Core Glossary
Core Glossary — Mark 1–16 (English → Manipuri)
Curriculum: Mark
Core passage: Mark 10:35–45
Destination language: Manipuri (Meiteilon), Bengali script
Authority: This glossary extends the baseline Romans Language Package (translation_memory.json, bible_term_registry.json, doctrine_risk_registry.json). Terms marked REUSE carry forward the baseline’s exact recorded rendering unchanged. Terms marked NEW are proposed additions for Mark, provisional pending native-speaker/theologian confirmation, following the baseline’s own convention for provisional terms.
Risk tiers follow the baseline’s risk_definitions exactly:
- Critical — Human theologian review required for every occurrence.
- High — Human theologian review required.
- Medium — Native speaker review recommended.
- Low — Automated review sufficient.
Section A — Terms Reused Exactly from the Romans Baseline
| Term (EN) | Greek | Manipuri Rendering | Transliteration | Risk | First/Key Mark Occurrence(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gospel | εὐαγγέλιον | নুংঙাইবগী পাউ | nungngaibagi pao | High | 1:1, 1:14-15, 8:35, 13:10, 16:15 |
| Faith | πίστις | থাজবা | thajaba | High | 2:5, 4:40, 5:34, 5:36, 9:23-24, 10:52, 11:22 |
| Salvation (eternal) | σωτηρία-family | অহানবা | ahanba | Critical | 10:26 (eternal-life context), 13:13, 13:20 |
| Holy | ἅγιος | অসেংবা | asengba | High | 1:24, 6:20, 8:38 |
| Holy Spirit | πνεῦμα ἅγιον | থাওয়াই অসেংবা | Thawai Asengba | Critical | 1:8, 1:10, 1:12, 3:29, 13:11 |
| Resurrection | ἀνάστασις | সিবদগী হিংজত-লকপা | sibadagi hingjat-lakpa | Critical | 12:18-27, 16:6 |
| Lord | κύριος | মপু ইবুংগো | Mapu Ibungo | Critical | 2:28, 5:19, 11:3, 11:9-10, 12:36-37 |
| Son of God | υἱὸς θεοῦ | তেংবাং মপুগী মচানুপা | Tengban Mapugi machanupa | Critical | 1:1, 1:11, 3:11, 5:7, 9:7, 14:61-62, 15:39 |
| Peace | εἰρήνη | ইনগবা | ingba | Medium | 5:34 (implied), 9:50 |
| Church (background concept) | ἐκκλησία | কলিসিয়া | kalisiya | Medium | not used by Mark directly; retained for cross-curriculum consistency |
| Kingdom of God | βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ | তেংবাং মপুগী লৈপাক | Tengban Mapugi leipak | Medium | 1:15, 4:11, 4:26-32, 9:1, 9:47, 10:14-15, 10:23-25, 12:34, 14:25, 15:43 |
| Law | νόμος | য়াথাং | yathang | Medium | 12:28-31 (Torah background), 7:1-13 (implicit) |
| Sin | ἁμαρτία | পাপ | pap | High | 1:4-5, 2:5-10, 2:15-17 |
| Gentiles / nations | ἔθνη | অতোপ্পা ফুরুপ | atoppa phurup | Medium | 10:33, 10:42, 11:17, 13:10 |
| Glory | δόξα | মতিক চাউবা | matik chauba | High | 8:38, 10:37, 13:26 |
| Power of God | δύναμις θεοῦ | তেংবাং মপুগী পাংথোক-থেংনবা | Tengban Mapugi pangthok-thengnaba | High | 5:30, 6:2, 6:5, 6:14, 9:1, 12:24, 13:26 |
| Messiah / Christ | Χριστός | ক্রিস্তো | Christo | Critical | 1:1, 8:29, 9:41, 12:35, 13:21-22, 14:61-62, 15:32 |
| Prophet | προφήτης | তোঙান তোঙানবা ফোংদোকপা | tongan tonganba phongdokpa | Low | 6:4, 6:15, 8:28, 11:32 |
| Covenant | διαθήκη | ৱারেপ্পা | wareppa | High | 14:24 |
| Election | ἐκλογή | তেংবাং মপুগী খনবা | Tengban Mapugi khanba | High | 13:20, 13:22, 13:27 |
| David | Δαυίδ | দাউদ | Daud | Low | 2:25, 10:47-48, 11:10, 12:35-37 |
| Israel | Ἰσραήλ | ইস্রায়েল | Israel | Medium | 12:29 (Shema), 15:32 |
| Jesus | Ἰησοῦς | জিসু | Jisu | Critical | throughout |
| God | θεός | তেংবাং মপু | Tengban Mapu | Critical | throughout |
| Father | πατήρ | ইপা | Ipa | High | 8:38, 11:25, 13:32, 14:36 |
| Abba | Ἀββά | আব্বা | Abba | High | 14:36 |
| Seed of David / Son of David | υἱὸς Δαυίδ | দাউদগী চা-চাহি | Daudgi cha-chahi | High | 10:47-48, 12:35-37 |
Section B — New Terms Introduced by Mark (Proposed for Translation Memory Addition)
| Term (EN) | Greek | Transliteration | Manipuri Rendering | Manipuri Translit. | Risk | Doctrine Link | Key Occurrence(s) | Rendering Risk Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Son of Man | υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου | huios tou anthrōpou | মীওইগী মচানুপা | miwoigi machanupa | Critical | Suffering Servant & Son of God | 2:10, 2:28, 8:31, 8:38, 9:9, 9:31, 10:33, 10:45, 13:26, 14:21, 14:41, 14:62 | Dual sense (full humanity + Daniel-7 exalted authority) must be preserved; never flatten to “a human being” alone; distinct from মীওইগী মহৈ লৌবা (incarnation) and never অবতার. |
| Ransom | λύτρον | lytron | থোকহনবগী মায় | thokhanbagi mai | Critical | The Ransom for Many | 10:45 | Substitutionary self-giving price of release from bondage to sin/death; never a bali-style propitiatory offering or a devotional gift; never merit-based. |
| For many / in place of many | ἀντὶ πολλῶν | anti pollōn | মায়ামগী মহুৎতা | mayamgi mahutta | Critical | The Ransom for Many; Necessity of the Cross | 10:45; cf. 14:24 “poured out for many” | Must render ἀντί as substitutionary (“in place of”), never merely benefactive (“for the sake of”); benefactive drift weakens the atonement claim. |
| Cross (noun) | σταυρός | stauros | ক্রুস | Krus | Critical | Necessity of the Cross | 8:34, 10:21, 15:21-32 | Retain historical specificity as a real Roman execution device; never a generic symbol of misfortune; never merged with bali sacrifice imagery. |
| Crucify (verb) | σταυρόω | stauroō | ক্রুসতা রোৎপা | krusta rotpa | Critical | Necessity of the Cross | 15:13-25 | Same caution as “cross”; preserve brutal historical concreteness. |
| False Christ / False Prophet | ψευδόχριστος / ψευδοπροφήτης | pseudochristos / pseudoprophētēs | য়াম্লবা ক্রিস্তো / য়াম্লবা ফোংদোকপা | yamlaba Christo / yamlaba phongdokpa | Critical | Messianic Secret; guards uniqueness of Messiah | 13:21-22 | Reinforces Christ’s singular, unrepeatable identity against any avatar-succession or rival-claimant framework. |
| Body / Blood (Lord’s Supper) | σῶμα / αἷμα | sōma / haima | হাকচাং / ঈ | hakchang / ee | Critical | Necessity of the Cross; New Covenant | 14:22-24 | Must not be assimilated to Vaishnava prasad or Sanamahi blood/food offerings to the Umang Lai; a unique, backward-looking memorial of Christ’s once-for-all death. |
| Eternal life | ζωὴ αἰώνιος | zōē aiōnios | লিকমদবা হিংবা | likmadaba hingba | Critical | Kingdom of God; Salvation | 10:17, 10:30 | Never মোক্ষ (liberation from rebirth) or continued ancestral-spirit existence; resurrection life in God’s eternal kingdom through Christ alone. |
| Aramaic cry of dereliction | Ἐλωΐ Ἐλωΐ, λεμα σαβαχθανί | Eloi Eloi lema sabachthani | এলোই, এলোই, লামা সবাখতানী | Eloi Eloi lama sabakhtani | Critical | Necessity of the Cross; Suffering Servant | 15:34 | Preserve raw force; do not soften; rely on the Gospel’s own built-in translation. |
| Demon / unclean spirit | δαιμόνιον / πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον | daimonion / pneuma akatharton | থাওয়াই ফত্তবা | thawai phattaba | Critical | Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature | 1:23-27, 3:22-30, 5:1-20, 9:14-29 | Never conflate with Umang Lai deities or ancestral spirits (not depicted as evil in Sanamahi belief); a distinctly malevolent being under Satan expelled by Christ’s authority. |
| Satan | Σατανᾶς / Βεελζεβούλ | Satanas / Beelzeboul | শয়তান | Shoitan | Critical | Authority over Sin; Kingdom Breaking In | 3:22-27, 8:33 | Singular personal adversary of God, not one hostile nature-spirit among equals; decisively opposed and bound through Christ’s ministry. |
| Baptism / baptize | βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω | baptisma / baptizō | বাপ্তিস্মা | baptisma | High | Faith and Discipleship; Necessity of Cross (10:38-39 metaphorical use) | 1:4-11, 10:38-39 | Distinguish from ritual purificatory bathing (Vaishnava tirtha-snana; Sanamahi purification); signifies union with Christ’s death, not repeatable ritual cleansing. |
| Repent / repentance | μετανοέω / μετάνοια | metanoeō / metanoia | পুকনিং হোংদোকপা | pukning hongdokpa | High | Kingdom Breaking In | 1:4, 1:15, 6:12 | Inward change of mind/allegiance; not prayaschitta-style ritual atonement or Lai Haraoba purification for taboo violation. |
| Authority | ἐξουσία | exousia | অধিকার | adhikar | High | Authority over Sickness, Sin, Nature | 1:22, 1:27, 2:10, 3:15, 6:7, 11:28 | Christ’s own inherent divine authority, not delegated ritual authority of a priest, maiba, or temple functionary. |
| Forgive (sins) | ἀφίημι | aphiēmi | ময়ামদা কোকপা | mayamda kokpa | High | Authority over Sin | 2:5-10, 11:25 | Distinct from baseline’s অচুম্বা ওইহনবা (justification, forensic); a specific, immediate release from guilt on Jesus’s own authority, not ritual absolution. |
| Blasphemy | βλασφημία | blasphēmia | তেংবাং মপুবু ইঅকপা | Tengban Mapubu i-akpa | High (Critical at 14:64) | Deity of Christ; trial narrative | 3:28-29, 14:64 | Preserve legal/theological weight; the trial charge is ironic — true testimony received as blasphemy. |
| Deny oneself | ἀπαρνέομαι ἑαυτόν | aparneomai heauton | মশাবু হায়দোকপা | masha-bu haidokpa | High | Necessity of the Cross; Discipleship | 8:34 | Distinct from Vaishnava ascetic renunciation (vairagya) for merit; this is cross-bearing discipleship, not merit-earning. |
| Life / soul (existential) | ψυχή | psychē | হিংবা | hingba | High | Necessity of Cross; Ransom | 8:35-37, 10:45 | Never bare থাওয়াই (Sanamahi spirit-world associations); one’s whole historical life/self given or forfeited, not an immortal soul destined for rebirth or Krishna-union. |
| Transfigured | μεταμορφόω | metamorphoō | মহৈ হোংদোকপা | mahai hongdokpa | High | Son of God; Kingdom Breaking In | 9:2-8 | Temporary unveiling of pre-existing divine glory; never a shape-shift into a different deity or an avatar-style repeat manifestation. |
| Gehenna | γέεννα | geenna | গেহেন্না | Gehenna | High | Discipleship warnings | 9:43-48 | NEVER নরক (Hindu cosmological hell within a rebirth cycle); final, unending judgment with no cyclical exit. |
| King of the Jews | βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων | basileus tōn Ioudaiōn | জুহুদীশিংগী নিংথৌ | Juhudishinggi ningthou | High | Suffering Servant & Son of God | 15:2-26 | নিংথৌ (Meitei royal title, Pakhangba-lineage resonance) requires explicit teaching: true kingship established through suffering/resurrection, not royal-divine descent claim. |
| Betray / hand over | παραδίδωμι | paradidōmi | পীথোকপা | pithokpa | High | Necessity of the Cross | 14:10-11, 14:18-21, 14:41 | Must convey both real human treachery and God’s sovereign redemptive purpose without collapsing or excusing either. |
| Fear | φόβος / φοβέομαι | phobos / phobeomai | অকিবা | akiba | High (Medium at minor occurrences) | Faith and Discipleship amid Fear | 4:40-41, 5:15, 5:33, 5:36, 6:50, 9:6, 9:32, 10:32, 16:8 | Disambiguate ordinary terror from reverent awe by context in each occurrence; central recurring doctrine term across the whole book. |
| Strictly charge / silence | ἐπιτιμάω / διαστέλλομαι | epitimaō / diastellomai | কনবা / চেক্সিন্না হায়বা | kanba / cheksinna haiba | High | The Messianic Secret | 1:25, 1:34, 1:44, 3:12, 5:43, 7:36, 8:30, 9:9 | Deliberate, purposeful command tied to God’s redemptive timing, not incidental secrecy-preference or shame; theologian review at every occurrence. |
| Save / heal (physical sense) | σῴζω | sōzō | ফাওহনবা | phaohanba | High | Authority over Sickness; distinguishing from eternal Salvation | 5:23, 5:28, 5:34, 6:56, 10:52 | Reserve baseline’s অহানবা strictly for eternal salvation; use ফাওহনবা for immediate physical healing/rescue instances; flag each occurrence for disambiguation. |
| Clean / unclean (ritual) | καθαρός / κοινός | katharos / koinos | শেংবা / অশেংদবা | sengba / asengdaba | High | Authority over Sin; purity redefinition | 7:1-23 | Distinct from baseline’s moral-holiness অসেংবা; Jesus relocates defilement from ritual/dietary observance to the heart, engaging both Vaishnava and Sanamahi purity systems directly. |
| Slave | δοῦλος | doulos | মিন্তা | minta | High | Servanthood vs. Worldly Greatness | 10:44 | Culturally loaded: historic Meitei Lallup/bonded-labor institutions; teach as voluntary, dignity-affirming self-giving in imitation of Christ, never coercive social bondage. |
| Tribulation | θλῖψις | thlipsis | ৱাত্তবা | wattaba | Medium | Kingdom Breaking In (eschatology) | 13:19-24 | Distinguish end-times distress from ordinary hardship/persecution language elsewhere in ch. 13. |
| Sign | σημεῖον | sēmeion | খুদম | khudam | Medium | Authority; unbelief warnings | 8:11-12, 13:4, 13:22 | Distinguish from omens/portents sought via astrological or oracular divination. |
| Parable | παραβολή | parabolē | চেইনবা ৱারী | cheinaba wari | Medium | Kingdom Breaking In; Messianic Secret | 3:23, 4:2-34, 12:1-12 | Reveals to disciples while veiling from outsiders; not mere folk tale or fable. |
| Mystery / secret (kingdom) | μυστήριον | mystērion | অথুম্বা ৱাফম | athumba wapham | High | Messianic Secret; Kingdom Breaking In | 4:11 | Not esoteric ritual-specialist knowledge (maibi/maiba lore); gracious divine disclosure to followers of Jesus. |
| Tradition (of the elders) | παράδοσις | paradosis | পুৱারী চৎনবি | puwari chatnabi | Medium | Authority over religious custom | 7:3-13 | Not a blanket critique of ancestral custom generally; specifically traditions that nullify God’s actual command. |
| Servant | διάκονος | diakonos | মতেংপাংবা | matengpangba | Medium | Servanthood vs. Worldly Greatness | 9:35, 10:43 | Honorable kingdom-status; escalates to মিন্তা (slave) in 10:44 — preserve the intensification. |
| Lord it over | κατακυριεύω | katakyrieuō | মপু ওইনা এশিন্নবা | mapu oina eshinnaba | Medium | Servanthood vs. Worldly Greatness | 10:42 | Names an abuse of “lord” status by worldly rulers; keep visibly distinct from Christ’s own rightful মপু ইবুংগো. |
| Exercise authority over | κατεξουσιάζω | katexousiazō | অধিকার চৎনবা | adhikar chatnaba | Medium | Servanthood vs. Worldly Greatness | 10:42 | Parallel intensifier to κατακυριεύω; negative worldly-rule pattern. |
| Rulers | ἄρχοντες | archontes | লুচিংবাশিং | luchingbashing | Low | Servanthood vs. Worldly Greatness | 10:42 | Gentile political rulers; contrast pattern for kingdom servanthood teaching. |
| Cup (metaphorical, suffering) | ποτήριον | potērion | কপ | kap | Medium | Suffering Servant; Necessity of Cross | 10:38-39, 14:36 | Idiomatic “cup of suffering” sense not native to Manipuri; must be taught explicitly, not assumed; distinct from Ras Lila devotional cup/prasad imagery. |
| Love | ἀγάπη / ἀγαπάω | agapē / agapaō | নুংশিবা | nungshiba | Medium | Servanthood; Christian ethics | 12:28-31 | Distinguish from Vaishnava prema-bhakti’s romantically-figured devotional love; agapē is covenantal, willed, whole-person loyalty. |
| Temple (Jerusalem) | ἱερόν / ναός | hieron / naos | তেংবাং মপুগী ইরুক | Tengban Mapugi eruk | High | Necessity of Cross; Kingdom Breaking In | 11:11-19, 11:27, 13:1-2, 14:58, 15:38 | NEVER মন্দির (reserved for live Vaishnava temple) or লাইশাং (general Meitei shrine word); a specific historical Old Covenant institution Christ confronts and fulfills. |
| Divorce | ἀπολύω / μοιχεία | apolyō / moicheia | য়েন্থোকপা | yenthokpa | Medium | Discipleship ethics | 10:2-12 | Root in God’s creation design for marriage; handle with pastoral sensitivity. |
| Rich / riches | πλούσιος / πλοῦτος | plousios / ploutos | ফীরাল য়ামলবা | phiral yamlaba | Medium | Salvation by grace, not works/wealth | 10:17-27 | Guard against implying wealth or votive giving purchases divine favor; salvation is God’s gracious act alone. |
| Compassion | σπλαγχνίζομαι | splanchnizomai | থমোই সোকপা | thamoi sokpa | Low-Medium | Authority; pastoral care of Christ | 1:41, 6:34, 8:2, 9:22 | Deep visceral compassion; do not flatten to generic politeness. |
| Watch / be alert | γρηγορέω | grēgoreō | মিৎ ন য়েংশিনবা | mit na yengsinba | Medium | Kingdom eschatology | 13:33-37, 14:34-38 | Eschatological vigilance, not superstitious omen-watching. |
| Sabbath | σάββατον | sabbaton | শাবাথ | Shabath | Medium | Authority over religious institutions | 1:21, 2:23-28, 3:1-6 | Christ’s Lordship over the Sabbath institution he fulfills, not abolition of order/rest. |
| High priest | ἀρχιερεύς | archiereus | অথোৱবা পুরোহিত | athouba purohit | Medium | Necessity of the Cross (trial) | 14:53-65 | পুরোহিত’s Vaishnava priestly resonance must be clarified as a distinct historical Jewish office. |
| Hosanna | ὡσαννά | hōsanna | হোসান্না | Hosanna | Low | Kingdom Breaking In | 11:9-10 | Transliterated acclamation (“save now”); gloss recommended. |
| Legion | λεγιών | legiōn | লেজিয়ন | Lejiyon | Low | Authority over demonic affliction | 5:9 | Proper name signifying overwhelming demonic multitude. |
| Corban | κορβᾶν | korban | কর্বান | Karban | Low | Authority over tradition | 7:11 | Requires explanatory footnote; no native cultural equivalent. |
| Angel | ἄγγελος | angelos | স্বর্গদূত | sworgadut | Low-Medium | Resurrection narrative | 16:5 | Distinct from Umang Lai deities or ancestral spirits; a created being serving God alone. |
| Teacher | διδάσκαλος | didaskalos | ওজা | oja | Medium | General address to Jesus | 4:38, 9:5, 9:17, 10:17, 10:35, 10:51, 12:14, 12:19, 12:32, 13:1, 14:14 | Avoid গুরু (Vaishnava guru-disciple devotional lineage association) as primary term. |
| Neighbor | πλησίον | plēsion | মশক লৈবা মীওই | mashak leiba miwoi | Low-Medium | Great Commandment ethics | 12:31 | Extends beyond clan (yumnak)/ethnic boundaries; relevant to Manipur inter-community sensitivities. |
| Stumble / cause to sin | σκανδαλίζω | skandalizō | তুহানবা | tuhanba | Medium | Discipleship warnings | 9:42-47 | Causing another (or oneself) to fall into sin. |
| Mercy (cry for) | ἐλέησον | eleēson | চানবা | chanaba | Low-Medium | Messianic recognition | 10:47-48 | Combine with Davidic messianic title recognition. |
| Tax / Caesar | κῆνσος / Καῖσαρ | kēnsos / Kaisar | কর / কৈসর | kar / Kaisar | Medium | Civil authority vs. divine allegiance | 12:13-17 | Sensitive given regional history of external administrative authority in Manipur. |
| Temple veil / curtain | καταπέτασμα | katapetasma | লেপ্তক | leptak | Medium-High | Necessity of the Cross | 15:38 | Signals opened access to God through Christ’s death; teach theological significance explicitly. |
| Pharisees / Scribes | Φαρισαῖοι / γραμματεῖς | Pharisaioi / grammateis | ফরিশী / লইরিক ওজা | Phorishi / lairik oja | Low | Historical religious groups | 2:16, 2:18, 7:1-5, 12:13 | Historically specific Jewish groups; not equivalent to maiba/maibi or গোসাঞি roles. |
| False Christ / False Prophet — see Section B Critical row above | ||||||||
| Passover | πάσχα | pascha | পাসখা | Paskha | Medium | Necessity of the Cross (Last Supper setting) | 14:1, 14:12-16 | Requires Old Testament (Exodus) narrative background teaching. |
| ”It is I” (theophanic echo) | ἐγώ εἰμι | egō eimi | এই অসিনি | ei asini | High (background note) | Deity of Christ; Authority over Nature | 6:50 | Render surface phrase plainly; supply OT theophany background in teacher notes, not forced into the translated dialogue. |
| First (rank) | πρῶτος | prōtos | অহাংবা (provisional) | ahangba | Medium | Servanthood vs. Worldly Greatness | 9:35, 10:44 | FLAG: confirm against printed Manipuri Bible; near-homophone risk with অহানবা (salvation) requires explicit disambiguation. |
Section C — Terms Requiring Mandatory Theologian Review Before Phase 2 (Critical Risk Summary)
- Son of Man — মীওইগী মচানুপা
- Ransom — থোকহনবগী মায়
- For many / in place of many — মায়ামগী মহুৎতা
- Cross / Crucify — ক্রুস / ক্রুসতা রোৎপা
- False Christ / False Prophet — য়াম্লবা ক্রিস্তো / য়াম্লবা ফোংদোকপা
- Body / Blood (Lord’s Supper) — হাকচাং / ঈ
- Eternal life — লিকমদবা হিংবা
- Aramaic cry of dereliction — এলোই, এলোই, লামা সবাখতানী
- Demon / unclean spirit — থাওয়াই ফত্তবা
- Satan — শয়তান
- Blasphemy (at the trial, 14:64) — তেংবাং মপুবু ইঅকপা
- All baseline Critical-risk terms reused unchanged (Salvation, Resurrection, Lord, Son of God, Messiah, Jesus, God, Holy Spirit)
Section D — Governing Principle for Phase 2
No segment translation may proceed without loading this glossary (08) alongside analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md, the baseline translation_memory.json, bible_term_registry.json, and doctrine_risk_registry.json. All Section A terms are enforced exactly as recorded in the baseline. All Section B terms are proposed additions requiring the same enforcement discipline once confirmed, per the escalation and versioning procedures already defined in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md.
Critical Risk Terms
Salvation
Approved rendering: অহানবা
Transliteration: ahanba
Doctrine: Salvation (eternal)
Rejected alternatives: মোক্ষ (Vaishnava liberation, never use), লাইনিং (devotional union/absorption, never use)
Original: σωτηρία (family, eternal sense)
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Reserved STRICTLY for eternal-salvation contexts in Mark (10:26 eternal-life context, 13:13, 13:20). Must never be diluted to cover physical healing/rescue — see save_heal_physical (ফাওহনবা) below for that sense, and eternal_life (লিকমদবা হিংবা) for the parallel ‘eternal life’ phrase.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: থাওয়াই অসেংবা
Transliteration: Thawai Asengba
Doctrine: Deity of Christ / Blasphemy against the Holy Spirit
Rejected alternatives: থাওয়াই alone (generic spirit/soul; extends to Apokpa ancestral spirits and Umang Lai nature-deities in Sanamahi belief, never use without অসেংবা), শক্তি (maibi oracular trance-power, never use)
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Always used in full. Mark 1:8, 1:10, 1:12, 3:29 (blasphemy against the Holy Spirit), 13:11.
Resurrection
Approved rendering: সিবদগী হিংজত-লকপা
Transliteration: sibadagi hingjat-lakpa
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: পুনর্জন্ম (rebirth/reincarnation, absorbed into Meitei vocabulary through Vaishnavization, never use)
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package. Bodily, historical, once-for-all. Mark 8:31, 9:9-10, 9:31, 10:34, 12:18-27, 16:6. Must be distinguished within Mark itself from Jairus’s daughter’s temporary resuscitation (5:41-42), rendered with the separate non-technical verb হৌদোকপা (see ‘raised_temporary’ entry below).
Lord
Approved rendering: মপু ইবুংগো
Transliteration: Mapu Ibungo
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ঠাকুর (Krishna-specific devotional title in Manipuri Vaishnavism, never use)
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 2:28 (Lord of the Sabbath), 5:19, 11:3, 11:9-10, 12:36-37.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: তেংবাং মপুগী মচানুপা
Transliteration: Tengban Mapugi machanupa
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ / Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: অবতার (avatar, never use)
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 1:1, 1:11, 3:11, 5:7, 9:7, 14:61-62, 15:39 (the climactic centurion’s confession, the Messianic Secret’s public resolution). Built in deliberate structural parallel to the new term son_of_man below.
Messiah
Approved rendering: ক্রিস্তো
Transliteration: Christo
Doctrine: False Messiahs and the Uniqueness of Christ
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 1:1, 8:29 (Peter’s confession, the narrative hinge), 9:41, 12:35, 13:21-22, 14:61-62, 15:32. Not one figure among Vishnu’s recognized avatar sequence.
Jesus
Approved rendering: জিসু
Transliteration: Jisu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package. Used throughout Mark.
God
Approved rendering: তেংবাং মপু
Transliteration: Tengban Mapu
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ঠাকুর (never use), সানামাহি (never use)
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Used throughout Mark.
Son Of Man
Approved rendering: মীওইগী মচানুপা
Transliteration: miwoigi machanupa
Doctrine: Son of Man’s Dual Authority
Rejected alternatives: a bare word for ‘human being’ (loses the Daniel 7 exalted-dominion sense), অবতার (never use)
Original: ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology
NEW CRITICAL TERM. Built in deliberate structural parallel to তেংবাং মপুগী মচানুপা (Son of God). Must never flatten to ‘a human being’ alone, nor be confused with মীওইগী মহৈ লৌবা (incarnation). Mark’s most-used Christological title: 2:10, 2:28, 8:31, 8:38, 9:9, 9:31, 10:33, 10:45, 13:26, 14:21, 14:41, 14:62. Theologian review required at every occurrence.
Ransom
Approved rendering: থোকহনবগী মায়
Transliteration: thokhanbagi mai
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: বলি (propitiatory sacrifice/appeasement offering, never use), সেবা/দান-style devotional gift or merit-offering, never use
Original: λύτρον
Category: Salvation
NEW CRITICAL TERM. Single greatest lexical gap in the curriculum: no attested Manipuri Christian term for a substitutionary release-price existed prior to this coinage. Deliberately echoes মিন্তা (slave, 10:44). Mark 10:45. Mandatory theologian sign-off before Phase 2 deployment; must be taught with explicit contrast against বলি and seva/dan logic.
For Many
Approved rendering: মায়ামগী মহুৎতা
Transliteration: mayamgi mahutta
Doctrine: The Ransom for Many / Necessity of the Cross
Rejected alternatives: মায়ামগী গীদমক (benefactive ‘for the sake of many’, REJECTED — weakens the ransom logic to generalized benevolence and blunts substitutionary atonement)
Original: ἀντὶ πολλῶν
Category: Salvation
NEW CRITICAL TERM. Must render ἀντί substitutionally (‘in place of’), never benefactively. Mark 10:45; echoed at 14:24 (‘poured out for many’). Flag any back-translation that returns only a benefactive sense.
Cross
Approved rendering: ক্রুস
Transliteration: Krus
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Rejected alternatives: a generic ‘instrument of death’ paraphrase (loses historical/Roman-legal specificity), বলি-adjacent sacrificial imagery, never use
Original: σταυρός
Category: Christology
NEW CRITICAL TERM (transliteration, established Indic Bible-translation convention). No historical Meitei execution-method parallel exists; must retain brutal historical concreteness. Mark 8:34, 10:21, 15:21-32.
Crucify
Approved rendering: ক্রুসতা রোৎপা
Transliteration: krusta rotpa
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: σταυρόω
Category: Christology
NEW CRITICAL TERM. Same caution as ‘cross’; preserve full historical concreteness of this specific Roman execution act. Mark 15:13-25.
False Christ False Prophet
Approved rendering: য়াম্লবা ক্রিস্তো / য়াম্লবা ফোংদোকপা
Transliteration: yamlaba Christo / yamlaba phongdokpa
Doctrine: False Messiahs and the Uniqueness of Christ
Original: ψευδόχριστος / ψευδοπροφήτης
Category: Eschatology
NEW CRITICAL TERM. Reinforces Christ’s singular, unrepeatable identity against any avatar-succession scheme (in which further divine descents remain conceptually open in some Vaishnava frameworks) or rival claimant. Mark 13:5-6, 13:21-22.
Body Blood
Approved rendering: হাকচাং / ঈ
Transliteration: hakchang / ee
Doctrine: The New Covenant and the Lord’s Supper
Rejected alternatives: প্রসাদ (Vaishnava consecrated food ritually offered to and returned from a deity, never introduce into Lord’s Supper teaching), Sanamahi ritual food/blood offerings to the Umang Lai or Apokpa ancestral spirits, never use as a frame
Original: σῶμα / αἷμα
Category: Covenant
NEW CRITICAL TERM. A unique, backward-looking memorial of Christ’s once-for-all sacrificial death, not a repeatable propitiatory offering. Mark 14:22-24.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: লিকমদবা হিংবা
Transliteration: likmadaba hingba
Doctrine: Wealth and the Kingdom / Salvation
Rejected alternatives: মোক্ষ (Vaishnava liberation from the rebirth cycle, never use), continued ancestral-spirit existence framing (Sanamahi), never use
Original: ζωὴ αἰώνιος
Category: Salvation
NEW CRITICAL TERM. Resurrection life in God’s eternal kingdom secured through Christ alone. Mark 10:17, 10:30.
Aramaic Cry Of Dereliction
Approved rendering: এলোই, এলোই, লামা সবাখতানী
Transliteration: Eloi Eloi lama sabakhtani
Doctrine: The Necessity of the Cross
Original: Ἐλωΐ Ἐλωΐ, λεμα σαβαχθανί
Category: Christology
NEW CRITICAL TERM. Preserve as transliteration with the Gospel’s own built-in translation using তেংবাং মপু (God); do not soften or over-explain within the translated text itself. Mark 15:34, quoting Psalm 22:1.
Demon
Approved rendering: থাওয়াই ফত্তবা
Transliteration: thawai phattaba
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sin and the Demonic (Satan)
Rejected alternatives: Umang Lai forest/guardian deities (never conflate), ancestral Apokpa spirits (never conflate)
Original: δαιμόνιον / πνεῦμα ἀκάθαρτον
Category: Sin
NEW CRITICAL TERM. A demon in Mark is categorically malevolent and subject to Christ’s authoritative expulsion, not a spirit addressed through maibi ritual mediation. Mark 1:23-27, 3:22-30, 5:1-20, 9:14-29.
Satan
Approved rendering: শয়তান
Transliteration: Shoitan
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sin and the Demonic (Satan)
Rejected alternatives: any single Umang Lai deity treated as equivalent (never conflate; no Umang Lai deity is depicted as morally evil in Sanamahi belief)
Original: Σατανᾶς / Βεελζεβούλ
Category: Sin
NEW CRITICAL TERM (transliteration). Singular, personal chief adversary of God, decisively bound through Christ’s ministry (3:22-27) and rebuked by name even in Peter (8:33). Mark 1:13, 3:22-27, 4:15, 8:33.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: নুংঙাইবগী পাউ
Transliteration: nungngaibagi pao
Doctrine: Gospel / Repentance and the Gospel
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 1:1 opens the entire book with this term (‘the beginning of the gospel of Jesus Christ, the Son of God’), functioning as the book’s doctrinal thesis statement, paralleling Romans 1:16-17’s role. Must be distinguished from festive Vaishnava-calendar announcements. Key occurrences: 1:1, 1:14-15, 8:35, 10:29, 13:10, 14:9, 16:15.
Faith
Approved rendering: থাজবা
Transliteration: thajaba
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Rejected alternatives: ভক্তি (bhakti, too specific to Vaishnava devotional-love framework)
Original: πίστις
Category: Discipleship
Inherited from Romans package. Object of faith must always be recoverable from context. Key occurrences: 2:5, 4:40, 5:34, 5:36, 9:23-24, 10:52, 11:22.
Holy
Approved rendering: অসেংবা
Transliteration: asengba
Doctrine: Sanctification / Purity and the Heart
Rejected alternatives: শেংবা (physical/ritual purity only, reserved for the Ch.7 clean/unclean discussion)
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 1:24 (‘the Holy One of God’), 6:20, 8:38. Kept distinct from শেংবা (Ch.7 ritual cleanliness) and from ritual purity preparations before Lai Haraoba or Vaishnava worship.
Sin
Approved rendering: পাপ
Transliteration: pap
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sin
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 1:4-5, 2:5-10, 2:15-17. Distinguish from ritual offenses addressed through Lai Haraoba purification or Vaishnava prayaschitta.
Glory
Approved rendering: মতিক চাউবা
Transliteration: matik chauba
Doctrine: Transfiguration and Revealed Glory / Son of Man’s Dual Authority
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Avoid metaphors conflating with Ras Lila’s ceremonial staging of Krishna’s own radiance. Mark 8:38, 10:37 (James and John’s premature request for court-style honor), 13:26.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: তেংবাং মপুগী পাংথোক-থেংনবা
Transliteration: Tengban Mapugi pangthok-thengnaba
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness and Nature
Rejected alternatives: শক্তি (maibi trance-power, never use)
Original: δύναμις θεοῦ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 5:30, 6:2, 6:5, 6:14, 9:1, 12:24, 13:26.
Covenant
Approved rendering: ৱারেপ্পা
Transliteration: wareppa
Doctrine: The New Covenant and the Lord’s Supper
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 14:24, ‘my blood of the covenant,’ echoing Exodus 24:8 and Jeremiah 31:31.
Election
Approved rendering: তেংবাং মপুগী খনবা
Transliteration: Tengban Mapugi khanba
Doctrine: Providence and Election
Rejected alternatives: ৱাইফম (fate, never use)
Original: ἐκλογή
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 13:20, 13:22, 13:27.
Providence
Approved rendering: তেংবাং মপুগী থৌরাং
Transliteration: Tengban Mapugi thourang
Doctrine: Providence and Election
Rejected alternatives: ৱাইফম (fate, never use)
Original: πρόνοια (theological name for Mark 10:40’s ἡτοίμασται)
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (concept extended). Mark 10:40, ‘not mine to give, but for those for whom it has been prepared’ — directly grounds the servanthood teaching of 10:42-45.
Father
Approved rendering: ইপা
Transliteration: Ipa
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 8:38, 11:25, 13:32, 14:36 (Gethsemane).
Abba
Approved rendering: আব্বা
Transliteration: Abba
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ / Necessity of the Cross
Original: Ἀββά
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 14:36, Jesus’s own Gethsemane prayer, directly fulfilling the ‘cup’ he spoke of at 10:38-39.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: দাউদগী চা-চাহি
Transliteration: Daudgi cha-chahi
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant (background) / Messianic recognition
Original: υἱὸς Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, rendering adapted for ‘Son of David’ direct address. Mark 10:47-48 (Bartimaeus), 12:35-37.
Baptism
Approved rendering: বাপ্তিস্মা
Transliteration: baptisma
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear / Necessity of the Cross (metaphorical use)
Rejected alternatives: Vaishnava tirtha-snana (sacred river bathing), never use as an equivalence, Sanamahi ritual purification bathing before Lai Haraoba/Umang Lai worship, never use as an equivalence
Original: βάπτισμα / βαπτίζω
Category: Discipleship
NEW HIGH-RISK TERM. Signifies union with Christ’s death, not repeatable purity-maintenance. Mark 1:4-11, 10:38-39 (metaphorical, of Jesus’s own coming suffering).
Repentance
Approved rendering: পুকনিং হোংদোকপা
Transliteration: pukning hongdokpa
Doctrine: Repentance and the Gospel
Rejected alternatives: prayaschitta-style ritual atonement acts (Vaishnava), never use as equivalence, Sanamahi taboo-restitution rites, never use as equivalence
Original: μετανοέω / μετάνοια
Category: Kingdom
NEW HIGH-RISK TERM. Inward transformation of allegiance, not ritual performance. Mark 1:4, 1:15, 6:12.
Authority
Approved rendering: অধিকার
Transliteration: adhikar
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Authority
NEW HIGH-RISK TERM. A Sanskrit-derived loanword also used for a maiba’s or priest’s delegated ritual authority; must always be paired with an explicit possessive/source phrase naming Jesus/God as the inherent source, never left bare in Critical passages. Mark 1:22, 1:27, 2:10, 3:15, 6:7, 11:28.
Forgive Sins
Approved rendering: ময়ামদা কোকপা
Transliteration: mayamda kokpa
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sin
Rejected alternatives: prayaschitta-style ritual absolution, never use as equivalence, Sanamahi taboo-reconciliation rites with the Umang Lai, never use as equivalence
Original: ἀφίημι (ἁμαρτίας)
Category: Sin
NEW HIGH-RISK TERM. Distinct from baseline’s forensic অচুম্বা ওইহনবা (justification); the narrower sense evidences Jesus’s divine authority. Mark 2:5-10, 11:25.
Blasphemy
Approved rendering: তেংবাং মপুবু ইঅকপা
Transliteration: Tengban Mapubu i-akpa
Doctrine: Blasphemy against the Holy Spirit (Critical at the trial, 14:64)
Original: βλασφημία
Category: Sin
NEW HIGH-RISK TERM (elevated to Critical at the trial, 14:64). Preserve legal/theological weight; do not soften to general rudeness. Mark 3:28-29 (unforgivable-sin category) and 14:64 (ironic true confession received as blasphemy).
Deny Oneself
Approved rendering: মশাবু হায়দোকপা
Transliteration: masha-bu haidokpa
Doctrine: Necessity of the Cross / Discipleship
Rejected alternatives: Vaishnava ascetic renunciation (vairagya) for merit, never use as equivalence, Sanamahi austerity practice, never use as equivalence
Original: ἀπαρνέομαι ἑαυτόν
Category: Discipleship
NEW HIGH-RISK TERM. Cross-bearing discipleship, not a merit-earning discipline. Mark 8:34; contrasted ironically with Peter’s self-preserving denial of Jesus at 14:66-72 (see jesus_denial entry below).
Life Soul
Approved rendering: হিংবা
Transliteration: hingba
Doctrine: Necessity of the Cross / The Ransom for Many
Rejected alternatives: bare থাওয়াই (never use; Sanamahi spirit-world associations)
Original: ψυχή
Category: Salvation
NEW HIGH-RISK TERM. Christ’s whole historical life laid down once, not an immortal soul-essence continuing in a populated spirit-world or destined for rebirth/Krishna-union. Mark 8:35-37, 10:45.
Transfigured
Approved rendering: মহৈ হোংদোকপা
Transliteration: mahai hongdokpa
Doctrine: Transfiguration and Revealed Glory
Rejected alternatives: shape-shifting deity-manifestation motif, never use as a frame, avatar-style repeat-appearance framework, never use as a frame
Original: μεταμορφόω
Category: Christology
NEW HIGH-RISK TERM. Temporary revelation of Christ’s pre-existing, eternal divine glory. Mark 9:2-8.
Gehenna
Approved rendering: গেহেন্না
Transliteration: Gehenna
Doctrine: Eschatology and the Second Coming (discipleship warnings)
Rejected alternatives: নরক (Hindu cosmology’s hell-realms, popularly understood as temporary stations within an ongoing rebirth cycle, never use)
Original: γέεννα
Category: Eschatology
NEW HIGH-RISK TERM (transliteration). Final, unending judgment with no cyclical exit. Mark 9:43-48.
King Of The Jews
Approved rendering: জুহুদীশিংগী নিংথৌ
Transliteration: Juhudishinggi ningthou
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: ὁ βασιλεὺς τῶν Ἰουδαίων
Category: Christology
NEW HIGH-RISK TERM. নিংথৌ carries direct cultural resonance with the historic Meitei royal title tied to the Pakhangba-descent sacral-kingship tradition; mandatory teaching that Christ’s kingship is established through suffering/resurrection, not royal-divine lineage. Mark 15:2, 9, 12, 18, 26.
Betray
Approved rendering: পীথোকপা
Transliteration: pithokpa
Doctrine: Betrayal and Divine Sovereignty
Rejected alternatives: ৱাইফম-style impersonal fate framing, never use
Original: παραδίδωμι
Category: Christology
NEW HIGH-RISK TERM. Must convey both genuine human treachery (‘woe to that man,’ 14:21) and God’s sovereign redemptive purpose without collapsing either or implying divine complicity. Mark 14:10-11, 14:18-21, 14:41-44.
Fear
Approved rendering: অকিবা
Transliteration: akiba
Doctrine: Faith and Discipleship amid Fear
Original: φόβος / φοβέομαι
Category: Discipleship
NEW HIGH-RISK TERM, recurring across the whole book. Must disambiguate ordinary terror from reverent awe by context at each occurrence; a flat single rendering loses Mark’s narrative arc. Mark 4:40-41, 5:15, 5:33, 5:36, 6:50, 9:6, 9:32, 10:32, 16:8.
Messianic Silencing
Approved rendering: কনবা / চেক্সিন্না হায়বা
Transliteration: kanba / cheksinna haiba
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Rejected alternatives: maibi-style guarded oracular-knowledge framing, never use, shame-avoidance framing, never use
Original: ἐπιτιμάω / διαστέλλομαι
Category: Christology
NEW HIGH-RISK TERM. A deliberate, purposeful command tied to God’s redemptive timing, fully unveiled only at 15:39. Mark 1:25, 1:34, 1:44, 3:12, 5:43, 7:36, 8:30, 9:9.
Save Heal Physical
Approved rendering: ফাওহনবা
Transliteration: phaohanba
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness and Nature
Rejected alternatives: অহানবা (reserved strictly for eternal salvation, do not use for physical healing without explicit disambiguation note)
Original: σῴζω (physical-healing sense)
Category: Authority
NEW HIGH-RISK TERM. Every physical-healing occurrence of σῴζω must be disambiguated from অহানবা. Mark 5:23, 5:28, 5:34, 6:56, 10:52.
Clean Unclean
Approved rendering: শেংবা / অশেংদবা
Transliteration: sengba / asengdaba
Doctrine: Purity and the Heart
Original: καθαρός / κοινός
Category: Sin
NEW HIGH-RISK TERM. Distinct from baseline’s moral-holiness অসেংবা. Directly engages Vaishnava dietary/temple purity codes and Sanamahi ritual-purity requirements before Lai Haraoba/Umang Lai worship. Mark 7:1-23.
Slave
Approved rendering: মিন্তা
Transliteration: minta
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Discipleship
NEW HIGH-RISK TERM — culturally loaded. Historic Meitei society maintained institutions of bonded/compulsory labor, including the Lallup system of obligatory unpaid service to the king (ningthou). Must be explicitly taught as freely chosen, dignity-affirming self-giving in imitation of Christ (10:45), never coercive servitude or endorsement of Lallup. Mark 10:44. Theologian AND native-speaker review required.
Holy One Of God
Approved rendering: তেংবাং মপুগী অসেংবা
Transliteration: Tengban Mapugi asengba
Doctrine: The Messianic Secret
Original: ὁ ἅγιος τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Christology
NEW HIGH-RISK TERM, built on baseline অসেংবা (holy) + তেংবাং মপু (God). An ironic true confession from a demonic source; must be preserved as doctrinally accurate testimony. Mark 1:24.
Mystery Secret
Approved rendering: অথুম্বা ৱাফম
Transliteration: athumba wapham
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In / The Messianic Secret
Rejected alternatives: maibi/maiba’s guarded ritual lore, never use as a frame, initiate-only Vaishnava mystical teaching, never use as a frame
Original: μυστήριον
Category: Kingdom
NEW HIGH-RISK TERM. Gracious divine revelation given through following Jesus, not exclusive esoteric ritual knowledge. Mark 4:11.
Temple
Approved rendering: তেংবাং মপুগী ইরুক
Transliteration: Tengban Mapugi eruk
Doctrine: Temple Fulfillment
Rejected alternatives: মন্দির (reserved exclusively for a live Vaishnava temple, never use), লাইশাং (general Meitei shrine word for both Vaishnava and indigenous sites, never use)
Original: ἱερόν / ναός
Category: Covenant
NEW HIGH-RISK TERM. The Jerusalem Temple is a specific historical Old Covenant institution Christ confronts and, in his death, fulfills. Mark 11:11-19, 11:27, 13:1-2, 14:58, 15:38.
Ego Eimi
Approved rendering: এই অসিনি
Transliteration: ei asini
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Original: ἐγώ εἰμι
Category: Christology
NEW HIGH-RISK TERM (background note, not a heavier in-text gloss). Render the surface phrase ‘It is I’ plainly; supply OT theophany background (Job 9:8; Ps 77:19) in teacher notes. Mark 6:50.
Suffering Servant
Approved rendering: ৱাত্তবা মতেংপাংবা
Transliteration: wattaba matengpangba
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God
Rejected alternatives: মিন্তা alone (low-status slave term, loses the paradox of dignity-in-suffering), a triumphant-avatar framing (never use)
NEW HIGH-RISK TERM, coined from already-established TM components (ৱাত্তবা, tribulation/suffering + মতেংপাংবা, servant). No existing Manipuri theological vocabulary distinguishes a suffering royal/divine figure from Meitei kingship’s own divine-descent framing or from a triumphant avatar figure. Isaiah 53 background, alluded to at Mark 10:45; Mark never quotes Isaiah 53 verbatim. Cross-reference in teacher notes required.
Raised Temporary
Approved rendering: হৌদোকপা
Transliteration: houdokpa
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ (background contrast term)
Rejected alternatives: সিবদগী হিংজত-লকপা (reserved exclusively for Christ’s own unique, final resurrection; never use here)
NEW TERM. A plain, non-technical verb (‘to get up/arise’) for Jairus’s daughter’s temporary this-worldly resuscitation (5:41-42), lexically distinguished from Christ’s unique, final, once-for-all resurrection. Mandatory translator note at 5:41-42 cross-referencing 16:6.
Jesus Denial
Approved rendering: জিসুবু হায়দোকপা
Transliteration: Jisu-bu haidokpa
Doctrine: Necessity of the Cross (Peter’s denial, narrative contrast)
NEW TERM. Uses the same root as deny_oneself (মশাবু হায়দোকপা) inverted, to preserve Mark’s deliberate literary contrast between Jesus’s call to ‘deny self’ (8:34) and Peter’s self-preserving denial of Jesus (14:66-72).
Medium Risk Terms
Peace
Approved rendering: ইনগবা
Transliteration: ingba
Doctrine: Peace
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 5:34 (implied in healing), 9:50 (‘have salt in yourselves, and be at peace with one another’).
Church
Approved rendering: কলিসিয়া
Transliteration: kalisiya
Doctrine: Church as God’s People (background concept)
Rejected alternatives: মন্দির (never use), উমাং লাই থাবা (never use)
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Not used directly in Mark’s Greek text but retained for cross-curriculum consistency.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: তেংবাং মপুগী লৈপাক
Transliteration: Tengban Mapugi leipak
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom
Inherited from Romans package. Must be distinguished from the historic Meitei kingship’s own royal-divine-lineage framework (Pakhangba descent) and from a static territorial kingdom like historic Kangleipak. Mark 1:15, 4:11, 4:26-32, 9:1, 9:47, 10:14-15, 10:23-25, 12:34, 14:25, 15:43. Requires an explicit ‘already-but-not-yet’ teaching gloss at first occurrence (1:15).
Law
Approved rendering: য়াথাং
Transliteration: yathang
Doctrine: Purity and the Heart / Fulfillment of the Old Covenant
Rejected alternatives: ধর্ম (Hindu-derived religious-duty sense, never use)
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Torah/Mosaic Law background for 12:28-31 and 7:1-13.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: অতোপ্পা ফুরুপ
Transliteration: atoppa phurup
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 10:33, 10:42, 11:17, 13:10.
Israel
Approved rendering: ইস্রায়েল
Transliteration: Israel
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 12:29 (the Shema), 15:32 (mockery, ‘King of Israel’).
Apostle
Approved rendering: তবিদগী থাবিরকপা
Transliteration: tabidagi thabirakpa
Doctrine: Apostleship (background)
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 3:14 (appointing of the Twelve), 6:30.
Temple Veil
Approved rendering: লেপ্তক
Transliteration: leptak
Doctrine: Temple Fulfillment / Necessity of the Cross
Original: καταπέτασμα
Category: Covenant
Teach the theological significance (access to God opened through Christ’s death) rather than leaving it as mere narrative detail. Mark 15:38.
Tribulation
Approved rendering: ৱাত্তবা
Transliteration: wattaba
Doctrine: Eschatology and the Second Coming
Original: θλῖψις
Category: Eschatology
Distinguish end-times distress from ordinary discipleship hardship elsewhere in ch. 13. Mark 13:19-24.
Sign
Approved rendering: খুদম
Transliteration: khudam
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness, Sin, and Nature
Original: σημεῖον
Category: Authority
Distinguish from omens/portents sought via astrological or oracular divination. Mark 8:11-12, 13:4, 13:22.
Parable
Approved rendering: চেইনবা ৱারী
Transliteration: cheinaba wari
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In / The Messianic Secret
Original: παραβολή
Category: Kingdom
Distinct from a folk tale or moral fable; reveals the kingdom’s secret to disciples while veiling it from outsiders. Mark 3:23, 4:2-34, 12:1-12.
Tradition
Approved rendering: পুৱারী চৎনবি
Transliteration: puwari chatnabi
Doctrine: Purity and the Heart
Original: παράδοσις
Category: Covenant
Not a blanket critique of ancestral custom generally (hanuba chatnabi carries strong positive value in Meitei culture); specifically traditions that nullify God’s actual command. Mark 7:3-13.
Servant
Approved rendering: মতেংপাংবা
Transliteration: matengpangba
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: διάκονος
Category: Discipleship
Escalates to মিন্তা (slave) at 10:44 — preserve the intensification διάκονος → δοῦλος. Mark 9:35, 10:43.
Lord It Over
Approved rendering: মপু ওইনা এশিন্নবা
Transliteration: mapu oina eshinnaba
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: κατακυριεύω
Category: Discipleship
Names an abuse of ‘lord’ status by worldly rulers; keep visibly distinct from মপু ইবুংগো (Christ’s own rightful Lordship) so readers do not hear an implicit critique of Christ’s Lordship itself. Mark 10:42.
Exercise Authority Over
Approved rendering: অধিকার চৎনবা
Transliteration: adhikar chatnaba
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: κατεξουσιάζω
Category: Discipleship
Parallel intensifier to lord_it_over; negative worldly-rule pattern rejected by Christ’s servanthood teaching. Mark 10:42.
Cup
Approved rendering: কপ
Transliteration: kap
Doctrine: Jesus as the Suffering Servant and Son of God / Necessity of the Cross
Rejected alternatives: Ras Lila kirtan/prasad-offering cup imagery (celebratory, not sacrificial-suffering; never conflate)
Original: ποτήριον
Category: Christology
The idiomatic ‘cup of suffering’ sense is not native to Manipuri and must be taught explicitly, not assumed. Mark 10:38-39, fulfilled at 14:36.
Love
Approved rendering: নুংশিবা
Transliteration: nungshiba
Doctrine: The Greatest Commandment
Rejected alternatives: প্রেম-ভক্তি / prema-bhakti (Manipuri Vaishnavism’s romantically-figured devotional love for Krishna-Radha, celebrated through Ras Lila, never use as equivalence)
Original: ἀγάπη / ἀγαπάω
Category: Ethics
Agapē is covenantal, willed, whole-person loyalty and active neighbor-care. Mark 12:28-31.
Divorce
Approved rendering: য়েন্থোকপা
Transliteration: yenthokpa
Doctrine: Marriage and Divorce
Original: ἀπολύω / μοιχεία
Category: Ethics
Handle with pastoral sensitivity given diverse contemporary Manipuri family and marriage customs; teach as rooted in God’s creation design. Mark 10:2-12.
Rich Riches
Approved rendering: ফীরাল য়ামলবা
Transliteration: phiral yamlaba
Doctrine: Wealth and the Kingdom
Original: πλούσιος / πλοῦτος
Category: Ethics
Guard against a reading in which wealth or votive/devotional giving (bhakti seva-offering, Sanamahi votive-gift practice) is imagined to purchase divine favor. Mark 10:17-27.
Watch Be Alert
Approved rendering: মিৎ ন য়েংশিনবা
Transliteration: mit na yengsinba
Doctrine: Eschatology and the Second Coming
Original: γρηγορέω
Category: Eschatology
Eschatological readiness and vigilance, not superstitious omen-watching or fatalistic anxiety. Mark 13:33-37, 14:34-38.
Sabbath
Approved rendering: শাবাথ
Transliteration: Shabath
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ (Lord of the Sabbath)
Original: σάββατον
Category: Covenant
Transliteration, glossed as ‘rest day’; no historic Meitei civic equivalent institution exists to borrow from. Mark 1:21, 2:23-28, 3:1-6.
High Priest
Approved rendering: অথোৱবা পুরোহিত
Transliteration: athouba purohit
Doctrine: Necessity of the Cross (trial narrative)
Original: ἀρχιερεύς
Category: Covenant
পুরোহিত carries Sanskrit-derived cultural resonance toward Vaishnava/Brahmanical temple priesthood; clarify as a specific historical Jewish office. Mark 14:53-65.
Teacher
Approved rendering: ওজা
Transliteration: oja
Doctrine: General respectful address to Jesus
Rejected alternatives: গুরু (Vaishnava guru-shishya devotional/initiatory teacher lineage, avoid as the primary term)
Original: διδάσκαλος
Category: Discipleship
Direct-address ‘Rabbi’ (ῥαββί) may be transliterated as রব্বি with a footnote gloss where the Greek text itself preserves the Semitic form. Mark 4:38, 9:5, 9:17, 10:17, 10:35, 10:51, 12:14, 12:19, 12:32, 13:1, 14:14.
Stumble
Approved rendering: তুহানবা
Transliteration: tuhanba
Doctrine: Discipleship warnings
Original: σκανδαλίζω
Category: Sin
To cause another (or oneself) to fall into sin or unbelief; preserve the severity of Mark’s warnings. Mark 9:42-47.
Tax Caesar
Approved rendering: কর / কৈসর
Transliteration: kar / Kaisar
Doctrine: Civil Authority and Divine Allegiance
Original: κῆνσος / Καῖσαρ
Category: Ethics
Render as a principled distinction between limited civil obligation and total allegiance to God, given regional sensitivity around external administrative authority in Manipur’s historical experience. Mark 12:13-17.
Passover
Approved rendering: পাসখা
Transliteration: Paskha
Doctrine: The New Covenant and the Lord’s Supper
Original: πάσχα
Category: Covenant
Requires Old Testament (Exodus) narrative background teaching, given assumed low OT narrative literacy among the target audience. Mark 14:1, 14:12-16.
First Rank
Approved rendering: অহাংবা
Transliteration: ahangba
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: πρῶτος
Category: Discipleship
PROVISIONAL — FLAG FOR CONFIRMATION against a printed Manipuri Bible before Phase 2. Near-homophone risk with baseline অহানবা (salvation); mandatory translator note distinguishing the two words for oral catechesis. Mark 9:35, 10:44.
Low Risk Terms
Prophet
Approved rendering: তোঙান তোঙানবা ফোংদোকপা
Transliteration: tongan tonganba phongdokpa
Doctrine: Inspiration and Fulfillment of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: মৈবা (Sanamahi ritual specialist/healer, never use)
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 6:4, 6:15, 8:28, 11:32.
David
Approved rendering: দাউদ
Transliteration: Daud
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant (background)
Original: Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package. Mark 2:25, 10:47-48, 11:10, 12:35-37.
Rulers
Approved rendering: লুচিংবাশিং
Transliteration: luchingbashing
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: ἄρχοντες
Category: Discipleship
Pairs meaningfully with the historic Meitei kingship (ningthou) court hierarchy; teach as a universal human pattern Jesus critiques, not a critique of any single culture’s kingship specifically. Mark 10:42.
Compassion
Approved rendering: থমোই সোকপা
Transliteration: thamoi sokpa
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sickness and Nature (pastoral care)
Original: σπλαγχνίζομαι
Category: Authority
Deep visceral compassion; must not be flattened to generic politeness. Mark 1:41, 6:34, 8:2, 9:22.
Hosanna
Approved rendering: হোসান্না
Transliteration: Hosanna
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Breaking In
Original: ὡσαννά
Category: Kingdom
Transliterated acclamation (‘save now’); gloss recommended so the messianic-deliverance meaning is not lost. Mark 11:9-10.
Legion
Approved rendering: লেজিয়ন
Transliteration: Lejiyon
Doctrine: Jesus’ Authority over Sin and the Demonic
Original: λεγιών
Category: Authority
Retain as a proper name with an explanatory gloss regarding its Roman military scale. Mark 5:9.
Corban
Approved rendering: কর্বান
Transliteration: Karban
Doctrine: Purity and the Heart
Original: κορβᾶν
Category: Covenant
Requires an explanatory footnote; no native cultural equivalent readily conveys this vow-mechanism. Mark 7:11.
Angel
Approved rendering: স্বর্গদূত
Transliteration: sworgadut
Doctrine: Angelic Witness to the Resurrection
Rejected alternatives: Umang Lai forest/guardian deity, never conflate, ancestral Apokpa spirit, never conflate
Original: ἄγγελος
Category: Eschatology
A created being who serves the one true God, not an independent object of reverence. Mark 16:5.
Neighbor
Approved rendering: মশক লৈবা মীওই
Transliteration: mashak leiba miwoi
Doctrine: The Greatest Commandment
Original: πλησίον
Category: Ethics
Should be taught as extending beyond clan (yumnak) or ethnic-community boundaries, relevant to contemporary inter-community relations in Manipur. Mark 12:31.
Mercy Cry
Approved rendering: চানবা
Transliteration: chanaba
Doctrine: Messianic recognition
Original: ἐλέησον
Category: Discipleship
Connect explicitly to Davidic messianic expectation (দাউদগী চা-চাহি). Mark 10:47-48.
Pharisees Scribes
Approved rendering: ফরিশী / লইরিক ওজা
Transliteration: Phorishi / lairik oja
Doctrine: Historical religious groups (background)
Rejected alternatives: maiba/maibi ritual specialist roles, never conflate, গোসাঞি Vaishnava renunciant title, never conflate
Original: Φαρισαῖοι / γραμματεῖς
Category: Covenant
Must be introduced as historically specific Jewish groups. Mark 2:16, 2:18, 7:1-5, 12:13.
Indignant
Approved rendering: খৎনবা
Transliteration: khatnaba
Doctrine: Servanthood versus Worldly Greatness
Original: ἀγανακτέω
Category: Discipleship
Ordinary emotion vocabulary; render vividly enough to show a real, ongoing status-rivalry dispute among the Twelve. Mark 10:41 (cf. 9:33-34).
Referenced passages