Core Glossary
08 Core Glossary — Galatians (Full Book)
English → Manipuri | Consolidated Per-Term Risk Table
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md, covering all six chapters of Galatians. Terms marked REUSE already exist in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json and MUST be used exactly as recorded there — no deviation is permitted. Terms marked NEW are proposed here for the first time for this curriculum and require confirmation via the Linguistic Gap Analysis and Phase 2 theologian/native-speaker review before being written into an updated translation_memory.json.
Risk tiers follow the baseline’s doctrine_risk_registry.json definitions exactly:
- Critical — Human theologian review required for every occurrence.
- High — Human theologian review required.
- Medium — Native speaker review recommended.
- Low — Automated review sufficient.
Table 1 — Terms Reused Exactly from the Romans Baseline
| English term | Manipuri rendering | Transliteration | Risk | Chapters occurring | Baseline source | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gospel | নুংঙাইবগী পাউ | nungngaibagi pao | High | 1, 2 | translation_memory.json | Sharper polemical edge in Galatians 1 (“no other gospel”) than in Romans; see “false gospel” NEW entry below for the contrast term. |
| grace | মথৌ তাদনা পীবা তেংবাং | mathou tadana piba tengbang | Critical | 1, 2, 5 | translation_memory.json | Galatians 2:21 is itself a grace-vs-works verse on par with Romans 4:4-5/11:5-6; apply the same AI Requirements escalation rule. |
| faith | থাজবা | thajaba | High | 2, 3, 5 | translation_memory.json | Object of faith (Christ/Son of God) must always be stated explicitly per baseline rule; distinguish from ভক্তি (bhakti) throughout. |
| righteousness | অচুম্বা চৎনবিরাক | achumba chatnabirak | Critical | 2, 3, 5 | translation_memory.json | Never ধর্ম. Core to Galatians 2:21’s counterfactual argument. |
| justification | অচুম্বা ওইহনবা | achumba oihanba | Critical | 2, 3 | translation_memory.json | Occurs three times within Galatians 2:16 alone; the doctrinal center of the core passage. |
| salvation | অহানবা | ahanba | Critical | (implicit throughout; explicit sense in 1:4 “to deliver us”) | translation_memory.json | Never মোক্ষ; never devotional-union framing. |
| apostle | তবিদগী থাবিরকপা | tabidagi thabirakpa | Medium | 1, 2 | translation_memory.json | Galatians 1 stresses DIRECT divine (not human) commissioning — sharper emphasis than Romans. |
| called / calling | কৌখিবা / কৌবগী থৌদাং | koukhiba / koubagi thoudang | High | 1, 5 | translation_memory.json | Galatians 1:6, 1:15, 5:8, 5:13. |
| holy | অসেংবা | asengba | High | (implicit; sanctification-adjacent) | translation_memory.json | Reserve for moral/relational set-apartness, not ritual purity. |
| sanctification | অসেংবা ওইহনবা | asengba oihanba | High | 5 (Spirit’s ongoing work) | translation_memory.json | Distinguish from ritual purification before Lai Haraoba/Vaishnava worship. |
| adoption | মচা ওইনা লৌবা | macha oina louba | High | 4 | translation_memory.json | Central to Galatians 4:5-7; must be taught with full inheritance-rights sense (see κληρονόμος/heir NEW entry). |
| resurrection | সিবদগী হিংজত-লকপা | sibadagi hingjat-lakpa | Critical | 1 (implicit, 1:1 “raised him from the dead”) | translation_memory.json | Never পুনর্জন্ম. Cross-reference with “new creation” NEW entry below (adjacent risk). |
| lord | মপু ইবুংগো | Mapu Ibungo | Critical | 1, 6 | translation_memory.json | Never ঠাকুর. |
| son of God | তেংবাং মপুগী মচানুপা | Tengban Mapugi machanupa | Critical | 2 (core passage, 2:20), 4 | translation_memory.json | Never অবতার. |
| peace | ইনগবা | ingba | Medium | 1 (greeting), 5 (fruit of the Spirit), 6 | translation_memory.json | In 5:22 functions as one item in the fruit-of-the-Spirit list; retains the same relational meaning. |
| church | কলিসিয়া | kalisiya | Medium | 1 (“the churches of Galatia”), throughout implicitly | translation_memory.json | Not a temple, sacred grove, or ethnically-segregated assembly. |
| law | য়াথাং | yathang | High | 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 | translation_memory.json | Never ধর্ম. Base term for multiple compounds below (ἔργα νόμου, νόμος τοῦ Χριστοῦ). |
| sin | পাপ | pap | High | 1, 2, 3 | translation_memory.json | Base term for “sinners” (2:15, 2:17) and vice-list framing (5:19-21). |
| gentiles | অতোপ্পা ফুরুপ | atoppa phurup | Medium | 1, 2, 3 | translation_memory.json | Central to the Jew/Gentile argument throughout. |
| glory | মতিক চাউবা | matik chauba | High | 1 (doxology, 1:5) | translation_memory.json | |
| obedience of faith | থাজবগী ইনবা | thajabagi inba | High | (thematic parallel; not verbally quoted but doctrinally present) | translation_memory.json | Contrast with সেবা (bhakti ritual service). |
| covenant | ৱারেপ্পা | wareppa | High | 3, 4 | translation_memory.json | The Abrahamic covenant argument of ch. 3; distinguish from NEW “promise” (ἐπαγγελία) entry below. |
| election | তেংবাং মপুগী খনবা | Tengban Mapugi khanba | High | (thematic; 1:15 “set apart before I was born”) | translation_memory.json | |
| messiah / christ | ক্রিস্তো | Christo | Critical | throughout | translation_memory.json | |
| david | দাউদ | Daud | Low | (not named in Galatians directly, but “seed of Abraham” pattern derives from this baseline entry) | translation_memory.json | Pattern-source for NEW “seed of Abraham” entry below. |
| israel | ইস্রায়েল | Israel | Medium | 6 (“Israel of God”) | translation_memory.json | Teach as theological category, not ethnic-political referent. |
| jesus | জিসু | Jisu | Critical | throughout | translation_memory.json | |
| god | তেংবাং মপু | Tengban Mapu | Critical | throughout | translation_memory.json | Never ঠাকুর or সানামাহি. |
| holy spirit | থাওয়াই অসেংবা | Thawai Asengba | Critical | 3, 4, 5, 6 | translation_memory.json | Never bare থাওয়াই. Central to the entire Galatians 5 flesh/Spirit argument. |
| father | ইপা | Ipa | Critical | 1, 4 | translation_memory.json | |
| abba | আব্বা | Abba | High | 4 (4:6, echoing Romans 8:15) | translation_memory.json | |
| exhort | থাওয়াই পীবা | thawai piba | Low | 6 (implicit pastoral tone) | translation_memory.json | |
| seed of David | দাউদগী চা-চাহি | Daudgi cha-chahi | High | (pattern source only; Galatians uses “seed of Abraham” instead — see NEW entry) | translation_memory.json | Structural pattern for the new compound below. |
| imputed righteousness | পীথোকপা অচুম্বা চৎনবিরাক | pithokpa achumba chatnabirak | Critical | 3 (3:6, citing Genesis 15:6, same OT text as Romans 4:3) | translation_memory.json | Galatians 3:6 cites the identical Genesis 15:6 text as Romans 4:3; rendering MUST match Romans exactly for cross-curriculum consistency. |
Table 2 — New Terms Required for Galatians (Not in Romans Baseline)
| English term | Original (Greek) | Manipuri rendering (provisional) | Transliteration | Risk | Chapters | Doctrine | Alternatives rejected | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| works of the law | ἔργα νόμου | য়াথাংগী থবক | yathanggi thabak | Critical | 2, 3 | Justification by Faith / Law and Grace | ধর্মগী থবক (rejected: carries Vaishnavization-derived duty sense) | Core antithesis term against faith in Galatians 2:16; built on the baseline law-term য়াথাং. |
| another/different gospel | ἄλλο / ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον | অতোপ্পা পাউ | atoppa pao | Critical | 1 | The True Gospel versus False Gospels | নুংঙাইবগী অতোপ্পা পাউ (rejected: dignifying a false gospel with “good news” vocabulary) | Deliberately built WITHOUT নুংঙাইবগী (joyful/good) to avoid legitimizing the false teaching. |
| accursed / anathema | ἀνάθεμα | শাপ (ফাংবা) | shap (phangba) | Critical | 1, 3 | The True Gospel versus False Gospels / The Law’s Purpose | — | Shared Indic-vocabulary term (parallel to পাপ’s baseline treatment); risk of resonance with Hindu sage-curse mythology. Distinguish God’s judicial curse from ritual curse-formulas. |
| curse (of the law) | κατάρα | শাপ | shap | Critical | 3 | The Law’s Purpose | — | Same base term as ἀνάθεμα above; distinct application (the law’s own curse-function on lawbreakers, borne by Christ in 3:13). |
| redeemed | ἐξαγοράζω | লৌথোকপা | louthokpa | Critical | 3, 4 | The Law’s Purpose / Crucified with Christ | মুক্তি (rejected: Sanskrit-derived liberation term adjacent to মোক্ষ, already forbidden for “salvation”) | “Buy back/ransom” sense; must not collapse into Vaishnava/Hindu liberation vocabulary. |
| crucified with Christ | συσταυρόω (Χριστῷ συνεσταύρωμαι) | ক্রিস্তোগা লোয়ননা ক্রুসদা হাত্তুনা সিবা | Christoga loinnana krusda hattuna siba | Critical | 2 (core passage 2:19-20), 6 | Crucified with Christ | — | The single highest-priority NEW doctrinal term in this curriculum; perfect-tense “already accomplished, ongoing effect” must be preserved. No ready parallel in either Sanamahi or Vaishnava devotional frameworks. |
| new creation | καινὴ κτίσις | অনৌবা শেমগৎপা | anouba shemgatpa | Critical | 6 | Circumcision and the New Creation | পুনর্জন্ম (forbidden — same rebirth/reincarnation risk as baseline’s “resurrection” entry) | A one-time inaugurated new order, not a repeatable cycle. |
| freedom / liberty | ἐλευθερία | ননথোকপা | nonthokpa | Critical | 2, 4, 5 | Freedom in Christ | স্বাধীনতা (rejected: politically loaded Bengali/Hindi loanword strongly associated with regional autonomy/independence movements) | NEW risk category specific to Galatians, absent from the Romans baseline: contemporary Manipur political sensitivity around “freedom” vocabulary (insurgency, autonomy movements). Must be anchored explicitly to freedom from sin/law, never political self-determination. |
| slavery / bondage | δουλεία | দাসত্ত ওইবা | dasatta oiba | High | 4, 5 | Freedom in Christ / Law and Grace | — | Paired antonym to ননথোকপা above. |
| yoke of slavery | ζυγῷ δουλείας | মিনায়শিংগী লুপা | minaishinggi lupa | High | 5 | Freedom in Christ | — | Paul’s summary image for the whole circumcision-party error. |
| bewitched | βασκαίνω | মিত্না চাখ্রবা (idiom) / করিগি অসুম্না অপাঙ্গবা ওইরবা (rhetorical rendering) | mitna chakhraba / karigi asumna apangba oiraba | Critical | 3 | The Law’s Purpose (rhetorical opening) | — | Direct lexical overlap with evil-eye/maibi ritual-power folk belief; requires explicit translator note that Paul is not alleging literal sorcery. |
| elemental spirits of the world | στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου | মালেমগী থাওয়াইশিং | malemgi thawaishing | Critical | 4 | Law and Grace / The Law’s Purpose | শক্তি (forbidden — same maibi-trance-power risk already excluded for “power of God” in the baseline) | Highest-priority lexical-collision term in the whole curriculum: maps directly onto the Umang Lai/Apokpa populated spirit-world of active Sanamahi practice. |
| observing days, months, seasons, years | ἡμέρας καὶ μῆνας καὶ καιροὺς καὶ ἐνιαυτούς | নুমিৎ, থা, চহি অমসুং তুংগী থৌরম শিংবা | numit, tha, chahi amasung tunggi thouram shingba | High | 4 | Law and Grace | — | Must NOT be read as blanket condemnation of the Lai Haraoba seasonal calendar or Vaishnava festival calendar (Ras Lila, Krishna Janmashtami) as cultural practice; target is calendar-observance-as-righteousness specifically. |
| heir | κληρονόμος | লান ফংবা মচা | lan phongba macha | High | 4 | Adoption and Sonship | — | Must be taught together with, not separately from, adoption (মচা ওইনা লৌবা). |
| guardian / tutor (of the law) | παιδαγωγός | অঙাং য়েংশিনবা মিনায় | angang yengshinba minai | High | 3 | The Law’s Purpose | গুরু (rejected: implies the lifelong, honored guru-shishya bond of Vaishnava discipleship, opposite of the law’s explicitly TEMPORARY guardianship role) | Must stress temporariness — ends when faith comes (3:25). |
| mediator | μεσίτης | মদাংদা লেপ্পা মী | madangda leppa mi | High | 3 | The Law’s Purpose | — | Distinguish from a maibi’s ritual-intermediary role between community and Umang Lai deities. |
| promise (Abrahamic) | ἐπαγγελία | ৱাশাক্না পীবা | washakna piba | High | 3, 4 | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | — | Distinct from ৱারেপ্পা (covenant); Paul’s argument depends on the promise PRECEDING and not being nullified by the later-given law. |
| seed (of Abraham) | σπέρμα (Ἀβραάμ) | অব্রাহামগী চা-চাহি | Abrahamgi cha-chahi | High | 3 | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | — | Built on the baseline’s “seed of David” pattern; singular/plural distinction drives Paul’s Christ-centered exegesis. |
| Abraham | Ἀβραάμ | অব্রাহাম | Abraham | Medium | 3, 4 | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | — | Proper name; confirm against current printed Manipuri Bible. |
| Hagar / Sarah / Ishmael / Isaac | Ἁγάρ / Σάρρα / Ἰσμαήλ / Ἰσαάκ | হাগার / সারা / ইসমাইল / ইসহাক | Hagar / Sara / Ismail / Ishak | Medium | 4 | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise / Freedom in Christ | — | Allegorical use requires theologian-guided lesson scaffolding beyond simple transliteration, given low assumed OT narrative literacy. |
| transgressor | παραβάτης | য়াথাং থুগাইবা মী | yathang thugaiba mi | Medium | 2 (core passage 2:18) | Justification by Faith | — | Built on baseline য়াথাং (law). |
| servant/minister of sin | ἁμαρτίας διάκονος | পাপ্কী মিনায় | papki minai | High | 2 (core passage 2:17) | Justification by Faith | — | Negative use of διάκονος; not a title of honor here. |
| to Judaize / Judaism | Ἰουδαΐζειν / Ἰουδαϊσμός | জুহুদীগী চৎনবিরাক ইনবা / জুহুদীগী চৎনবিরাক | juhudigi chatnabirak inba / juhudigi chatnabirak | High | 1, 2 | Paul’s Apostleship / Law and Grace | ধর্ম-based renderings (rejected throughout for Vaishnavization-derived duty connotations) | Consistent avoidance of ধর্ম across all Galatians law/Judaism-adjacent vocabulary. |
| circumcision | περιτομή / περιτέμνω | লি কোকপা | li kokpa | High | 2, 5, 6 | Circumcision and the New Creation | সুন্নত (rejected: strongly associated with Islamic practice, wrong religious-tradition association) | Risk is primarily doctrinal (works-righteousness marker), not lexical-collision, since circumcision is not a Meitei ritual practice. |
| law of Christ | νόμος τοῦ Χριστοῦ | ক্রিস্তোগী মতুংইন্না চৎপগী য়াথাং | Christogi matunginna chatpagi yathang | High | 6 | Bearing One Another’s Burdens / Law and Grace | bare য়াথাং alone (rejected: risks implying reintroduction of Mosaic Law-keeping) | Christ’s self-giving-love pattern, not Torah-observance. |
| flesh (moral sense) / works of the flesh | σάρξ / ἔργα τῆς σαρκός | হাকচাংগী পান্দম | hakchanggi pandam | High | 5 | Flesh versus Spirit | — | THIRD distinct sense of σάρξ in the letter (moral), vs. 2:16’s “all flesh” (humanity-idiom) and 2:20’s “in the flesh” (neutral physical). Track all three separately. |
| flesh (“all flesh” = humanity) | σάρξ (πᾶσα σάρξ) | মীওই খুদিংমক | miwoi khudingmak | High | 2 (core passage 2:16) | Universal Human Accountability (baseline doctrine, reapplied) | — | Hebraic universality idiom; must not be rendered with the same word used for the moral “flesh” sense in ch. 5. |
| flesh (“in the flesh” = physical/neutral) | σάρξ (ἐν σαρκί) | হাকচাংদা | hakchangda | Medium | 2 (core passage 2:20) | Crucified with Christ (contextual) | — | Neutral physical-life sense; distinct from both other σάρξ senses above. |
| sorcery / witchcraft | φαρμακεία | অরাবা থাওয়াইগী থবক | araba thawaigi thabak | Critical | 5 | Flesh versus Spirit | জাদু / তন্ত্র-মন্ত্র (rejected: heavily Hindu-tantra-loaded loanwords) | Extreme pastoral precision required: condemns a specific practice-category without blanket-labeling all Sanamahi ritual practice (maibi/maiba roles) as this vice. |
| fruit of the Spirit | καρπὸς τοῦ πνεύματος | থাওয়াই অসেংবগী মহেই | Thawai Asengbagi mahei | High | 5 | Fruit of the Spirit | — | Deliberately SINGULAR “fruit,” contrasted with the PLURAL “works of the flesh.” |
| faith working through love | πίστις διʼ ἀγάπης ἐνεργουμένη | থাজবানা নুংশিবগী মখাদা থবক তৌবা | thajabana nungshibagi makhada thabak touba | High | 5 | Faith Working through Love | ভক্তিগী সেবাগী মখাদা (rejected: reframes as bhakti devotional-service love, a merit-building category) | Positive alternative to both legalism and license. |
| bear one another’s burdens | ἀλλήλων τὰ βάρη βαστάζετε | অমাগা অমাগা য়াম্বা পুবা | amaga amaga yamba puba | Medium | 6 | Bearing One Another’s Burdens | — | Positive resonance point with Meitei communal mutual-labor customs. |
| household of faith | οἶκος τῆς πίστεως | থাজবগী ইমুং | thajabagi imung | Medium | 6 | Bearing One Another’s Burdens | — | Built on থাজবা + ইমুং (household, strong positive kinship resonance). |
| marks of Jesus | στίγματα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ | জিসুগীদমক্তা ফংলবা মখা | Jisugidamakta phongluba makha | Medium | 6 | Paul’s Apostleship (closing appeal) | — | Distinguish from any ritual scarification/devotional branding practice; these are persecution-scars, not devotional marks. |
| pillars (leading apostles) | στῦλοι | য়ুম্গী লিংথৌ | yumgi lingthou | Low | 2 | Paul’s Apostleship | — | Standard architectural leadership metaphor; no known collision. |
| bewitched — see above | ||||||||
| castrate/cut off (Paul’s harsh wish) | ἀποκόπτω | (register-dependent rendering; consult native-speaker review) | — | Medium | 5 | Circumcision and the New Creation | — | Primarily a tone/register issue, not doctrinal-collision risk. |
Cross-Cutting Risk Notes for Phase 2 Translation
-
σάρξ (“flesh”) is not one term but three in this letter. Galatians 2:16 (“all flesh” = humanity, idiom), 2:20 (“in the flesh” = neutral physical existence), and Galatians 5 (moral sinful nature opposed to the Spirit) require THREE DISTINCT Manipuri renderings, tracked consistently, with translator notes at each occurrence. This is a Galatians-specific complexity not present in the Romans baseline package and must be added to any updated
translation_memory.jsonas three separate keyed entries (e.g.,flesh_humanity,flesh_neutral,flesh_moral). -
στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου (“elemental spirits”) is the single highest-priority new lexical-collision risk in this curriculum. It must never be rendered with শক্তি (already forbidden in the baseline for “power of God”) and requires its own dedicated theologian-reviewed translator note distinguishing Paul’s warning from any blanket judgment on Sanamahi practice as a living tradition.
-
ἐλευθερία (“freedom”) introduces a contemporary political-sensitivity risk absent from the Romans baseline. Given Manipur’s live autonomy/insurgency context, this term requires escalation beyond what the Romans package anticipated and should be added to the AI Translation Requirements’ FORBIDDEN/ESCALATION lists in the next update to
12_ai_translation_requirements.md. -
শাপ (“curse”) is used for BOTH ἀνάθεμα (1:8-9, apostolic pronouncement) and κατάρα (3:10-13, the law’s own curse-function). Both uses share the same Manipuri word but require distinct translator notes for their distinct theological functions; neither may be softened given the doctrinal weight Paul places on each.
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Galatians 3:6 cites the identical Genesis 15:6 text used in Romans 4:3. The baseline’s
imputed_righteousnessrendering (পীথোকপা অচুম্বা চৎনবিরাক) MUST be reused verbatim here for cross-curriculum consistency, per the Theological Consistency Rules Across Documents established in the AI Requirements package. -
All Critical-risk NEW terms above must be escalated to human theologian review before any Phase 2 segment translation using them is approved, per the same escalation logic already established for the Romans baseline’s forbidden-substitution list.
This glossary should be read together with analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md. Both documents must be reconciled with the baseline translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json before any new terms are written into an updated Language Package version for Phase 2 processing.
Critical Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: মথৌ তাদনা পীবা তেংবাং
Transliteration: mathou tadana piba tengbang
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: কৃপা (a term shared with Vaishnava bhakti usage for Krishna’s compassionate favor toward a devotee, avoid as the primary term), পুণ্য (merit accumulated through devotional service/seva, never use)
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. CRITICAL: a descriptive compound (‘favor given without needing to be earned’) is required. Manipuri Vaishnavism’s bhakti devotionalism has its own well-developed concept of কৃপা (Krishna’s grace toward a devoted follower), but this is typically understood as responsive to the devotee’s bhakti (devoted love and service, seva), not wholly unconditioned. Relevant to Galatians doctrine: Law and Grace / Justification by Faith — Galatians 2:21 and 5:4 are grace-vs-works verses on par with Romans 4:4-5/11:5-6 and must receive identical escalation.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: অচুম্বা চৎনবিরাক
Transliteration: achumba chatnabirak
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ধর্ম (avoid the broad Hindu-derived sense of cosmic/religious duty absorbed into Meitei religious vocabulary through Vaishnavization)
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. CRITICAL: right standing before God received through faith, not ধর্ম-style religious duty. Relevant to Galatians doctrine: Justification by Faith / Law and Grace — core to Galatians 2:21’s counterfactual argument (‘if righteousness were through the law, Christ died for no purpose’).
Justification
Approved rendering: অচুম্বা ওইহনবা
Transliteration: achumba oihanba
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: ময়ামদা কোকপা (forgiveness alone, too narrow)
Original: δικαίωσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. CRITICAL: a descriptive compound (‘being made/declared righteous’) is required to carry the forensic, once-for-all legal-declaration sense; must never be abbreviated to mere forgiveness. Relevant to Galatians doctrine: Justification by Faith — occurs three times within Galatians 2:16 alone (δικαιοῦται / δικαιωθῶμεν / δικαιωθήσεται); this is the doctrinal center of the core passage and must be rendered identically at every occurrence in that verse.
Salvation
Approved rendering: অহানবা
Transliteration: ahanba
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: মোক্ষ (Vaishnava/Hindu liberation, never use), লাইনিং (union/absorption into a deity’s divine presence, never use as a stand-alone gloss for eternal salvation)
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. CRITICAL: অহানবা must never collapse into মোক্ষ or a bhakti-devotee’s hoped-for eternal nearness to Krishna’s presence. Relevant to Galatians doctrine: Justification by Faith (implicit throughout; explicit at Galatians 1:4, ‘to deliver us from the present evil age’).
Resurrection
Approved rendering: সিবদগী হিংজত-লকপা
Transliteration: sibadagi hingjat-lakpa
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: পুনর্জন্ম (rebirth/reincarnation, a category absorbed into Meitei religious vocabulary through Vaishnavization, never use)
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. CRITICAL: a descriptive phrase avoiding পুনর্জন্ম. Relevant to Galatians doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship (implicit in Galatians 1:1, ‘God the Father, who raised him from the dead’); cross-reference with new_creation below, an adjacent risk category unique to this letter.
Lord
Approved rendering: মপু ইবুংগো
Transliteration: Mapu Ibungo
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ঠাকুর (a devotional title for Krishna in Manipuri Vaishnava usage, avoid as the primary term)
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. মপু ইবুংগো is preferred over ঠাকুর, which risks framing Christ as one more object of bhakti devotion. Relevant to Galatians doctrine: underlies the whole letter’s Christological framing (1:3, 6:14, 6:18).
Son Of God
Approved rendering: তেংবাং মপুগী মচানুপা
Transliteration: Tengban Mapugi machanupa
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: অবতার (avatar, an incarnate deity-descent as understood in Manipuri Vaishnavism, an explicit downgrade and rejected)
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Given how thoroughly Manipuri Vaishnavism has integrated avatar theology into Meitei religious life, this doctrine must be taught as unique, eternal Sonship, not one more avatar. Relevant to Galatians doctrine: Crucified with Christ — central to the core passage’s climax (2:20, ‘faith of the Son of God’) and to Adoption and Sonship in chapter 4.
Messiah
Approved rendering: ক্রিস্তো
Transliteration: Christo
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: Χριστός / מָשִׁיחַ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Not one avatar among Vishnu’s recognized avatar sequence. Relevant to Galatians doctrine: used throughout the letter; base component of ক্রিস্তোগা লোয়ননা ক্রুসদা হাত্তুনা সিখ্রে (crucified_with_christ).
Jesus
Approved rendering: জিসু
Transliteration: Jisu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς / יֵשׁוּעַ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Confirm against a current printed Manipuri Bible edition. Used throughout Galatians.
God
Approved rendering: তেংবাং মপু
Transliteration: Tengban Mapu
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ঠাকুর (a devotional title strongly associated with Krishna, avoid as the primary term), সানামাহি (never use as the primary term for the biblical God; reserve strictly for describing traditional Sanamahi belief about the household deity)
Original: θεός / אֱלֹהִים / יהוה
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Used throughout Galatians; this choice should be named and explained rather than passed over silently, as in the Romans package.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: থাওয়াই অসেংবা
Transliteration: Thawai Asengba
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: থাওয়াই alone (a generic spirit/soul, which in Sanamahi belief can also name an ancestral or Umang Lai nature-spirit, never use without অসেংবা), শক্তি (a maibi’s oracular trance-power, never use)
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Must always be used in full. Relevant to Galatians doctrine: central to the entire Flesh versus Spirit argument (chapters 3-6) and to the Fruit of the Spirit list (5:22-23); base term for fruit_of_the_spirit below.
Father
Approved rendering: ইপা
Transliteration: Ipa
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. God as personal Father, chosen for warmth and intimacy rather than a royal-divine title. Relevant to Galatians doctrine: Adoption and Sonship (1:1, 1:3-4, 4:6 ‘Abba, Father’).
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: পীথোকপা অচুম্বা চৎনবিরাক
Transliteration: pithokpa achumba chatnabirak
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: ফংলকপা অচুম্বা চৎনবিরাক (righteousness earned/obtained by one’s own effort, the explicit rejected opposite)
Original: ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Relevant to Galatians doctrine: Galatians 3:6 cites the identical Genesis 15:6 text used in Romans 4:3 (‘Abraham believed God, and it was counted to him as righteousness’); this rendering MUST match Romans exactly for cross-curriculum consistency.
Works Of The Law
Approved rendering: য়াথাংগী থবক
Transliteration: yathanggi thabak
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: ধর্মগী থবক (rejected: carries Vaishnavization-derived duty sense)
Original: ἔργα νόμου
Category: Salvation
NEW. Galatians 2:16 (×3, core passage), 3:2, 3:5, 3:10. The letter’s central polemical target, built on য়াথাং. Must never be rendered as ধর্ম-related duty, and must be kept distinct from ভক্তিগী সেবা (the baseline’s rejected alternative for obedience_of_faith), since Manipuri Vaishnavism’s works-toward-favor logic is the nearest live cultural parallel to the very error Paul refutes. Must be rendered identically at all three occurrences within 2:16.
False Gospel
Approved rendering: অতোপ্পা পাউ
Transliteration: atoppa pao
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Rejected alternatives: নুংঙাইবগী অতোপ্পা পাউ (rejected: would dignify the false teaching with ‘good news’ vocabulary)
Original: ἄλλο εὐαγγέλιον / ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
NEW. Galatians 1:6-9. Deliberately built WITHOUT নুংঙাইবগী so the rival message is not dignified with good-news vocabulary. Distinct risk category from festival ‘good news’ announcements tied to the Vaishnava devotional calendar; Galatians 1 warns against a corrupted version of the Christian message itself. Flag every occurrence for human theologian review alongside the accompanying anathema pronouncement.
Anathema
Approved rendering: শাপ ফাংবা
Transliteration: shap phangba
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: ἀνάθεμα / ἀναθεματίζω
Category: Judgment
NEW. Galatians 1:8-9. শাপ closely parallels the ‘sage’s curse’ motif from regional Hindu mythology and risks being misheard as an impersonal or magical curse-formula. Translator notes must state this is God’s judgment pronounced through his apostle, not a ritual malediction, and must not be confused with any curse-removal ritual in Sanamahi or Vaishnava contexts. Shares its base word (শাপ) with curse_of_law below but functions differently — track both uses separately.
Curse Of Law
Approved rendering: শাপ
Transliteration: shap
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: κατάρα
Category: Covenant
NEW. Galatians 3:10, 3:13. Uses the same base word (শাপ) as anathema but names the LAW’s own curse-function on lawbreakers rather than an apostolic pronouncement; a translator note distinguishing the two applications is required at every occurrence. Central to 3:13’s redemption argument — Christ became this curse in believers’ place. Never soften into a general ‘bad luck’ sense.
Redeemed
Approved rendering: লৌথোকপা
Transliteration: louthokpa
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Rejected alternatives: মুক্তি (rejected: Sanskrit-derived liberation term adjacent to মোক্ষ, already forbidden for ‘salvation’ in the baseline)
Original: ἐξαγοράζω
Category: Salvation
NEW. Galatians 3:13, 4:5. ‘Buy back/ransom’ sense of ἐξαγοράζω; must not be collapsed into a Vaishnava/Hindu liberation framework. A specific, historical, commercial-metaphor act accomplished once at the cross.
Crucified With Christ
Approved rendering: ক্রিস্তোগা লোয়ননা ক্রুসদা হাত্তুনা সিখ্রে
Transliteration: Christoga loinnana krusda hattuna sikhre
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Original: Χριστῷ συνεσταύρωμαι
Category: Union with Christ
NEW. Galatians 2:19-20 (core passage), 5:24, 6:14. The single highest-priority NEW doctrinal term in this curriculum, built on ক্রুস (cross, transliterated) + ক্রিস্তো. This union-with-Christ’s-death concept has no ready parallel in Sanamahi ancestor-veneration or Vaishnava bhakti (which aims at nearness to, not death with, the deity). The perfect tense’s ‘already accomplished, continuing effect’ nuance must be preserved and never flattened into a repeatable ritual or devotional posture. Must be read together with ‘Christ lives in me’ (2:20) as one indivisible statement.
New Creation
Approved rendering: অনৌবা শেমগৎপা
Transliteration: anouba shemgatpa
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Rejected alternatives: পুনর্জন্ম (forbidden — same rebirth/reincarnation risk as the baseline’s ‘resurrection’ entry)
Original: καινὴ κτίσις
Category: Eschatology
NEW. Galatians 6:15. Must be explicitly distinguished from পুনর্জন্ম, since ‘new creation’ and ‘resurrection’ are theologically adjacent categories both vulnerable to a Vaishnava-influenced cyclical-rebirth lens. A one-time inaugurated new order, not a repeatable cycle.
Freedom
Approved rendering: ননথোকপা
Transliteration: nonthokpa
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Rejected alternatives: স্বাধীনতা (rejected: politically loaded Bengali/Hindi loanword strongly associated with regional autonomy/independence movements in Manipur)
Original: ἐλευθερία
Category: Freedom
NEW. Galatians 2:4, 5:1, 5:13. A risk category absent from the Romans baseline entirely: given Manipur’s live context of armed insurgency, autonomy movements, and inter-community conflict, ‘freedom’ vocabulary carries loaded political resonance. Must be repeatedly anchored to freedom from SIN’S BONDAGE AND THE LAW’S CONDEMNATION through Christ’s finished work, never left to resonate with political self-determination.
Bewitched
Approved rendering: করিগি অসুম্না অপাঙ্গবা ওইরবা
Transliteration: karigi asumna apangba oiraba
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Rejected alternatives: মিত্না চাখ্রবা (a literal evil-eye image, rejected as the default rendering — permissible only with a mandatory clarifying note)
Original: ἐβασκάνατε
Category: Faith
NEW. Galatians 3:1. Because Sanamahi ritual practice and popular belief include real evil-eye and maibi ritual-power concepts, this verse requires an explicit translator note clarifying Paul is NOT alleging literal sorcery against the Galatians but using a common rhetorical idiom for ‘led astray as if under a spell.‘
Elemental Spirits
Approved rendering: মালেমগী থাওয়াইশিং
Transliteration: malemgi thawaishing
Doctrine: Bondage to Elemental Spirits
Rejected alternatives: শক্তি (forbidden — same maibi-trance-power risk already excluded for ‘power of God’ in the baseline)
Original: στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου
Category: Spiritual Powers
NEW. Galatians 4:3, 4:9. The single highest-priority lexical-collision term in this curriculum: maps with unusual precision onto Sanamahism’s populated spirit-world (the Umang Lai forest/guardian deities honored at Lai Haraoba, and the ancestral Apokpa spirits), currently and actively practiced. Paul’s warning in 4:9 is theologically explosive for any convert from active Sanamahi practice and requires extreme pastoral and doctrinal care — neither blanket condemnation of Meitei cultural practice nor vague softening.
Sorcery Witchcraft
Approved rendering: অরাবা থাওয়াইগী থবক
Transliteration: araba thawaigi thabak
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Rejected alternatives: জাদু / তন্ত্র-মন্ত্র (rejected: heavily Hindu-tantra-loaded loanwords)
Original: φαρμακεία
Category: Spiritual Powers
NEW. Galatians 5:20 (vice list). Requires extreme pastoral precision: must be taught as a specific harmful ritual practice condemned by Scripture WITHOUT implying that every traditional Sanamahi ritual practice (a maibi’s role, a maiba’s healing practice) is automatically identical to this vice.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: নুংঙাইবগী পাউ
Transliteration: nungngaibagi pao
Doctrine: Gospel
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. নুংঙাইবগী পাউ (‘joyful/good news’) is a plain descriptive rendering. Must be distinguished from general festival announcements, particularly during the Vaishnava festival calendar (e.g. Ras Lila performances, Krishna Janmashtami), which also carry celebratory ‘good news’ framing of a different kind. Relevant to Galatians doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels (1:6-11) — the emphasis sharpens here from ‘what is the gospel’ to ‘there is exactly one true gospel,’ a sharper polemical edge than Romans required; must never be abbreviated when the rival ‘another gospel’ (see false_gospel) is discussed in the same breath.
Faith
Approved rendering: থাজবা
Transliteration: thajaba
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: ভক্তি (bhakti, devoted loving worship, too specific to the Vaishnava devotional framework)
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. থাজবা (belief/trust) is preferred over ভক্তি because Manipuri Vaishnavism’s ভক্তি names a specific, well-developed devotional practice rather than the personal, saving trust in Christ Galatians describes. The object of faith must always be specified in context. Relevant to Galatians doctrine: Justification by Faith (2:16, 2:20 ‘faith of the Son of God’) and Faith Working through Love (5:6); also reused as the base term for faithfulness_fruit (5:22) with a required distinguishing note.
Called
Approved rendering: কৌখিবা
Transliteration: koukhiba
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλητός
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Context-sensitive across ministry-calling, sainthood, and salvation senses. Must be distinguished from a maibi priestess being ritually ‘called’/seized by an Umang Lai deity during Lai Haraoba trance. Relevant to Galatians doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship (1:6, 1:15) and Freedom in Christ (5:8, 5:13).
Calling
Approved rendering: কৌবগী থৌদাং
Transliteration: koubagi thoudang
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Noun form for the act/state of being called, kept structurally parallel to কৌখিবা. Relevant to Galatians doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship (1:15) and Freedom in Christ (5:13).
Holy
Approved rendering: অসেংবা
Transliteration: asengba
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: শেংবা (physically clean, ritual-purity sense only)
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. অসেংবা conveys moral purity and being set apart for God; শেংবা is reserved for physical/ritual cleanliness. Relevant to Galatians doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit / Fruit of the Spirit (thematic background to chapter 5’s sanctification argument).
Sanctification
Approved rendering: অসেংবা ওইহনবা
Transliteration: asengba oihanba
Doctrine: Sanctification
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. The Spirit’s ongoing work of making believers holy, distinct from ritual purification before Lai Haraoba or Vaishnava temple worship. Relevant to Galatians doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit / Fruit of the Spirit.
Adoption
Approved rendering: মচা ওইনা লৌবা
Transliteration: macha oina louba
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: υἱοθεσία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. A descriptive compound (‘taking as a child’) stands in for formal legal adoption; traditional Meitei clan (yumnak) identity runs primarily through birth lineage. Relevant to Galatians doctrine: Adoption and Sonship — central to 4:5-7; must be taught inseparably with the new heir entry below, since 4:7 links the two in a single sentence.
Law
Approved rendering: য়াথাং
Transliteration: yathang
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: ধর্ম (avoid the Hindu-derived religious-duty sense absorbed through Vaishnavization)
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Never use ধর্ম. Relevant to Galatians doctrine: Law and Grace / The Law’s Purpose — the base term for the Galatians-specific compounds works_of_the_law, guardian_tutor, law_of_christ, and judaize_judaism; the ধর্ম prohibition must be extended consistently across every new compound built on this root.
Sin
Approved rendering: পাপ
Transliteration: pap
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Must be distinguished from ritual offenses addressed through Lai Haraoba purification rites or Vaishnava atonement rituals (prayaschitta). Relevant to Galatians doctrine: base term for ‘sinners’ (2:15, 2:17) and for the vice-list framing of chapter 5:19-21.
Glory
Approved rendering: মতিক চাউবা
Transliteration: matik chauba
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Avoid metaphors that could conflate with the ceremonial splendor of Ras Lila performance staging. Relevant to Galatians doctrine: opens and closes the letter’s doxological framing (1:5, 6:18 implicit).
Obedience Of Faith
Approved rendering: থাজবগী ইনবা
Transliteration: thajabagi inba
Doctrine: Obedience of Faith
Rejected alternatives: ভক্তিগী সেবা (devotional service performed out of bhakti, a works-based misreading)
Original: ὑπακοὴ πίστεως
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Obedience that flows from faith, not সেবা performed to build bhakti standing. Relevant to Galatians doctrine: Faith Working through Love, thematically present throughout as the positive alternative to works_of_the_law.
Covenant
Approved rendering: ৱারেপ্পা
Transliteration: wareppa
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Confirm exact naturalness with a Manipuri-speaking theologian. Relevant to Galatians doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise (3:15-18); must be kept distinct from the new promise_abrahamic entry, which precedes it chronologically in Paul’s argument.
Election
Approved rendering: তেংবাং মপুগী খনবা
Transliteration: Tengban Mapugi khanba
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: ৱাইফম (fate/destiny, never use)
Original: ἐκλογή
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. God’s sovereign, personal choice, distinguished from impersonal fate. Relevant to Galatians doctrine: thematically present in Galatians 1:15 (‘set apart before I was born’).
Abba
Approved rendering: আব্বা
Transliteration: Abba
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: אַבָּא
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Relevant to Galatians doctrine: Adoption and Sonship — Galatians 4:6 echoes Romans 8:15 verbatim; ensure cross-curriculum consistency of rendering.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: দাউদগী চা-চাহি
Transliteration: Daudgi cha-chahi
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: σπέρμα Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Not used directly in Galatians (which argues instead from ‘seed of Abraham’), retained here as the structural pattern-source for seed_of_abraham below.
Slavery Bondage
Approved rendering: দাসত্ত ওইবা
Transliteration: dasatta oiba
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: δουλεία
Category: Freedom
NEW. Galatians 4:1-9, 4:24-25, 5:1. Paired antonym to ননথোকপা; must be kept clearly distinguished from any contemporary connotation of ethnic or political subjugation specific to Manipur’s regional history.
Yoke Of Slavery
Approved rendering: মিনায়শিংগী লুপা
Transliteration: minaishinggi lupa
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: ζυγῷ δουλείας
Category: Freedom
NEW. Galatians 5:1. Paul’s summary image for the whole circumcision-party error. No direct cultural-collision identified beyond the general freedom/bondage political sensitivity already flagged for ‘freedom’ above.
Observing Days Months Seasons Years
Approved rendering: নুমিৎ, থা, চহি অমসুং তুংগী থৌরম শিংবা
Transliteration: numit, tha, chahi amasung tunggi thouram shingba
Doctrine: Bondage to Elemental Spirits
Original: ἡμέρας καὶ μῆνας καὶ καιροὺς καὶ ἐνιαυτούς
Category: Covenant
NEW. Galatians 4:10. Translator note required: this is NOT a blanket condemnation of the Meitei ritual calendar (e.g. Lai Haraoba’s seasonal observance, or Vaishnava festivals such as Ras Lila and Krishna Janmashtami) as culture; Paul’s target is calendar-observance treated as a MEANS OF EARNING RIGHTEOUSNESS.
Heir
Approved rendering: লান ফংবা মচা
Transliteration: lan phongba macha
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: κληρονόμος
Category: Salvation
NEW. Galatians 4:1, 4:7. Must be taught together with, not separately from, adoption, since 4:7 links them explicitly (‘no longer a slave but a son, and if a son, then an heir’). Traditional Meitei clan (yumnak) inheritance runs through birth lineage.
Guardian Tutor
Approved rendering: অঙাং য়েংশিনবা মিনায়
Transliteration: angang yengshinba minai
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Rejected alternatives: গুরু (rejected: implies the lifelong, honored guru-shishya bond of Vaishnava discipleship, the opposite of the law’s explicitly TEMPORARY guardianship role)
Original: παιδαγωγός
Category: Covenant
NEW. Galatians 3:24-25. Must stress temporariness — the law’s guardianship role ends when faith comes. গুরু’s defining feature (permanence/lifelong honor) is the exact opposite of Paul’s point.
Mediator
Approved rendering: মদাংদা লেপ্পা মী
Transliteration: madangda leppa mi
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: μεσίτης
Category: Covenant
NEW. Galatians 3:19-20. Must be distinguished from a maibi’s ritual-intermediary role between community and Umang Lai deities during Lai Haraoba; this is Moses’ historical role in the law’s giving, not an ongoing ritual-intercession office.
Promise Abrahamic
Approved rendering: ৱাশাক্না পীবা
Transliteration: washakna piba
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: ἐπαγγελία
Category: Covenant
NEW. Galatians 3:14-22. Distinct from ৱারেপ্পা though closely related; Paul’s argument (3:15-18) depends on the promise PRECEDING and not being nullified by the law given 430 years later — a chronological-priority argument that must survive translation.
Seed Of Abraham
Approved rendering: অব্রাহামগী চা-চাহি
Transliteration: Abrahamgi cha-chahi
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: σπέρμα Ἀβραάμ
Category: Covenant
NEW. Galatians 3:16, 3:29. Built on the baseline’s ‘seed of David’ pattern. The SINGULAR/plural distinction driving Paul’s argument (seed, not seeds) must be preserved in translator notes.
Servant Of Sin
Approved rendering: পাপ্কী মিনায়
Transliteration: papki minai
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Original: ἁμαρτίας διάκονος
Category: Sin
NEW. Galatians 2:17 (core passage). διάκονος elsewhere carries a positive ‘minister/servant’ sense; here it is deliberately negative. Context must make clear this is not a title of honor.
Judaize Judaism
Approved rendering: জুহুদীগী চৎনবিরাক ইনবা / জুহুদীগী চৎনবিরাক
Transliteration: juhudigi chatnabirak inba / juhudigi chatnabirak
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: ধর্ম-based renderings (rejected throughout for Vaishnavization-derived duty connotations)
Original: Ἰουδαΐζειν / Ἰουδαϊσμός
Category: Covenant
NEW. Galatians 1:13-14, 2:14. NEVER use ধর্ম, consistent with the baseline’s rejection of ধর্ম for ‘law.’ Rendered descriptively as ‘the Jewish way of life/conduct.‘
Circumcision
Approved rendering: লি কোকপা
Transliteration: li kokpa
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Rejected alternatives: সুন্নত (rejected: strongly associated with Islamic practice, wrong religious-tradition association)
Original: περιτομή / περιτέμνω
Category: Covenant
NEW. Galatians 2:3-5, 5:2-6, 5:11-12, 6:12-15. Risk is primarily DOCTRINAL rather than lexical, since circumcision has no direct Meitei ritual parallel. Readers must understand this as a specific Old Covenant sign wrongly re-imposed as a means of earning righteousness.
Law Of Christ
Approved rendering: ক্রিস্তোগী মতুংইন্না চৎপগী য়াথাং
Transliteration: Christogi matunginna chatpagi yathang
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: bare য়াথাং alone (rejected: risks implying reintroduction of Mosaic Law-keeping as the standard)
Original: νόμος τοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Covenant
NEW. Galatians 6:2. Not the Mosaic Law but Christ’s own pattern of self-giving love as the believer’s rule of life; must be sharply distinguished from য়াথাং even though the same Greek root (νόμος) is used.
Flesh Moral
Approved rendering: হাকচাংগী পান্দম
Transliteration: hakchanggi pandam
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: σάρξ / ἔργα τῆς σαρκός
Category: Sanctification
NEW. Galatians 5:16-21. The THIRD distinct sense of σάρξ in the letter (the sinful human nature opposed to the Spirit); must be tracked separately from flesh_humanity (2:16) and flesh_neutral (2:20).
Flesh Humanity
Approved rendering: মীওই খুদিংমক
Transliteration: miwoi khudingmak
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Original: σάρξ (πᾶσα σάρξ)
Category: Sin
NEW. Galatians 2:16 (core passage, πᾶσα σάρξ). Hebraic idiom for ‘every human being without exception.’ Must NOT be rendered with the same Manipuri word used for flesh_moral, to avoid collapsing two distinct senses of σάρξ.
Fruit Of The Spirit
Approved rendering: থাওয়াই অসেংবগী মহেই
Transliteration: Thawai Asengbagi mahei
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Original: καρπὸς τοῦ πνεύματος
Category: Sanctification
NEW. Galatians 5:22-23. Built on থাওয়াই অসেংবা (must always appear in full; bare থাওয়াই forbidden). The deliberately SINGULAR ‘fruit,’ contrasted with the PLURAL ‘works of the flesh,’ should be preserved or flagged for teaching.
Joy Fruit
Approved rendering: নুংঙাইবা
Transliteration: nungngaiba
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Rejected alternatives: হরাওবা (rejected: also the second half of ‘Lai Haraoba,’ the major Sanamahi festival name, risking unwanted festival association)
Original: χαρά
Category: Sanctification
NEW. Galatians 5:22, second-listed fruit item. Prefer নুংঙাইবা, the same root as the baseline’s নুংঙাইবগী পাউ (gospel), to keep the lexical family consistent and avoid the Lai Haraoba collision.
Faith Working Through Love
Approved rendering: থাজবানা নুংশিবগী মখাদা থবক তৌবা
Transliteration: thajabana nungshibagi makhada thabak touba
Doctrine: Faith Working through Love
Rejected alternatives: ভক্তিগী সেবাগী মখাদা (rejected: reframes as bhakti devotional-service love, a merit-building category)
Original: πίστις διʼ ἀγάπης ἐνεργουμένη
Category: Faith
NEW. Galatians 5:6. Paul’s positive alternative to both legalism and license. This is faith EXPRESSING ITSELF in love toward others, not devotional feeling directed at a deity for the sake of building religious merit.
Not From Men But Through Christ
Approved rendering: মীওইদগী নত্তে, মীওই অমাগী মখাদগীসু নত্তে, জিসু ক্রিস্তোগী মখাদগীনি
Transliteration: miwoidagi natte, miwoi amagi makhadagisu natte, Jisu Christogi makhadagini
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
NEW. Galatians 1:1. Establishes direct divine commissioning as the letter’s opening polemical claim; the emphatic double negation (‘not from men… nor through man…’) must be preserved in full.
Israel Of God
Approved rendering: তেংবাং মপুগী ইস্রায়েল
Transliteration: Tengban Mapugi Israel
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
NEW compound on baseline terms. Galatians 6:16. Must be taught as a THEOLOGICAL category (all who belong to Christ by faith and walk by the new-creation rule), not a contemporary political or ethnic-national referent, consistent with the baseline’s sensitivity note on ‘israel.‘
Medium Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: তবিদগী থাবিরকপা
Transliteration: tabidagi thabirakpa
Doctrine: Apostleship
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. A descriptive phrase (‘one who has been sent’) conveys authorized, commissioned ministry. Relevant to Galatians doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship — Galatians 1:1 stresses DIRECT divine (not human-derived) commissioning more sharply than Romans; every occurrence should be read alongside not_from_men_but_through_christ below.
Peace
Approved rendering: ইনগবা
Transliteration: ingba
Doctrine: Peace with God
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Relational peace with God through justification, not meditative devotional calm or the ritual harmony maintained with the Umang Lai through Lai Haraoba observance. Relevant to Galatians doctrine: appears in the letter’s greeting (1:3) and as one item within the Fruit of the Spirit list (5:22), retaining the same relational meaning in both contexts.
Church
Approved rendering: কলিসিয়া
Transliteration: kalisiya
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: মন্দির (a Vaishnava temple, never use), উমাং লাই থাবা (an Umang Lai sacred grove worship site, never use)
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Must remain clearly distinct from both মন্দির and the Umang Lai sacred grove. Relevant to Galatians doctrine: ‘the churches of Galatia’ (1:2) and the corporate life addressed throughout the letter’s closing chapters.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: অতোপ্পা ফুরুপ
Transliteration: atoppa phurup
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Use with awareness that ‘other peoples’ language can resonate with existing clan-identity (ফুরুপ) categories. Relevant to Galatians doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles, central throughout Galatians 1-3.
Israel
Approved rendering: ইস্রায়েল
Transliteration: Israel
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: יִשְׂרָאֵל
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Relevant to Galatians doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation — base for the compound israel_of_god (6:16); teach as a theological category, not a contemporary political or ethnic-national referent.
Abraham
Approved rendering: অব্রাহাম
Transliteration: Abraham
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: Ἀβραάμ
Category: Covenant
NEW proper name. Transliterate consistently across all occurrences (3:6-9, 3:14-18, 3:29, 4:22). Confirm against a current printed Manipuri Bible before finalizing.
Hagar Sarah Ishmael Isaac
Approved rendering: হাগার / সারা / ইসমাইল / ইসহাক
Transliteration: Hagar / Sara / Ismail / Ishak
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: Ἁγάρ / Σάρρα / Ἰσμαήλ / Ἰσαάκ
Category: Covenant
NEW proper names. Galatians 4:22-31, used allegorically: Hagar/Ishmael representing slavery under the law, Sarah/Isaac representing promise-born freedom. Requires substantial explanatory scaffolding given low assumed Old Testament narrative literacy.
Transgressor
Approved rendering: য়াথাং থুগাইবা মী
Transliteration: yathang thugaiba mi
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Original: παραβάτης
Category: Sin
NEW. Galatians 2:18 (core passage). Built on য়াথাং. Distinguish from the general moral-guilt sense of পাপ; this is specifically a boundary-crossing image.
Flesh Neutral
Approved rendering: হাকচাংদা
Transliteration: hakchangda
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Original: σάρξ (ἐν σαρκί)
Category: Faith
NEW. Galatians 2:20 (core passage, ἐν σαρκί). The ordinary, neutral, non-moral sense of Paul’s continuing physical existence, distinct from both flesh_humanity and flesh_moral. A translator note distinguishing this occurrence is required at every use.
Love Fruit
Approved rendering: নুংশিবা
Transliteration: nungshiba
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Sanctification
NEW. Galatians 5:22, first-listed fruit item. Same base term used in faith_working_through_love. Must be distinguished from ভক্তি-style devotional love-feeling directed at building religious merit.
Faithfulness Fruit
Approved rendering: থাজবা
Transliteration: thajaba
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Original: πίστις
Category: Sanctification
NEW sense of an existing term. Galatians 5:22, seventh-listed fruit item (πίστις as character-trait, distinct from saving faith). A translator note distinguishing ‘faithfulness as a fruit of character’ from ‘faith as the instrument of justification’ (2:16) is required.
Self Control Fruit
Approved rendering: মশা কনবা
Transliteration: masha konba
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Original: ἐγκράτεια
Category: Sanctification
NEW. Galatians 5:23, ninth-listed fruit item. Must be taught as a Spirit-produced fruit, not self-achieved ascetic discipline (tapasya-style self-denial), a discipline-for-merit category with resonance in Manipuri Vaishnava devotional practice.
Bear One Anothers Burdens
Approved rendering: অমাগা অমাগা য়াম্বা পুবা
Transliteration: amaga amaga yamba puba
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: ἀλλήλων τὰ βάρη βαστάζετε
Category: Church
NEW. Galatians 6:2. Mutual practical and spiritual support within the church; positive resonance point with Meitei communal mutual-labor customs, which should be leveraged, not avoided, as a bridge illustration.
Household Of Faith
Approved rendering: থাজবগী ইমুং
Transliteration: thajabagi imung
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: οἶκος τῆς πίστεως
Category: Church
NEW. Galatians 6:10. Built on থাজবা + ইমুং (household/family), a term with strong positive resonance in Meitei kinship culture; reinforces the church-as-family theme alongside adoption/sonship.
Marks Of Jesus
Approved rendering: জিসুগীদমক্তা ফংলবা মখা
Transliteration: Jisugidamakta phongluba makha
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: στίγματα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ
Category: Church
NEW. Galatians 6:17. Scars from persecution suffered in Christ’s service; must be distinguished from any ritual scarification, tattoo-marking, or devotional branding practice — these are marks of SUFFERING endured, not ritual devotion.
Castrate Cut Off
Approved rendering: [register-dependent; pending native speaker review]
Transliteration: [pending]
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Original: ἀποκόπτω
Category: Church
NEW. Galatians 5:12. Paul’s blunt, harsh wish (surgical/castration language) regarding the false teachers. Primarily a REGISTER/TONE issue rather than a doctrinal-collision risk; requires native-speaker review for the appropriate formal-register level before a final rendering is fixed.
Jews
Approved rendering: জুহুদীশিং
Transliteration: juhudishing
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰουδαῖοι
Category: Church
NEW. Galatians 2:14-15, 3:28. Transliterated, consistent with জুহুদী already used in the baseline’s doctrine notes.
Revealed
Approved rendering: ফোংদোকখ্রে
Transliteration: phongdokkhre
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: ἀπεκάλυψεν
Category: God
NEW. Galatians 1:12, 1:16. Consistent with the baseline’s ফোংদোকপা (root for ‘prophecy/prophet,’ ‘to declare/reveal’); reinforces that Paul’s message came directly from God.
By Nature
Approved rendering: পোকপগী মতুংইন্না
Transliteration: pokpagi matunginna
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Original: φύσει
Category: Salvation
NEW. Galatians 2:15 (core passage). Must not be confused with the Meitei clan/lineage (yumnak) framework, where birth-status carries real social weight; Paul concedes his own Jewish birth-privilege only to immediately demolish its soteriological weight.
Low Risk Terms
David
Approved rendering: দাউদ
Transliteration: Daud
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: דָּוִד
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Not named directly in Galatians, but is the structural pattern-source for the new seed_of_abraham entry below.
Exhort
Approved rendering: থাওয়াই পীবা
Transliteration: thawai piba
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package unchanged. Relevant to Galatians doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens — underlies the pastoral tone of Galatians 6’s closing exhortations.
Patience Fruit
Approved rendering: থমোই সাউবা
Transliteration: thamoi saoba
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Original: μακροθυμία
Category: Sanctification
NEW. Galatians 5:22, fourth-listed fruit item. Standard descriptive compound; no significant religious-vocabulary collision identified.
Kindness Fruit
Approved rendering: ফবা তৌবা
Transliteration: phaba touba
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Original: χρηστότης
Category: Sanctification
NEW. Galatians 5:22, fifth-listed fruit item. Standard descriptive compound; no significant religious-vocabulary collision identified.
Goodness Fruit
Approved rendering: অফবা ওইবা
Transliteration: aphaba oiba
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Original: ἀγαθωσύνη
Category: Sanctification
NEW. Galatians 5:22, sixth-listed fruit item. Standard descriptive term; distinguish in teaching from merit accumulated through devotional service (সেবা), though lexical risk is low.
Gentleness Fruit
Approved rendering: নমবা ওইবা
Transliteration: namba oiba
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Original: πραΰτης
Category: Sanctification
NEW. Galatians 5:22-23, eighth-listed fruit item. Standard descriptive term; no significant religious-vocabulary collision identified.
Pillars
Approved rendering: য়ুম্গী লিংথৌ
Transliteration: yumgi lingthou
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: στῦλοι
Category: Church
NEW. Galatians 2:9. Standard architectural leadership metaphor for James, Cephas, and John; no known cultural collision.
Peter Cephas
Approved rendering: কেফা / পিতর
Transliteration: Kepha / Pitar
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Κηφᾶς / Πέτρος
Category: Church
NEW proper name. Galatians 2:7-14. Confirm which form the current printed Manipuri Bible uses before finalizing.
Referenced passages