| murder_bloodshed | हत्या | hatyā | דָּם (dam, shed blood) | Medium-High | David’s Sin and Repentance | 11, 21 | Do not soften into vague “wrongdoing”; anticipates bloodguilt themes of ch.21. |
| reproach_shame | अपमान / लज्जा | apamāna / lajjā | חֶרְפָּה (cherpah) | Medium | (honor/shame) | 10, 13 | Route for native speaker review per baseline’s honor/shame convention. |
| wisdom_practical | बुद्धि | buddhi | חָכְמָה (chokmah) | Medium | (general) | 14, 20 | Deliberately preferred over ज्ञान to avoid Hindu liberating-gnosis (jñāna) collision, per baseline’s Galatians known_by_god precedent. |
| rebellion | विद्रोह / बलवा | vidroha / balavā | מָרַד (marad) | Medium | Consequences of Sin | 15, 20 | Theological (not only political) weight — rebellion against the LORD’s designated king. |
| ark_of_the_covenant | वाचा का सन्दूक / परमेश्वर का सन्दूक | vācā kā sandūka / Parameśvara kā sandūka | אֲרוֹן הָאֱלֹהִים / אֲרוֹן יהוה | High | Ark/Presence of God | 6, 7 | Anti-syncretism caution: relational-covenantal holiness, not an object with inherent magical power (guard against idol/relic-power framing). |
| oath | शपथ | śapatha | שְׁבוּעָה (shevuah) | Medium-High | Consequences of Sin (background) | 21 | Illustrates how seriously YHWH holds covenant words — relevant contrast/background to the unconditional permanence of the Davidic covenant. |
| divine_victory | विजय दिलाना / बचाना | vijaya dilānā / bacānā | הוֹשִׁיעַ (hoshia) | Medium-High | (background to Salvation) | 8 | Military-deliverance sense; do NOT use baseline’s उद्धार here — reserve उद्धार for ch.22’s fully theological register. |
| dedicate_consecrate | अर्पित करना / समर्पित करना | arpita karanā / samarpita karanā | הִקְדִּישׁ (hiqdish) | Medium | (background) | 8 | Cultic-object dedication; keep distinct from baseline’s पवित्रीकरण (a person’s moral sanctification). |
| rock_refuge | चट्टान | caṭṭāna | צוּר (tsur) | Medium | Messianic Hope (song) | 22 | Guard against sacred-stone-veneration resonance; metaphor is refuge/stability. |
| fortress | गढ़ / दुर्ग | gaḍha / durga | מְצוּדָה (metsudah) | Low | (song imagery) | 22 | No significant risk. |
| everlasting_covenant_capstone | (see everlasting_covenant above) | — | בְּרִית עוֹלָם | Critical | Davidic Covenant | 23 | Cross-referenced; see entry above. |
| mighty_men | वीर / शक्तिशाली पुरुष | vīra / śaktiśālī puruṣa | גִּבּוֹרִים (gibborim) | Low | (narrative) | 23 | No significant doctrinal risk; loyalty-to-anointed-king teaching note optional. |
| census_numbering | गिनती करना | gintī karanā | סָפַר (saphar) | Low-Medium | Consequences of Sin | 24 | Underlying sin: trust in counted strength over covenant faithfulness. |
| plague | महामारी | mahāmārī | דֶּבֶר (dever) | Low | Consequences of Sin | 24 | No significant risk. |
| altar | वेदी | vedī | מִזְבֵּח (mizbeach) | Medium | (background to atonement) | 24 | Guard against यज्ञ-वेदी ritual-merit conflation; the offering is accepted by grace, not a human-initiated merit mechanism. |
| sacrifice_burnt_offering | होमबलि | homabali | עֹלָה (olah) | Medium | (background to atonement) | 6, 24 | Same बलि/यज्ञ-avoidance caution as baseline’s living_sacrifice. |
| bless_covenantal | आशीष देना | āśīṣa denā | בֵּרַךְ (barakh) | Medium | Davidic Covenant | 6, 7 (v.29) | Reuse baseline’s आशीष (Galatians blessing_of_abraham) rather than आशीर्वाद, to avoid the guru/elder reciprocal-favor connotation. |
| servant_of_the_king | सेवक / दास | sevaka / dāsa | עֶבֶד (eved) | Medium | Davidic Covenant | 7 (vv.19-29) | Humble covenant-relational self-designation before a gracious sovereign; positive sense, distinct from baseline’s negative servant_of_sin. |
| truth_faithfulness | सच्चा / सत्य | saccā / satya | אֱמֶת (emet) | Medium | Davidic Covenant | 7 (v.28) | Link to God’s covenant faithfulness, not merely abstract propositional truth. |
C. Doctrine-to-Term Cross-Reference
| Curriculum Doctrine | Primary Terms | Primary Passages |
|---|---|---|
| The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne | house_dynasty (घराना), throne (सिंहासन), forever_covenantal (सदा के लिये/अनन्त), everlasting_covenant (अनन्त वाचा), seed_of_david (वंश), establish_confirm, faithful_sure, prince_nagid, word_of_the_lord | 7:1-17, 23:5 |
| David’s Sin and Repentance | confession_of_sin_david (पाप का अंगीकार), forgiveness (क्षमा), parable (दृष्टान्त), adultery, murder_bloodshed, sin (पाप, baseline) | 11-12 |
| Consequences of Sin within the Covenant Family | discipline_covenantal (ताड़ना), consequence_of_sin (परिणाम), rebellion, reproach_shame, oath (शपथ, background), census_numbering, plague | 12-13, 15-20, 21, 24 |
| God’s Steadfast Love despite Human Failure | steadfast_love_chesed (करुणा/दया), davidic_sonship (पिता/पुत्र), faithful_sure | 7:14-15, 9, 22:51 |
| The Messianic Hope Rooted in David’s Line | anointed_one_royal (अभिषिक्त), throne (सिंहासन), seed_of_david (वंश), everlasting_covenant, righteousness (धार्मिकता, baseline, with note), davidic_sonship | 1, 7:12-16, 22:51, 23:5 |
D. Chapters Confirmed as Introducing No New Theological Vocabulary
Chapter 4 (reuses house/covenant terms from chs. 1-3); Chapter 17 (reuses עֵצָה/counsel from ch. 16); Chapter 18 (reuses the lament register of ch. 1); Chapter 20 (reuses rebellion from ch. 15 and wisdom from ch. 14). These are noted explicitly per the full-book-coverage mandate, not silently omitted.
Critical Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर
Transliteration: Parameśvara
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ईश्वर, भगवान
Original: אֱלֹהִים
Category: God
परमेश्वर (Supreme Lord) is the BSI OV standard for אֱלֹהִים/generic deity address. भगवान has broad Hindu deity usage — avoid. Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. Relevant to 2 Samuel: renders אֱלֹהִים (e.g. ‘the ark of God,’ 6:2; 7:2) and must remain visibly distinct from यहोवा (the covenant proper name) wherever both occur in the same passage.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर का पुत्र
Transliteration: Parameśvara kā putra
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ईश्वर का अंश, देव-पुरुष
Original: — (NT term; referenced via Hebrews 1:5’s citation of 2 Samuel 7:14)
Category: Christology
Full phrase required; Christ’s eternal, unique, co-equal Sonship. Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. ABSOLUTE PROHIBITION for 2 Samuel: this phrase must NEVER be used to translate the covenantal father-son language of 2 Samuel 7:14 (see the new term davidic_sonship, पिता/पुत्र) — doing so would assert David’s dynastic heir possesses Christ’s unique ontological Sonship, a Critical doctrinal error. Retained here solely as a cross-reference guardrail per assets/bible_term_registry.json.
Propitiation
Approved rendering: प्रायश्चित्त
Transliteration: prāyaścitta
Doctrine: Atonement
Rejected alternatives: तुष्टीकरण
Original: כָּפַר
Category: Consequences
Overlaps the Hindu concept of self-performed penance; every occurrence requires theologian review. Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. Relevant to 2 Samuel 21:3 (atonement for Saul’s broken oath) and 24:25 (atonement staying the plague) — must never be read as a self-performed penance the Gibeonites or David accomplish on their own initiative, but as satisfaction of covenant justice within terms YHWH himself permits and accepts.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: धार्मिकता
Transliteration: dhārmikatā
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: धर्म, पुण्य, न्याय
Original: צֶדֶק
Category: Messianic Hope
CRITICAL: Never use धर्म. Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. MANDATORY translator note for 2 Samuel 22:21,25 (David’s song, ‘according to my righteousness’): here David speaks of his own relative, comparative covenant-loyal conduct in a specific conflict, NOT the New Testament’s forensic imputed righteousness received by faith apart from works (Romans 3-4). Conflating the two would suggest David claims self-earned justification, contradicting the gospel.
Salvation
Approved rendering: उद्धार
Transliteration: uddhāra
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: मुक्ति, मोक्ष, छुटकारा
Original: יְשׁוּעָה
Category: Messianic Hope
CRITICAL: NEVER use मुक्ति or मोक्ष. Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. Relevant to 2 Samuel 22:3,36,47 (David’s song, יְשׁוּעָה): reserve exclusively for this theologically comprehensive register; do NOT use for mere battlefield victory (2 Samuel 8:6,14 uses the separate new term divine_victory, विजय दिलाना/बचाना, instead).
Messiah
Approved rendering: मसीह
Transliteration: Masīha
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: अभिषिक्त व्यक्ति, देव-दूत
Original: Χριστός / מָשִׁיחַ (eschatological sense)
Category: Messianic Hope
The Anointed One fulfilling OT promise; not one of many divine figures. Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. ABSOLUTE PROHIBITION for 2 Samuel: must NEVER appear within the 2 Samuel narrative text itself for Saul or David — reserve exclusively for teaching-note cross-references to NT fulfillment (Luke 1:32-33; Acts 2:30; 13:23; Hebrews 1:5). See the new term anointed_one_royal (अभिषिक्त) for all in-narrative royal-anointing references (1:14,16; 19:21; 22:51; 23:1).
Father
Approved rendering: पिता
Transliteration: Pitā
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: ब्रह्मा, सृष्टिकर्ता
God as personal Father (Abba); never Hindu creator-deity names. Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. Analogically relevant to the new term davidic_sonship (2 Samuel 7:14, ‘I will be to him a father’): the covenant father-son relationship extended to David’s heir is related to, but must be kept distinct from, this baseline’s adoptive-believer Fatherhood (Romans 8) — a mandatory translator note governs davidic_sonship, not this entry.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: आरोपित धार्मिकता
Transliteration: āropita dhārmikatā
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: अर्जित धार्मिकता
Credited/attributed righteousness from God; NOT achieved righteousness. Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. Retained here as the necessary CONTRAST term for 2 Samuel 22:21,25’s righteousness entry: David’s song speaks of his own relative covenant-loyalty, never this forensic imputed standing — the two must never be conflated.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: पवित्र आत्मा
Transliteration: Pavitra Ātmā
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: ब्रह्म, परमात्मा, देव-आत्मा
CRITICAL: never ब्रह्म or परमात्मा alone. Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. Relevant to 2 Samuel 23:2 (‘The Spirit of the LORD spoke by me, and his word was on my tongue’) — David’s last words explicitly invoke the personal, divine Spirit as the source of his prophetic utterance; must not be read as an impersonal inner faculty or universal life-force.
Lord
Approved rendering: प्रभु
Transliteration: Prabhu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: स्वामी, ईश्वर
Established term for κύριος; must convey exclusive, supreme Lordship. Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. NOT used within 2 Samuel’s own narrative text (which renders יהוה as यहोवा, see the new term yhwh_divine_name) — retained here only for NT cross-reference notes (e.g. discussing how the NT reads David’s throne as fulfilled in the Lord Jesus).
Yhwh Divine Name
Approved rendering: यहोवा
Transliteration: Yahovā
Doctrine: General (pervasive cross-cutting term)
Rejected alternatives: परमेश्वर (for this specific proper name), ईश्वर
Original: יהוה
Category: God
The covenant proper name of Israel’s God, distinct from generic परमेश्वर/Elohim. Established BSI OV/NV transliteration convention. Pervasive throughout 2 Samuel 1-24; must never be collapsed into परमेश्वर — the Davidic covenant’s force depends on readers perceiving that it is specifically the personal covenant God, already bound to Israel by this name, who now binds himself to David (ch.7) by a new, unconditional promise. Must also never be confused with the JW New World Translation’s use of ‘Jehovah’ to functionally separate Jesus from full deity in NT contexts (see 05_translation_landscape.md §4.1) — that concern is inapplicable here since 2 Samuel is OT narrative, but Phase 2 reviewers moving between curricula must not import that contamination pattern.
Davidic Offspring
Approved rendering: वंश
Transliteration: vaṃśa
Doctrine: The Messianic Hope Rooted in David’s Line
Rejected alternatives: सन्तान (loses the collective-singular grammatical ambiguity), बेटा (too narrow, individual son only)
2 Samuel 7:12 (זֶרַע). Applies the baseline seed_of_abraham pattern (वंश alone, bare word) to David’s own promised royal offspring — distinct key from the baseline’s seed_of_david (दाऊद के वंश से, a different phrase for the ‘descended from David’ lineage-formula). The singular collective noun permits both near referent (Solomon) and far referent (the Messiah, per Luke 1:32-33; Acts 2:30; 13:23) simultaneously; the base translation must NOT force a disambiguating choice, though teaching notes must make the messianic trajectory explicit.
House Dynasty
Approved rendering: घराना
Transliteration: gharānā
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Rejected alternatives: घर (reserved exclusively for the literal-dwelling sense, see house_literal)
Original: בַּיִת (dynastic sense)
Category: Covenant
2 Samuel 7:11 onward (בַּיִת, dynastic sense). Hindi has no single word carrying both the literal-dwelling and dynastic senses simultaneously as Hebrew bayith does. Required from 7:11 onward to carry the chapter’s central wordplay-irony (David wants to build God a house; God will instead build David a ‘house’). MANDATORY translator note at the pivot verse (7:11) explaining the single underlying Hebrew word — this note is promoted from recommended to mandatory status given this is the single highest-severity lexical decision in the book (see 06_linguistic_gap_analysis.md §6 item 2).
Everlasting Covenant
Approved rendering: अनन्त वाचा
Transliteration: ananta vācā
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Original: בְּרִית עוֹלָם
Category: Covenant
2 Samuel 23:5 (בְּרִית עוֹלָם). The book’s only explicit naming of ‘covenant’ + ‘forever’ together regarding David’s house — the terminological capstone of the entire doctrine. Built by combining the already-fixed वाचा (covenant) and अनन्त (this book’s forever_covenantal convention) exactly as used in chs.7 and 22; any inconsistency in either component earlier in the book breaks the capstone effect.
Davidic Sonship
Approved rendering: पिता / पुत्र
Transliteration: pitā / putra
Doctrine: God’s Steadfast Love despite Human Failure
Original: אָב / בֵּן
Category: Covenant
2 Samuel 7:14 (אָב/בֵּן). The covenantal father-son relationship God establishes with David’s dynastic heir — near referent Solomon, ultimately read by the NT (Hebrews 1:5) as typologically fulfilled in Christ’s unique Sonship. MUST be kept lexically and doctrinally DISTINCT from the baseline’s son_of_god (परमेश्वर का पुत्र). MANDATORY translator note at every occurrence doing BOTH jobs: distinguishing this covenantal-adoptive sonship from Christ’s unique ontological Sonship, AND showing the NT’s typological use of this verse — omitting either half either deifies Solomon or severs the messianic trajectory. Ranked #1 highest-severity ambiguity in the book per 06_linguistic_gap_analysis.md §6.
High Risk Terms
Covenant
Approved rendering: वाचा
Transliteration: vācā
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: अनुबंध, समझौता
Original: בְּרִית
Category: Covenant
Relational covenant bond; more than a legal contract. Established in BSI OV. Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. Relevant to 2 Samuel: renders בְּרִית for both human political covenants (3:12-13; 5:1-3; 21:1-2) and God’s unconditional covenant with David (7; 23:5) — teaching notes must flag that not every occurrence is the divine Davidic covenant proper.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: दाऊद के वंश से
Transliteration: Dāūda ke vaṃśa se
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: זֶרַע
Category: Covenant
Romans 1:3; conveys physical lineage and OT covenant fulfillment. Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. In 2 Samuel this phrase is NOT the term for the 7:12 offspring promise (see the new term davidic_offspring, वंश alone) — kept distinct here to avoid key-collision; this entry is reserved for the descended-from-David lineage-phrase sense as used cross-textually in NT teaching notes.
Seed Of Abraham
Approved rendering: वंश
Transliteration: vaṃśa
Doctrine: Covenant
Galatians 3:16,19,29. TM-consistent with the seed_of_david pattern; the singular/collective noun preserves near/far referent ambiguity. Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. This is the exact grammatical pattern reused for 2 Samuel 7:12’s promised offspring — see the new term davidic_offspring below, which applies this same वंश rendering to David’s own promised line (Solomon near referent; Messiah far referent, cf. Luke 1:32-33).
Holy
Approved rendering: पवित्र
Transliteration: pavitra
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: शुद्ध, निर्मल
Original: קָדוֹשׁ
Category: Worship
Set apart for God; morally pure, avoiding ritual-purity-only connotations. Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. Relevant to 2 Samuel 6:6-7 (Uzzah’s death before the ark): here the term’s dangerous, consuming-otherness facet must be foregrounded alongside its usual moral-purity sense — no lexical change needed, only teaching emphasis.
Curse
Approved rendering: श्राप / श्रापित
Transliteration: śrāpa / śrāpita
Doctrine: Atonement
Original: קָלַל
Category: Consequences
God’s judicial curse-sanction; must read as fixed judicial verdict, never a transferable, ritually-liftable curse. Inherited from Romans/Galatians package (Galatians 3:10,13). Relevant to 2 Samuel 16:5-13 (Shimei’s curse against David): here the risk runs the OPPOSITE direction — this is merely a human insult with no independent potency, and a translator note is required distinguishing it from BOTH ritual curse-magic AND God’s own judicial anathema-sense, so readers do not overstate its gravity.
Worship
Approved rendering: आराधना
Transliteration: ārādhanā
Doctrine: Worship
Rejected alternatives: पूजा
Original: רָקַד / כִּרְכֵּר (dance before YHWH)
Category: Worship
NEVER पूजा — carries Hindu ritual-offering connotation. Inherited from Romans/Galatings package. Relevant to 2 Samuel 6:14,16 (David’s dance before the ark): must be directed exclusively to YHWH and not assimilated to generic devotional ecstatic dance (bhakti/kirtan) practiced toward other deities.
Reconciliation
Approved rendering: मेल-मिलाप
Transliteration: mela-milāpa
Doctrine: Reconciliation
Rejected alternatives: समझौता
Original: שָׁלוֹם (political/relational restoration)
Category: Consequences
Restored relationship with God through Christ; not a negotiated settlement. Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. Relevant to 2 Samuel 19 (David’s restored relationship with the nation after Absalom’s rebellion): keep denotation strictly political/interpersonal here, not soteriological, while noting the deliberate literary echo between the two.
Sin
Approved rendering: पाप
Transliteration: pāpa
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: अधर्म, अशुद्धता
Original: חָטָא
Category: Sin
Moral transgression before a personal God; distinguish from ritual impurity and bad karma. Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. Relevant to 2 Samuel 11-12 as the general covenant-breaking category term, distinguished from the more specific new terms व्यभिचार (adultery), हत्या (murder), and अपराध/दोष (avon, guilt-to-be-accounted-for).
Law
Approved rendering: व्यवस्था
Transliteration: vyavasthā
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: धर्म, शरीयत, नियम
Torah/Mosaic law; NEVER use धर्म. Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. Not itself load-bearing in 2 Samuel’s narrative, but listed here to confirm no drift toward व्यवस्था occurs when translating ‘oath’ (शपथ) or ‘covenant’ (वाचा) elsewhere in this book — व्यवस्था remains reserved exclusively for Torah.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: पवित्रीकरण
Transliteration: pavitrikaraṇa
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: सफाई, शुद्धिकरण
The Spirit’s ongoing work of making believers holy; distinct from ritual purification. Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. Listed here to fence against the new term dedicate_consecrate (2 Samuel 8:11, a cultic-object dedication sense) — ‘dedicating war spoils’ must never be conflated with a person’s moral sanctification.
Living Sacrifice
Approved rendering: जीवित बलिदान
Transliteration: jīvita balidāna
Doctrine: Consecration
Rejected alternatives: बलि, यज्ञ
Distinguish from बलि/यज्ञ ritual-merit offerings. Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. Anchors the same बलि/यज्ञ-avoidance caution applied to the new terms altar (वेदी) and sacrifice_burnt_offering (होमबलि) in 2 Samuel 6 and 24 — the offering there is accepted by grace to stay judgment, not to purchase favor by human ritual initiative.
Grace
Approved rendering: अनुग्रह
Transliteration: anugraha
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: कृपा, दया, वरदान, भाग्य, कर्म-फल, पुण्य
Must convey unmerited favor apart from human merit; directly counters karma worldview. Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. Relevant to 2 Samuel as the doctrinal backdrop for ‘Kingship as Divine Gift, Not Merit’ (the new terms prince_nagid, anoint_verb): David’s designation to the throne, like NT grace, precedes and is independent of David’s own qualification or performance (7:8-9).
Election
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर का चुनाव
Transliteration: Parameśvara kā cunāva
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: भाग्य, नियति, किस्मत
God’s sovereign personal choice; not karma-determined fate. Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. Directly analogous to the new term prince_nagid (2 Samuel 7:8): David’s kingship originates in YHWH’s sovereign designation, not political ambition, military conquest, or hereditary/caste-based right — the same theological logic as election.
Providence
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर का विधान
Transliteration: Parameśvara kā vidhāna
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: भाग्य, कर्म का नियम
God’s personal, purposive governance; never fate/karma. Inherited from Romans/Galatings package. Directly relevant to 2 Samuel’s doctrine ‘Divine Providence and Deliverance’ (ch.22) and to Ahithophel’s counsel being frustrated by God (17:14) — an unnamed but clearly enacted display of this same doctrine.
Sovereignty
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर की संप्रभुता
Transliteration: Parameśvara kī samprabhutā
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: भाग्य, नियति
God’s personal rule; never impersonal fate/karma. Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. Relevant to the doctrine ‘Kingship as Divine Gift, Not Merit’ — David’s rule is granted, not seized, precisely because it flows from परमेश्वर की संप्रभुता.
Adoption
Approved rendering: दत्तक-पुत्रता
Transliteration: dattaka-putratā
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: गोद लेना
Full son-status with complete inheritance rights, guarding against reduced-status readings. Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. Contrast term for the new term davidic_sonship (2 Samuel 7:14): the covenant father-son relationship extended to David’s heir echoes but is not identical to this baseline concept of NT believer-adoption; the analogy may be drawn in teaching notes but the terms remain lexically distinct.
Throne
Approved rendering: सिंहासन
Transliteration: siṃhāsana
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Rejected alternatives: गद्दी (too generic/political, loses royal-messianic weight)
Original: כִּסֵּא
Category: Covenant
2 Samuel 7:13,16 (כִּסֵּא). Must retain full royal-messianic weight; the direct scriptural root of the NT title ‘Son of David’ and Luke 1:32-33’s ‘the throne of his father David.’ Never rendered generically as a mere seat or chair.
Forever Covenantal
Approved rendering: सदा के लिये / अनन्त तक
Transliteration: sadā ke liye / ananta taka
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Original: עַד־עוֹלָם
Category: Covenant
2 Samuel 7:13,16,24-26,29; 22:51; 23:5 (עַד־עוֹלָם). MUST be rendered with the identical Hindi phrase at every single occurrence across the book, or the single unified eternal-throne promise fragments into a series of separate, weaker statements. Risk that ordinary Hindi usage of ‘सदा के लिये’ is heard as rhetorical hyperbole rather than a binding divine oracle — teaching notes must anchor it to this specific historical promise, not generic Vedantic timelessness.
Davidic Kingdom
Approved rendering: राज्य
Transliteration: rājya
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Original: מַמְלָכָה
Category: Covenant
2 Samuel 7:12,13,16 (מַמְלָכָה). Uses the same Hindi root word as the baseline’s kingdom_of_god (परमेश्वर का राज्य) but with a DISTINCT referent — David’s human, dynastic kingdom, granted by but not identical to God’s own universal reign. MANDATORY translator note at first occurrence (7:12) distinguishing but connecting the two: David’s kingdom is the typological vehicle through which God’s kingdom purposes advance, not a synonym for it. Flagged in 06_linguistic_gap_analysis.md as a ‘stealth risk’ — high probability of being missed precisely because राज्य looks unremarkable in isolation.
Discipline Covenantal
Approved rendering: ताड़ना
Transliteration: tāḍanā
Doctrine: Consequences of Sin within the Covenant Family
Rejected alternatives: दण्ड (too purely punitive, loses fatherly-relational nuance)
Original: יסר
Category: Sin
2 Samuel 7:14; enacted in chs.12-18 (יסר). God’s promised fatherly correction of David’s sinning heirs — discipline within an unbroken covenant bond, never termination of the relationship. Must NOT be rendered so as to sound like impersonal karmic retribution (‘जैसा कर्म वैसा फल’); the grammatical subject must remain personal and relational (a Father disciplining a son) in every occurrence, chs.12-24.
Steadfast Love Chesed
Approved rendering: करुणा (theological register) / दया (general register)
Transliteration: karuṇā / dayā
Doctrine: God’s Steadfast Love despite Human Failure
Rejected alternatives: कृपा (reserved by baseline for kindness_of_god, never introduced here)
Original: חֶסֶד
Category: God
2 Samuel 7:15; 9:1-13; 22:51 (חֶסֶד). No single existing Hindi Bible term fully carries chesed’s covenant-loyal-love-that-survives-unfaithfulness sense. Use करुणा supplemented by the mandatory phrase ‘अपनी वाचा के अनुसार’ (according to his covenant) at the theologically load-bearing occurrences (7:15; 22:51; implicitly 23:5); use बare दया only for simple interpersonal-kindness scenes (1:23 context; 2:5-6; 9:1,3,7). Zero exceptions to this dual-register split, or the doctrine’s central contrast (Saul’s dynasty terminated / David’s line never abandoned) is muted.
Faithful Sure
Approved rendering: विश्वासयोग्य / स्थिर / दृढ़
Transliteration: viśvāsayogya / sthira / dṛḍha
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Original: נֶאְמָן
Category: Covenant
2 Samuel 7:16 (נֶאְמָן). The covenant promise’s certainty rests on YHWH’s own faithful character, not David’s or his heirs’ performance. Etymologically linked to the root underlying आमीन (see the amen entry above); recommend drawing this connection in teaching notes so the covenant’s certainty is perceived as being of the same character as the liturgical ‘so let it be true.‘
Word Of The Lord
Approved rendering: यहोवा का वचन
Transliteration: Yahovā kā vacana
Doctrine: The Prophetic Word and Divine Revelation
Rejected alternatives: सन्देश, बात
Original: דְּבַר־יהוה
Category: Revelation
2 Samuel 7:4 (דְּבַר־יהוה). The technical formula introducing authoritative prophetic revelation to Nathan, distinct from Nathan’s own human counsel one verse earlier (7:3). Must be kept lexically distinct from ordinary human advice/counsel vocabulary (सम्मति/सलाह, see counsel_etsah, chs.16-17) so readers recognize the hinge-shift from merely human opinion (v.3) to divine oracle (v.4ff).
Prophetic Vision
Approved rendering: दर्शन
Transliteration: darśana
Doctrine: The Prophetic Word and Divine Revelation
Rejected alternatives: साक्षात्कार (mystical self-realization, per the Galatians baseline caution on known_by_god)
Original: חִזָּיוֹן
Category: Revelation
2 Samuel 7:17 (חִזָּיוֹן). Established Hindi Bible term for prophetic vision, but collides with popular Hindu devotional darshan — a devotee’s sought/attained sight of a deity or guru — which inverts the biblical direction of agency. MANDATORY translator note at first occurrence: God discloses himself to Nathan on his own sovereign initiative; Nathan does not seek or attain this sight. Flagged as a high-priority ‘familiar-word, reversed-agency’ false friend in 06_linguistic_gap_analysis.md.
Anointed One Royal
Approved rendering: अभिषिक्त
Transliteration: abhiṣikta
Doctrine: The Sanctity of the LORD’s Anointed King
Rejected alternatives: मसीह (strictly reserved for the fulfilled eschatological title — see the messiah entry’s absolute prohibition)
Original: מָשִׁיחַ (royal-office sense)
Category: Messianic Hope
2 Samuel 1:14,16; 19:21; 22:51; 23:1 (מָשִׁיחַ, royal-office sense). Descriptive title for the reigning historical king (Saul or David) — reserve मसीह exclusively for the fulfilled eschatological title to avoid anachronistically identifying Saul or David as ‘the Messiah.’ MANDATORY translator note establishing this अभिषिक्त/मसीह distinction at first occurrence (1:14), referenced by pointer at every subsequent occurrence.
Prince Nagid
Approved rendering: प्रधान
Transliteration: pradhāna
Doctrine: Kingship as Divine Gift, Not Merit
Rejected alternatives: राजा (reserved for melekh, dynastic/political kingship)
Original: נָגִיד
Category: Kingship
2 Samuel 7:8 (נָגִיד). If collapsed into राजा, the theological point that David’s kingship originates in YHWH’s own sovereign designation — not political ambition, military conquest, or hereditary/caste-based right — is lost. Especially significant in the Indian context, where royal and social status is frequently read through inherited caste and lineage categories.
Establish Confirm
Approved rendering: स्थिर करना / स्थापित करना
Transliteration: sthira karanā / sthāpita karanā
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Original: כּוּן / הֵכִין
Category: Covenant
2 Samuel 7:12,13,16; 23:5 (כּוּן/הֵכִין). Divine action securing the permanence of David’s kingdom and throne — not David’s own effort. Must render with the SAME Hindi verb at every occurrence so the reader perceives one repeated divine action being promised and later confirmed, rather than several unrelated statements.
Confession Of Sin David
Approved rendering: मैंने यहोवा के विरुद्ध पाप किया है
Transliteration: maiṃne Yahovā ke viruddha pāpa kiyā hai
Doctrine: David’s Sin and Repentance
Rejected alternatives: माफी माँगना (mere apology, loses the confessional force)
Original: חָטָאתִי לַיהוָה
Category: Repentance
2 Samuel 12:13 (חָטָאתִי לַיהוָה). Following the baseline’s compound-phrase convention (cf. confession_of_faith), render as this full phrase — never abbreviated — so the confession is directed to YHWH specifically, not merely to Uriah’s family or the nation, and is an unqualified acknowledgment of guilt, not a partial excuse.
Forgiveness
Approved rendering: क्षमा
Transliteration: kṣamā
Doctrine: David’s Sin and Repentance
Original: נָשָׂא
Category: Repentance
2 Samuel 12:13 (נָשָׂא, ‘the LORD has put away your sin; you shall not die’). Immediate forgiveness of guilt coexists with ongoing temporal consequences (vv.10-12,14). MANDATORY translator note distinguishing forgiveness-of-guilt from consequence-in-history wherever this passage is taught — must not be flattened into either ‘no real forgiveness’ or ‘no real consequences.‘
Consequence Of Sin
Approved rendering: परिणाम
Transliteration: pariṇāma
Doctrine: Consequences of Sin within the Covenant Family
Rejected alternatives: फल (rejected — collides with कर्म-फल, the Hindi articulation of karma as impersonal cosmic mechanism)
Original: (narrative sense, 2 Samuel 12:10-14)
Category: Consequences
2 Samuel 12:10-14; enacted chs.13-18. The temporal, historical outworking of David’s sin within his family and reign, following even after forgiveness of guilt. Deliberately NOT फल — परिणाम keeps consequence within a personal, covenant-relational frame (a Father’s response to a child’s sin within a family bond) rather than an impersonal cosmic mechanism.
Murder Bloodshed
Approved rendering: हत्या
Transliteration: hatyā
Doctrine: David’s Sin and Repentance
Rejected alternatives: गलती / बुरा काम (too soft, would obscure deliberate calculation)
Original: דָּם (dam, shed blood)
Category: Sin
2 Samuel 11 (דָּם, the arranged killing of Uriah); recurs as a bloodguilt theme in ch.21. Render with हत्या (murder), never a softer, vaguer ‘wrongdoing’ term — softening would obscure the deliberate, calculated nature of David’s sin and weaken the connection to ch.21’s bloodguilt themes.
Ark Of The Covenant
Approved rendering: वाचा का सन्दूक / परमेश्वर का सन्दूक
Transliteration: vācā kā sandūka / Parameśvara kā sandūka
Doctrine: Divine Presence and the Holiness of the Ark
Original: אֲרוֹן הָאֱלֹהִים / אֲרוֹן יהוה
Category: Worship
2 Samuel 6; 7:2 (אֲרוֹן הָאֱלֹהִים/אֲרוֹן יהוה). Guard against the ark being read as a magically potent sacred object comparable to a Hindu मूर्ति (idol/deity-image) or an inherently powerful relic. Uzzah’s death (6:6-7) must be taught as relational-covenantal holiness — YHWH’s own personal presence meeting disregard of his commanded handling — not an object’s independent supernatural charge. A translator note is recommended wherever the ark’s holiness is emphasized.
Oath
Approved rendering: शपथ
Transliteration: śapatha
Doctrine: Covenant Oaths and Faithfulness
Original: שְׁבוּעָה
Category: Covenant
2 Samuel 21 (שְׁבוּעָה, Saul’s broken oath to the Gibeonites, underlying the famine). Illustrates, by negative example, how seriously YHWH holds covenant words even generations later — relevant contrast/background showing why the unconditional permanence of the Davidic covenant (ch.7) is remarkable rather than ordinary.
Divine Victory
Approved rendering: विजय दिलाना / बचाना
Transliteration: vijaya dilānā / bacānā
Doctrine: Divine Providence and Deliverance
Rejected alternatives: उद्धार (strictly reserved for the fully theological register at 2 Samuel 22 — see the salvation entry)
Original: הוֹשִׁיעַ
Category: Consequences
2 Samuel 8:6,14 (הוֹשִׁיעַ, from the root underlying יְשׁוּעָה/yeshuah). Military-deliverance sense; must NOT be rendered with उद्धार here, or readers may wrongly conclude David’s battlefield victories are themselves salvation-events.
Medium Risk Terms
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: परमेश्वर का राज्य
Transliteration: Parameśvara kā rājya
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Rejected alternatives: ईश्वर का राष्ट्र
God’s sovereign reign; distinguish from political kingdom concepts. Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. CRITICAL CROSS-REFERENCE for 2 Samuel: shares its Hindi root (राज्य) with the new term davidic_kingdom (David’s human dynastic realm, 7:12,13,16) but is NOT the same referent — a mandatory translator note at davidic_kingdom’s first occurrence must distinguish the two or David’s dynasty risks being divinized.
Peace
Approved rendering: शांति
Transliteration: śānti
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: चैन, सुकून
Original: שָׁלוֹם
Category: Consequences
Relational peace with God through justification; not psychological calm. Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. Relevant to 2 Samuel 19 (David’s political reconciliation with Israel): here the sense is circumstantial political/interpersonal peace, distinct from but thematically analogous to the baseline’s soteriological peace-with-God sense — a translator note distinguishing the two registers is recommended.
Mercy
Approved rendering: दया
Transliteration: dayā
Doctrine: Mercy of God
Kept distinct from अनुग्रह (grace, unmerited favor). Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. Relevant to 2 Samuel as the general-register rendering of חֶסֶד (chesed) in its lower-stakes interpersonal-kindness occurrences (1:23 context; 2:5-6; 9:1,3,7) — reserve the new term steadfast_love_chesed’s करुणा rendering for the theologically load-bearing covenant-loyalty occurrences (7:15; 22:51).
Blessing Of Abraham
Approved rendering: आशीष
Transliteration: āśīṣa
Doctrine: Covenant
Rejected alternatives: आशीर्वाद
God’s own gracious initiative, not a reciprocal-favor exchange. Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. Directly reused (never आशीर्वाद, which carries guru/elder reciprocal-favor connotation) for the new term bless_covenantal, covering God’s blessing of David’s house (7:29) and David’s blessing of the people and ark-bearers (6:11,18,20).
David
Approved rendering: दाऊद
Transliteration: Dāūda
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
BSI OV proper name form. Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. The book’s protagonist; consistency of this form across all 24 chapters of 2 Samuel must be audited in Phase 2.
Israel
Approved rendering: इस्राएल
Transliteration: Isrāela
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Proper name; BSI established form. Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. Used throughout 2 Samuel for the covenant nation over which David reigns (5:1-3; 7:7-10; etc.).
House Literal
Approved rendering: घर
Transliteration: ghar
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Rejected alternatives: घराना (reserved exclusively for the dynastic sense from 7:11 onward)
Original: בַּיִת (literal sense)
Category: Covenant
2 Samuel 5:11; 7:1-2 (בַּיִת, literal sense). The physical royal dwelling/palace, deliberately contrasted by the narrator with the dynastic sense introduced at 7:11. Do not let घराना appear before the 7:11 pivot, or the wordplay’s careful build-up is lost.
Anoint Verb
Approved rendering: अभिषेक करना
Transliteration: abhiṣeka karanā
Doctrine: Kingship as Divine Gift, Not Merit
Original: מָשַׁח
Category: Kingship
2 Samuel 2:4,7; 5:3,17 (מָשַׁח). The ritual act of designation to office; lower risk than the noun-title अभिषिक्त. Keep lexically related but distinct from the noun-title, as in Hebrew, so the ritual act and the resulting sacrosanct office remain linked but not identical.
Shepherd King
Approved rendering: चरवाही करना / चरवाहा
Transliteration: caravāhī karanā / caravāhā
Doctrine: Shepherd Leadership under YHWH
Original: רָעָה
Category: Kingship
2 Samuel 5:2; 7:7-8 (רָעָה). The pastoral metaphor is naturally intelligible in the Indian agrarian context and carries no significant syncretism risk, but the derived governance sense — Israel’s kings are accountable, delegated shepherds under YHWH, the true Shepherd-King — is not self-evident from the image alone and must be made explicit in teaching notes.
Great Name
Approved rendering: नाम
Transliteration: nāma
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Original: שֵׁם
Category: Covenant
2 Samuel 7:9 (שֵׁם). YHWH sovereignly grants David renown as an act of covenant grace, not merit accrued by David’s own deeds. The first-person divine grammar (‘I will make for you a great name’) must be preserved so the gift-character of the honor is clear and not misread as karma-earned fame.
Parable
Approved rendering: दृष्टान्त
Transliteration: dṛṣṭānta
Doctrine: David’s Sin and Repentance
Original: מָשָׁל
Category: Rhetoric
2 Samuel 12:1-4 (מָשָׁל, the ewe-lamb story). Established, natural Hindi term for a parable/illustrative story; ensure its use here is not generalized into license for freely allegorizing all of Scripture, per the baseline’s Galatians allegory caution.
Adultery
Approved rendering: व्यभिचार
Transliteration: vyabhicāra
Doctrine: David’s Sin and Repentance
Original: נָאַף
Category: Sin
2 Samuel 11 (נָאַף). Use for the specific act; reserve the baseline’s general पाप for the broader theological category, so that both the concrete deed and its covenant-breaking character remain visible.
Reproach Shame
Approved rendering: अपमान / लज्जा
Transliteration: apamāna / lajjā
Doctrine: Honor and Shame Dynamics
Original: חֶרְפָּה
Category: Sin
2 Samuel 10:5; 13:12-13 (חֶרְפָּה; נְבָלָה). Per the baseline’s honor/shame routing convention, flag for native speaker review — public shaming carries strong cultural resonance in the Indian context and must neither trivialize the provocation/violation nor sensationalize it.
Wisdom Practical
Approved rendering: बुद्धि
Transliteration: buddhi
Doctrine: Wisdom and Practical Discernment
Rejected alternatives: ज्ञान (rejected — carries strong Hindu connotation of liberating self-realization/gnosis, per the Galatians baseline’s known_by_god caution)
Original: חָכְמָה
Category: Wisdom
2 Samuel 14; 20 (חָכְמָה, the wise women of Tekoa and Abel). बुद्धि keeps this practical, relational, God-oriented discernment rather than a mystical spiritual attainment.
Rebellion
Approved rendering: विद्रोह / बलवा
Transliteration: vidroha / balavā
Doctrine: Rebellion against God’s Designated King
Original: מָרַד
Category: Consequences
2 Samuel 15; 20 (מָרַד, Absalom’s and Sheba’s rebellions). Ensure teaching material notes the theological, not merely political, dimension: rebelling against David specifically targets YHWH’s own designated office-holder (echoing the अभिषिक्त theme from ch.1).
Dedicate Consecrate
Approved rendering: अर्पित करना / समर्पित करना
Transliteration: arpita karanā / samarpita karanā
Doctrine: Worship and Dedication to the LORD
Original: הִקְדִּישׁ
Category: Worship
2 Samuel 8:11 (הִקְדִּישׁ, setting apart war spoils for YHWH’s use). Keep this cultic-object sense lexically distinct from the baseline’s पवित्रीकरण (a person’s moral sanctification), to avoid conflating ‘dedicating gold objects’ with the Spirit’s sanctifying work in a believer.
Rock Refuge
Approved rendering: चट्टान
Transliteration: caṭṭāna
Doctrine: Divine Providence and Deliverance
Original: צוּר
Category: God
2 Samuel 22:2-3 (צוּר). Divine epithet for YHWH as secure refuge; guard against any resonance with sacred-stone-veneration practices in the Indian religious landscape — the metaphor is exclusively about refuge and stability in YHWH himself.
Bless Covenantal
Approved rendering: आशीष देना
Transliteration: āśīṣa denā
Doctrine: Worship and Dedication to the LORD
Rejected alternatives: आशीर्वाद देना (rejected — guru/elder reciprocal-favor connotation)
Original: בָּרַךְ
Category: Covenant
2 Samuel 6:11,18,20; 7:29 (בָּרַךְ). Reuses the baseline’s blessing_of_abraham (आशीष) rather than आशीर्वाद, for the same reason recorded there: God’s blessing of David’s house must not sound like a reward earned by devotion.
Servant Of The King
Approved rendering: सेवक / दास
Transliteration: sevaka / dāsa
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Original: עֶבֶד
Category: Covenant
2 Samuel 7:19-29 (עֶבֶד, repeated seven times in David’s prayer). A position of humble, dependent covenant relationship to a gracious sovereign, not menial degradation — keep terminologically distinct from the baseline’s negative servant_of_sin usage; here the designation is entirely positive, modeling the correct human response (humility, not entitlement) to unmerited covenant grace.
Truth Faithfulness
Approved rendering: सच्चा / सत्य
Transliteration: saccā / satya
Doctrine: Covenant Oaths and Faithfulness
Original: אֱמֶת
Category: Covenant
2 Samuel 7:28 (אֱמֶת). Reinforce the link to God’s own covenant faithfulness (the same root-family concern as נֶאְמָן/faithful_sure, v.16) rather than treating this as abstract propositional truth alone.
Iniquity
Approved rendering: अपराध / दोष
Transliteration: aparādha / doṣa
Doctrine: Consequences of Sin within the Covenant Family
Original: עָוֹן
Category: Sin
2 Samuel 7:14 (עָוֹן). Distinct from the baseline’s general पाप; carries a nuance of ‘guilt that must be borne/accounted for,’ anticipating Solomon’s and his heirs’ future failures within the covenant relationship specifically.
Lord Of Hosts
Approved rendering: सेनाओं का यहोवा
Transliteration: senāoṃ kā Yahovā
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Original: יהוה צְבָאוֹת
Category: God
2 Samuel 5:10; 7:8 (יהוה צְבָאוֹת). Must not be softened into a vague ‘powerful God’ title; specifically asserts YHWH’s command over all forces, grounding his authority to make the Davidic promise.
Rephaim Giants
Approved rendering: रापाई
Transliteration: rāpāī
Doctrine: General
Rejected alternatives: दानव (rejected — risks importing Puranic demon-mythology connotations)
Original: רְפָאִים
Category: Consequences
2 Samuel 21:16-22 (רְפָאִים). A historical-ethnic designation for a people of great physical stature; handle as historical/ethnographic, not mythological. Transliteration with an explanatory footnote is safer than a paraphrase.
Altar
Approved rendering: वेदी
Transliteration: vedī
Doctrine: Atonement and the Removal of Bloodguilt
Original: מִזְבֵּח
Category: Worship
2 Samuel 24:18-25 (מִזְבֵּח). Guard against conflating with a Hindu यज्ञ-वेदी understood as generating ritual merit; here the altar functions strictly as the place where YHWH graciously accepts a sacrifice he himself designates, not a mechanism David’s own ritual performance activates.
Sacrifice Burnt Offering
Approved rendering: होमबलि
Transliteration: homabali
Doctrine: Atonement and the Removal of Bloodguilt
Rejected alternatives: बलि / यज्ञ (rejected per the baseline living_sacrifice caution)
Original: עֹלָה
Category: Worship
2 Samuel 24:22,25 (עֹלָה). Same बलि/यज्ञ-avoidance caution as the baseline’s living_sacrifice entry: the offering here is accepted by grace to stay divine judgment, not offered to purchase divine favor by human initiative.
Census Numbering
Approved rendering: गिनती करना
Transliteration: gintī karanā
Doctrine: Consequences of Sin within the Covenant Family
Original: סָפַר
Category: Consequences
2 Samuel 24:1-9 (סָפַר). No significant lexical syncretism risk; the doctrinal weight lies in the narrative context — trusting counted military strength rather than YHWH’s covenant faithfulness — echoing ch.7’s theology that David’s house stands by grace, not military might.
Low Risk Terms
Amen
Approved rendering: आमीन
Transliteration: āmīna
Doctrine: Worship
Transliterated per established BSI OV form. Inherited from Romans/Galatians package. Cited in 2 Samuel only for its etymological link to נֶאְמָן (ne’eman, ‘made sure/faithful,’ 7:16) — see the new term faithful_sure; not a direct occurrence in 2 Samuel’s own text, but useful for a teaching-note connection to God’s own trustworthy character.
Fortress
Approved rendering: गढ़ / दुर्ग
Transliteration: gaḍha / durga
Doctrine: Divine Providence and Deliverance
Original: מְצוּדָה
Category: God
2 Samuel 22:2 (מְצוּדָה). Standard military-refuge imagery; no significant syncretism risk.
Lament Dirge
Approved rendering: विलाप गीत / शोक-गीत
Transliteration: vilāpa gīta / śoka-gīta
Doctrine: General
Original: קִינָה
Category: Rhetoric
2 Samuel 1:17-27 (קִינָה, David’s dirge over Saul and Jonathan). Standard genre term; the ‘how the mighty have fallen’ refrain (vv.19,25,27) should be rendered for its meaning rather than as a literal idiom.
Rest From Enemies
Approved rendering: विश्राम / चैन देना
Transliteration: viśrāma / caina denā
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Original: נוּח (hiphil הֵנִיחַ)
Category: Covenant
2 Samuel 7:1,11 (נוּח, hiphil הֵנִיחַ). Circumstantial military rest preceding the greater covenant promise; thematically related to but distinct from the baseline’s deeper relational शांति (Romans 5:1).
Tent Of Meeting
Approved rendering: तम्बू / निवास का तम्बू
Transliteration: tambū / nivāsa kā tambū
Doctrine: Divine Presence and the Holiness of the Ark
Original: אֹהֶל
Category: Worship
2 Samuel 7:2 (אֹהֶל). The temporary, mobile tent housing the ark, contrasted with David’s permanent cedar palace; no significant syncretism risk.
Judges Shophetim
Approved rendering: न्यायी / न्यायाधीश
Transliteration: nyāyī / nyāyādhīśa
Doctrine: General
Original: שֹׁפְטִים
Category: Kingship
2 Samuel 7:7 (שֹׁפְטִים). Pre-monarchic tribal leaders; historical referent requiring a brief gloss for readers without background in the book of Judges, per the baseline’s low-OT-literacy assumption.
Counsel Etsah
Approved rendering: सम्मति / सलाह
Transliteration: sammati / salāha
Doctrine: The Prophetic Word and Divine Revelation
Original: עֵצָה
Category: Rhetoric
2 Samuel 16-17 (עֵצָה, Ahithophel’s and Hushai’s counsel). Keep lexically distinct from word_of_the_lord (यहोवा का वचन) so the narrative contrast between merely human counsel and divine revelation remains visible.
Plague
Approved rendering: महामारी
Transliteration: mahāmārī
Doctrine: Consequences of Sin within the Covenant Family
Original: דֶּבֶר
Category: Consequences
2 Samuel 24:15 (דֶּבֶר). Standard term for a widespread deadly epidemic; no significant doctrinal risk.
Mighty Men
Approved rendering: वीर / शक्तिशाली पुरुष
Transliteration: vīra / śaktiśālī puruṣa
Doctrine: General
Original: גִּבּוֹרִים
Category: Community
2 Samuel 23:8-39 (גִּבּוֹרִים). No significant doctrinal risk; an optional teaching note may highlight these men’s personal loyalty to David as modeling covenant loyalty to God’s anointed.
Referenced passages