Core Glossary

08 Core Glossary — 1 Peter (English → Mandarin)

This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, covering 1 Peter chapters 1–5 in full. It is organized in two parts:

Part A — Terms already established in the Romans baseline translation_memory.json. These renderings MUST be reused exactly; no new entry is created, but 1 Peter-specific passage references and usage notes are added here for Phase 2 translators.
Part B — New terms introduced by 1 Peter, not present in the Romans baseline, organized by risk tier (Critical → High → Medium → Low). Each new term must be added to translation_memory.json at the start of Phase 2 processing, per the enforcement instructions in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md.

Part A — Reused Baseline Terms (Romans `translation_memory.json`)

These renderings are LOCKED. Do not substitute, paraphrase, or re-derive.

English Term	Mandarin (baseline)	Risk (baseline)	Key 1 Peter Passages	1 Peter-Specific Usage Note
God	神	Critical	1:2, 1:3, 1:5, 1:21, 2:4-5, 4:19, 5:2, 5:10	Also appears as “faithful Creator” (可信的造物主) at 4:19 — new title, same referent.
Jesus / Christ / Jesus Christ	耶稣 / 基督 / 耶稣基督	Critical	throughout	No deviation.
Lord	主	Critical	1:3, 1:25, 2:3, 2:13, 3:6, 3:12, 3:15	3:6 applies κύριος to a human husband (Sarah calling Abraham “lord”) — REQUIRES a translator note distinguishing this domestic-honor usage from Christ’s exclusive divine Lordship (see 07, ch.3 note).
Father	父	High	1:2, 1:3, 1:17	1:17 introduces God as impartial Judge-Father; pair with 敬畏 (reverent fear), not casual familiarity.
Holy Spirit	圣灵	Critical	1:2, 1:11-12, 3:18-19 (disputed), 4:14	1:11’s “Spirit of Christ” (Πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ) speaking through OT prophets must render 圣灵 consistently; do not render as generic 灵 alone.
grace	恩典	Critical	1:2, 1:10, 1:13, 3:7, 4:10, 5:5, 5:10, 5:12	Note extended idiomatic sense at 2:19-20 (“this is a gracious/commendable thing”) — same character but a distinct non-soteriological nuance requiring translator awareness (see 07, ch.2 note).
faith	信心	High	1:5, 1:7, 1:9, 1:21, 5:9	Verb form πιστεύω (1:8) rendered 信; keep root consistent.
salvation	救恩	Critical	1:5, 1:9, 1:10, 2:2, 3:21	3:21 (“baptism now saves you”) REQUIRES the qualifying clause be translated inseparably (see Part B, “baptism”).
holy	圣洁	High	1:15-16, 2:5, 2:9, 3:5	Direct Leviticus quotation at 1:16 (“Be holy, for I am holy”) — preserve imperative force.
glory	荣耀	High	1:7-8, 1:11, 1:21, 1:24 (contrast), 4:11, 4:13-14, 5:1, 5:4, 5:10	One of the most frequent baseline terms in 1 Peter; track consistently across “glory,” “glorified,” “glories,” “crown of glory.”
gospel	福音	Medium	1:12, 1:25, 4:6, 4:17	4:6’s “gospel preached to the dead” requires the Part B translator note (see “gospel preached to the dead”).
sanctification / sanctify	成圣 / 尊…为圣	Critical	1:2 (ἁγιασμός), 3:15 (ἁγιάζω, “sanctify Christ as Lord”)	3:15 combines with 主 (Lord) — see Part B entry “sanctify Christ as Lord.”
election / elect / chosen	拣选 / 蒙拣选的	High	1:1, 1:2, 2:4, 2:6, 2:9	Applied corporately to the church as “a chosen race” (2:9) — reinforce personal, relational choice, never impersonal fate.
apostle	使徒	Low	1:1	No deviation.
calling / called	呼召 / 蒙召的	High	2:9 (implied), 2:21, 3:9, 5:10	2:21 “for this you were called” ties calling directly to enduring unjust suffering — a distinctive 1 Peter application of the baseline doctrine.
peace	平安	Medium	1:2, 3:11, 5:14	5:14 closing benediction; keep exact baseline rendering.
power of God	神的大能	High	1:5	No deviation.
resurrection	复活	Critical	1:3, 1:21, 3:21	Anchor term for “The Living Hope of the Resurrection” doctrine; NEVER 轮回/投胎/还魂.
fellowship	团契	Low	4:13 (κοινωνέω, “share in Christ’s sufferings”)	Verb form; render root consistently with noun 团契.
spiritual gifts	属灵恩赐	Medium	4:10	NEVER 神通/法力.
sin	罪	High	2:22, 2:24, 3:18, 4:1, 4:8	Central to the substitutionary-suffering doctrine (2:24, 3:18); do not soften.
righteousness	义	Critical	2:24, 3:12, 3:14, 3:18, 4:18	EVERY occurrence in 1 Peter’s suffering passages (esp. 3:14 “suffer for righteousness’ sake,” 3:18 “the righteous for the unrighteous”) requires the standard baseline note distinguishing 义 from the Confucian virtue of the same name.
obedience of faith / obedience	因信而生的顺服 (root reused; note distinct sense)	High	1:2, 1:14, 1:22	1 Peter’s ὑπακοή usage (“children of obedience,” “obedience to the truth”) is related to, but not identical with, the specific Romans 1:5/16:26 phrase — track both senses distinctly in the glossary note but do not invent a new baseline entry; add a 1 Peter-specific cross-reference.
exhort	劝勉	Low	5:1, 5:12	No deviation.

Part B — New Terms Introduced in 1 Peter

Critical Risk

English Term	Original (Greek)	Transliteration	Mandarin Rendering	Doctrine Link	Key Passages	Translation Notes
born again / regeneration	ἀναγεννάω	anagennaō	重生 (chóngshēng)	The Living Hope of the Resurrection	1:3, 1:23	NEVER let this shade toward 轮回 (reincarnation) or 投胎 (rebirth into a new womb), already forbidden under baseline “resurrection.” A single, non-repeatable, this-life spiritual new birth given by God, not a cycle. Mandatory translator note every occurrence.
living hope	ἐλπὶς ζῶσα	elpis zōsa	活泼的盼望 (huópō de pànwàng)	The Living Hope of the Resurrection	1:3	Retain “living/lively” qualifier; do not flatten to generic 盼望 (hope) alone. Contrast with fatalistic resignation.
redemption / redeemed	λυτρόω	lytroō	救赎 (jiùshú)	Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering	1:18	Distinct from, but closely related to, 救恩 (salvation). A ransom paid by Christ’s blood; must not be conflated with Buddhist merit-based liberation (cf. baseline 解脱 caution).
futile ancestral tradition	πατροπαράδοτος ἀναστροφή	patroparadotos anastrophē	祖宗遗传的虚妄行为	Holiness in Conduct	1:18	Direct collision with Chinese ancestor veneration (祭祖) and filial-transmission values. NOT a wholesale condemnation of honoring parents; targets specifically futile, God-less inherited religious/moral patterns. Requires extensive teaching note.
word of God, living and abiding	λόγος Θεοῦ ζῶντος καὶ μένοντος	logos theou zōntos kai menontos	神活泼常存的道	The Living Hope of the Resurrection; Holiness in Conduct	1:23, 1:25	道 also names the impersonal Daoist cosmic Way (cf. baseline “incarnation” caution on 道成肉身). Every occurrence requires a note: this is God’s personal, living communication, not an impersonal cosmic principle.
holy priesthood	ἱεράτευμα ἅγιον	hierateuma hagion	圣洁的祭司	The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood	2:5	Must not create a specialized ritual-clergy class distinct from ordinary believers (contrast Buddhist monks/Daoist priests/folk temple priests, or a Catholic-style ministerial priesthood). Every baptized believer shares this priestly access.
royal priesthood	βασίλειον ἱεράτευμα	basileion hierateuma	有君尊的祭司	The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood	2:9	Same collision family as baseline 天子/Mandate-of-Heaven caution: “royal” is a derived, corporate identity in Christ, NOT a this-worldly political dynasty or state-sanctioned office.
spiritual sacrifices	θυσίαι πνευματικαί	thysiai pneumatikai	属灵的祭	The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood	2:5	Extremely sensitive given ancestor-offering (祭祖) and idol/incense-offering practice. Must specify: non-material offerings (praise, obedience, good works) to the one true God through Christ ONLY — never material offerings to ancestors, idols, or spirits.
Christ suffered for you (substitution)	Χριστὸς ἔπαθεν ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν	Christos epathen hyper hymōn	基督也为你们受过苦	Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering	2:21	ὑπέρ carries substitutionary force; render with 为 (“on behalf of”), never diluted to a merely exemplary sense. Theologian review required every occurrence per atonement-language escalation rule.
bore our sins on the tree	ἀνήνεγκεν … ἐπὶ τὸ ξύλον	anēnegken epi to xylon	亲身担当了我们的罪，钉在十字架上	Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering	2:24	ξύλον (“tree”) is an OT euphemism (Deut 21:23) for the cross; render with the established term 十字架 plus background note, not a literal “wood.”
suffering unjustly / for righteousness’ sake	πάσχειν ἀδίκως / πάσχειν διὰ δικαιοσύνην	paschein adikōs / dia dikaiosynēn	无辜受苦 / 为义受苦	Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake	2:19-20, 3:14, 3:17, 4:1, 4:15-16, 4:19	Central curriculum doctrine. Must be sharply distinguished from karmic retribution (报应, cf. baseline “sin” caution) — this suffering is explicitly UNDESERVED yet commended by God. Combines with 义 (Critical, Confucian-virtue collision) at 3:14, 3:18 — every occurrence needs both notes.
sanctify Christ as Lord in your hearts	ἁγιάσατε Κύριον τὸν Χριστόν	hagiasate Kyrion ton Christon	心里尊主基督为圣	Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering / Holiness in Conduct	3:15	Combines baseline 主 (Critical) and 圣洁/成圣 (Critical) roots; preserve exclusive divine Lordship. Theologian review required.
Christ suffered once for sins (substitution)	Χριστὸς ἅπαξ περὶ ἁμαρτιῶν ἔπαθεν, δίκαιος ὑπὲρ ἀδίκων	Christos hapax peri hamartiōn epathen, dikaios hyper adikōn	基督也曾一次为罪受苦，就是义的代替不义的受苦	Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering	3:18	ἅπαξ (“once for all”) must preserve the same non-repeatable finality as baseline “resurrection” — never a repeatable rite (contrast 超度-style repeated ritual). Theologian review required every occurrence.
put to death in flesh, made alive in spirit	θανατωθεὶς σαρκί, ζωοποιηθεὶς πνεύματι	thanatōtheis sarki, zōopoiētheis pneumati	按着肉体说，他被治死；按着灵性说，他复活了	The Living Hope of the Resurrection; Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering	3:18	Exegetically disputed; must not be reduced to a folk body/soul dualism (spirit escaping body). Theologian review required every occurrence.
spirits in prison / proclamation	πνεύματα ἐν φυλακῇ … ἐκήρυξεν	pneumata en phylakē … ekēryxen	那些在监狱里的灵，[基督]传道给他们	Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits (1 Peter 3:18-22)	3:19-20	HIGHEST COLLISION RISK IN THE BOOK. Direct proximity to the forbidden 超度 (chāodù) concept and folk ghost-appeasement practice (孤魂野鬼). κηρύσσω (proclaim) ≠ εὐαγγελίζω (preach the gospel for salvation, used elsewhere). Mandatory note: most likely a proclamation of judgment/triumph to imprisoned spirit-beings, NOT an offer of postmortem salvation. Never translate or teach without accompanying doctrinal explanation. Theologian review required without exception.
eight souls saved through water	ὀκτὼ ψυχαὶ διεσώθησαν διʼ ὕδατος	oktō psychai diesōthēsan di’ hydatos	八个人藉着水得救	Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits; The Living Hope of the Resurrection	3:20	ψυχή here rendered simply 人 (“persons”), per CUV convention, since referent is living human beings physically rescued — not the more loaded 灵魂. Reuses baseline 得救/救恩 root.
baptism now saves you	ἀντίτυπον βάπτισμα… νῦν σῴζει	antitypon baptisma… nyn sōzei	洗礼…如今也拯救你们	Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits	3:21	The qualifying clause (“not as removal of dirt from the body but as an appeal to God for a good conscience”) MUST always be translated together with, never separated from, “baptism now saves you.” Prevents a ritual-washing (folk/Buddhist/Daoist purification) misreading. Theologian review required.
idolatry	εἰδωλολατρία	eidōlolatria	拜偶像 (bài ǒuxiàng)	Holiness in Conduct	4:3	One of the highest-collision terms for a Chinese readership given ancestor veneration (祭祖) and folk deity worship (拜神). Must specify: devotion/ritual offering to any object, image, ancestral tablet, or being other than the one true 神. Theologian review and careful pastoral framing required.
gospel preached to the dead	εὐηγγελίσθη καὶ νεκροῖς	euēngelisthē kai nekrois	死人也曾有福音传给他们	Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits	4:6	Cross-reference 3:19 note. Predominant safeguard reading: refers to people who were alive when evangelized and have since died — NOT postmortem preaching granting a second chance. Prevents chāodù-style (超度) misreading. Theologian review required without exception.
clothe yourselves with humility	ταπεινοφροσύνην ἐγκομβώσασθε	tapeinophrosynēn egkombōsasthe	束上谦卑，彼此顺服	Elders and Humility	5:5	Same rigor as baseline 成圣/Neo-Confucian caution: Chinese 谦卑/谦虚 usually denotes social-etiquette modesty; biblical humility here is grounded in Christ’s self-abasement and trust in God’s sovereign care, not a self-cultivated social virtue. Theologian review required.
God gives grace to the humble	ταπεινοῖς δίδωσιν χάριν	tapeinois didōsin charin	神…赐恩给谦卑的人	Elders and Humility	5:5	Reuses baseline 恩典 (Critical) directly beside humility; must reinforce grace as unmerited — humility is the posture of reception, not a meritorious cause of grace.

High Risk

English Term	Original (Greek)	Transliteration	Mandarin Rendering	Doctrine Link	Key Passages	Translation Notes
mercy	ἔλεος	eleos	怜悯 (liánmǐn)	The Living Hope of the Resurrection	1:3	Not appeasable ancestral/deity pity earned by ritual; flows from God’s character.
soul	ψυχή	psychē	灵魂 (línghún)	The Living Hope of the Resurrection	1:9, 1:22, 2:11, 2:25, 4:19	Overlaps with folk ancestral-spirit concepts (魂魄, 祖灵). Teach as the whole inner person saved in this life through faith, not a postmortem-ritual-dependent remnant.
foreknowledge	πρόγνωσις	prognōsis	预知 (yùzhī)	The Living Hope of the Resurrection	1:2, 1:20	Personal, relational foreordination; NEVER 天命/命运.
sojourners / exiles	παρεπίδημος / πάροικος	parepidēmos / paroikos	客旅、寄居的	Holiness in Conduct; Submission to Authority	1:1, 1:17, 2:11	Theological (not-fully-at-home in a fallen world), not merely ethnic/political displacement.
sprinkling of Christ’s blood	ῥαντισμὸς αἵματος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ	rhantismos haimatos Iēsou Christou	用耶稣基督的血所洒	Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering	1:2	Distinguish from Chinese blood-oath ritual (歃血为盟) and ancestor blood-offerings; requires OT sacrificial-covenant background.
lamb without blemish and spot	ἀμνὸς ἄμωμος καὶ ἄσπιλος	amnos amōmos kai aspilos	无瑕疵、无玷污的羔羊	Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering	1:19	Requires Passover/OT sacrificial-system background teaching; do not flatten into generic “sacrifice.”
inheritance	κληρονομία	klēronomia	基业 (jīyè)	The Living Hope of the Resurrection	1:4	Distinguish from clan/family inheritance (家产/祖产) preserved via bloodline/ancestral obligation; secured by grace for all in Christ.
living stone	λίθος ζῶν	lithos zōn	活石 (huóshí)	The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood	2:4-5	Distinguish from folk “spirit stone” (灵石) enchanted-object motifs; a theological metaphor for living participation in Christ.
holy nation	ἔθνος ἅγιον	ethnos hagion	圣洁的国度	The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood; Unity themes	2:9	Not a nationalist/ethnic-political claim (cf. baseline 天下 caution).
submission to human institutions	ὑποτάγητε πάσῃ ἀνθρωπίνῃ κτίσει	hypotagēte pasē anthrōpinē ktisei	顺服人的一切制度	Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance	2:13, 2:18, 3:1, 3:22, 5:5	Distinguish from Confucian cosmic-hierarchy duty (五伦); voluntary, gospel-motivated, Christ-modeled — track 顺服 consistently across every household-code application.
honor / fear / love (fourfold ethic)	τιμήσατε / φοβεῖσθε / ἀγαπᾶτε	timēsate / phobeisthe / agapate	敬重众人、敬畏神、爱弟兄、尊敬君王	Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance	2:17	敬畏 (reverent fear) reserved for God ALONE; 敬重/尊敬 (honor) for people/authority — must not collapse into one term.
wives submit to husbands	γυναῖκες ὑποτασσόμεναι τοῖς ἀνδράσιν	gynaikes hypotassomenai tois andrasin	妻子顺服丈夫	Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance	3:1-6	High collision with Confucian Three Obediences (三从); voluntary Christlike disposition, not inherent-inferiority doctrine. Theologian + native-speaker review required.
weaker vessel	ἀσθενέστερον σκεῦος	asthenesteron skeuos	软弱的器皿	Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance	3:7	Not a claim of spiritual/moral inferiority (same verse: “fellow heirs of the grace of life”); likely relative physical vulnerability. Requires pastoral-care translator note.
fellow heirs of the grace of life	συγκληρονόμοι χάριτος ζωῆς	sygklēronomoi charitos zōēs	一同承受生命之恩	Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance	3:7	Balances 3:1/3:7a with fundamental spiritual equality; reuses baseline 恩典.
by his wounds you were healed	τῷ μώλωπι ἰάθητε	tō mōlōpi iathēte	因他的鞭伤，你们便得了医治	Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering	2:24	Teach as spiritual/moral healing (restoration from sin), not a promise of physical healing via faith-technique, given prevalence of folk/qigong healing practice.
Sarah called him lord	κύριον αὐτὸν καλοῦσα	kyrion auton kalousa	称他为主	(household code illustration)	3:6	κύριος applied to a human husband; must not be read as extending Christ’s exclusive divine Lordship to husbands.
angels, authorities, powers subjected	ἀγγέλων καὶ ἐξουσιῶν καὶ δυνάμεων ὑποταγέντων	angelōn kai exousiōn kai dynameōn hypotagentōn	天使和有权柄的、有能力的，都服了他	Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits	3:22	Reinforces Christ’s supreme Lordship over all spiritual powers, resolving 3:19’s tension.
God’s will vs. human desire	θέλημα Θεοῦ / ἐπιθυμίαι ἀνθρώπων	thelēma theou / epithymiai anthrōpōn	神的旨意 / 人的私欲	Holiness in Conduct	4:2-3	神的旨意 requires same caution as baseline “providence” — personal, purposive divine will, never impersonal 天意/命运.
judgment: living and dead	κρῖναι ζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς	krinai zōntas kai nekrous	审判活人死人	Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits	4:5	Reinforces universal accountability (cf. Romans baseline doctrine of the same name) in the persecution context.
love covers a multitude of sins	ἀγάπη καλύπτει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν	agapē kalyptei plēthos hamartiōn	爱能遮掩许多的罪	Holiness in Conduct	4:8	Interpersonal forbearance, NOT a claim that human love atones for sin before God (cf. 1:18-19, 2:24, 3:18 for actual atonement).
sharing in Christ’s sufferings	κοινωνεῖτε τοῖς τοῦ Χριστοῦ παθήμασιν	koinōneite tois tou Christou pathēmasin	有份于基督的苦难	Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake	4:13	Reuses baseline 团契 root; ties suffering into union-with-Christ theology.
faithful Creator	πιστὸς κτίστης	pistos ktistēs	可信的造物主	The Living Hope of the Resurrection	4:19	Distinguish from Chinese creation-myth figures (女娲, 盘古) or impersonal cosmic-origin principle; same personal 神 already established.
elders	πρεσβύτερος	presbyteros	长老 (zhǎnglǎo)	Elders and Humility	5:1, 5:5	Distinguish functional pastoral office (qualification/calling-based) from generic Confucian age-based elder veneration (尊老).
not domineering / lording over	κατακυριεύω	katakyrieuō	辖制 (xiázhì)	Elders and Humility	5:3	Shares root with κύριος (Lord); render as a clearly NEGATIVE, forbidden behavior sharply distinct from 主. Legitimate divine Lordship must never be imitated as human domineering.
chief Shepherd	ἀρχιποιμήν	archipoimēn	牧长	Elders and Humility	5:4	New Christological title reinforcing Christ’s supreme authority over human under-shepherds.
younger submit to elders	νεώτεροι ὑποτάγητε πρεσβυτέροις	neōteroi hypotagēte presbyterois	年幼的顺服年长的	Elders and Humility	5:5	Submission to qualified spiritual office, not merely generic age-based deference.
your adversary the devil	ὁ ἀντίδικος ὑμῶν διάβολος	ho antidikos hymōn diabolos	你们的对头魔鬼	Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits (thematic parallel: cosmic conflict)	5:8	魔鬼 risks collapsing into generic 鬼 (ghosts) or 妖魔 (folkloric monsters); teach as a specific, singular, personal spiritual adversary, not one of many spirits to be ritually placated.
resist him, firm in faith	ἀντίστητε στερεοὶ τῇ πίστει	antistēte steroi tē pistei	用坚固的信心抵挡他	(spiritual warfare, undergirds Suffering doctrine)	5:9	Reuses baseline 信心 exactly as the ground of resistance.

Medium Risk

English Term	Original (Greek)	Transliteration	Mandarin Rendering	Doctrine Link	Key Passages	Translation Notes
imperishable, undefiled, unfading	ἄφθαρτος, ἀμίαντος, ἀμάραντος	aphthartos, amiantos, amarantos	不能朽坏、不能玷污、不能衰残	The Living Hope of the Resurrection	1:4	Not a state attained by ascetic discipline (contrast Daoist immortality-cultivation 不朽).
guarded / kept	φρουρέω	phroureō	保守 (bǎoshǒu)	The Living Hope of the Resurrection	1:5	Not a talisman-style protective blessing (cf. baseline 平安符 caution); God’s ongoing personal action.
trials	πειρασμός	peirasmos	试炼 (shìliàn)	Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake	1:6	Distinguish from 试探 (temptation to sin); faith-refining hardship, not primarily moral enticement.
tested by fire	δοκίμιον / πυρός δοκιμαζομένου	dokimion / pyros dokimazomenou	火炼的试验	Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake	1:7, 4:12	God, not the believer’s own technique, is the refiner; avoid Daoist inner-alchemy (炼丹) resonance.
revelation / appearing of Jesus Christ	ἀποκάλυψις Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ	apokalypsis Iēsou Christou	耶稣基督显现的时候	The Living Hope of the Resurrection	1:7, 1:13	Christ’s own singular historical return, not a repeatable manifestation (cf. baseline 化身/下凡 caution).
last time	καιρὸς ἔσχατος	kairos eschatos	末世 (mòshì)	The Living Hope of the Resurrection	1:5, 1:20	Linear terminus, not a recurring dynastic cycle-ending (cf. baseline 治乱循环 caution).
love (agapē)	ἀγαπάω / ἀγάπη	agapaō / agapē	爱 (ài)	(foundational, all doctrines)	1:8, 1:22, 4:8	Keep Christ/God as explicit object where relevant to avoid generic-affection reading.
joy inexpressible and glorified	χαρὰ ἀνεκλαλήτος καὶ δεδοξασμένη	chara aneklalētos kai dedoxasmenē	说不出来、满有荣光的喜乐	The Living Hope of the Resurrection	1:8	荣光 echoes baseline 荣耀; handle consistently.
outcome/goal of faith	τέλος τῆς πίστεως	telos tēs pisteōs	信心的果效	The Living Hope of the Resurrection	1:9	Avoid merit-ledger overtones (faith does not earn the reward).
brotherly love	φιλαδελφία	philadelphia	弟兄相爱	Holiness in Conduct	1:22	Distinguish from sworn-brotherhood ritual pact (结拜, cf. baseline fellowship caution).
conduct / manner of life	ἀναστροφή	anastrophē	行为 (xíngwéi)	Holiness in Conduct	1:15, 1:18, 2:12, 3:1-2, 3:16	Track consistently across the whole book.
reverent fear	φόβος	phobos	敬畏 (jìngwèi)	Holiness in Conduct	1:17, 2:18, 3:2	Distinguish from ordinary fear (怕) and superstitious spirit-appeasement fear.
children of obedience	τέκνα ὑπακοῆς	tekna hypakoēs	顺命的儿女	Holiness in Conduct	1:14	Related to, distinct from, baseline “obedience of faith” — an identity idiom, not the specific Romans phrase.
pure spiritual milk	ἄδολον γάλα λογικόν	adolon gala logikon	纯净的灵奶	The Living Hope of the Resurrection	2:2	Tie explicitly to Scripture/gospel nourishment, not generic devotional feeling.
spiritual house	οἶκος πνευματικός	oikos pneumatikos	属灵的殿	The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood	2:5	Not a physical temple building (cf. baseline 庙/寺/道观 caution).
cornerstone / stone of stumbling	ἀκρογωνιαῖος / λίθος προσκόμματος	akrogōniaios / lithos proskommatos	房角石 / 绊脚的石头	The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood	2:6-8	Standard OT architectural-messianic metaphor.
people for God’s possession	λαὸς εἰς περιποίησιν	laos eis peripoiēsin	属神的子民	The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood	2:9	Corporate identity term, part of the fourfold 2:9 title cluster.
out of darkness into light	ἐκ σκότους εἰς φῶς	ek skotous eis phōs	从暗昧入光明	Holiness in Conduct	2:9	Moral-spiritual contrast, not complementary yin-yang balance imagery.
day of visitation	ἡμέρα ἐπισκοπῆς	hēmera episkopēs	眷顾的日子	Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance	2:12	Future day of God’s visiting in judgment/vindication.
freedom	ἐλευθερία	eleutheria	自由 (zìyóu)	Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance	2:16	Must retain the qualifier “not a cover-up for evil” to prevent a libertine misreading.
masters and servants	δεσπότης / οἰκέτης	despotēs / oiketēs	主人、仆人	Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance	2:18	主人 here = human master; must never be confused with divine 主 (Lord).
this is a gracious/commendable thing	χάρις (idiomatic)	charis	这是可喜爱的（蒙恩的）	Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance	2:19-20	Distinct idiomatic sense of 恩典 root; not the technical soteriological sense — flag to prevent merit-language confusion.
gentle and quiet spirit	πραῢ καὶ ἡσύχιον πνεῦμα	praü kai hēsychion pneuma	温柔安静的心灵	Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance	3:4	”Quiet” = inner tranquility, not passivity/silencing.
good conscience	συνείδησις ἀγαθή	syneidēsis agathē	良心 (liángxīn)	Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance; Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits	3:16, 3:21	Grounded in gospel truth and union with Christ, not merely an innate Confucian moral faculty.
bring us to God	προσαγάγῃ τῷ Θεῷ	prosagagē tō theō	领你们到神面前	Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering	3:18	Reinforces continuity with priesthood/access theology of chapter 2.
right hand of God	δεξιὰ Θεοῦ	dexia theou	神的右边	Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits	3:22	Idiom for position of authority/honor, not literal spatial location.
house of God (judgment begins there)	οἶκος τοῦ Θεοῦ	oikos tou theou	神的家	Holiness in Conduct	4:17	Corporate people of God, not a building.
good steward of grace	οἰκονόμος … χάριτος Θεοῦ	oikonomos … charitos theou	好管家	(Spiritual Gifts, cf. Romans baseline)	4:10	Grace as a stewarded trust, not personally accumulated merit.
Christian (name)	Χριστιανός	Christianos	基督徒 (Jīdūtú)	Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake	4:16	Established, low-risk identity term; badge of suffering-worthy identification with Christ.
crown of glory	στέφανος τῆς δόξης	stephanos tēs doxēs	荣耀的冠冕	Elders and Humility	5:4	Not an earthly political crown; eschatological reward-image.
casting anxiety on God	μέριμναν ἐπιρίψαντες ἐπʼ αὐτόν	merimnan epiripsantes ep’ auton	将忧虑卸给神	Elders and Humility	5:7	Practical outworking of humility.
Babylon (coded)	Βαβυλών	Babylōn	巴比伦 (Bābǐlún)	(epistolary closing)	5:13	Likely symbolic for Rome; requires historical-background note.

Low Risk

English Term	Original (Greek)	Transliteration	Mandarin Rendering	Key Passages	Translation Notes
angels	ἄγγελοι	angeloi	天使	1:12, 3:22	Standard, established term.
grass / flower (OT quotation)	χλόη / ἄνθος	chloē / anthos	草 / 花	1:24	Literal imagery.
example / pattern	ὑπογραμμός / τύπος	hypogrammos / typos	榜样	2:21, 5:3	Standard term.
shepherd and overseer of souls	ποιμήν καὶ ἐπίσκοπος τῶν ψυχῶν	poimēn kai episkopos tōn psychōn	牧人和监督	2:25, 5:2	Establish once, reuse consistently through ch. 5 elder passages.
Noah’s ark	κιβωτός	kibōtos	方舟	3:20	Established CUV term.
dominion (doxology)	κράτος	kratos	权力	5:11	Standard doxological term.
Silvanus, Mark (proper names)	Σιλουανός, Μᾶρκος	Silouanos, Markos	西拉、马可	5:12-13	Verify against CUV Acts/Epistles naming convention.
kiss of love	φίλημα ἀγάπης	philēma agapēs	爱心的亲嘴	5:14	Cultural greeting custom; note modern functional equivalent for application.

Glossary Maintenance Instructions for Phase 2

Load this glossary together with the Romans baseline translation_memory.json before processing any 1 Peter segment.
Every Critical and High term above must be added to a working translation_memory.json entry (with doctrine_risk, alternatives_rejected, and notes fields matching the baseline schema) before Phase 2 segment translation begins.
The eight curriculum doctrines each map to a cluster of terms above; do not translate any segment containing a Critical-risk term without the accompanying translator note surfacing in the review queue.
1 Peter 3:18-22 (Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits) and 1 Peter 1:3-9 (core passage, Living Hope) require the highest density of theologian review flags in the entire book — plan reviewer capacity accordingly.

Critical Risk Terms

God

Approved rendering: 神
Transliteration: Shén
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 上帝, 天, 老天爷
Original: θεός
Category: God

Inherited from Romans package. This Language Package standardizes on 神 (CUV Shen edition) rather than 上帝, per the baseline’s Term Question note. NEVER 天/老天爷 alone. 1 Peter also titles God ‘faithful Creator’ (可信的造物主, 4:19) — same referent, doctrinal contexts must keep monotheism explicit.

Jesus

Approved rendering: 耶稣
Transliteration: Yēsū
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology

Inherited from Romans package. CUV standard transliteration; no deviation anywhere in 1 Peter.

Messiah

Approved rendering: 基督
Transliteration: Jīdū
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: 弥勒, 救世主式泛称
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology

Inherited from Romans package. NEVER conflate with Maitreya (弥勒). 1 Peter 1:10-11 identifies Christ as the one whose sufferings and subsequent glories the OT prophets foretold — already come, not one of several anticipated future world-saviors.

Lord

Approved rendering: 主
Transliteration: zhǔ
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 主人, 老爷
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology

Inherited from Romans package. Reserved for exclusive divine Lordship (1:3, 1:25, 2:3, 2:13, 3:12, 3:15). 1 Peter 3:6 applies the SAME character illustratively to a human husband (Sarah calling Abraham ‘lord’); see sarah_called_him_lord entry for the mandatory distinguishing note — this single occurrence must never be read as extending Christ’s exclusive Lordship to husbands.

Holy Spirit

Approved rendering: 圣灵
Transliteration: Shènglíng
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 祖灵, 灵
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον / Πνεῦμα Χριστοῦ
Category: God

Inherited from Romans package. NEVER 灵 alone or 祖灵. 1 Peter 1:11’s ‘Spirit of Christ’ speaking through OT prophets must still render 圣灵, never a generic 灵.

Grace

Approved rendering: 恩典
Transliteration: ēndiǎn
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: 功德, 造化, 福气, 阴德
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation

Inherited from Romans package. NEVER 功德/阴德/造化. 1 Peter 2:19-20 uses an idiomatic, non-soteriological sense (patient endurance as something ‘gracious/commendable’) that must be flagged distinctly from the technical sense used at 1:2, 1:10, 1:13, 3:7, 4:10, 5:5, 5:10, 5:12 — see gracious_commendable_thing entry.

Salvation

Approved rendering: 救恩
Transliteration: jiùēn
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: 解脱, 超度, 得道
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation

Inherited from Romans package. NEVER 解脱/超度. 1 Peter 3:21’s ‘baptism now saves you’ must always retain its immediately following qualifying clause (see baptism_saves entry) so this is never misread as a ritual-washing salvation mechanism.

Sanctification

Approved rendering: 成圣
Transliteration: chéngshèng
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 修身, 修炼
Original: ἁγιασμὸς Πνεύματος
Category: Sanctification

Inherited from Romans package. NEVER presented as self-achieved. 1 Peter 1:2 (ἁγιασμός, the Spirit’s sanctifying work) reuses this root; 1 Peter 3:15 combines it with 主 (Lord) in ‘sanctify Christ as Lord’ — see sanctify_christ_as_lord entry for that combined-risk usage.

Resurrection

Approved rendering: 复活
Transliteration: fùhuó
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 轮回, 投胎, 还魂
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology

Inherited from Romans package. NEVER 轮回/投胎/还魂. Anchor term for The Living Hope of the Resurrection (1:3, 1:21); also underlies 3:21’s baptism appeal ‘through the resurrection of Jesus Christ.‘

Righteousness

Approved rendering: 义
Transliteration: yì
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: 道德, 善行
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Sin

Inherited from Romans package. EVERY occurrence in 1 Peter’s suffering passages (3:14 ‘suffer for righteousness’ sake,’ 3:18 ‘the righteous for the unrighteous,’ also 2:24, 3:12, 4:18) requires the standard baseline note distinguishing 义 from the Confucian Five Constant Virtue of the same name.

Born Again

Approved rendering: 重生
Transliteration: chóngshēng
Doctrine: New Birth and Regeneration
Rejected alternatives: 轮回, 投胎, 转世
Original: ἀναγεννάω
Category: Salvation

Established Chinese Christian rendering, but sits immediately adjacent to the reincarnation/rebirth vocabulary already forbidden under baseline ‘resurrection.’ Must be taught as a single, non-repeatable, this-life spiritual birth given by God through his living word (1:23), never a rebirth cycle. Mandatory translator note every occurrence (1:3, 1:23).

Redemption

Approved rendering: 救赎
Transliteration: jiùshú
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Rejected alternatives: 解脱
Original: λυτρόω
Category: Salvation

Distinct from, but closely related to, 救恩 (salvation). A ransom paid by Christ’s precious blood (1:18-19); must not be conflated with Buddhist merit-based liberation from suffering (解脱).

Futile Ancestral Tradition

Approved rendering: 祖宗遗传的虚妄行为
Transliteration: zǔzōng yíchuán de xūwàng xíngwéi
Doctrine: Redemption from a Futile Ancestral Way of Life
Original: πατροπαράδοτος ἀναστροφή
Category: Sanctification

Direct, unavoidable collision with Chinese ancestor veneration (祭祖) and filial-transmission tradition (1:18). NOT a wholesale condemnation of honoring parents/ancestors; targets specifically futile, God-less inherited religious/moral patterns. Requires extensive teaching note every occurrence.

Word Of God Living And Abiding

Approved rendering: 神活泼常存的道
Transliteration: Shén huópō chángcún de dào
Doctrine: New Birth and Regeneration
Rejected alternatives: 化身, 下凡
Original: λόγος Θεοῦ ζῶντος καὶ μένοντος
Category: Sanctification

道 also names the impersonal Daoist cosmic Way (cf. baseline 道成肉身 caution). Every occurrence (1:23, 1:25) requires a note that this is God’s own personal, living communication, not an impersonal cosmic principle.

Holy Priesthood

Approved rendering: 圣洁的祭司
Transliteration: shèngjié de jìsī
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Rejected alternatives: 祭司(单独使用)
Original: ἱεράτευμα ἅγιον
Category: Church

Never used unqualified; bare 祭司 implies a specialized ritual-clergy class (Buddhist monks, Daoist priests, folk temple functionaries). Every baptized believer shares this priestly access (2:5) — teach as corporate, non-clerical identity, not a professional class.

Royal Priesthood

Approved rendering: 有君尊的祭司
Transliteration: yǒu jūnzūn de jìsī
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Rejected alternatives: 祭司(单独使用)
Original: βασίλειον ἱεράτευμα
Category: Church

君尊 (‘royal’) carries the same collision risk as the baseline’s 天子/Mandate-of-Heaven political-legitimacy caution (2:9). A derived, corporate identity in Christ, NEVER a this-worldly political dynasty or state-sanctioned office.

Spiritual Sacrifices

Approved rendering: 属灵的祭
Transliteration: shǔlíng de jì
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Rejected alternatives: 祭祀, 供品
Original: θυσίαι πνευματικαί
Category: Church

Extremely sensitive given ancestor-offering (祭祖) and idol/temple incense-offering practice (2:5). Must specify non-material offerings (praise, obedience, good works) to the one true God through Christ ONLY — never material offerings to ancestors, idols, or spirits.

Christ Suffered For You

Approved rendering: 基督也为你们受过苦
Transliteration: Jīdū yě wèi nǐmen shòuguò kǔ
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Original: Χριστὸς ἔπαθεν ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν
Category: Christology

ὑπέρ carries substitutionary weight; render with 为 (‘on behalf of’), never diluted to a merely exemplary ‘alongside you’ sense (2:21). Theologian review required every occurrence per atonement-language escalation rule.

Bore Sins On The Cross

Approved rendering: 他在十字架上亲身担当了我们的罪
Transliteration: tā zài shízìjià shàng qīnshēn dāndāng le wǒmen de zuì
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Rejected alternatives: 木头(单独使用不含十字架说明)
Original: ἀνήνεγκεν … ἐπὶ τὸ ξύλον
Category: Christology

ξύλον (‘tree/wood’) is an OT-echoing euphemism (Deuteronomy 21:23) for the cross (2:24); render with the established term 十字架 plus an OT-background note, never a bare literal ‘wood/tree.‘

Suffering For Righteousness Sake

Approved rendering: 无辜受苦 / 为义受苦
Transliteration: wúgū shòukǔ / wéi yì shòukǔ
Doctrine: Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake
Rejected alternatives: 报应式受苦
Original: πάσχειν ἀδίκως / πάσχειν διὰ δικαιοσύνην
Category: Suffering

Central curriculum doctrine. Must be sharply distinguished from karmic retribution (报应) — this suffering is explicitly UNDESERVED yet commended by God. Combines with 义 (Critical, Confucian-virtue collision) at 3:14, 3:18; every occurrence needs both notes (2:19-20, 3:14, 3:17, 4:1, 4:15-19).

Sanctify Christ As Lord

Approved rendering: 心里尊主基督为圣
Transliteration: xīnlǐ zūn zhǔ Jīdū wéi shèng
Doctrine: Holiness in Conduct
Original: ἁγιάσατε Κύριον τὸν Χριστόν
Category: Christology

Combines baseline 主 (Critical, exclusive Lordship) and 圣洁/成圣 (Critical) roots in a single clause (3:15); must preserve exclusive divine Lordship. Theologian review required every occurrence.

Christ Suffered Once For Sins

Approved rendering: 基督也曾一次为罪受苦，就是义的代替不义的受苦
Transliteration: Jīdū yě céng yī cì wèi zuì shòukǔ, jiùshì yì de dàitì bùyì de shòukǔ
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Rejected alternatives: 重复性献祭式翻译
Original: Χριστὸς ἅπαξ περὶ ἁμαρτιῶν ἔπαθεν, δίκαιος ὑπὲρ ἀδίκων
Category: Christology

ἅπαξ (‘once for all,’ 3:18) must preserve the same non-repeatable finality already required of 复活; NEVER implying a repeatable ritual re-enactment (contrast repeatable rites such as 超度 or temple offerings). Theologian review required every occurrence.

Put To Death In Flesh Made Alive In Spirit

Approved rendering: 按着肉体说，他被治死；按着灵性说，他复活了
Transliteration: ànzhe ròutǐ shuō, tā bèi zhìsǐ; ànzhe língxìng shuō, tā fùhuó le
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Rejected alternatives: 灵魂出体式民俗翻译
Original: θανατωθεὶς σαρκί, ζωοποιηθεὶς πνεύματι
Category: Christology

Exegetically disputed (3:18); must not be reduced to a folk body/soul dualism (a spirit escaping the body at death, as in folk near-death narratives). Theologian review required every occurrence.

Spirits In Prison Proclamation

Approved rendering: 那些在监狱里的灵，基督传道给他们
Transliteration: nàxiē zài jiānyù lǐ de líng, Jīdū chuándào gěi tāmen
Doctrine: Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits (1 Peter 3:18-22)
Rejected alternatives: 超度, 传福音(用于此处)
Original: πνεύματα ἐν φυλακῇ … ἐκήρυξεν
Category: Christology

HIGHEST COLLISION RISK IN THE BOOK. Direct proximity to the forbidden 超度 (chāodù) concept and folk ghost-appeasement practice (孤魂野鬼). κηρύσσω (proclaim, rendered 传道) must be distinguished from εὐαγγελίζω (preach the gospel for salvation, rendered 传福音). Never translate or teach without accompanying doctrinal explanation (3:19-20). Theologian review required without exception.

Eight Souls Saved Through Water

Approved rendering: 八个人藉着水得救
Transliteration: bā gè rén jízhe shuǐ déjiù
Doctrine: Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits (1 Peter 3:18-22)
Rejected alternatives: 八个灵魂
Original: ὀκτὼ ψυχαὶ διεσώθησαν διʼ ὕδατος
Category: Salvation

ψυχή rendered simply 人 (‘persons’), per CUV convention, since the referent is living human beings physically rescued (3:20), not the more loaded 灵魂. Reuses baseline 得救/救恩 root exactly.

Baptism Saves

Approved rendering: 洗礼……如今也拯救你们
Transliteration: xǐlǐ… rújīn yě zhěngjiù nǐmen
Doctrine: Baptism and Salvation
Original: ἀντίτυπον … βάπτισμα … νῦν σῴζει
Category: Salvation

The qualifying clause (‘not as removal of dirt from the body but as an appeal to God for a good conscience’) MUST always be translated together with, never separated from, ‘baptism now saves you’ (3:21). Prevents a ritual-washing misreading resonant with folk/Buddhist/Daoist purification rites. Theologian review required every occurrence.

Idolatry

Approved rendering: 拜偶像
Transliteration: bài ǒuxiàng
Doctrine: Separation from Idolatry
Rejected alternatives: 过度崇拜(弱化译法)
Original: εἰδωλολατρία
Category: Sanctification

One of the highest-collision terms in the book for a Chinese, especially ancestor-venerating, readership (4:3). Must be taught as devotion or ritual offering directed toward any object, image, ancestral tablet, or being other than the one true 神 — a direct point of tension with ancestor veneration (祭祖) and folk deity worship (拜神). Requires theologian review and careful pastoral framing.

Gospel Preached To The Dead

Approved rendering: 死人也曾有福音传给他们
Transliteration: sǐrén yě céng yǒu fúyīn chuán gěi tāmen
Doctrine: Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits (1 Peter 3:18-22)
Rejected alternatives: 死后传福音的救恩机会式译法
Original: εὐηγγελίσθη καὶ νεκροῖς
Category: Salvation

Cross-reference the 3:19 spirits-in-prison note (4:6). Predominant safeguard reading: people who WERE ALIVE when evangelized and have SINCE died — NOT postmortem preaching granting a second chance. Prevents a chāodù-style (超度) misreading. Theologian review required without exception.

Humility

Approved rendering: 谦卑
Transliteration: qiānbēi
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Rejected alternatives: 谦虚(作为社交礼仪美德使用时)
Original: ταπεινοφροσύνη / ἐγκομβώσασθε
Category: Sanctification

The ‘clothe yourselves with humility’ command (3:8, 5:5) requires the SAME rigor as the baseline’s 成圣/Neo-Confucian caution: Chinese 谦卑/谦虚 as commonly used denotes a valued social-etiquette virtue for preserving group harmony/face. Biblical humility here is grounded specifically in Christ’s own self-abasement and trust in God’s sovereign care (5:6-7), not a self-cultivated social virtue. Theologian review required every occurrence.

God Gives Grace To Humble

Approved rendering: 神……赐恩给谦卑的人
Transliteration: Shén… cì ēn gěi qiānbēi de rén
Doctrine: Elders and Humility

Reuses baseline 恩典 (Critical) directly beside humility (5:5, quoting Proverbs 3:34); must reinforce grace as unmerited — humility is the posture of reception, not a meritorious cause of grace.

High Risk Terms

Father

Approved rendering: 父
Transliteration: fù
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: 祖先, 老天爷
Original: πατήρ
Category: God

Inherited from Romans package. 1 Peter 1:17 names God Father specifically as impartial Judge; pair with 敬畏 (reverent fear), not casual familiarity or ancestor-veneration (祭祖) appeasement logic.

Faith

Approved rendering: 信心
Transliteration: xìnxīn
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: 虔诚, 迷信, 信仰
Original: πίστις / πιστεύω
Category: Faith

Inherited from Romans package. Object of faith remains Christ. 1 Peter 5:9 uses 信心 as the ground of resistance to the adversary; verb form 信 (πιστεύω, 1:8) reuses this root.

Holy

Approved rendering: 圣洁
Transliteration: shèngjié
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 清净, 圣人般的
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification

Inherited from Romans package. 1 Peter 1:15-16 is a direct Leviticus quotation (‘Be holy, for I am holy’); preserve its imperative force. Avoid 清净 (Daoist/Buddhist ritual purity/stillness).

Election

Approved rendering: 拣选 / 蒙拣选的
Transliteration: jiǎnxuǎn / méng jiǎnxuǎn de
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: 天命, 命运, 缘分
Original: ἐκλεκτός
Category: Salvation

Inherited from Romans package. NEVER 天命/命运/缘分. 1 Peter 1:1 applies the adjectival form personally; 2:9 applies it corporately to the church as ‘a chosen race’ — reinforce personal, relational choice, never impersonal fate.

Called

Approved rendering: 蒙召的
Transliteration: méngzhào de
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: 受命于天, 天命所归
Original: κλητός / κληθέντες
Category: Salvation

Inherited from Romans package. 1 Peter 2:21 ties calling directly to enduring unjust suffering — a distinctive 1 Peter development of the baseline doctrine; 5:10 ties calling to eternal glory in Christ.

Calling

Approved rendering: 呼召
Transliteration: hūzhào
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: 天命, 命运
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation

Inherited from Romans package. Underlies the corporate identity titles of 1 Peter 2:9-10; must convey a sovereign, personal summons, never impersonal fate.

Power Of God

Approved rendering: 神的大能
Transliteration: Shén de dà néng
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: 气, 法力
Original: δύναμις Θεοῦ
Category: God

Inherited from Romans package. NEVER 气/法力. 1 Peter 1:5: God’s power guards believers through faith until salvation is fully revealed.

Sin

Approved rendering: 罪
Transliteration: zuì
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: 报应, 罪犯式的罪
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin

Inherited from Romans package. Central to Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering doctrine in 1 Peter (2:22, 2:24, 3:18); also named among the vices of the readers’ former life (4:8). Do not soften.

Obedience Of Faith

Approved rendering: 因信而生的顺服
Transliteration: yīn xìn ér shēng de shùnfú
Doctrine: Obedience of Faith
Rejected alternatives: 孝顺, 礼法遵从
Original: ὑπακοή
Category: Faith

Inherited from Romans package. 1 Peter’s own ὑπακοή usage (‘children of obedience,’ 1:14; ‘obedience to the truth,’ 1:22) is a related but distinct identity-idiom sense — see children_of_obedience entry; do not conflate the two phrases, but do not invent a conflicting baseline entry either.

Mercy

Approved rendering: 怜悯
Transliteration: liánmǐn
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Original: ἔλεος
Category: God

God’s compassionate disposition toward sinners in need, the ground of regeneration (1:3); not appeasable ancestral/deity pity earned by ritual devotion — flows from God’s character, not petition-and-bargaining practice common in folk temple worship.

Soul

Approved rendering: 灵魂
Transliteration: línghún
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Rejected alternatives: 魂魄, 祖灵
Original: ψυχή
Category: Salvation

The whole inner person, object of God’s saving work (1:9, 1:22, 2:11, 2:25, 4:19). Overlaps with folk ancestral-spirit concepts (魂魄, 祖灵) and beliefs about post-mortem wandering requiring ritual intervention (cf. 超度). Must be taught as the whole inner person saved in this life through faith.

Foreknowledge

Approved rendering: 预知
Transliteration: yùzhī
Doctrine: Divine Calling and Election
Rejected alternatives: 天命, 命运
Original: πρόγνωσις
Category: God

God’s sovereign, personal, prior determination in election (1:2) and his eternal redemptive plan (1:20). NEVER shade into 天命/命运 — relational foreordination, not impersonal cosmic destiny.

Sojourners Exiles

Approved rendering: 客旅、寄居的
Transliteration: kèlǚ, jìjū de
Doctrine: Sojourner and Exile Identity
Original: παρεπίδημοι / πάροικοι
Category: Ethics

Believers’ present social-spiritual identity as temporary residents dwelling among an alien society (1:1, 1:17, 2:11). The ‘exile’ is theological (not-fully-at-home in a fallen world order), not merely ethnic, political, or overseas-diaspora displacement.

Sprinkling Of Blood

Approved rendering: 用耶稣基督的血所洒
Transliteration: yòng Yēsū Jīdū de xiě suǒ sǎ
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Rejected alternatives: 歃血为盟式译法
Original: ῥαντισμὸς αἵματος Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Covenant

Covenant-ratification imagery (Exodus 24) applied to Christ’s blood (1:2). Distinguish from Chinese folk/ancestral blood-oath rituals (歃血为盟) and ancestor-worship blood offerings; requires OT sacrificial-covenant background teaching.

Lamb Without Blemish

Approved rendering: 无瑕疵、无玷污的羔羊
Transliteration: wú xiácī, wú diànwū de gāoyáng
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Original: αἷμα ὡς ἀμνοῦ ἀμώμου καὶ ἀσπίλου, Χριστοῦ
Category: Covenant

Christ as the sinless Passover/sacrificial Lamb whose blood is the redemption price (1:19). Requires OT sacrificial-system and Passover background teaching; must not be flattened into generic ‘sacrifice’ language merging with folk sacrificial offerings.

Inheritance

Approved rendering: 基业
Transliteration: jīyè
Doctrine: Eschatological Inheritance
Rejected alternatives: 家产, 祖产
Original: κληρονομία
Category: Eschatology

The believer’s future eschatological inheritance secured in Christ (1:4); distinguish from Chinese clan/family inheritance (家产/祖产) transmitted through bloodline and ancestor-line continuity — granted by grace to all in Christ.

Living Stone

Approved rendering: 活石
Transliteration: huóshí
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Rejected alternatives: 灵石
Original: λίθος ζῶν
Category: Church

Christ, and derivatively believers, as ‘living stones’ built into a spiritual temple (2:4-5). Distinguish from the Chinese folk/Daoist ‘spirit stone’ (灵石) enchanted-object motif found in classical fiction.

Holy Nation

Approved rendering: 圣洁的国度
Transliteration: shèngjié de guódù
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Rejected alternatives: 天下, 王朝
Original: ἔθνος ἅγιον
Category: Church

One of four covenant-identity titles applied to the church corporately (2:9); must not be read as a nationalist or ethnic-political claim (cf. baseline caution on 天下 under ‘kingdom of God’).

Submission

Approved rendering: 顺服
Transliteration: shùnfú
Doctrine: Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance
Rejected alternatives: 五伦式绝对服从
Original: ὑποτάγητε / ὑποτασσόμεναι
Category: Ethics

Voluntary submission to human institutions (2:13), masters (2:18), husbands (3:1), and church leadership (5:5) — for the Lord’s sake and modeled on Christ’s own submission in suffering (2:21-23). Must be distinguished from the Confucian Five Relationships (五伦) automatic hierarchical duty owed by rank. Track consistently across every household-code application.

Fourfold Ethic

Approved rendering: 敬重众人、敬畏神、爱弟兄、尊敬君王
Transliteration: jìngzhòng zhòngrén, jìngwèi Shén, ài dìxiōng, zūnjìng jūnwáng
Doctrine: Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance
Original: τιμήσατε / φοβεῖσθε / ἀγαπᾶτε
Category: Ethics

A fourfold ethical summary (2:17) distinguishing the fear owed to God alone (敬畏) from the honor owed to all people and civil authority (敬重/尊敬); collapsing these into a single term would blur exclusive worship of God and appropriate civic honor.

Wives Submit To Husbands

Approved rendering: 妻子顺服丈夫
Transliteration: qīzi shùnfú zhàngfu
Doctrine: Household Code: Marriage and Family Ethics
Rejected alternatives: 三从式绝对服从
Original: γυναῖκες ὑποτασσόμεναι τοῖς ἀνδράσιν
Category: Ethics

Household-code application of submission to the marriage relationship (3:1), a voluntary, gospel-shaped disposition, addressed even to wives whose husbands are unbelievers. High collision risk with the Confucian Three Obediences (三从); must be taught as a voluntary, Christlike disposition, never a claim of women’s inherent inferiority. Requires theologian AND native-speaker cultural-sensitivity review.

Weaker Vessel

Approved rendering: 软弱的器皿
Transliteration: ruǎnruò de qìmǐn
Doctrine: Household Code: Marriage and Family Ethics
Original: ἀσθενέστερον σκεῦος
Category: Ethics

Description of the wife husbands must honor and understand (3:7), balanced by ‘fellow heirs of the grace of life’ in the same verse; NOT a claim of spiritual/moral inferiority — likely relative physical vulnerability. Translator note required to prevent a demeaning reading or license for domineering treatment; the verse’s actual command is HONOR.

Fellow Heirs Of Grace Of Life

Approved rendering: 一同承受生命之恩
Transliteration: yītóng chéngshòu shēngmìng zhī ēn
Doctrine: Household Code: Marriage and Family Ethics
Original: συγκληρονόμοι χάριτος ζωῆς
Category: Ethics

Wives and husbands as equal co-heirs of the same grace (3:7), balancing the household code’s submission language with fundamental spiritual equality; reuses baseline 恩典 and echoes 基业 (1:4).

Sarah Called Him Lord

Approved rendering: 称他为主
Transliteration: chēng tā wéi zhǔ
Doctrine: Household Code: Marriage and Family Ethics
Original: κύριον αὐτὸν καλοῦσα
Category: Ethics

The one place in the NT household codes where κύριος is applied to a human husband (3:6). TRANSLATOR NOTE REQUIRED: this is historical-illustrative domestic honor language, not an extension of Christ’s exclusive divine Lordship to husbands.

Angels Authorities Powers Subjected

Approved rendering: 天使和有权柄的、有能力的，都服了他
Transliteration: tiānshǐ hé yǒu quánbǐng de, yǒu nénglì de, dōu fú le tā
Doctrine: Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits (1 Peter 3:18-22)
Original: ἄγγελοι καὶ ἐξουσίαι καὶ δυνάμεις ὑποταγέντες
Category: Christology

Christ’s cosmic victory and supremacy over all spiritual powers (3:22), following his resurrection and ascension; reinforces Christ’s supreme Lordship over all spiritual beings, resolving the tension of the ‘spirits in prison’ passage.

Gods Will Vs Human Desire

Approved rendering: 神的旨意 / 人的私欲
Transliteration: Shén de zhǐyì / rén de sīyù
Doctrine: God’s Providence as Faithful Creator
Rejected alternatives: 天意, 命运
Original: θέλημα Θεοῦ / ἐπιθυμίαι ἀνθρώπων
Category: God

Contrast structuring the letter’s ethical exhortation (4:2-3); 神的旨意 requires the same caution as baseline ‘providence’ (神的护理) — God’s personal, purposive will, never an impersonal fatalistic 天意/命运.

Judgment Living And Dead

Approved rendering: 审判活人死人
Transliteration: shěnpàn huórén sǐrén
Doctrine: Universal Judgment and Accountability
Original: κρῖναι ζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς
Category: Eschatology

Final, universal divine judgment — every person, living or already dead, is accountable to God (4:5); reinforces universal human accountability applied to 1 Peter’s persecution context.

Love Covers Sins

Approved rendering: 爱能遮掩许多的罪
Transliteration: ài néng zhēyǎn xǔduō de zuì
Doctrine: Mutual Love and Forbearance
Original: ἀγάπη … καλύπτει πλῆθος ἁμαρτιῶν
Category: Ethics

Fervent mutual love that overlooks and forbears one another’s many faults within the community (4:8). Translator note required to prevent confusion with the letter’s actual atonement statements (1:18-19, 2:24, 3:18) — this is interpersonal forbearance, not atonement before God.

Approved rendering: 有份于基督的苦难
Transliteration: yǒufèn yú Jīdū de kǔnàn
Doctrine: Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake
Original: κοινωνεῖτε τοῖς τοῦ Χριστοῦ παθήμασιν
Category: Suffering

Believers’ suffering portrayed as a real participation in Christ’s own sufferings (4:13), source of present and future joy. Reuses baseline 团契 (fellowship) root; ties suffering into union-with-Christ theology.

Faithful Creator

Approved rendering: 可信的造物主
Transliteration: kěxìn de zàowùzhǔ
Doctrine: God’s Providence as Faithful Creator
Rejected alternatives: 女娲, 盘古
Original: πιστὸς κτίστης
Category: God

God titled as reliable Creator, to whom sufferers entrust their souls (4:19). Must be clearly monotheistic and distinguished from Chinese creation-myth figures (女娲, 盘古) or an impersonal cosmic-origin principle — the same personal 神 already established.

Elders

Approved rendering: 长老
Transliteration: zhǎnglǎo
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Original: πρεσβύτερος
Category: Church

The functional office of church leaders exercising pastoral oversight (5:1, 5:5); readily evokes generalized Confucian age-based social deference (尊老) rather than a qualification-and-calling-based office. Translator note required distinguishing the functional pastoral office from generic elder-honor customs.

Domineering Lording Over

Approved rendering: 辖制
Transliteration: xiázhì
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Original: κατακυριεύω
Category: Sanctification

The abusive, dominating exercise of authority forbidden to church elders (5:3); shares its root with κύριος/主 (Lord). Render as a clearly NEGATIVE, forbidden behavior sharply distinct from 主; legitimate divine Lordship must never be imitated by human elders as domineering control.

Chief Shepherd

Approved rendering: 牧长
Transliteration: mùzhǎng
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Original: ἀρχιποιμήν
Category: Christology

Christ as supreme Shepherd over all human under-shepherd elders, who rewards faithful eldership at his appearing (5:4); reinforces Christ’s supreme authority over church leadership (parallels 2:25’s ‘Shepherd and Overseer’).

Younger Submit To Elders

Approved rendering: 年幼的顺服年长的
Transliteration: niányòu de shùnfú niánzhǎng de
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Original: νεώτεροι ὑποτάγητε πρεσβυτέροις
Category: Church

Extension of the submission ethic to the church’s internal leadership order (5:5); submission to a qualified spiritual office, not merely generic Confucian age-based deference.

Adversary Devil

Approved rendering: 你们的对头魔鬼
Transliteration: nǐmen de duìtou móguǐ
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and the Adversary
Rejected alternatives: 鬼, 妖魔
Original: ὁ ἀντίδικος ὑμῶν διάβολος
Category: Spiritual Warfare

A specific, personal spiritual adversary actively opposing believers (5:8); 魔鬼 risks collapsing into the broader folk category of 鬼 (generic malevolent ghosts) or 妖魔 (folkloric monster-figures). Must be taught as a specific, singular, personal spiritual being — Satan — not one of many spirits to be ritually placated.

Resist Firm In Faith

Approved rendering: 用坚固的信心抵挡他
Transliteration: yòng jiāngù de xìnxīn dǐdǎng tā
Doctrine: Spiritual Warfare and the Adversary

Reuses baseline 信心 exactly as the ground of resistance to the adversary (5:9); must retain personal trust in Christ as the resource for resistance, not a ritual or talismanic defense.

Living Hope

Approved rendering: 活泼的盼望
Transliteration: huópō de pànwàng
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Rejected alternatives: 盼望(单独使用)
Original: ἐλπὶς ζῶσα
Category: Salvation

Retain the ‘living/lively’ qualifier; never flatten to a generic 盼望 alone, which risks reading as mere wish or fatalistic resignation (1:3). Anchor term for the core passage and the curriculum’s central doctrine.

Medium Risk Terms

Glory

Approved rendering: 荣耀
Transliteration: róngyào
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 面子, 光宗耀祖
Original: δόξα
Category: God

Inherited from Romans package. One of the most frequent baseline terms in 1 Peter (1:7-8, 1:11, 1:21, 1:24 contrast, 4:11, 4:13-14, 5:1, 5:4, 5:10); track consistently across ‘glory,’ ‘glorified,’ ‘glories,’ and ‘crown of glory.‘

Gospel

Approved rendering: 福音
Transliteration: fúyīn
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: 好消息, 喜讯
Original: εὐαγγέλιον / εὐαγγελίζω
Category: Salvation

Inherited from Romans package. 1 Peter 4:6’s ‘gospel preached to the dead’ requires the mandatory cross-referencing translator note (see gospel_preached_to_the_dead entry); verb form (εὐαγγελίζω) renders 传福音 consistently (1:12, 1:25, 4:6).

Peace

Approved rendering: 平安
Transliteration: píng’ān
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: 安宁, 平安符式的平安
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: God

Inherited from Romans package. 1 Peter 1:2 greeting, 3:11 (believers must seek and pursue it), 5:14 closing benediction — keep exact baseline rendering throughout, never the amulet-blessing sense.

Spiritual Gifts

Approved rendering: 属灵恩赐
Transliteration: shǔlíng ēncì
Doctrine: Spiritual Gifts
Rejected alternatives: 法力, 神通
Original: χάρισμα
Category: Church

Inherited from Romans package. Never 神通/法力. 1 Peter 4:10 (χάρισμα): stewarded grace, never merit-earned ability; pairs with good_steward entry.

Imperishable Undefiled Unfading

Approved rendering: 不能朽坏、不能玷污、不能衰残
Transliteration: bùnéng xiǔhuài, bùnéng diànwū, bùnéng shuāicán
Doctrine: Eschatological Inheritance
Rejected alternatives: 不朽(暗示修炼所得)
Original: ἄφθαρτος, ἀμίαντος, ἀμάραντος
Category: Eschatology

Triple description of the eschatological inheritance’s permanence and purity (1:4); should not suggest Daoist immortality-cultivation (an achieved immortal state through practice) — this imperishability is a divine gift kept ‘in heaven,’ not a state attained by discipline.

Guarded Kept

Approved rendering: 保守
Transliteration: bǎoshǒu
Doctrine: Eschatological Inheritance
Rejected alternatives: 平安符式的护身
Original: φρουρέω
Category: Eschatology

Believers actively, continuously protected by God’s power through faith (1:5); should not be reduced to generic ‘protection’ language readable as a talisman/amulet-style protective blessing.

Trials

Approved rendering: 百般的试炼
Transliteration: bǎibān de shìliàn
Doctrine: Testing and Refinement of Faith
Rejected alternatives: 试探
Original: πειρασμός / πειρασμοί ποικίλοι
Category: Faith

Various, manifold hardships that test and refine genuine faith (1:6); CUV distinguishes 试炼 (trial/testing) from 试探 (temptation to sin) — use 试炼 to avoid implying these hardships are primarily moral temptations.

Tested By Fire

Approved rendering: 火炼的试验
Transliteration: huǒ liàn de shìyàn
Doctrine: Testing and Refinement of Faith
Rejected alternatives: 炼丹式译法
Original: δοκίμιον … διὰ πυρὸς δοκιμαζομένου / πύρωσις
Category: Faith

Metallurgical refining-fire metaphor for trials proving faith’s genuine value (1:7), reused for persecution generally (4:12); risks resonance with Daoist inner-alchemy (炼丹/内丹) self-refinement toward immortality — God, not the believer’s own technique, is the refiner.

Revelation Of Jesus Christ

Approved rendering: 耶稣基督显现的时候
Transliteration: Yēsū Jīdū xiǎnxiàn de shíhou
Doctrine: Eschatological Inheritance
Rejected alternatives: 化身, 下凡
Original: ἀποκάλυψις Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Eschatology

Christ’s future return, when hidden realities are made publicly manifest (1:7, 1:13); Christ’s own singular, historical return — never render with 化身/下凡 (a bodhisattva’s or deity’s repeatable manifestation).

Last Time

Approved rendering: 末世
Transliteration: mòshì
Doctrine: Eschatological Inheritance
Rejected alternatives: 治乱循环式译法
Original: καιρὸς ἔσχατος
Category: Eschatology

The eschatological consummation at Christ’s return (1:5, 1:20); should be distinguished from cyclical-decline ‘end of an age’ narratives in Chinese historiography (治乱循环) — this is a single, linear terminus.

Agape Love

Approved rendering: 爱
Transliteration: ài
Doctrine: Mutual Love and Forbearance
Original: ἀγαπάω / ἀγάπη
Category: Faith

Personal, self-giving love and devotion directed at Christ (1:8) and among believers (1:22, 4:8); keep Christ or fellow believers as the explicit object in translation and footnoting to distinguish from generic filial or romantic 爱.

Joy Inexpressible

Approved rendering: 说不出来、满有荣光的喜乐
Transliteration: shuōbuchūlái, mǎn yǒu róngguāng de xǐlè
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Original: χαρὰ ἀνεκλάλητος καὶ δεδοξασμένη
Category: Faith

Joy so profound it exceeds ordinary language, marked by a share in God’s own glory (1:8); 荣光 echoes baseline 荣耀 and should be handled consistently with it.

Outcome Of Faith

Approved rendering: 信心的果效
Transliteration: xìnxīn de guǒxiào
Doctrine: The Living Hope of the Resurrection
Rejected alternatives: 功德式译法
Original: τέλος τῆς πίστεως
Category: Salvation

The intended goal toward which faith has always aimed: full salvation (1:9); should not be rendered as if faith itself earns its reward through effort — avoid merit-ledger overtones (cf. 功德 caution under baseline ‘grace’).

Brotherly Love

Approved rendering: 弟兄相爱
Transliteration: dìxiōng xiāng’ài
Doctrine: Mutual Love and Forbearance
Rejected alternatives: 结拜
Original: φιλαδελφία
Category: Ethics

Genuine, unhypocritical love among believers as fruit of new birth and obedience to the truth (1:22); distinguish from sworn-brotherhood bonding (结拜) — Spirit-produced family love among the reborn, not a ritual pact.

Conduct

Approved rendering: 行为
Transliteration: xíngwéi
Doctrine: Holiness in Conduct
Original: ἀναστροφή
Category: Sanctification

The observable, everyday pattern of a believer’s life, meant to be holy (1:15, 1:18; recurring at 2:12, 3:1-2, 3:16). Track consistently through the whole book.

Reverent Fear

Approved rendering: 敬畏
Transliteration: jìngwèi
Doctrine: Reverent Fear of God
Rejected alternatives: 怕, 恐惧
Original: φόβος
Category: Sanctification

Reverent awe before God the impartial Judge (1:17), and the disposition of respectful conduct in household relationships (2:18, 3:2); distinguish from ordinary fear (怕/恐惧) and from superstitious fear of offending spirits/ancestors; sharply distinct from ‘honor’ owed to human authority (2:17).

Children Of Obedience

Approved rendering: 顺命的儿女
Transliteration: shùnmìng de érnǚ
Doctrine: Holiness in Conduct
Original: τέκνα ὑπακοῆς
Category: Sanctification

Idiom for believers’ new identity as those characterized by obedience flowing from new birth (1:14); related to, but distinct from, baseline ‘obedience of faith’ (因信而生的顺服) — an identity idiom, not the specific Romans phrase.

Pure Spiritual Milk

Approved rendering: 纯净的灵奶
Transliteration: chúnjìng de língnǎi
Doctrine: Holiness in Conduct
Original: ἄδολον γάλα λογικόν
Category: Sanctification

The unadulterated, ‘of-the-word’ milk believers are to crave for growth toward salvation (2:2); λογικός connects to λόγος (‘word’) — tie this milk explicitly to Scripture/the gospel message, not a generic devotional feeling.

Spiritual House

Approved rendering: 属灵的殿
Transliteration: shǔlíng de diàn
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Rejected alternatives: 庙, 寺, 道观
Original: οἶκος πνευματικός
Category: Church

The church as a living temple built of believers, replacing the physical Jerusalem temple as God’s dwelling (2:5); must be distinguished from a physical temple building (庙/寺/道观, forbidden under baseline ‘church’).

Cornerstone Stone Of Stumbling

Approved rendering: 房角石 / 绊脚的石头
Transliteration: fángjiǎoshí / bànjiǎo de shítou
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Original: λίθος ἐκλεκτός ἔντιμος, ἀκρογωνιαῖος / λίθος προσκόμματος καὶ πέτρα σκανδάλου
Category: Church

Christ as the foundation stone honored by believers (2:6-7) but rejected by unbelievers, becoming an obstacle causing their judgment (2:8); standard OT architectural-messianic metaphor, low ambiguity once explained.

Peoples Possession

Approved rendering: 属神的子民
Transliteration: shǔ Shén de zǐmín
Doctrine: The Church as a Holy and Royal Priesthood
Original: λαὸς εἰς περιποίησιν
Category: Church

The fourth of the covenant-identity titles applied to the church (2:9): God’s own special possession; part of the fourfold 2:9 title cluster.

Darkness To Light

Approved rendering: 从暗昧入光明
Transliteration: cóng ànmèi rù guāngmíng
Doctrine: Holiness in Conduct
Rejected alternatives: 陰陽式译法
Original: ἐκ σκότους εἰς φῶς
Category: Sanctification

Conversion as a decisive transfer from spiritual darkness into God’s marvelous light (2:9); ensure this moral-spiritual contrast is not conflated with yin-yang balance imagery (陰陽), which frames darkness/light as complementary cosmic forces.

Day Of Visitation

Approved rendering: 眷顾的日子
Transliteration: juàngù de rìzi
Doctrine: Universal Judgment and Accountability
Original: ἡμέρα ἐπισκοπῆς
Category: Eschatology

The future day when God visits in judgment/vindication, prompting Gentiles to glorify God because of believers’ good conduct now (2:12); new eschatological idiom, low-medium ambiguity once explained.

Freedom

Approved rendering: 自由
Transliteration: zìyóu
Doctrine: Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance
Original: ἐλευθερία
Category: Ethics

The believer’s freedom in Christ, which must not be used as a pretext for evil (2:16); must retain the immediately-following qualifier (‘not a cover-up for evil’) to prevent a libertine misreading.

Masters And Servants

Approved rendering: 主人、仆人
Transliteration: zhǔrén, púrén
Doctrine: Submission to Authority and Christlike Endurance
Original: δεσπόται / οἰκέται
Category: Ethics

Household-code instruction to servants to submit even to harsh masters (2:18); IMPORTANT: 主人 here refers to a HUMAN master and must never be confused with, or allowed to bleed into, 主 (Lord, reserved for God/Christ).

Gracious Commendable Thing

Approved rendering: 这是可喜爱的（蒙恩的）
Transliteration: zhè shì kě xǐ’ài de (méng ēn de)
Doctrine: Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake
Original: χάρις (idiomatic, 2:19-20)
Category: Ethics

Idiomatic extension of χάρις describing patient endurance of undeserved suffering as something commended by God (2:19-20); distinct from the technical soteriological sense of 恩典 — flag to prevent translators reading commendable suffering as self-generated merit (功德).

Gentle And Quiet Spirit

Approved rendering: 温柔安静的心灵
Transliteration: wēnróu ānjìng de xīnlíng
Doctrine: Household Code: Marriage and Family Ethics
Original: τὸ ἀφθάρτῳ τοῦ πραέος καὶ ἡσυχίου πνεύματος
Category: Ethics

True, lasting beauty located in inner character rather than external adornment (3:4); ‘quiet’ (ἡσύχιος) should be read as inner tranquility of character, not passivity or enforced silence.

Good Conscience

Approved rendering: 良心
Transliteration: liángxīn
Doctrine: Good Conscience and Christian Witness
Original: συνείδησις ἀγαθή
Category: Ethics

Conscience shaped by gospel truth and union with Christ, testifying to good conduct under false accusation (3:16) and underlying the meaning of baptism (3:21); shared with Confucian ethical vocabulary — note the theological distinction that this is grounded in gospel truth and covenant relationship with God, not an independent innate moral faculty.

Bring Us To God

Approved rendering: 领你们到神面前
Transliteration: lǐng nǐmen dào Shén miànqián
Doctrine: Christ’s Substitutionary Suffering
Original: προσαγάγῃ τῷ Θεῷ
Category: Ethics

The purpose of Christ’s substitutionary suffering: granting believers direct access to God (3:18); reinforces continuity with the priesthood/access theology of chapter 2.

Right Hand Of God

Approved rendering: 神的右边
Transliteration: Shén de yòubian
Doctrine: Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits (1 Peter 3:18-22)
Original: δεξιὰ Θεοῦ
Category: Christology

Idiom for Christ’s position of highest honor and authority after his ascension (3:22); requires brief explanation that this denotes position of authority/honor, not literal spatial location.

House Of God

Approved rendering: 神的家
Transliteration: Shén de jiā
Doctrine: Universal Judgment and Accountability
Rejected alternatives: 庙, 寺, 道观
Original: οἶκος τοῦ Θεοῦ
Category: Church

The corporate people of God, where God’s refining judgment/discipline begins before extending to unbelievers (4:17); do not confuse with a physical temple/church building.

Good Steward

Approved rendering: 好管家
Transliteration: hǎo guǎnjiā
Doctrine: Stewardship of Spiritual Gifts
Original: οἰκονόμοι … ποικίλης χάριτος Θεοῦ
Category: Church

Believers as household managers entrusted with God’s varied grace-gifts for the benefit of others (4:10); reinforce grace as a stewarded trust, resisting any reading as personally accumulated merit.

Christian Name

Approved rendering: 基督徒
Transliteration: Jīdūtú
Doctrine: Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake
Original: ὄνομα Χριστιανός
Category: Church

The label ‘Christian’ as a badge of identification with Christ worth suffering for, rather than a cause for shame (4:16); established, low-collision Chinese term functioning here as a suffering-worthy identity badge.

Crown Of Glory

Approved rendering: 荣耀的冠冕
Transliteration: róngyào de guānmiǎn
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Rejected alternatives: 皇冠式译法
Original: στέφανον τῆς δόξης
Category: Ethics

The eschatological reward for faithful eldership at Christ’s appearing (5:4); must not be confused with an earthly royal/imperial crown (冕/皇冠) suggesting political rule, nor with Daoist immortality-achievement symbolism.

Casting Anxiety

Approved rendering: 将一切的忧虑卸给神
Transliteration: jiāng yīqiè de yōulǜ xiè gěi Shén
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Original: πᾶσαν τὴν μέριμναν ὑμῶν ἐπιρίψαντες ἐπʼ αὐτόν
Category: Ethics

The practical outworking of humility: trustful transfer of worry to God, who cares for his people (5:7).

Babylon Coded

Approved rendering: 巴比伦
Transliteration: Bābǐlún
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Original: Βαβυλών
Category: Other

Symbolic/coded designation, likely for Rome, of the city from which Peter writes (5:13); established proper-noun rendering, requires a historical-background note that this likely refers symbolically to Rome, not literal Mesopotamian Babylon.

Low Risk Terms

Fellowship

Approved rendering: 团契
Transliteration: tuánqì
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: 交情, 结拜
Original: κοινωνέω
Category: Church

Inherited from Romans package. Verb form κοινωνέω at 1 Peter 4:13 (‘share in Christ’s sufferings’) reuses this root; render consistently with the noun.

Exhort

Approved rendering: 劝勉
Transliteration: quànmiǎn
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith

Inherited from Romans package. 1 Peter 5:1, 5:12: Peter’s own act of exhorting fellow elders and readers.

Angels

Approved rendering: 天使
Transliteration: tiānshǐ
Doctrine: Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits (1 Peter 3:18-22)
Original: ἄγγελοι
Category: Other

Heavenly messengers who long to look into the realities of the gospel now revealed (1:12), and who, with authorities and powers, are subjected to Christ (3:22); standard, established Chinese Christian term.

Grass Flower

Approved rendering: 草 / 花
Transliteration: cǎo / huā
Doctrine: Holiness in Conduct
Original: χλόη / ἄνθος
Category: Other

OT quotation (Isaiah 40) imagery contrasting perishable human glory with the enduring word of God (1:24); literal imagery, low risk.

Example Pattern

Approved rendering: 榜样
Transliteration: bǎngyàng
Doctrine: Suffering for Righteousness’ Sake
Original: ὑπογραμμός / τύπος
Category: Ethics

Christ’s suffering as a pattern for believers to imitate (2:21); elders as an example to the flock (5:3); standard term.

Shepherd And Overseer

Approved rendering: 牧人和监督
Transliteration: mùrén hé jiāndū
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Original: ποιμὴν καὶ ἐπίσκοπος τῶν ψυχῶν / ποιμαίνατε … ἐπισκοποῦντες
Category: Church

Christ as the Shepherd-Overseer who restores wandering souls (2:25); elders’ pastoral task, modeled on Christ (5:2). Establish once, reuse consistently.

Noahs Ark

Approved rendering: 方舟
Transliteration: fāngzhōu
Doctrine: Christ’s Proclamation to the Spirits (1 Peter 3:18-22)
Original: κιβωτός
Category: Covenant

The vessel by which Noah’s family was rescued through the flood (3:20), invoked as a type of salvation through judgment; established CUV term.

Dominion Doxology

Approved rendering: 权力
Transliteration: quánlì
Doctrine: Elders and Humility
Original: κράτος
Category: God

The eternal sovereign power ascribed to God in the letter’s closing doxology (5:11); standard doxological vocabulary.

Proper Names Coworkers

Approved rendering: 西拉、马可
Transliteration: Xīlā, Mǎkě
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Original: Σιλουανός, Μᾶρκος
Category: Other

Peter’s named co-workers in the closing greetings (5:12-13); verify against CUV Acts/Epistles naming convention.

Kiss Of Love

Approved rendering: 爱心的亲嘴
Transliteration: àixīn de qīnzuǐ
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Original: φίλημα ἀγάπης
Category: Ethics

First-century greeting custom expressing genuine Christian affection among believers (5:14); benefits from a note on a functional modern-equivalent greeting for contemporary application.

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