Core Glossary
08 — Core Glossary: Philemon (English → Manipuri)
This glossary compiles every load-bearing theological and culturally sensitive term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, drawn from every section of Philemon (Opening 1:1–7, Core Passage 1:8–21, Closing 1:22–25). Terms already governed by the Romans baseline translation_memory.json are marked REUSED and carry the baseline’s exact rendering and risk tier, unchanged. Newly introduced terms are marked NEW and are proposed for addition to translation memory pending theologian/native-speaker confirmation per the escalation rules in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md.
Risk tiers follow the baseline’s doctrine_risk_registry.json definitions: Critical (human theologian review, every occurrence), High (human theologian review), Medium (native speaker review), Low (automated review sufficient).
A. Terms Reused Exactly from the Romans Baseline
| English Term | Original (Greek) | Manipuri Rendering | Transliteration | Risk | Philemon Occurrences |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grace | χάρις | মথৌ তাদনা পীবা তেংবাং | mathou tadana piba tengbang | Critical | 1:3, 1:22 (χαρίζομαι root), 1:25 |
| Faith | πίστις | থাজবা | thajaba | High | 1:5, 1:6 |
| God | θεός | তেংবাং মপু | Tengban Mapu | Critical | 1:3, 1:4 |
| Father | πατήρ | ইপা | Ipa | Critical | 1:3 |
| Lord | κύριος | মপু ইবুংগো | Mapu Ibungo | Critical | 1:3, 1:5, 1:16, 1:20, 1:25 |
| Jesus | Ἰησοῦς | জিসু | Jisu | Critical | 1:1, 1:3, 1:5, 1:9, 1:25 |
| Christ / Messiah | Χριστός | ক্রিস্তো | Christo | Critical | 1:1, 1:3, 1:6, 1:8, 1:9, 1:20, 1:23, 1:25 |
| Church | ἐκκλησία | কলিসিয়া | kalisiya | Medium | 1:2 |
| Saints | ἅγιοι | অসেংবা মীওই | asengba miwoi | High | 1:5, 1:7 |
| Fellowship | κοινωνία (general sense) | লোইনবা | loinaba | Low | root for 1:6, 1:17 compounds |
| Thanksgiving | εὐχαριστῶ | থাগৎচরি | thagatchari | Low | 1:4 |
| Exhort (encouragement sense) | παράκλησις | থাওয়াই পীবা | thawai piba | Low | 1:7 |
| Exhort (entreaty sense) | παρακαλῶ (beseeching) | হায়জবা | haijaba | Medium | 1:9, 1:10 |
| Intercession / Prayer (general) | προσευχή | হায়জবা (root reused) | haijaba | Low | 1:4, 1:6, 1:22 |
| Obedience of Faith | ὑπακοή (soteriological sense) | থাজবগী ইনবা | thajabagi inba | High | (referenced by contrast in 1:21; not directly quoted) |
| Peace | εἰρήνη | ইনগবা | ingba | Medium | 1:3 |
| Law (root reused compositionally) | νόμος-root | য়াথাং | yathang | Medium | root for 1:8 ἐπιτάσσω compound |
B. New Terms Introduced by Philemon
Doctrine: Intercession and Appeal on Behalf of Another
| English Term | Original (Greek) | Transliteration | Manipuri Rendering | Transliteration (Mnp.) | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prisoner (of Christ) | δέσμιος | desmios | বন্দী | bandi | High | Paul’s chosen self-identification; must be kept distinct from দাস (slave, below) despite intentional wordplay between the two statuses. |
| Boldness / authority to command | παρρησία | parrēsia | হায়নবগী মথৌ চাউবা | haynabagi mathou chauba | Medium | Never render with শক্তি (forbidden per baseline). The doctrinal point is Paul’s deliberate non-use of this authority. |
| Command / order | ἐπιτάσσω | epitassō | য়াথাং পীবা | yathang piba | Low-Medium | The road Paul explicitly declines to take. |
| What is fitting/proper | ἀνῆκον | anēkon | চৎনবা মথৌ | chatnaba mathou | Low | |
| Appeal / beseech | παρακαλῶ (entreaty sense) | parakalō | হায়জবা | haijaba | Medium | Confirms baseline’s own context-sensitivity guidance for this verb. |
| Fellow prisoner | συναιχμάλωτος | synaichmalōtos | লোইনবা বন্দী | loinaba bandi | Low | Distinct, more intense captivity-term than δέσμιος. |
| Confident / persuaded | πείθω | peithō | থাজরিবা | thajariba | Low | Interpersonal trust; distinct root-sense from saving faith though same root. |
| Obedience (interpersonal) | ὑπακοή | hypakoē | ইনবা | inba | High | Distinct standalone entry from baseline’s obedience_of_faith; obedience to Paul’s personal appeal, doctrinally anchored to Grace-Motivated Obedience. |
Doctrine: Slavery and the Gospel’s Transforming Power
| English Term | Original (Greek) | Transliteration | Manipuri Rendering | Transliteration (Mnp.) | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slave / bondservant | δοῦλος | doulos | দাস | das | CRITICAL | Collides directly with Manipuri Gaudiya Vaishnavism’s live dasya-bhava devotional self-designation (a prestigious “servant-mood” of bhakti to Krishna, reflected in common devotional name-suffixes). No clean alternative exists; দাস must be retained for the literal social category but requires explicit teaching distinguishing real, painful chattel bondage from a devotional honorific. Also must be kept distinct from বন্দী (Paul’s own prisoner status). |
| Useless / useful (Onesimus wordplay) | ἄχρηστος / εὔχρηστος | achrēstos / euchrēstos | অকানবা / কানবা | akanba / kanba | Medium | Literary-device risk: preserve the Onesimus-name pun via translator footnote, since Manipuri cannot reproduce the Greek pun directly. |
| Benefit / profit (Onesimus wordplay, recurrence) | ὀνίνημι | oninēmi | কানবা ফংবা | kanba phangba | Medium | Climactic reappearance of the same wordplay in 1:20; footnote recommended. |
| Flesh (relational/social sense) | σάρξ | sarx | হাক্চাংগী মতাংদা | hakchanggi matangda | Medium | New introduction; no σάρξ entry exists in the baseline. Must be distinguished from any future “sinful nature” sense of σάρξ elsewhere in the Pauline corpus. |
| Minister / serve | διακονέω | diakoneō | থবক তৌবা | thouba touba | Medium | Must NOT be rendered সেবা (forbidden — Vaishnava ritual devotional service, per baseline’s obedience_of_faith notes). |
Doctrine: Christian Brotherhood across Social Status
| English Term | Original (Greek) | Transliteration | Manipuri Rendering | Transliteration (Mnp.) | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brother (spiritual kinship) | ἀδελφός | adelphos | ইচিল-ইনাউ | ichil-inao | High | Meitei kinship vocabulary tied to yumnak (clan) lineage and real inheritance obligations; applying it to a former slave is a radical claim requiring explicit teaching. Singular vocative use (1:20) needs native-speaker confirmation. |
| Sister | ἀδελφή | adelphē | ইচেল | ichel | Medium | Provisional; confirm naturalness for spiritual (non-blood) usage with a Manipuri-speaking theologian. |
| Beloved | ἀγαπητός | agapētos | নুংশিরাবা | nungshiraba | Medium | Built on নুংশিবা (love) root; see Love entry below for the fuller collision risk. |
| Love | ἀγάπη | agapē | নুংশিবা | nungshiba | High | Notable gap in the Romans baseline (no standalone ἀγάπη entry existed). Grounded collision: Manipuri Vaishnavism’s prema-bhakti (Krishna-Radha romantic-devotional love, enacted in the Ras Lila dance tradition) uses the same root word in devotional/romantic song contexts. Must be taught as categorically distinct: covenantal, self-giving, action-expressed love, not romantic-devotional longing. |
| Partner / partnership of faith | κοινωνός / κοινωνία τῆς πίστεως | koinōnos / koinōnia tēs pisteōs | লোইনবা মীওই / থাজবগী লোইনবা | loinaba miwoi / thajabagi loinaba | Medium | Must convey genuinely equal-partner status (1:17), not a lesser or conditional welcome. |
| Fellow worker | συνεργός | synergos | থবক লোইনবা | thouba loinaba | Low | |
| Fellow soldier | συστρατιώτης | systratiōtēs | লান্মী লোইনবা | lanmi loinaba | Low | Metaphorical solidarity, not literal militancy. |
| House church | κατ’ οἶκόν ἐκκλησία | kat’ oikon ekklēsia | যুমদা লেপ্পা কলিসিয়া | yumda leppa kalisiya | Medium | Must not be pictured as a fixed ritual worship-site (temple / sacred grove), per baseline’s church guidance. |
Doctrine: Forgiveness and Reconciliation
| English Term | Original (Greek) | Transliteration | Manipuri Rendering | Transliteration (Mnp.) | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Charge to account / impute | ἐλλογάω | ellogaō | ঐগী ঋণ ওইনা ইকপা | aigi rin oina ikpa | CRITICAL | Same legal-ledger/crediting logic as the baseline’s imputed_righteousness doctrine (পীথোকপা অচুম্বা চৎনবিরাক). This verse is a live, embodied enactment of substitutionary-satisfaction logic and must be flagged for theologian review every occurrence, explicitly cross-referenced to the imputation doctrine. |
| Wronged | ἀδικέω | adikeō | অন্যায় তৌরবা | anyay tourabа | Medium | Paul does not minimize the actual wrongdoing; reconciliation is not achieved by pretending no wrong occurred. |
| Owe / debt | ὀφείλω | opheilō | ঋণ থাবা | rin thaba | Medium | |
| Owe besides | προσοφείλω | prosopheilō | হেন্না ঋণ লৈবা | henna rin leiba | Low | Intensified form; Philemon’s own debt to Paul. |
| Repay | ἀποτίνω | apotinō | হন্দোকপা | handokpa | Low | |
| Receive / welcome | προσλαμβάνω | proslambanō | লৌখৎপা | loukhatpa | Medium | The concrete, embodied act the letter builds toward (1:17). |
| Grant as a favor (grace-root) | χαρίζομαι | charizomai | তেংবাং মপুনা পীগনি | Tengban Mapuna pigani | Low-Medium | Wordplay with χάρις (grace); preserve the thematic echo in translator commentary where possible. |
| Separated | χωρίζω | chōrizō | খায়দোকপা | khaidokpa | Low | |
| Forever | αἰώνιος (contextual, “have him forever”) | aiōnios | ফাওবা | phauba | Low | |
| Have fully / receive in full | ἀπέχω | apechō | মপুং ফাবা ফংবা | mapung phaba phangba | Low |
Doctrine: Grace-Motivated Obedience
| English Term | Original (Greek) | Transliteration | Manipuri Rendering | Transliteration (Mnp.) | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Voluntary / of one’s own will | ἑκούσιον | hekousion | নিজমখাদগী | nijamakhadagi | High | Doctrine-defining positive pole; must never be reframed as সেবা (forbidden — bhakti devotional merit-service), per baseline’s existing forbidden-substitution logic for obedience_of_faith. |
| Compulsion / necessity | ἀνάγκη | anankē | চেৎনা ইনবা | chetna inba | High | Doctrine-defining negative pole, paired directly with ἑκούσιον; the contrast must never be softened. |
| Consent | γνώμη | gnōmē | মায়োক্নবা | mayoknaba | Low | |
| Good / good deed | ἀγαθόν | agathon | অফবা | aphaba | Low |
Miscellaneous / Supporting Terms (all sections)
| English Term | Original (Greek) | Transliteration | Manipuri Rendering | Transliteration (Mnp.) | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heart / inmost affection | σπλάγχνα | splanchna | থমোই | thamoi | Medium | Recurs 1:7, 1:12, 1:20 as a structural thread; render consistently as “heart/inmost being,” not literally as bodily organs. |
| Refresh / give rest | ἀναπαύω | anapauō | থমোই ঙাংহনবা | thamoi nganghanba | Low-Medium | Consistent across 1:7 and 1:20. |
| Joy | χαρά | chara | হরাওবা | haraoba | Medium | Ordinary Meitei word for joy; also the root of “Lai Haraoba,” the major Umang Lai festival name. Plain, unavoidable native term (parallel to baseline’s peace/ইনগবা treatment) — flag with a clarifying translator note distinguishing gospel-fruit joy from festival merrymaking or ritual ecstasy. |
| Full knowledge | ἐπίγνωσις | epignōsis | মপুং ফাবা খংবা | mapung phaba khangba | Low | |
| Effective / active | ἐνεργής | energēs | পাংথোকপা | pangthokpa | Low | Reuses baseline’s পাংথোক root (power_of_god compound). |
| Spiritual child / begotten | τέκνον / ἐγέννησα | teknon / egennēsa | মচা / পোকহনবা | macha / pokhanba | Medium | Spiritual-fatherhood metaphor, conceptually adjacent to but distinct from the baseline’s adoption doctrine; Meitei yumnak lineage runs through birth, so this must be taught explicitly, not assumed. |
| Chains (general) | δεσμοί | desmoi | শাক্লো | shaklo | Low | Paired with বন্দী. |
| Chains of the gospel | δεσμοὶ τοῦ εὐαγγελίου | desmoi tou euangeliou | বন্দী + নুংঙাইবগী পাউ (compositional) | — | Low | Compositional term combining new and baseline vocabulary. |
| Human spirit (non-Holy-Spirit sense) | πνεῦμα | pneuma | থাওয়াই (bare, used correctly) | thawai | Medium | The one legitimate context in this curriculum where bare থাওয়াই is correct — refers to Philemon’s own human spirit, not the Holy Spirit. Must not have অসেংবা appended (would create a category error). Flag for translator training so this exception to the baseline’s forbidden-bare-থাওয়াই rule is understood, not overridden. |
| Guest room / hospitality | ξενία | xenia | ওকপগী য়ুম | okpagi yum | Low | Natural resonance with Meitei hospitality customs. |
| Greet | ἀσπάζομαι | aspazomai | খুরুমজরি | khurumjari | Low | |
| Old man / ambassador (textual variant) | πρεσβύτης / πρεσβευτής | presbytēs / presbeutēs | হায়রিবা মিওই | hairiba miwoi | Low | Manuscript-variant footnote required, not a doctrinal-collision risk. |
C. Proper Names (Transliteration Table)
Provisional transliterations follow existing Manipuri Bible-translation conventions where established (per baseline); all others should be confirmed against a current printed Manipuri Bible edition before finalizing, per the baseline’s own verification standard for proper names.
| English | Greek | Manipuri (provisional) | Transliteration | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Paul | Παῦλος | পৌল | Paul | Confirm against printed edition. |
| Timothy | Τιμόθεος | তীমথিয়ো | Timothiyo | Confirm against printed edition. |
| Philemon | Φιλήμων | ফিলীমন | Philimon | Book title and addressee; confirm against printed edition. |
| Apphia | Ἀπφία | আপ্ফিয়া | Apphiya | |
| Archippus | Ἄρχιππος | আর্খিপ্পুস | Arkhippus | |
| Onesimus | Ὀνήσιμος | অনীষিমস | Onishimas | Name-meaning (“useful/profitable”) is theologically load-bearing — see wordplay entries above. |
| Mark | Μᾶρκος | মার্ক | Mark | REUSED convention pattern from baseline (Jisu/Christo style transliteration). |
| Aristarchus | Ἀρίσταρχος | আরিস্তার্খুস | Aristarkhus | |
| Demas | Δημᾶς | দীমাস | Dimas | |
| Luke | Λουκᾶς | লূক | Luk | |
| Epaphras | Ἐπαφρᾶς | ইপাফ্রাস | Ipaphras |
D. Risk Summary
| Risk Tier | Count (new terms, this document) | Review Routing |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 2 (δοῦλος/slave; ἐλλογάω/charge-to-account) | Human theologian, every occurrence |
| High | 6 (δέσμιος/prisoner; ἀδελφός/brother; ἀγάπη/love; ἑκούσιον/voluntary; ἀνάγκη/compulsion; ὑπακοή/obedience) | Human theologian |
| Medium | 19 | Native speaker review |
| Low | 21 | Automated review |
This glossary extends, and does not contradict, the Romans baseline Language Package. All reused terms in Section A are locked to their baseline renderings. All new terms in Sections B–C are proposed for addition to translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json in Phase 2, pending the confirmation flags noted above.
Critical Risk Terms
Grace
Approved rendering: মথৌ তাদনা পীবা তেংবাং
Transliteration: mathou tadana piba tengbang
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: কৃপা (bhakti-responsive favor, avoid as primary term), পুণ্য (devotional merit, never use)
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Opens and closes Philemon (1:3, 1:25) and undergirds the χαρίζομαι wordplay in 1:22, where Paul frames his own hoped-for release as an act of grace — modeling that grace is received, not earned, even by the apostle himself. Must remain distinguished from Vaishnava bhakti’s কৃপা exactly as in Romans.
God
Approved rendering: তেংবাং মপু
Transliteration: Tengban Mapu
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ঠাকুর (Krishna-devotional title, avoid as primary term), সানামাহি (Sanamahi household deity, never use as primary term for the biblical God)
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Invoked in Philemon’s opening thanksgiving (1:3-4). Never ঠাকুর or সানামাহি.
Father
Approved rendering: ইপা
Transliteration: Ipa
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Invoked once in Philemon’s salutation (1:3). Note: Philemon separately introduces a related-but-distinct spiritual-fatherhood metaphor (Paul as Onesimus’s spiritual father, 1:10) — see spiritual_child entry below; these two categories must be taught as adjacent but non-identical.
Lord
Approved rendering: মপু ইবুংগো
Transliteration: Mapu Ibungo
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ঠাকুর (Krishna-devotional title, never use for Christ’s Lordship)
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Appears repeatedly through Philemon (1:3, 1:5, 1:16, 1:20, 1:25) as the sphere (‘in the Lord’) in which reconciliation and brotherhood occur, most notably qualifying Onesimus’s new status in 1:16.
Jesus
Approved rendering: জিসু
Transliteration: Jisu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Appears throughout Philemon’s opening, body, and closing (1:1, 1:3, 1:5, 1:9, 1:25). Confirm against a current printed Manipuri Bible edition before finalizing.
Messiah
Approved rendering: ক্রিস্তো
Transliteration: Christo
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Names the sphere of identity (‘in Christ’) in which Onesimus’s transformed status is grounded (1:1, 1:6, 1:8, 1:9, 1:20, 1:23, 1:25).
Slave
Approved rendering: দাস
Transliteration: das
Doctrine: Slavery and the Gospel’s Transforming Power
Rejected alternatives: No viable substitute exists — retention with mandatory fencing is the only strategy
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Slavery and Transformation
CRITICAL. Names δοῦλος (1:16), Onesimus’s former legal status. Grounded, specific collision: দাস is a live, prestigious devotional self-designation in Manipuri Gaudiya Vaishnavism — dasya-bhava, the bhakti ‘servant-mood’ toward Krishna, reflected in common devotional name-suffixes (’…Das’). Risk of either (a) readers hearing দাস as spiritually honorific rather than as real, painful chattel bondage, or (b) hearing the gospel’s answer as pious relabeling rather than relational transformation. Must be taught explicitly: the social category is named honestly and not minimized; the relationship is declared abolished between believers (‘no longer as a slave… but a brother’). Must also be kept visibly distinct from বন্দী (Paul’s own prisoner status).
Impute Charge To Account
Approved rendering: ঐগী ঋণ ওইনা ইকপা
Transliteration: aigi rin oina ikpa
Doctrine: Forgiveness and Reconciliation
Rejected alternatives: treating as a merely incidental financial idiom (rejected — loses the doctrinal weight)
Original: ἐλλογάω
Category: Forgiveness and Reconciliation
CRITICAL. Names ἐλλογάω (1:18), ‘charge it to me’ — a commercial/legal-ledger accounting term. Shares the identical legal-ledger/crediting logic as the baseline’s Critical-tier imputed_righteousness doctrine (পীথোকপা অচুম্বা চৎনবিরাক). This verse is a live, embodied enactment of substitutionary-satisfaction logic between two named individuals — Onesimus’s actual debt transferred to and settled by Paul — and must be flagged for human theologian review every occurrence, with explicit cross-reference to the imputation doctrine, not translated as a merely incidental financial idiom.
High Risk Terms
Gospel
Approved rendering: নুংঙাইবগী পাউ
Transliteration: nungngaibagi pao
Doctrine: Gospel
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. In Philemon, invoked as the cause of Paul’s imprisonment (δεσμοὶ τοῦ εὐαγγελίου, ‘chains of the gospel,’ 1:13) — an identity marker for Paul’s suffering, not mere circumstance. Must be distinguished from Vaishnava festival-calendar ‘good news’ framing, per baseline note.
Faith
Approved rendering: থাজবা
Transliteration: thajaba
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: ভক্তি (bhakti, too specific to Vaishnava devotional framework)
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. In Philemon, names Philemon’s own attested character trait (1:5-6), the ground of his ‘partnership of faith’ (κοινωνία τῆς πίστεως). Object of faith (‘toward the Lord Jesus’) must remain explicit.
Saints
Approved rendering: অসেংবা মীওই
Transliteration: asengba miwoi
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: গোসাঞি/বৈষ্ণব (Vaishnava renunciant devotee title, never use for the corporate sense)
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Names the corporate group whose ‘hearts’ (σπλάγχνα) Philemon has refreshed (1:5, 1:7). Must not be narrowed to a specialist devotional class.
Obedience Of Faith
Approved rendering: থাজবগী ইনবা
Transliteration: thajabagi inba
Doctrine: Obedience of Faith
Rejected alternatives: ভক্তিগী সেবা (devotional service performed to build bhakti standing, a works-based misreading)
Original: ὑπακοή (soteriological sense)
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Referenced by contrast in Philemon 1:21, where a distinct, non-soteriological interpersonal obedience is in view — see new standalone entry obedience_interpersonal below, which must be kept conceptually distinct from this baseline soteriological term while sharing its forbidden-substitution logic (never সেবা).
Prisoner
Approved rendering: বন্দী
Transliteration: bandi
Doctrine: Intercession and Appeal on Behalf of Another
Original: δέσμιος
Category: Intercession and Appeal
NEW. Paul’s self-identification as ‘a prisoner of Christ Jesus’ (δέσμιος, 1:1, 1:9) — the posture of chosen weakness from which he appeals rather than commands. Must be kept visibly distinct from দাস (slave, below) despite Paul’s intentional rhetorical echo between his own bonds and Onesimus’s bondage; conflating the two would wrongly imply Paul was legally enslaved. Also distinguish from the more intense captivity-term συναιχμάλωτος (fellow_prisoner, below).
Obedience Interpersonal
Approved rendering: ইনবা
Transliteration: inba
Doctrine: Grace-Motivated Obedience
Rejected alternatives: ভক্তিগী সেবা (bhakti devotional merit-service, never use)
Original: ὑπακοή
Category: Intercession and Appeal
NEW, standalone from the baseline’s obedience_of_faith compound. Names ὑπακοή (1:21), obedience rendered to Paul’s personal appeal on Onesimus’s behalf. Must be taught explicitly as neither devotional সেবা nor externally compelled duty (ἀνάγκη, see compulsion entry below), but the natural fruit of the ἀγάπη already described throughout the letter — a four-way distinction (soteriological obedience / interpersonal obedience / compelled duty / bhakti service) that Phase 2 must hold apart in a single short verse.
Brother
Approved rendering: ইচিল-ইনাউ
Transliteration: ichil-inao
Doctrine: Christian Brotherhood across Social Status
Rejected alternatives: a generic ‘friend/companion’ softening term (rejected — would blunt the letter’s doctrinal force)
Original: ἀδελφός
Category: Christian Brotherhood
NEW. Names ἀδελφός throughout Philemon (1:1 of Timothy, 1:7 of Philemon, 1:16 climactically of Onesimus, 1:20 in singular vocative address). Meitei kinship vocabulary is tied concretely to yumnak (clan) lineage and real inheritance obligations; extending it to spiritual kinship — and specifically to a former slave — is a culturally radical claim requiring explicit teaching, not softening. Singular vocative usage in 1:20 needs native-speaker confirmation of naturalness.
Love
Approved rendering: নুংশিবা
Transliteration: nungshiba
Doctrine: Christian Brotherhood across Social Status
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Christian Brotherhood
NEW; a notable gap in the Romans baseline, which never defined a standalone ἀγάπη term. Grounded collision: Manipuri Vaishnavism’s devotional life is substantially organized around prema-bhakti, the romantic, longing devotional love between Krishna and Radha enacted in the UNESCO-recognized Ras Lila tradition; নুংশিবা is also the ordinary Meitei word for romantic/devotional song contexts. Philemon’s ἀγάπη — committed, self-giving, costly, action-expressed love (1:5, 1:7, 1:9) — must be taught as categorically distinct from Krishna-Radha romantic-devotional love at every occurrence in the core passage, not assumed by default.
Voluntary
Approved rendering: নিজমখাদগী
Transliteration: nijamakhadagi
Doctrine: Grace-Motivated Obedience
Rejected alternatives: সেবা (Vaishnava ritual devotional service performed to build bhakti standing, forbidden per baseline’s obedience_of_faith logic)
Original: ἑκούσιον
Category: Grace-Motivated Obedience
NEW. Names ἑκούσιον (1:14), the positive pole of the letter’s central ethical demand — Philemon’s goodness toward Onesimus must spring from freely-given love, mirroring how salvation itself is received. Doctrine-defining; must never be reframed as সেবা. Must always appear paired with, or explicitly referenced against, চেৎনা ইনবা (compulsion, below) to preserve the required contrast.
Compulsion
Approved rendering: চেৎনা ইনবা
Transliteration: chetna inba
Doctrine: Grace-Motivated Obedience
Original: ἀνάγκη
Category: Grace-Motivated Obedience
NEW. Names ἀνάγκη (1:14), the explicit negative pole Paul rejects — goodness done under compulsion is not the goodness he seeks from Philemon. Doctrine-defining negative pole paired directly with নিজমখাদগী (voluntary); this contrast must never be softened, as it is the structural safeguard for the entire Grace-Motivated Obedience doctrine.
Medium Risk Terms
Church
Approved rendering: কলিসিয়া
Transliteration: kalisiya
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: মন্দির (Vaishnava temple, never use), উমাং লাই থাবা (Umang Lai sacred grove, never use)
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged (base term). Philemon 1:2 specifies the assembly meeting in Philemon’s own house — see new compound house_church entry below for this specific construction.
Peace
Approved rendering: ইনগবা
Transliteration: ingba
Doctrine: Peace with God
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Invoked in Philemon’s salutation (1:3).
Law
Approved rendering: য়াথাং
Transliteration: yathang
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: ধর্ম (Hindu-derived religious-duty sense, never use)
Original: νόμος (root, compositional use)
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged (root term). Reused compositionally in Philemon 1:8 for the new command entry below (ἐπιτάσσω, ‘to command’) — the authoritative road Paul explicitly declines to take.
Intercession
Approved rendering: মখোয়গী মফমদা হায়জবা
Transliteration: makhoigi mafamda haijaba
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. This letter’s own general-prayer vocabulary (προσευχή, 1:4, 1:6, 1:22) reuses this entry’s হায়জবা verb root but is a distinct, broader Greek word than the baseline’s specific on-behalf-of-another sense — see new prayer_general entry below. Both must remain distinct from petitions traditionally carried to the Umang Lai through a maibi or maiba.
Boldness To Command
Approved rendering: হায়নবগী মথৌ চাউবা
Transliteration: haynabagi mathou chauba
Doctrine: Intercession and Appeal on Behalf of Another
Rejected alternatives: শক্তি (forbidden — associated with maibi trance-power)
Original: παρρησία
Category: Intercession and Appeal
NEW. Names παρρησία (1:8), the apostolic standing Paul explicitly has but chooses not to exercise toward Philemon. Must never be rendered শক্তি nor as ordinary political authority. The doctrinal point is that this is a real right being deliberately set aside, not a right Paul lacks — Phase 2 must confirm the phrase reads that way, not as ‘Paul has no authority.‘
Command
Approved rendering: য়াথাং পীবা
Transliteration: yathang piba
Doctrine: Intercession and Appeal on Behalf of Another
Original: ἐπιτάσσω
Category: Intercession and Appeal
NEW. Names ἐπιτάσσω (1:8), ‘to command/order’ — the road Paul explicitly declines, contrasted with παρακαλῶ (‘I appeal’) in 1:9. Built compositionally on the baseline’s য়াথাং root. Must remain visibly contrasted with হায়জবা (appeal) in the same verse-pair.
Useless Useful
Approved rendering: অকানবা / কানবা
Transliteration: akanba / kanba
Doctrine: Slavery and the Gospel’s Transforming Power
Original: ἄχρηστος / εὔχρηστος
Category: Slavery and Transformation
NEW. Names ἄχρηστος/εὔχρηστος (1:11), the direct wordplay on Ὀνήσιμος’s own name (‘useful’). Primarily a literary-device risk, not a doctrinal-collision risk: preserve the wordplay’s rhetorical force via mandatory translator footnote explaining the Onesimus name-pun, since Manipuri cannot reproduce the Greek pun directly.
Benefit Profit
Approved rendering: কানবা ফংবা
Transliteration: kanba phangba
Doctrine: Slavery and the Gospel’s Transforming Power
Original: ὀνίνημι
Category: Slavery and Transformation
NEW. Names ὀνίνημι (1:20), Paul’s climactic request to ‘benefit’ from Philemon, echoing Onesimus’s name a final time. Same literary-device risk and footnote requirement as useless_useful, as the wordplay’s climactic reappearance.
Flesh
Approved rendering: হাক্চাংগী মতাংদা
Transliteration: hakchanggi matangda
Doctrine: Slavery and the Gospel’s Transforming Power
Original: σάρξ
Category: Slavery and Transformation
NEW; no σάρξ entry exists in the Romans baseline, so this is this curriculum’s first formal introduction of the word. Names σάρξ in its natural/social-relational sense (1:16, ‘both in the flesh and in the Lord’) — NOT the sinful-nature sense σάρξ carries elsewhere in Paul. Must be flagged explicitly in translator training as this curriculum’s sense only; do not let it silently absorb the ‘sinful human nature’ sense in any future Pauline-corpus curriculum.
Minister Serve
Approved rendering: থবক তৌবা
Transliteration: thouba touba
Doctrine: Slavery and the Gospel’s Transforming Power
Rejected alternatives: সেবা (Vaishnava ritual devotional service performed to build bhakti standing, forbidden per baseline’s obedience_of_faith entry)
Original: διακονέω
Category: Slavery and Transformation
NEW. Names διακονέω (1:13), Onesimus’s hoped-for service to Paul, pictured as freely-given rather than compelled. Must NOT be rendered সেবা.
Sister
Approved rendering: ইচেল
Transliteration: ichel
Doctrine: Christian Brotherhood across Social Status
Original: ἀδελφή
Category: Christian Brotherhood
NEW, provisional. Names ἀδελφή, used of Apphia (1:2), a named female addressee given full standing as spiritual kinswoman. Confirm exact naturalness for spiritual (non-blood) usage with a Manipuri-speaking theologian before wide deployment.
Beloved
Approved rendering: নুংশিরাবা
Transliteration: nungshiraba
Doctrine: Christian Brotherhood across Social Status
Original: ἀγαπητός
Category: Christian Brotherhood
NEW. Names ἀγαπητός, used of Philemon (1:1) and Onesimus (1:16), placing both within the same love-relationship regardless of social status. Built on the নুংশিবা (love) root; see the love entry below for the fuller collision risk this root carries.
Partner And Partnership Of Faith
Approved rendering: থাজবগী লোইনবা / লোইনবা মীওই
Transliteration: thajabagi loinaba / loinaba miwoi
Doctrine: Christian Brotherhood across Social Status
Original: κοινωνός / κοινωνία τῆς πίστεως
Category: Christian Brotherhood
NEW, built on the baseline’s থাজবা and লোইনবা roots. Names κοινωνία τῆς πίστεως (1:6, active gospel co-labor) and κοινωνός (1:17, ‘if you consider me a partner, receive him as you would receive me’). Must convey genuinely equal-partner status, not a lesser or conditional welcome; distinguish from general social/clan-based fellowship.
House Church
Approved rendering: যুমদা লেপ্পা কলিসিয়া
Transliteration: yumda leppa kalisiya
Doctrine: House Church as God’s People
Original: κατ’ οἶκόν ἐκκλησία
Category: Christian Brotherhood
NEW compound built on the baseline’s কলিসিয়া. Names ἡ κατ᾽ οἶκόν ἐκκλησία (1:2), the congregation meeting in Philemon’s own home — the very setting where Onesimus’s reception is publicly tested. Must be clearly distinguished from a fixed ritual worship-site (মন্দির or Umang Lai sacred grove), per baseline church guidance; this is an early, pre-institutional house-gathering.
Wronged
Approved rendering: অন্যায় তৌরবা
Transliteration: anyay touraba
Doctrine: Forgiveness and Reconciliation
Original: ἀδικέω
Category: Forgiveness and Reconciliation
NEW. Names ἀδικέω (1:18). Paul does not minimize or excuse Onesimus’s wrongdoing — reconciliation is not achieved by pretending no wrong occurred; translators must preserve this candor.
Owe Debt
Approved rendering: ঋণ থাবা
Transliteration: rin thaba
Doctrine: Forgiveness and Reconciliation
Original: ὀφείλω
Category: Forgiveness and Reconciliation
NEW. Names ὀφείλω (1:18), financial or moral debt.
Receive Welcome
Approved rendering: লৌখৎপা
Transliteration: loukhatpa
Doctrine: Forgiveness and Reconciliation
Original: προσλαμβάνω
Category: Forgiveness and Reconciliation
NEW. Names προσλαμβάνω (1:17), ‘receive him as you would receive me’ — the concrete, embodied act the whole letter builds toward. Must convey full, equal-partner welcome, not conditional tolerance.
Grant As Favor
Approved rendering: তেংবাং মপুনা পীগনি
Transliteration: Tengban Mapuna pigani
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: a forced artificial Manipuri wordplay on grace (rejected — would produce an unnatural, opaque phrase)
Original: χαρίζομαι
Category: Forgiveness and Reconciliation
NEW. Names χαρίζομαι (1:22), a quiet wordplay on χάρις — Paul’s hope that his own release will itself be an act of grace. Preserve the grace-root echo in translator commentary where possible; do not force a one-to-one Manipuri pun into the running text.
Heart Inmost Affection
Approved rendering: থমোই
Transliteration: thamoi
Doctrine: Thanksgiving and Joy in Ministry
Rejected alternatives: a literal bodily-organ rendering (rejected — idiomatic ‘heart/inmost being’ sense required)
Original: σπλάγχνα
Category: Christian Fellowship
NEW, recurring three times as a structural thread. Names σπλάγχνα: the saints’ hearts refreshed by Philemon (1:7), Onesimus himself called Paul’s ‘very heart’ (1:12), and Paul’s own heart, which he asks Philemon to refresh (1:20). Render idiomatically and consistently across all three occurrences.
Refresh
Approved rendering: থমোই ঙাংহনবা
Transliteration: thamoi nganghanba
Doctrine: Thanksgiving and Joy in Ministry
Original: ἀναπαύω
Category: Christian Fellowship
NEW. Names ἀναπαύω, used of the saints’ hearts (1:7) and, climactically, of Paul’s own heart (1:20). Keep this verb consistent across both occurrences, matching the recurrence of থমোই.
Joy
Approved rendering: হরাওবা
Transliteration: haraoba
Doctrine: Thanksgiving and Joy in Ministry
Original: χαρά
Category: Christian Fellowship
NEW. Names χαρά (1:7), Paul’s joy over Philemon’s love in action. Grounded collision note: হরাওবা is the ordinary Meitei word for joy/rejoicing/merrymaking and is also the literal root of ‘Lai Haraoba,’ the major Umang Lai festival name (the maibi’s ritual trance dance). Plain, unavoidable native word — parallel to baseline’s peace/ইনগবা treatment — but must be fenced with a note that the joy in view is gospel-fruit and love-in-action, not festival merrymaking or ritual ecstasy.
Spiritual Child
Approved rendering: মচা / পোকহনবা
Transliteration: macha / pokhanba
Doctrine: Spiritual Fatherhood and New Birth
Original: τέκνον / ἐγέννησα
Category: Slavery and Transformation
NEW. Names τέκνον/ἐγέννησα (1:10), Onesimus as Paul’s spiritual son, converted through Paul’s ministry while imprisoned. A paternity metaphor conceptually adjacent to, but distinct from, the baseline’s adoption doctrine (মচা ওইনা লৌবা). Since Meitei yumnak (clan) identity runs through birth lineage, this must be taught as its own distinct category, not assumed as a ready cultural equivalent.
Human Spirit
Approved rendering: থাওয়াই
Transliteration: thawai
Doctrine: God
Rejected alternatives: appending অসেংবা here (rejected — would wrongly imply ‘may the Holy Spirit be with your Holy Spirit,’ a category error)
Original: πνεῦμα (non-Holy-Spirit sense)
Category: God
NEW; names πνεῦμα in its non-Holy-Spirit sense (1:25, ‘the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ be with your spirit’), referring to Philemon’s own human spirit. This is the ONE legitimate context in this curriculum where bare থাওয়াই is the correct choice. The baseline’s forbidden-bare-থাওয়াই rule concerns using bare থাওয়াই as a stand-in for the divine Holy Spirit; here πνεῦμα legitimately denotes a different referent. Translators must not treat this occurrence as violating the baseline Holy Spirit rule.
Onesimus
Approved rendering: অনীষিমস
Transliteration: Onishimas
Doctrine: Proper Name
Rejected alternatives: an invented Manipuri name-pun (rejected — forced, unnatural; wordplay meaning carried via footnote instead)
Original: Ὀνήσιμος
Category: Proper Name
NEW proper name; Philemon’s runaway slave, converted through Paul’s ministry, on whose behalf the entire letter is written (1:10-12, 1:20). Name meaning (‘useful/profitable’) is theologically load-bearing, generating the letter’s central wordplay (see useless_useful and benefit_profit entries); Medium tier reflects this rhetorical significance, not a doctrinal-collision risk. Confirm transliteration against a current printed Manipuri Bible edition before finalizing.
Low Risk Terms
Fellowship
Approved rendering: লোইনবা
Transliteration: loinaba
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Original: κοινωνία (general sense)
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged (root term). Reused compositionally throughout Philemon 1:6 and 1:17; see new compound entries partner_and_partnership_of_faith, fellow_worker, fellow_soldier, fellow_prisoner below.
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: থাগৎচরি
Transliteration: thagatchari
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστῶ
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Opens Philemon’s thanksgiving section (1:4).
Exhort
Approved rendering: থাওয়াই পীবা
Transliteration: thawai piba
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω / παράκλησις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Governs the encouragement/consolation sense of παράκλησις in Philemon 1:7; the baseline’s context-sensitivity rule (use হায়জবা for the beseeching sense, as in 1:9-10) applies directly and correctly to this letter.
Fellow Prisoner
Approved rendering: লোইনবা বন্দী
Transliteration: loinaba bandi
Doctrine: Intercession and Appeal on Behalf of Another
Original: συναιχμάλωτος
Category: Intercession and Appeal
NEW. Used of Epaphras (1:23), a co-captive who shares Paul’s literal captivity itself, a stronger term than δέσμιος. Built on বন্দী for consistency.
Fitting Duty
Approved rendering: চৎনবা মথৌ
Transliteration: chatnaba mathou
Doctrine: Intercession and Appeal on Behalf of Another
Original: ἀνῆκον
Category: Intercession and Appeal
NEW. Names ἀνῆκον (1:8), ‘what is fitting/one’s duty’ — Philemon’s Christian obligation toward Onesimus, held in tension with the freely-chosen love Paul actually seeks (1:14). Built on চৎনবা (conduct) from the baseline’s righteousness compound.
Confident Trust
Approved rendering: থাজরিবা
Transliteration: thajariba
Doctrine: Intercession and Appeal on Behalf of Another
Original: πείθω (perfect πεποιθώς)
Category: Intercession and Appeal
NEW. Names πείθω (perfect πεποιθώς, 1:21), Paul’s confident interpersonal trust in Philemon’s character. Shares a root with থাজবা (saving faith) but names a distinct interpersonal-trust sense; context disambiguates, and no forbidden-substitution risk applies.
Prayer General
Approved rendering: হায়জবা
Transliteration: haijaba
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Original: προσευχή
Category: Intercession and Appeal
NEW, distinct Greek word (προσευχή) from the baseline’s intercession compound though reusing its হায়জবা verb root; used in 1:4, 1:6, 1:22. Broader general prayer/petition, not specifically on-behalf-of-another. Must be kept distinct from petitions carried to the Umang Lai through a maibi or maiba.
Fellow Worker
Approved rendering: থবক লোইনবা
Transliteration: thouba loinaba
Doctrine: Christian Brotherhood across Social Status
Original: συνεργός
Category: Christian Brotherhood
NEW; built on লোইনবা. Names συνεργός, used of Philemon himself (1:1), naming him a gospel co-laborer, not merely a wealthy patron — the status Paul later leverages in 1:17.
Fellow Soldier
Approved rendering: লান্মী লোইনবা
Transliteration: lanmi loinaba
Doctrine: Christian Brotherhood across Social Status
Original: συστρατιώτης
Category: Christian Brotherhood
NEW. Names συστρατιώτης, used of Archippus (1:2). Metaphorical solidarity in gospel labor, not literal militancy.
Owe Besides
Approved rendering: হেন্না ঋণ লৈবা
Transliteration: henna rin leiba
Doctrine: Forgiveness and Reconciliation
Original: προσοφείλω
Category: Forgiveness and Reconciliation
NEW, reuses ঋণ from owe_debt. Names προσοφείλω (1:19), Paul’s reminder that Philemon owes Paul even his own self, likely referring to Philemon’s own conversion.
Repay
Approved rendering: হন্দোকপা
Transliteration: handokpa
Doctrine: Forgiveness and Reconciliation
Original: ἀποτίνω
Category: Forgiveness and Reconciliation
NEW. Names ἀποτίνω (1:19), Paul’s personal, legally binding guarantee to repay Onesimus’s debt.
Separated
Approved rendering: খায়দোকপা
Transliteration: khaidokpa
Doctrine: Providence in Suffering and Separation
Original: χωρίζω
Category: Forgiveness and Reconciliation
NEW. Names χωρίζω (1:15), Paul’s providential reframing of Onesimus’s flight, without excusing the wrongdoing named in 1:18.
Forever
Approved rendering: ফাওবা
Transliteration: phauba
Doctrine: Providence in Suffering and Separation
Original: αἰώνιος (contextual)
Category: Forgiveness and Reconciliation
NEW. Names αἰώνιος (contextual, 1:15), the temporary separation reframed as producing a permanent restored relationship, pointing to the eternal brotherhood declared in 1:16.
Have In Full
Approved rendering: মপুং ফাবা ফংবা
Transliteration: mapung phaba phangba
Doctrine: Forgiveness and Reconciliation
Original: ἀπέχω
Category: Forgiveness and Reconciliation
NEW. Names ἀπέχω (1:15), Philemon’s hoped-for permanent, restored possession of Onesimus.
Consent
Approved rendering: মায়োক্নবা
Transliteration: mayoknaba
Doctrine: Grace-Motivated Obedience
Original: γνώμη
Category: Grace-Motivated Obedience
NEW. Names γνώμη (1:14), Paul’s refusal to act without Philemon’s consent, even indirectly.
Good Deed
Approved rendering: অফবা
Transliteration: aphaba
Doctrine: Grace-Motivated Obedience
Original: ἀγαθόν
Category: Grace-Motivated Obedience
NEW. Names ἀγαθόν (1:6, 1:14), the moral goodness Philemon’s faith-partnership should produce, which must not be compelled.
Full Knowledge
Approved rendering: মপুং ফাবা খংবা
Transliteration: mapung phaba khangba
Doctrine: Christian Partnership and Fellowship
Original: ἐπίγνωσις
Category: Christian Fellowship
NEW. Names ἐπίγνωσις (1:6), the deepened, experiential recognition of every good thing Philemon’s faith produces.
Effective Active
Approved rendering: পাংথোকপা
Transliteration: pangthokpa
Doctrine: Christian Partnership and Fellowship
Original: ἐνεργής
Category: Christian Fellowship
NEW, reuses the পাংথোক root from the baseline’s power_of_god compound. Names ἐνεργής (1:6), the fruit-bearing quality Paul desires of Philemon’s faith-partnership.
Chains
Approved rendering: শাক্লো
Transliteration: shaklo
Doctrine: Intercession and Appeal on Behalf of Another
Original: δεσμοί
Category: Intercession and Appeal
NEW, paired with বন্দী. Names δεσμοί (1:10, 1:13), Paul’s literal imprisonment; Onesimus was converted precisely during this imprisonment.
Guest Room
Approved rendering: ওকপগী য়ুম
Transliteration: okpagi yum
Doctrine: Christian Hospitality
Original: ξενία
Category: Christian Fellowship
NEW. Names ξενία (1:22), Paul’s expectant request that Philemon prepare a guest room. Natural resonance with Meitei hospitality customs.
Greet
Approved rendering: খুরুমজরি
Transliteration: khurumjari
Doctrine: Christian Hospitality
Original: ἀσπάζομαι
Category: Christian Fellowship
NEW, from খুরুম, a standard Meitei greeting/respect term. Names ἀσπάζομαι, the conventional epistolary greeting closing the letter (1:23).
Old Man Ambassador
Approved rendering: হায়রিবা মিওই
Transliteration: hairiba miwoi
Doctrine: Intercession and Appeal on Behalf of Another
Original: πρεσβύτης / πρεσβευτής
Category: Intercession and Appeal
NEW. Names πρεσβύτης/πρεσβευτής (1:9, textual variant ‘old man’/‘ambassador’), part of Paul’s rhetorical self-lowering. Requires a manuscript-critical footnote flagging the textual variant, not a doctrinal-collision risk.
Paul
Approved rendering: পৌল
Transliteration: Paul
Doctrine: Proper Name
Original: Παῦλος
Category: Proper Name
NEW proper name; standard transliteration. Confirm against a current printed Manipuri Bible edition before finalizing.
Timothy
Approved rendering: তীমথিয়ো
Transliteration: Timothiyo
Doctrine: Proper Name
Original: Τιμόθεος
Category: Proper Name
NEW proper name; co-sender named ‘the brother’ (1:1). Confirm against a current printed Manipuri Bible edition before finalizing.
Philemon
Approved rendering: ফিলীমন
Transliteration: Philimon
Doctrine: Proper Name
Original: Φιλήμων
Category: Proper Name
NEW proper name; the letter’s primary addressee and book title. Confirm against a current printed Manipuri Bible edition before finalizing; used as the destination-language book name in all citations.
Apphia
Approved rendering: আপ্ফিয়া
Transliteration: Apphiya
Doctrine: Proper Name
Original: Ἀπφία
Category: Proper Name
NEW proper name; co-addressee, likely Philemon’s wife (1:2). Confirm against a current printed Manipuri Bible edition before finalizing.
Archippus
Approved rendering: আর্খিপ্পুস
Transliteration: Arkhippus
Doctrine: Proper Name
Original: Ἄρχιππος
Category: Proper Name
NEW proper name; co-addressee named ‘our fellow soldier’ (1:2). Confirm against a current printed Manipuri Bible edition before finalizing.
Mark
Approved rendering: মার্ক
Transliteration: Mark
Doctrine: Proper Name
Original: Μᾶρκος
Category: Proper Name
NEW proper name; one of Paul’s fellow workers sending greetings (1:24). Follows the same transliteration-pattern convention as জিসু/ক্রিস্তো.
Aristarchus
Approved rendering: আরিস্তার্খুস
Transliteration: Aristarkhus
Doctrine: Proper Name
Original: Ἀρίσταρχος
Category: Proper Name
NEW proper name; one of Paul’s fellow workers sending greetings (1:24). Confirm against a current printed Manipuri Bible edition before finalizing.
Demas
Approved rendering: দীমাস
Transliteration: Dimas
Doctrine: Proper Name
Original: Δημᾶς
Category: Proper Name
NEW proper name; one of Paul’s fellow workers sending greetings (1:24). Confirm against a current printed Manipuri Bible edition before finalizing.
Luke
Approved rendering: লূক
Transliteration: Luk
Doctrine: Proper Name
Original: Λουκᾶς
Category: Proper Name
NEW proper name; one of Paul’s fellow workers sending greetings (1:24). Confirm against a current printed Manipuri Bible edition before finalizing.
Epaphras
Approved rendering: ইপাফ্রাস
Transliteration: Ipaphras
Doctrine: Proper Name
Original: Ἐπαφρᾶς
Category: Proper Name
NEW proper name; Paul’s ‘fellow prisoner in Christ Jesus,’ sending greetings (1:23). Confirm against a current printed Manipuri Bible edition before finalizing.
Referenced passages