Core Glossary
08 Core Glossary — 2 Samuel (English → Mandarin)
How to Read This Glossary
- Status “Reused (baseline)”: term and Mandarin rendering are fixed by the Romans
translation_memory.jsonand MUST be used identically here — no exceptions. - Status “New (2 Samuel)”: term does not appear in the baseline Romans package; a rendering is proposed here for registration into an updated translation memory before Phase 2 begins.
- Risk tiers (Critical/High/Medium/Low) follow the exact definitions in the baseline
doctrine_risk_registry.json. - All Mandarin renderings use Simplified Chinese, Hanyu Pinyin with tone marks for transliteration, and CUV (“Shen edition,” 神版) register, per the baseline’s hard requirement.
Glossary Table
| Term (EN) | Original (Hebrew) | Transliteration | Mandarin | Pinyin | Risk | Status | Doctrine Link | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| the LORD (YHWH) | יהוה | YHWH | 耶和华 | Yēhéhuá | Critical | New (2 Samuel) | Davidic Covenant; God’s Steadfast Love | Covenant name of God, distinct from 神 (Elohim/generic God) and 主 (Adonai/Lord, title). Corresponds to κύριος/主 as applied to Christ in the NT (Romans 10:9) — teach as continuity, not three separate deities. |
| Lord GOD | אֲדֹנָי יהוה | Adonai YHWH | 主耶和华 | Zhǔ Yēhéhuá | Critical | New (2 Samuel) | Davidic Covenant | David’s prayer address in 7:18-29; combines 主 (Adonai) and 耶和华 (YHWH); must not be confused with baseline’s 主 for κύριος alone. |
| LORD of hosts | יהוה צְבָאוֹת | YHWH Tseva’ot | 万军之耶和华 | Wànjūn zhī Yēhéhuá | High | New (2 Samuel) | Davidic Covenant; Power of God | Must not be softened to an impersonal military-cosmic force (cf. baseline caution on 气 under “power of God”). |
| god (generic) | אֱלֹהִים | Elohim | 神 | Shén | Critical | Reused (baseline) | Deity of Christ (baseline) | Reuse baseline’s god entry exactly; note the tetragrammaton (耶和华) and Elohim (神) are both present in 2 Samuel and must be kept terminologically distinct. |
| covenant | בְּרִית | berit | 约 | yuē | High | Reused (baseline) | Davidic Covenant | Reuse baseline’s covenant exactly. Avoid 合同/契约 (commercial contract terms) per baseline note. |
| everlasting covenant | בְּרִית עוֹלָם | berit olam | 永约 | yǒngyuē | Critical | New (2 Samuel) | Davidic Covenant; Messianic Hope | David’s own retrospective naming (23:5) of the ch.7 promise; compound of 约 (baseline) + 永远 (below). |
| forever / everlasting | עוֹלָם | olam | 永远 | yǒngyuǎn | Critical | New (2 Samuel) | Davidic Covenant; Messianic Hope | Contrast explicitly with 天命 (Mandate of Heaven, revocable) per baseline’s existing caution under “called”/“calling”/“election.” The Davidic promise is unconditional. |
| house (dynasty) | בַּיִת | bayit | 家 | jiā | Critical | New (2 Samuel) | Davidic Covenant | Distinct rendering from “house (temple)” below; both translate the same Hebrew word — the central wordplay of 2 Samuel 7 requires an explicit translator’s note in every teaching context. |
| house (temple) | בַּיִת | bayit | 殿 / 殿宇 | diàn / diànyǔ | High | New (2 Samuel) | Davidic Covenant | See above; used in 7:5, 7:13 for the temple Solomon will build. |
| ark of the covenant / ark of God | אֲרוֹן הַבְּרִית / אֲרוֹן הָאֱלֹהִים | ’aron ha-berit / ‘aron ha-Elohim | 约柜 | yuē guì | High | New (2 Samuel) | Davidic Covenant | Must not be confused with an idol-shrine (神龛) in folk temple practice; symbol of presence, not an image of God. |
| tent / tabernacle | אֹהֶל / מִשְׁכָּן | ’ohel / mishkan | 帐幕 | zhàngmù | Low | New (2 Samuel) | Davidic Covenant | Established Chinese Christian term; low collision risk. |
| word of the LORD | דְּבַר־יהוה | devar-YHWH | 耶和华的话 | Yēhéhuá de huà | High | New (2 Samuel) | Inspiration of Scripture (baseline doctrine, extended) | Distinguish from divination (占卜) per baseline “prophecy” caution. |
| vision | חִזָּיוֹן / חָזוֹן | chizzayon / chazon | 默示 / 异象 | mòshì / yìxiàng | High | New (2 Samuel) | Inspiration of Scripture | 默示 reused from baseline doctrine-name usage (圣经的默示); reinforces cross-book consistency. |
| prophet | נָבִיא | navi | 先知 | xiānzhī | Low | Reused (baseline) | Inspiration of Scripture | Reuse baseline prophet exactly. |
| servant (of God) | עֶבֶד | ’eved | 仆人 | púrén | Medium | New (2 Samuel) | Davidic Covenant | Honored covenant office, not menial bondservant status. |
| prince (divinely appointed ruler) | נָגִיד | nagid | 君 | jūn | Medium | New (2 Samuel) | Divine Calling (baseline doctrine, extended) | Caution: 君 can echo Mandate-of-Heaven ruler-legitimacy categories (cf. baseline’s caution on 天子/天命所归 under “called”); teach as God’s personal choice, not cosmic entitlement. |
| judges (era leaders) | שֹׁפְטִים | shofetim | 士师 | shìshī | Low | New (2 Samuel) | Fulfillment of Prophecy (baseline doctrine, extended) | Standard term for the biblical Judges period. |
| shepherd (verb) | רָעָה | ra’ah | 牧养 | mùyǎng | Low | New (2 Samuel) | Davidic Covenant | Standard pastoral-leadership metaphor. |
| kingdom | מַמְלָכָה | mamlakhah | 国 | guó | Medium | New (2 Samuel) | Davidic Covenant; Kingdom Mission (baseline doctrine, extended) | Here a literal earthly dynastic kingdom; distinguish carefully from baseline’s caution on 天下/王朝 for the NT “kingdom of God,” which is a different referent. |
| throne | כִּסֵּא | kisse’ | 国位 / 宝座 | guówèi / bǎozuò | High | New (2 Samuel) | Davidic Covenant; Messianic Hope | 国位 used contextually in 2 Sam 7 (CUV); 宝座 is the general royal/divine-throne term elsewhere. Anchors NT eternal-throne language (Luke 1:32-33). |
| offspring / seed | זֶרַע | zera’ | 后裔 | hòuyì | Critical | Reused (baseline, via seed_of_david) | Davidic Covenant; Messianic Hope | MUST match baseline’s seed_of_david rendering (大卫的后裔) exactly; this is its OT root text. |
| father / son (covenantal) | אָב / בֵּן | av / ben | 父 / 子 | fù / zǐ | Critical | 父 Reused (baseline); 子 New (2 Samuel) | Davidic Covenant; Messianic Hope; (connects to baseline’s Sonship of Christ) | Covenantal/adoptive sonship of the Davidic king — must be kept distinct from baseline’s son_of_god (神的儿子), Christ’s unique eternal deity, while teaching the typological connection. |
| iniquity | עָוֹן | avon | 罪孽 | zuìniè | Medium | New (2 Samuel) | Consequences of Sin in the Covenant Family | Distinct from baseline’s 罪 (sin, act); conveys accumulated guilt. Avoid folk-karmic 报应 framing (cf. baseline “sin” caution). |
| sin | חֵטְא / חֲטָאָה | chet / chata’ah | 罪 | zuì | High | Reused (baseline) | David’s Sin and Repentance | Reuse baseline sin exactly. |
| I have sinned against the LORD | חָטָאתִי לַיהוה | chatati la-YHWH | 我得罪耶和华了 | wǒ dézuì Yēhéhuá le | Critical | New (2 Samuel) | David’s Sin and Repentance | Fixed CUV phrase (2 Sam 12:13); must not be softened toward generic “I made a mistake.” |
| taken away / removed (guilt) | הֶעֱבִיר | he’evir | 耶和华已经除掉你的罪 | — | Critical | New (2 Samuel) | David’s Sin and Repentance; God’s Steadfast Love | God’s unilateral removal of guilt upon confession; must not imply a self-directed atoning process (cf. baseline’s rejection of 修成正果 under “justification”). |
| discipline / rod | (implied יָסַר; “rod of men”) | yasar (implied) | 用人的杖责打他 | — | High | New (2 Samuel) | Consequences of Sin in the Covenant Family | Fatherly correction within an unbroken covenant relationship, not covenant-ending judgment. |
| steadfast love | חֶסֶד | chesed | 慈爱 | cí’ài | Critical | New (2 Samuel) | God’s Steadfast Love despite Human Failure | Must NOT be merged with baseline’s 恩典 (charis/grace, a different NT Greek term); teach as complementary OT/NT vocabulary for unmerited, sustained divine favor. |
| adultery | נָאַף | na’aph | 奸淫 | jiānyín | Medium | New (2 Samuel) | David’s Sin and Repentance | Standard, unambiguous term; low folk-religious collision risk. |
| blood(guilt) | דָּם | dam | 血 / 流人血的罪 | xuè / liú rén xiě de zuì | Medium | New (2 Samuel) | Consequences of Sin in the Covenant Family | Covenant-legal category, not generic violence vocabulary. |
| the sword shall not depart | לֹא־תָסוּר חֶרֶב מִבֵּיתְךָ | lo tasur cherev mi-beitkha | 刀剑必永不离开你的家 | — | Critical | New (2 Samuel) | Consequences of Sin in the Covenant Family | Teach alongside “taken away (guilt)” above — forgiveness and temporal consequence coexist without contradiction. |
| Jedidiah (beloved of the LORD) | יְדִידְיָה | Yedidyah | 耶底底亚 | Yēdǐdǐyà | Medium | New (2 Samuel) | God’s Steadfast Love despite Human Failure | Proper name with built-in theological meaning; transliterate plus gloss “beloved of the LORD,” paralleling baseline’s 阿爸 (Abba) handling. |
| folly / disgraceful act | נְבָלָה | nevalah | 丑事 / 污辱的事 | — | Medium | New (2 Samuel) | Consequences of Sin in the Covenant Family | Retain moral gravity; not mere social impropriety. |
| conspiracy / rebellion | קֶשֶׁר | qesher | 背叛 / 谋反 | bèipàn / móufǎn | High | New (2 Samuel) | Consequences of Sin in the Covenant Family; (contrasts with Davidic Covenant’s unconditional security) | 谋反 carries Mandate-of-Heaven-adjacent treason connotations in Chinese political vocabulary; must be taught with explicit contrast — unlike a revoked Mandate of Heaven, Absalom’s rebellion cannot revoke God’s unconditional covenant to David’s line. |
| the LORD’s anointed / anointed one | מְשִׁיחַ יהוה / מָשִׁיחַ | meshiach YHWH / mashiach | 受膏者 | shòu gāo zhě | Critical | New (2 Samuel) | Messianic Hope Rooted in David’s Line | Historical/linguistic root of baseline’s messiah (基督); in 2 Samuel refers to a reigning Israelite king, not yet the technical eschatological title — teach the canonical development explicitly, never collapse the two senses without explanation. |
| anoint (verb) | מָשַׁח | mashach | 膏 | gāo | High | New (2 Samuel) | Messianic Hope Rooted in David’s Line | Verbal root of 受膏者/基督; ritual consecration to office. |
| lament / dirge | קִינָה | qinah | 哀歌 | āigē | Low | New (2 Samuel) | (literary/contextual) | Standard poetic funeral-song term. |
| mighty man / warrior | גִּבּוֹר | gibbor | 勇士 | yǒngshì | Low | New (2 Samuel) | (contextual) | Minimal collision risk. |
| the LORD was with him | יהוה עִמּוֹ / עִמָּךְ | YHWH ‘immo / ‘immakh | 耶和华与他/你同在 | — | Medium | New (2 Samuel) | Providence (baseline doctrine, extended) | Connects to baseline’s providence (神的护理); not impersonal luck. |
| holy / holiness | קֹדֶשׁ / קָדוֹשׁ | qodesh / qadosh | 圣洁 | shèngjié | High | Reused (baseline) | Sanctification (baseline, extended to ritual holiness) | Reuse baseline holy exactly; note distinct ritual-holiness nuance in the Ark narrative (ch.6) alongside the moral-holiness sense. |
| reproach / shame | חֶרְפָּה | cherpah | 羞辱 | xiūrù | Low | New (2 Samuel) | (contextual) | Distinguish lightly from 面子 (“face”) categories flagged under baseline’s “glory.” |
| bloodguilt (national) | דָּם | dam | 流血的罪 | — | Medium | New (2 Samuel) | Consequences of Sin in the Covenant Family | National-scale extension of ch.11’s bloodguilt category. |
| the LORD was entreated / relented | וַיֵּעָתֵר / וַיִּנָּחֶם | vaye’ater / vayinnachem | 神应允那地的祈求 / 耶和华就不降那灾 | — | High | New (2 Samuel) | God’s Steadfast Love despite Human Failure; Providence | Accommodating relational language; must not imply divine moral mutability or caprice — pair with a note on providence/impassibility. |
| rock (divine refuge) | צוּר | tsur | 磐石 | pánshí | Low-Medium | New (2 Samuel) | (contextual, ch.22 song) | Minor caution re: feng shui/nature-deity rock symbolism; context disambiguates. |
| salvation | יְשׁוּעָה | yeshu’ah | 救恩 | jiù’ēn | Critical | Reused (baseline) | Salvation (baseline); Messianic Hope | Reuse baseline salvation exactly. Note etymological link to 耶稣 (Yēsū) via shared Hebrew root y-sh-’ for teaching value. |
| righteousness | צֶדֶק / צַדִּיק | tsedeq / tsaddiq | 义 | yì | Critical | Reused (baseline) | Salvation (baseline) | Reuse baseline righteousness exactly, including its Confucian-virtue-collision caution. |
| horn of salvation | קֶרֶן יִשְׁעִי | qeren yish’i | 拯救我的角 | — | Low-Medium | New (2 Samuel) | (contextual, ch.22 song) | Retain literal “horn” imagery per idiom-handling rules; brief note recommended. |
| census (misplaced trust) | מִפְקָד | mifqad | 数点百姓 | — | Medium | New (2 Samuel) | Consequences of Sin in the Covenant Family; Providence | Distinguish from neutral modern 人口普查; moral weight is misplaced trust in numbers, not the counting act itself. |
| plague / pestilence | דֶּבֶר | dever | 瘟疫 | wēnyì | Medium | New (2 Samuel) | Consequences of Sin in the Covenant Family | Structurally parallel to the “sword” (ch.12) and famine (ch.21) consequence motifs. |
| altar | מִזְבֵּח | mizbe’ach | 祭坛 | jìtán | High | New (2 Samuel) | God’s Steadfast Love despite Human Failure | Must not be confused with Chinese domestic/ancestral altars (祖先牌位, 香案); this altar is for sacrifice to YHWH under covenant law. |
| burnt offering | עוֹלָה | ’olah | 燔祭 | fánjì | High | New (2 Samuel) | (contextual, ch.24) | Wholly consumed sacrifice, symbolizing complete devotion. |
| peace offering | שְׁלָמִים | shelamim | 平安祭 | píng’ān jì | High | New (2 Samuel) | Peace with God (baseline doctrine, extended) | Shares root with baseline’s 平安 (“peace,” Medium risk); distinguish this technical OT sacrificial category from the NT relational “peace with God” of Romans 5:1, while affirming their typological connection. |
| David | דָּוִד | David | 大卫 | Dàwèi | Medium | Reused (baseline) | Davidic Covenant | Reuse baseline david exactly. |
| Israel | יִשְׂרָאֵל | Yisra’el | 以色列 | Yǐsèliè | Medium | Reused (baseline) | Unity of Jews and Gentiles (baseline, background) | Reuse baseline israel exactly. |
| Saul | שָׁאוּל | Sha’ul | 扫罗 | Sǎoluó | Low | New (2 Samuel) | (proper name) | Standard CUV proper-name form. |
| Nathan | נָתָן | Natan | 拿单 | Nádān | Low | New (2 Samuel) | (proper name) | Standard CUV proper-name form. |
| Solomon | שְׁלֹמֹה | Shlomo | 所罗门 | Suǒluómén | Medium | New (2 Samuel) | Davidic Covenant; Messianic Hope | Standard CUV proper-name form; the immediate historical referent of the “seed” of 7:12-13. |
| Bathsheba | בַּת־שֶׁבַע | Bat-Sheva | 拔示巴 | Báshìbā | Low | New (2 Samuel) | David’s Sin and Repentance | Standard CUV proper-name form. |
| Uriah | אוּרִיָּה | Uriyah | 乌利亚 | Wūlìyà | Low | New (2 Samuel) | David’s Sin and Repentance | Standard CUV proper-name form. |
| Absalom | אַבְשָׁלוֹם | Avshalom | 押沙龙 | Yāshālóng | Low | New (2 Samuel) | Consequences of Sin in the Covenant Family | Standard CUV proper-name form. |
| Mephibosheth | מְפִיבֹשֶׁת | Mefivoshet | 米非波设 | Mǐfēibōshè | Low | New (2 Samuel) | God’s Steadfast Love despite Human Failure | Standard CUV proper-name form. |
Doctrine-to-Term Cross-Reference Summary
| Doctrine | Primary Terms |
|---|---|
| The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne | 约, 家 (house/dynasty), 殿/殿宇 (house/temple), 国位/宝座 (throne), 永远 (forever), 永约 (everlasting covenant), 后裔 (seed), 父/子 (father/son) |
| David’s Sin and Repentance | 罪 (sin), 奸淫 (adultery), 血 (blood), 我得罪耶和华了 (confession formula), 除掉你的罪 (guilt removed) |
| Consequences of Sin within the Covenant Family | 罪孽 (iniquity), 刀剑必永不离开你的家 (sword consequence), 谋反/背叛 (rebellion), 丑事 (disgraceful act), 数点百姓 (census), 瘟疫 (plague) |
| God’s Steadfast Love despite Human Failure | 慈爱 (chesed/steadfast love), 耶底底亚 (Jedidiah), 神应允那地的祈求 (God relented/entreated), 祭坛/燔祭/平安祭 (altar/offerings) |
| The Messianic Hope Rooted in David’s Line | 受膏者 (the LORD’s anointed), 膏 (anoint), 后裔 (seed), 国位 (throne), 永约 (everlasting covenant), 救恩 (salvation, etymological link to 耶稣) |
Critical Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: 神
Transliteration: Shén
Doctrine: Deity of Christ / God (baseline)
Rejected alternatives: 上帝, 天, 老天爷
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reuse exactly. In 2 Samuel this generic term (Elohim) appears alongside the covenant name 耶和华 (YHWH, new term for this book); the two must be kept terminologically distinct throughout — 神 for the generic noun/deity, 耶和华 for the personal covenant name — so readers do not collapse the personal covenant God into the same category as folk city-gods or kitchen gods, of which 神 is also the common noun.
Lord
Approved rendering: 主
Transliteration: zhǔ
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ (baseline)
Rejected alternatives: 主人, 老爷
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reuse exactly. In 2 Samuel, 主 appears only as part of the compound address 主耶和华 (Adonai YHWH, David’s prayer address in 7:18-29), a title attached to the covenant name — not an independent NT Lordship confession. Teach as theologically continuous with, but functionally distinct in usage from, the Romans 10:9 confession 耶稣是主.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: 神的儿子
Transliteration: Shén de érzi
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ (baseline); Messianic Hope Rooted in David’s Line
Rejected alternatives: 天子, 神人
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reuse exactly for Christ’s unique, eternal, co-equal divine Sonship. Must be kept distinct from this book’s new term 父/子 (father_son_covenantal), which describes the Davidic king’s covenantal/adoptive sonship (2 Sam 7:14), later escalated with full ontological force in Hebrews 1:5. Never collapse either direction: do not read 神的儿子 back into 2 Samuel 7:14, and do not reduce Christ’s Sonship to ‘merely like David’s.‘
Messiah
Approved rendering: 基督
Transliteration: Jīdū
Doctrine: Messianic Promise (baseline); Messianic Hope Rooted in David’s Line
Rejected alternatives: 弥勒, 救世主式泛称
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reuse exactly for the NT/eschatological title. 基督 must NEVER be substituted into 2 Samuel’s own text for meshiach/mashiach — 2 Samuel uses the new term 受膏者 (meshiach_anointed) for a reigning historical king (Saul, then David). Teach the terminological development from 受膏者 to 基督 as a canonical progression, never as identity from the first occurrence. Continue to guard against conflation with 弥勒 (Maitreya) at every occurrence of either term.
Grace
Approved rendering: 恩典
Transliteration: ēndiǎn
Doctrine: Grace (baseline); God’s Steadfast Love despite Human Failure
Rejected alternatives: 功德, 造化, 福气, 阴德
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reuse exactly for NT charis. Must NOT be merged with this book’s new term 慈爱 (chesed_steadfast_love). 恩典 and 慈爱 are complementary but distinct biblical-theological vocabularies from different Testaments; a clarifying note connecting, without equating, them is required wherever both doctrines are taught together (e.g. 2 Sam 7:15 alongside Romans 3-4, 11:5-6).
Righteousness
Approved rendering: 义
Transliteration: yì
Doctrine: Salvation (baseline)
Rejected alternatives: 道德, 善行
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reuse exactly, including the mandatory Confucian-virtue distinguishing note. In 2 Samuel 22:21,25 (David’s song), 义/צֶדֶק is used in a ‘vindication of a righteous cause’ sense, distinct from but not contradicting the forensic justification sense central to Romans; both senses require the same Confucian-collision caution.
Justification
Approved rendering: 称义
Transliteration: chēngyì
Doctrine: Salvation (baseline)
Rejected alternatives: 修成正果, 赎罪
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reuse exactly. Directly relevant to this book’s ‘guilt_removed’ term (2 Sam 12:13b): God’s unilateral removal of David’s guilt upon confession must never be rendered with language resembling 修成正果 (self-directed spiritual attainment), the same forbidden substitution already rejected here for the NT doctrine of justification.
Salvation
Approved rendering: 救恩
Transliteration: jiùēn
Doctrine: Salvation (baseline); Messianic Hope Rooted in David’s Line
Rejected alternatives: 解脱, 超度, 得道
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reuse exactly. 2 Samuel 22 (David’s song, = Psalm 18) uses יְשׁוּעָה (yeshu’ah), rendered 救恩 identically. Note for teaching value: the Hebrew root ישע (y-sh-’) underlying יְשׁוּעָה also underlies the name 耶稣 (Yēsū) — a rich cross-Testament etymological link supporting the Messianic Hope doctrine, though this is a teaching note, not a translation instruction.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: 圣灵
Transliteration: Shènglíng
Doctrine: Sanctification (baseline); Prophetic Word and Revelation
Rejected alternatives: 祖灵, 灵
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reuse exactly. Continuous with this book’s new term 耶和华的灵 (spirit_of_the_lord, 2 Sam 23:2, ‘The Spirit of the LORD spoke by me’) — teach as the same divine Person later called 圣灵 in the NT, active already in David’s inspired last words, not a lesser or different ‘spirit.’ NEVER use 灵 alone, per the baseline’s existing forbidden-substitution rule.
Jesus
Approved rendering: 耶稣
Transliteration: Yēsū
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ (baseline); Messianic Hope Rooted in David’s Line
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reuse exactly. Not present as a proper name in 2 Samuel itself, but essential for every teaching note connecting the book’s Messianic Hope doctrine (受膏者, 后裔, 国位, 永约) to its NT fulfillment.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: 算为义
Transliteration: suàn wéi yì
Doctrine: Justification by Faith (baseline); David’s Sin and Repentance
Rejected alternatives: 修成正果的义, 自义
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reuse exactly. Conceptually parallel to this book’s ‘guilt_removed’ term (2 Sam 12:13b): both describe God’s unilateral, gracious action credited/applied to a person rather than an achievement of that person’s own moral effort — the same forbidden substitution (修成正果) applies to both.
Yahweh
Approved rendering: 耶和华
Transliteration: Yēhéhuá
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne; God’s Steadfast Love despite Human Failure
Rejected alternatives: 上帝, 天, 老天爷
Original: יהוה
Category: God
NEW TERM (2 Samuel). The personal, self-revealing covenant name of God (YHWH), not present in the baseline Romans TM, which uses 神 for generic God and 主 for κύριος. Must be explicitly distinguished from 神 (Elohim, generic) and from 主 (title later applied to Christ, cf. 罗马书10:9 耶稣是主) — three related but distinct terms that converge in the NT confession, taught as continuity, not competing deities. Established CUV transliteration.
Adonai Yhwh
Approved rendering: 主耶和华
Transliteration: Zhǔ Yēhéhuá
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
NEW TERM (2 Samuel). David’s prayer-address ‘Sovereign LORD’ (2 Sam 7:18-29), combining 主 (Adonai, title) and 耶和华 (YHWH, covenant name). Must not be confused with the baseline’s 主 used alone for κύριος of Christ (罗马书10:9); teach as theologically continuous (the same Lord) but functionally distinct in usage — this is David’s prayer-address by name-plus-title, not the NT salvation confession.
Everlasting Covenant
Approved rendering: 永约
Transliteration: yǒngyuē
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne; The Messianic Hope Rooted in David’s Line
Original: בְּרִית עוֹלָם
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM (2 Samuel). David’s own retrospective naming (2 Sam 23:5, berit olam) of the ch.7 promise as permanent and unconditional. Compound built from 约 (baseline, reused exactly) + 永远 (this book, new). Must be visibly constructed from these two already-established glossary components so the reader recognizes it as the same covenant, not a new one. Explicitly contrast with 天命 (Mandate of Heaven), which is always conditional on a ruling house’s ongoing moral performance in Chinese dynastic political theory.
Olam Forever
Approved rendering: 永远
Transliteration: yǒngyuǎn
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Original: עוֹלָם
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM (2 Samuel). The single most theologically loaded word in 2 Samuel 7 (vv.13, 16) — unconditional perpetuity of the Davidic dynasty, throne, and kingdom. MANDATORY contrast note at every occurrence: 天命 (Mandate of Heaven) is always revocable upon a ruler’s moral failure in classical Chinese political thought; God’s covenant with David does NOT depend on the king’s ongoing moral performance (explicit in 7:14-15, where sin brings discipline but not covenant termination). Avoid contexts where 永远 defaults to its colloquial-romantic register (e.g. popular-media hyperbole).
House Dynasty
Approved rendering: 家
Transliteration: jiā
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Original: בַּיִת
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM (2 Samuel). Renders בַּיִת (bayit) in its dynastic-lineage sense (2 Sam 7:11, 16 — ‘the LORD will make you a house’). The SAME Hebrew word is rendered 殿/殿宇 (house_temple) elsewhere in the same chapter (vv.5, 13) for the temple sense — a deliberate wordplay Mandarin cannot reproduce with one word. MANDATORY translator’s note at every occurrence in ch.7 cross-referencing both Mandarin renderings, or the chapter’s central theological reversal (God builds David a house; David does not build God’s house) becomes invisible. Also distinguish from ordinary ‘household/family’ and from Chinese clan-lineage continuity (宗族) maintained through ancestor rites/heir-transfer (过继, cf. baseline ‘adoption’).
Father Son Covenantal
Approved rendering: 父 / 子
Transliteration: fù / zǐ
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne; The Messianic Hope Rooted in David’s Line
Original: אָב / בֵּן
Category: Christology
NEW TERM (2 Samuel). אָב / בֵּן (2 Sam 7:14, ‘I will be to him a father, and he shall be to me a son’), the OT root cited directly in Hebrews 1:5. 父 reused exactly from baseline; 子 is new. MUST be kept distinct from baseline’s 神的儿子 (son_of_god), Christ’s unique eternal co-equal deity — this is the covenantal/adoptive sonship of a human king. Mandatory theologian’s note at every occurrence distinguishing the two senses; collapsing either direction (into or out of Christ’s eternal Sonship) is a serious error.
Confession Formula
Approved rendering: 我得罪耶和华了
Transliteration: wǒ dézuì Yēhéhuá le
Doctrine: David’s Sin and Repentance
Rejected alternatives: 我犯了个错误
Original: חָטָאתִי לַיהוה
Category: Sin
NEW TERM (2 Samuel). Fixed CUV phrase (חָטָאתִי לַיהוה, 2 Sam 12:13), David’s direct, undefended confession. Must never be softened toward a generic ‘I made a mistake’ (我犯了个错误), which would strip the covenant-relational weight from the confession and reduce sin to a private lapse in judgment rather than an offense against a personal God. Render verbatim, no paraphrase permitted.
Guilt Removed
Approved rendering: 耶和华已经除掉你的罪
Transliteration: Yēhéhuá yǐjīng chúdiào nǐ de zuì
Doctrine: David’s Sin and Repentance; God’s Steadfast Love despite Human Failure
Rejected alternatives: 修成正果
Original: הֶעֱבִיר
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM (2 Samuel). Fixed CUV phrase (הֶעֱבִיר, 2 Sam 12:13b), God’s immediate, unilateral removal of David’s confessed guilt. Must never be rendered with any term implying a self-directed atoning or merit-restoring process — baseline already rejects 修成正果 for exactly this reason under ‘justification’; the same forbidden substitution applies here. This is God’s own unilateral act, received not achieved. Render verbatim, no paraphrase permitted.
Chesed Steadfast Love
Approved rendering: 慈爱
Transliteration: cí’ài
Doctrine: God’s Steadfast Love despite Human Failure
Rejected alternatives: 怜悯, 恩典, 慈悲, 功德, 阴德
Original: חֶסֶד
Category: God
NEW TERM (2 Samuel). חֶסֶד (2 Sam 7:15, 9:1-13, 12:24-25, 21, 22:51), God’s loyal, committed, covenant-keeping love that persists despite the other party’s failure — the central term of the doctrine ‘God’s Steadfast Love despite Human Failure.’ MUST NOT be merged with baseline’s 恩典 (charis/grace, a distinct NT Greek term) nor with the weaker 怜悯 (pity) nor with Buddhist 慈悲 (karuna, impersonal compassion from an enlightened being’s wisdom, not personal covenant relationship). Must never be read as functioning like 功德/阴德 (merit accumulated or maintained through good behavior) — the explicit contrast with Saul (7:15, from whom chesed WAS withdrawn) versus David’s line (from whom it will NOT be withdrawn despite failure) is the doctrinal center of the whole book and must not be softened into ‘David deserved better than Saul.‘
Sword Consequence
Approved rendering: 刀剑必永不离开你的家
Transliteration: dāojiàn bì yǒng bù líkāi nǐ de jiā
Doctrine: Consequences of Sin within the Covenant Family
Original: לֹא־תָסוּר חֶרֶב מִבֵּיתְךָ
Category: Sin
NEW TERM (2 Samuel). Fixed phrase (2 Sam 12:10, לֹא־תָסוּר חֶרֶב מִבֵּיתְךָ), Nathan’s pronouncement fulfilled in Amnon, Absalom, and Adonijah’s violent deaths. Must be taught alongside guilt_removed so forgiveness and temporal consequence are neither confused with each other nor collapsed into ‘David was never truly forgiven.’ Echoes 2 Sam 7:14’s ‘rod of men.’ Render verbatim, no paraphrase permitted.
Meshiach Anointed
Approved rendering: 受膏者
Transliteration: shòu gāo zhě
Doctrine: The Messianic Hope Rooted in David’s Line
Rejected alternatives: 基督, 弥勒
Original: מְשִׁיחַ יהוה / מָשִׁיחַ
Category: Messianic Hope
NEW TERM (2 Samuel). מְשִׁיחַ יהוה / מָשִׁיחַ, ‘the LORD’s anointed’ — the historical and linguistic root of the later technical title basileia mashiach/basileus Christos. In 2 Samuel refers to a reigning Israelite king (Saul, 1:14,16; David, 2:4), NOT yet the technical eschatological title — reserve baseline’s 基督 exclusively for its NT/eschatological sense. Must not be conflated with 弥勒 (Maitreya), the future Buddha of Chinese Buddhist eschatology, already a Critical risk under baseline’s ‘messiah’ entry. Mandatory two-stage teaching sequence at every occurrence: (a) historical reigning-king sense; (b) canonical trajectory toward the fulfilled title.
High Risk Terms
Sin
Approved rendering: 罪
Transliteration: zuì
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability (baseline); David’s Sin and Repentance
Rejected alternatives: 报应, 罪犯式的罪
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reuse exactly. 2 Samuel 11 (David’s adultery and Uriah’s murder) is the narrative anchor establishing ‘David’s Sin and Repentance’ as a curriculum doctrine; per baseline routing rules for ‘sin,’ every occurrence in chs. 11-12 requires human theologian review. Must not be read through the folk-karmic 报应 lens already forbidden in the baseline.
Covenant
Approved rendering: 约
Transliteration: yuē
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant (baseline: Davidic Covenant); The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Rejected alternatives: 合同, 契约
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reuse exactly. 2 Samuel 7 is the OT narrative event the baseline’s ‘covenant’ doctrine (Davidic Covenant) already names; this book supplies the compound 永约 (everlasting_covenant) built from this term plus 永远. Never render as 合同/契约 (commercial contract), which would suggest a negotiated agreement between equal parties rather than God’s unilateral gracious promise to David (7:11-16).
Election
Approved rendering: 拣选
Transliteration: jiǎnxuǎn
Doctrine: Effectual Calling (baseline); Kingship under God’s Sovereignty
Rejected alternatives: 天命, 命运, 缘分
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reuse exactly. Directly relevant to David’s selection as king (2 Sam 7:8, ‘I took you from the pasture’): God’s personal, gracious choice of an unlikely shepherd, not an impersonal cosmic assignment of destiny (天命) or fate (命运).
Called
Approved rendering: 蒙召的
Transliteration: méngzhào de
Doctrine: Divine Calling (baseline); Kingship under God’s Sovereignty
Rejected alternatives: 受命于天, 天命所归
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reuse exactly. Extends directly to this book’s new term 君 (nagid_prince): David’s kingship is a personal, relational summons, never 天命所归 (‘the one to whom the Mandate of Heaven has returned’).
Calling
Approved rendering: 呼召
Transliteration: hūzhào
Doctrine: Divine Calling (baseline); Kingship under God’s Sovereignty
Rejected alternatives: 天命, 命运
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reuse exactly. Same Mandate-of-Heaven caution applies to David’s royal summons as to the baseline’s NT usage.
Holy
Approved rendering: 圣洁
Transliteration: shèngjié
Doctrine: Sanctification (baseline); The Ark and God’s Presence
Rejected alternatives: 清净, 圣人般的
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reuse exactly for the moral/relational sense. 2 Samuel 6 (the Ark narrative, Uzzah’s death) surfaces an additional ritual-holiness nuance — careful, prescribed handling of a sacred object — related to but distinct from moral holiness. A clarifying note on this dual nuance is required in ch.6 teaching so readers do not import a purely ritual-taboo reading (resembling Daoist ritual-purity categories, 清净) into every other use of 圣洁.
Father
Approved rendering: 父
Transliteration: fù
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family (baseline); The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Rejected alternatives: 祖先, 老天爷
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reuse exactly. Central to 2 Samuel 7:14 (‘I will be to him a father, and he shall be to me a son’), the OT root cited directly in Hebrews 1:5. See this book’s new term 子 (paired with 父) for the covenantal-sonship sense, kept distinct from Christ’s eternal Sonship.
Law
Approved rendering: 律法
Transliteration: lǜfǎ
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy (baseline); David’s Sin and Repentance
Rejected alternatives: 礼, 道德规范, 法律
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reuse exactly. David’s adultery (奸淫, na’aph, 2 Sam 11) is a direct violation of the Mosaic 律法’s prohibition against adultery — the concrete narrative instance of covenant-law transgression that Romans’ abstract doctrine of law and sin presupposes.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: 神的大能
Transliteration: Shén de dà néng
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation (baseline); Divine Presence and Providence
Rejected alternatives: 气, 法力
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reuse exactly. Directly relevant to this book’s new term 万军之耶和华 (yahweh_tsevaot, ‘LORD of hosts,’ 2 Sam 7:8), which must not be softened toward the same forbidden 气 (impersonal cosmic life-energy) already excluded here.
Providence
Approved rendering: 神的护理
Transliteration: Shén de hùlǐ
Doctrine: Providence (baseline); Divine Presence and Providence
Rejected alternatives: 天意, 命运
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reuse exactly. Governs 2 Samuel 5:10, 7:1, 7:9, 15:25-26, 17:14, 21:14, 24:16 — ‘the LORD was with him,’ David’s submission to Shimei’s curse, and ‘the LORD relented’ must all be taught as personal, purposive divine governance, never impersonal 天意 (fatalistic ‘heaven’s intention’).
Adoption
Approved rendering: 儿子的名分
Transliteration: érzi de míngfèn
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family (baseline); The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Rejected alternatives: 过继, 收养
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reuse exactly. The baseline’s caution against 过继 (traditional lineage-continuation heir transfer) is directly reinforced by this book’s term 家 (house_dynasty): God’s promised dynasty to David is not a ritual heir-arrangement to continue ancestor rites, but a relational, unconditional gift of royal sonship and inheritance.
Yahweh Tsevaot
Approved rendering: 万军之耶和华
Transliteration: Wànjūn zhī Yēhéhuá
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne; Divine Presence and Providence
Rejected alternatives: 气
Original: יהוה צְבָאוֹת
Category: God
NEW TERM (2 Samuel). ‘YHWH of armies’ (2 Sam 7:8), underscoring that the God making the covenant promise commands all power in heaven and earth. Must not be softened toward an impersonal cosmic force resembling 气 (qi, vital life-energy of Chinese medicine/qigong/martial-arts cosmology), already flagged under baseline’s ‘power_of_god’ entry — nor read as a mere military title detached from YHWH’s personal covenant identity.
House Temple
Approved rendering: 殿 / 殿宇
Transliteration: diàn / diànyǔ
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Original: בַּיִת
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM (2 Samuel). Renders בַּיִת (bayit) in its temple/sanctuary sense (2 Sam 7:5, 13 — the house David proposes and Solomon will build). See house_dynasty for the mandatory cross-referencing note required wherever this pun occurs. Consistency across the whole chapter (and ch.24’s closing altar scene, which anticipates this same future temple) must be enforced in Phase 2.
Ark Of God
Approved rendering: 约柜
Transliteration: yuē guì
Doctrine: The Ark and God’s Presence
Rejected alternatives: 神龛
Original: אֲרוֹן הָאֱלֹהִים / אֲרוֹן הַבְּרִית
Category: Worship
NEW TERM (2 Samuel). Established Chinese Christian compound for אֲרוֹן הָאֱלֹהִים / אֲרוֹן הַבְּרִית (2 Sam 6-7). Must never be confused with 神龛 (shénkān), a household or temple idol-shrine common in Chinese folk religion — the ark is a covenant symbol of God’s presence, not an image or housing of a deity to be venerated. Uzzah’s death (2 Sam 6:6-7) must be taught as reverence toward a personal, holy God’s own terms of approach, not a magical-taboo or feng-shui-adjacent warning.
Word Of The Lord
Approved rendering: 耶和华的话
Transliteration: Yēhéhuá de huà
Doctrine: Prophetic Word and Revelation
Rejected alternatives: 占卜, 算卦
Original: דְּבַר־יהוה
Category: Revelation
NEW TERM (2 Samuel). דְּבַר־יהוה (2 Sam 7:4), the formal channel of authoritative divine revelation. Distinguishes true prophecy from Nathan’s own premature blessing in 7:3 (‘the LORD is with you’) — a narrative contrast that must be preserved: even a true prophet’s own judgment is not automatically the word of the LORD. Must be distinguished from divination (占卜) or fortune-telling speech (算卦), per baseline’s existing ‘prophecy’ caution.
Vision Chazon
Approved rendering: 默示 / 异象
Transliteration: mòshì / yìxiàng
Doctrine: Prophetic Word and Revelation
Rejected alternatives: 占卜, 算卦
Original: חִזָּיוֹן / חָזוֹן
Category: Revelation
NEW TERM (2 Samuel). חִזָּיוֹן / חָזוֹן confirms Nathan’s message (2 Sam 7:17) came as authoritative revelation, not his own advice. 默示 reuses the noun already embedded in baseline’s doctrine name 圣经的默示 (‘Inspiration of Scripture’), reinforcing cross-book consistency. Distinguish from fortune-telling ‘sight’ practices (占卜, 算卦).
Throne Kisse
Approved rendering: 国位 / 宝座
Transliteration: guówèi / bǎozuò
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne; The Messianic Hope Rooted in David’s Line
Original: כִּסֵּא
Category: Kingship
NEW TERM (2 Samuel). כִּסֵּא (2 Sam 7:13, 16). 国位 is CUV’s contextual rendering in this chapter (‘kingdom-seat’); 宝座 is the general royal/divine-throne term used elsewhere (e.g. ch.22 song context). Must be flagged as the OT anchor-text for the NT’s eternal-throne language fulfilled in Christ (Luke 1:32-33) — must not be limited to a merely dynastic-political reading without an explicit note toward ultimate Messianic fulfillment.
Discipline Rod
Approved rendering: 用人的杖责打他
Transliteration: yòng rén de zhàng zé dǎ tā
Doctrine: Consequences of Sin within the Covenant Family
Original: (implied יָסַר, via ‘rod of men’)
Category: Sin
NEW TERM (2 Samuel). Contextual rendering of the implied יָסַר (‘rod of men,’ 2 Sam 7:14b). Corrective discipline exercised WITHIN an unbroken father-son covenant relationship, not covenant-terminating rejection — directly grounds the doctrine of God’s steadfast love alongside real consequence. Must be clearly distinguished from covenant-ending judgment.
Qesher Rebellion
Approved rendering: 背叛 / 谋反
Transliteration: bèipàn / móufǎn
Doctrine: Consequences of Sin within the Covenant Family
Original: קֶשֶׁר
Category: Sin
NEW TERM (2 Samuel). קֶשֶׁר, Absalom’s and Sheba’s organized revolt against the reigning king (2 Sam 15-20). 谋反 carries strong resonance with treason-against-the-emperor categories in Chinese historical/political vocabulary, tied to loss of the Mandate of Heaven (天命). MANDATORY contrast note at every occurrence: unlike a revoked Mandate of Heaven, this rebellion does NOT and cannot revoke God’s unconditional covenant promise to David’s line (2 Sam 7:15-16).
Mashach Anoint
Approved rendering: 膏
Transliteration: gāo
Doctrine: The Messianic Hope Rooted in David’s Line
Original: מָשַׁח
Category: Messianic Hope
NEW TERM (2 Samuel). מָשַׁח (verb), ritual consecration to office by oil (2 Sam 2:4, 5:3). Verbal root of 受膏者/基督; care that this character is not confused with folk-medicinal or cosmetic senses of the same character (e.g. skin ointment) in casual modern usage.
Lord Relented
Approved rendering: 神应允那地的祈求 / 耶和华就不降那灾
Transliteration: Shén yìngyǔn nà dì de qíqiú / Yēhéhuá jiù bù jiàng nà zāi
Doctrine: God’s Steadfast Love despite Human Failure; Divine Presence and Providence
Original: וַיֵּעָתֵר / וַיִּנָּחֶם
Category: Providence
NEW TERM (2 Samuel). וַיֵּעָתֵר / וַיִּנָּחֶם (2 Sam 21:14, 24:16), God’s relational, responsive turning-back from declared judgment in response to intercession/sacrifice. This is accommodating relational language describing God’s responsiveness, not a claim of divine moral mutability or caprice; must be paired with a note on providence (神的护理) as personal, purposive governance rather than fatalism or fickleness.
Altar Mizbeach
Approved rendering: 祭坛
Transliteration: jìtán
Doctrine: Sacrificial Worship and Atonement
Rejected alternatives: 祖先牌位, 香案
Original: מִזְבֵּח
Category: Worship
NEW TERM (2 Samuel). מִזְבֵּח, built by David on Araunah’s threshing floor to resolve the plague (2 Sam 24:18-25), later the Temple site. Must not be confused with Chinese domestic/ancestral altars (祖先牌位, 香案) used in ancestor veneration; this altar is exclusively for sacrifice to YHWH under covenant law.
Olah Burnt Offering
Approved rendering: 燔祭
Transliteration: fánjì
Doctrine: Sacrificial Worship and Atonement
Rejected alternatives: 功德式的献祭
Original: עוֹלָה
Category: Worship
NEW TERM (2 Samuel). עוֹלָה, a wholly consumed sacrifice symbolizing complete devotion (2 Sam 24:22, 25). Distinguish clearly from any notion of a burnt offering as a bargaining device to purchase divine favor (functionally resembling Buddhist merit-accumulation, 功德, already flagged in baseline); this offering restores fellowship after judgment, it does not purchase forgiveness apart from God’s own gracious response.
Shelamim Peace Offering
Approved rendering: 平安祭
Transliteration: píng’ān jì
Doctrine: Sacrificial Worship and Atonement
Original: שְׁלָמִים
Category: Worship
NEW TERM (2 Samuel). שְׁלָמִים, a shared communion sacrifice symbolizing restored fellowship with God (2 Sam 24:25). Shares its root with baseline’s 平安 (‘peace,’ Medium risk, already flagged for folk-amulet-blessing collision). Must be taught as a distinct technical OT sacrificial category, not simply equated with the NT relational ‘peace with God’ of Romans 5:1, even while affirming their typological continuity.
Spirit Of The Lord
Approved rendering: 耶和华的灵
Transliteration: Yēhéhuá de líng
Doctrine: Prophetic Word and Revelation
Rejected alternatives: 灵, 祖灵
NEW TERM (2 Samuel), surfaced by full-book linguistic gap analysis. רוּחַ יהוה (2 Sam 23:2, ‘The Spirit of the LORD spoke by me’), not previously registered. Must be taught as continuous with, not separate from, baseline’s 圣灵 (holy_spirit, Critical) — the same divine Person active in David’s inspired speech, later fully revealed as indwelling believers in Romans 8. Do NOT render as an impersonal inspiration-force; do NOT use 灵 alone or 祖灵, per baseline’s existing forbidden-substitution rule for ‘holy_spirit.‘
Rest From Enemies
Approved rendering: 太平 / 平静
Transliteration: tàipíng / píngjìng
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Rejected alternatives: 安息
NEW TERM (2 Samuel), surfaced by full-book linguistic gap analysis. נוּחַ (2 Sam 7:1, ‘the LORD had given him rest from all his surrounding enemies’), the narrative trigger for David’s temple proposal. Do NOT render with 安息 — in contemporary Chinese Christian usage 安息 is heavily associated with death/funeral language (安息主怀, ‘resting in the Lord’s bosom’) and would introduce an unintended, jarring funerary overtone at the very opening of the chapter. Render instead with 太平 or 平静 (contextual, living military/political rest), reserving 安息 for its established funerary/eschatological-rest usage elsewhere in the curriculum.
Medium Risk Terms
David
Approved rendering: 大卫
Transliteration: Dàwèi
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant (baseline); The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Original: דָּוִד
Category: Proper Name
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reuse exactly. 2 Samuel is David’s own narrative; this proper name occurs throughout the book.
Israel
Approved rendering: 以色列
Transliteration: Yǐsèliè
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles (baseline); Kingship under God’s Sovereignty
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reuse exactly. The covenant people over whom David reigns throughout 2 Samuel.
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: 神的国
Transliteration: Shén de guó
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission (baseline); Kingship under God’s Sovereignty
Rejected alternatives: 天下, 王朝
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reuse exactly for the NT referent. Must be kept distinct from this book’s new term 国 (kingdom_mamlakhah), which in 2 Samuel 7:12-13 correctly denotes a literal earthly dynastic kingdom (Solomon’s) in its immediate sense; the eternal/messianic extension toward 神的国 must be taught explicitly as a later canonical development, never assumed automatically from 国 alone.
Glory
Approved rendering: 荣耀
Transliteration: róngyào
Doctrine: Deity of Christ (baseline); The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Rejected alternatives: 面子, 光宗耀祖
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reuse exactly. Directly relevant to 2 Samuel 7:9 (‘I will make you a great name’) and 7:13 (‘a house for my name’): God grants renown as gift, not as a reward for lineage-honoring achievement — direct collision risk with 光宗耀祖 (bringing honor to one’s ancestors/lineage), already flagged in the baseline.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: 预言
Transliteration: yùyán
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy (baseline); Prophetic Word and Revelation
Rejected alternatives: 算卦, 占卜
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reuse exactly. 2 Samuel 7’s oracle and 12’s rebuke are both God-inspired declarations, not divination (占卜/算卦); this caution extends directly to this book’s new term 耶和华的话 (word_of_the_lord).
Peace
Approved rendering: 平安
Transliteration: píng’ān
Doctrine: Peace with God (baseline); Sacrificial Worship and Atonement
Rejected alternatives: 安宁, 平安符式的平安
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reuse exactly. Shares its root with this book’s new term 平安祭 (shelamim_peace_offering, 2 Sam 24:25); the two must be taught as a distinct technical OT sacrificial category vs. the NT relational ‘peace with God’ of Romans 5:1, even while affirming their typological connection.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: 大卫的后裔
Transliteration: Dàwèi de hòuyì
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant (baseline); Messianic Hope Rooted in David’s Line
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reuse exactly. 2 Samuel 7:12 (זֶרַע, zera’, ‘I will raise up your offspring after you’) is the Old Testament root text this baseline entry already anticipates; Romans 1:3 (‘descended from David according to the flesh’) draws directly on this verse. Consistency of 后裔 across both Testaments is doctrinally essential for the Messianic Hope doctrine.
Servant Of God
Approved rendering: 仆人
Transliteration: púrén
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Original: עֶבֶד
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM (2 Samuel). עֶבֶד (‘my servant David,’ used seven times in 2 Sam 7) is an honored covenant title of trusted service, not menial bondservant status. Medium risk due to possible confusion with the modern colloquial sense of 仆人 as a household domestic; teaching must establish this as a covenant office of honor conferred by grace, not achievement.
Nagid Prince
Approved rendering: 君
Transliteration: jūn
Doctrine: Kingship under God’s Sovereignty
Rejected alternatives: 天子, 天命所归
Original: נָגִיד
Category: Kingship
NEW TERM (2 Samuel). נָגִיד (2 Sam 7:8) — a divinely appointed ruler, distinct from melekh (king by dynastic right). Caution: 君 in classical Chinese political vocabulary can echo Mandate-of-Heaven ruler-legitimacy categories, already flagged under baseline’s caution on 天子/天命所归 for ‘called.’ Must be taught as God’s personal choice of an individual shepherd-boy, not an impersonal cosmic endorsement of rank inherited or earned by virtue.
Kingdom Mamlakhah
Approved rendering: 国
Transliteration: guó
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Rejected alternatives: 天下, 王朝
Original: מַמְלָכָה
Category: Kingdom
NEW TERM (2 Samuel). מַמְלָכָה (2 Sam 7:12-13), the immediate literal earthly dynastic kingdom (Solomon’s), distinct from the baseline’s NT term 神的国 (kingdom_of_god). Distinguish from baseline’s caution on 天下 (‘all under heaven’) and 王朝 (‘dynasty’); the eternal/messianic extension must be taught as a later canonical development, not assumed automatically from the word alone.
Iniquity Avon
Approved rendering: 罪孽
Transliteration: zuìniè
Doctrine: Consequences of Sin within the Covenant Family
Rejected alternatives: 报应
Original: עָוֹן
Category: Sin
NEW TERM (2 Samuel). עָוֹן (2 Sam 7:14b, anticipating David’s own sin), moral guilt connoting the distorting weight of wrongdoing. Distinct from baseline’s 罪 (sin, an act). Must not be read through a folk-Buddhist karmic-retribution lens (报应, already flagged under baseline’s ‘sin’ entry) as an automatic cosmic ledger; this is guilt before a personal God.
Adultery Naaph
Approved rendering: 奸淫
Transliteration: jiānyín
Doctrine: David’s Sin and Repentance
Original: נָאַף
Category: Sin
NEW TERM (2 Samuel). נָאַף (2 Sam 11), a specific covenant-breaking sexual sin, a direct violation of the Mosaic 律法. Standard, unambiguous Chinese Bible-translation vocabulary with low folk-religious collision risk.
Bloodguilt Dam
Approved rendering: 血 / 流人血的罪
Transliteration: xuè / liú rén xiě de zuì
Doctrine: Consequences of Sin within the Covenant Family
Original: דָּם
Category: Sin
NEW TERM (2 Samuel). דָּם in the sense of unjustly shed blood (2 Sam 11, Uriah’s murder), incurring covenant-legal guilt (cf. Genesis 9:6 background) that later resurfaces nationally in ch.21. Must be distinguished from generic violence vocabulary and from a superstitious land-curse or feng-shui misfortune category.
Jedidiah
Approved rendering: 耶底底亚
Transliteration: Yēdǐdǐyà
Doctrine: God’s Steadfast Love despite Human Failure
Original: יְדִידְיָה
Category: Proper Name
NEW TERM (2 Samuel). יְדִידְיָה, Solomon’s alternate name given directly by God through Nathan (2 Sam 12:24-25), meaning ‘beloved of the LORD.’ Transliterate with a mandatory gloss (‘意即耶和华所爱的’), paralleling baseline’s handling of 阿爸 (Abba) as a transliteration retained for relational resonance. A tender sign of continuing chesed even after David’s greatest failure.
Nevalah Folly
Approved rendering: 丑事 / 污辱的事
Transliteration: chǒushì / wūrǔ de shì
Doctrine: Consequences of Sin within the Covenant Family
Original: נְבָלָה
Category: Sin
NEW TERM (2 Samuel). נְבָלָה, Tamar’s own naming of Amnon’s assault (2 Sam 13:12) as a serious, disgraceful violation of covenant order. Must retain moral gravity, not read as mere social impropriety.
Lord With Him
Approved rendering: 耶和华与他/你同在
Transliteration: Yēhéhuá yǔ tā/nǐ tóngzài
Doctrine: Divine Presence and Providence
Original: יהוה עִמּוֹ / עִמָּךְ
Category: Providence
NEW TERM (2 Samuel). יהוה עִמּוֹ / עִמָּךְ, the recurring statement of God’s covenant presence accompanying David (2 Sam 5:10, 7:3, 7:9). Connects to baseline’s ‘providence’ doctrine (神的护理); must not be read as impersonal luck or a magical protective charm, but as personal, relational divine accompaniment.
Bloodguilt National
Approved rendering: 流血的罪
Transliteration: liúxiě de zuì
Doctrine: National and Communal Bloodguilt
Original: דָּם
Category: Sin
NEW TERM (2 Samuel). דָּם in its communal, cross-generational sense (Saul’s treachery against the Gibeonites, resolved in 2 Sam 21). National-scale extension of ch.11’s bloodguilt category; must not be read as generic misfortune or a feng-shui-style land curse, but as a covenant-legal category requiring specific atoning resolution.
Census Mifqad
Approved rendering: 数点百姓
Transliteration: shǔdiǎn bǎixìng
Doctrine: Consequences of Sin within the Covenant Family
Rejected alternatives: 人口普查
Original: מִפְקָד
Category: Sin
NEW TERM (2 Samuel). מִפְקָד, David’s self-motivated military census (2 Sam 24), reflecting misplaced trust in numerical/military strength rather than in the LORD who grants rest and victory. Must be distinguished from a neutral modern administrative census (人口普查); the moral weight is the misplaced trust the act reflects, not the counting itself.
Plague Dever
Approved rendering: 瘟疫
Transliteration: wēnyì
Doctrine: Consequences of Sin within the Covenant Family
Original: דֶּבֶר
Category: Sin
NEW TERM (2 Samuel). דֶּבֶר, a specific divine judgment mechanism following David’s census (2 Sam 24:15), structurally parallel to the ‘sword’ consequence of ch.12 and the famine of ch.21.
Solomon
Approved rendering: 所罗门
Transliteration: Suǒluómén
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne; The Messianic Hope Rooted in David’s Line
Original: שְׁלֹמֹה
Category: Proper Name
NEW TERM (2 Samuel). Standard CUV proper-name form. David’s son, the immediate historical referent of the ‘seed’ promised in 2 Sam 7:12-13, who will build the temple. His identity as the immediate (not ultimate) fulfillment of the seed-promise must be taught carefully alongside the Messianic Hope’s further fulfillment in Christ.
Low Risk Terms
Prophet
Approved rendering: 先知
Transliteration: xiānzhī
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture (baseline); Prophetic Word and Revelation
Rejected alternatives: 算命先生
INHERITED FROM ROMANS PACKAGE — reuse exactly. Nathan (拿单) is the book’s central prophetic figure (chs. 7, 12), God’s authorized spokesman, distinct from a fortune-teller (算命先生).
Tent Tabernacle
Approved rendering: 帐幕
Transliteration: zhàngmù
Doctrine: The Ark and God’s Presence
Original: אֹהֶל / מִשְׁכָּן
Category: Worship
NEW TERM (2 Samuel). Established Chinese Christian term for אֹהֶל / מִשְׁכָּן, Israel’s portable sanctuary prior to the permanent temple (2 Sam 7:2). Minimal collision risk.
Judges Shofetim
Approved rendering: 士师
Transliteration: shìshī
Doctrine: The Davidic Covenant and the Promise of an Eternal Throne
Original: שֹׁפְטִים
Category: Covenant
NEW TERM (2 Samuel). שֹׁפְטִים, the tribal leaders of Israel’s pre-monarchic period (2 Sam 7:7). Standard established term in Chinese Bible tradition for the biblical Judges period; minimal collision risk.
Shepherd Verb
Approved rendering: 牧养
Transliteration: mùyǎng
Doctrine: Kingship under God’s Sovereignty
Original: רָעָה
Category: Kingship
NEW TERM (2 Samuel). רָעָה, a common royal metaphor for godly leadership (2 Sam 7:8, ‘shepherd my people Israel’). Standard Chinese Christian pastoral-leadership term with minimal collision risk.
Qinah Lament
Approved rendering: 哀歌
Transliteration: āigē
Doctrine: (literary/contextual — 2 Samuel 1)
Original: קִינָה
Category: Literary
NEW TERM (2 Samuel). קִינָה, David’s formal funeral song for Saul and Jonathan (2 Sam 1). Standard literary/poetic term with minimal collision risk.
Gibbor Mighty
Approved rendering: 勇士
Transliteration: yǒngshì
Doctrine: (literary/contextual — 2 Samuel 1, 23)
Original: גִּבּוֹר
Category: Literary
NEW TERM (2 Samuel). גִּבּוֹר, a valiant warrior (‘How the mighty have fallen,’ 2 Sam 1:19; the mighty men roster, ch.23). Minimal collision risk; reinforces the book’s theme that human strength is not ultimate security.
Cherpah Shame
Approved rendering: 羞辱
Transliteration: xiūrù
Doctrine: (contextual — 2 Samuel 10, setting up ch.11)
Original: חֶרְפָּה
Category: Sin
NEW TERM (2 Samuel). חֶרְפָּה, public disgrace/humiliation, often covenantal-relational rather than merely private embarrassment (2 Sam 10). Distinguish lightly from Chinese ‘face’ (面子) categories already flagged under baseline’s ‘glory’ entry.
Tsur Rock
Approved rendering: 磐石
Transliteration: pánshí
Doctrine: (contextual — 2 Samuel 22, David’s song)
Original: צוּר
Category: God
NEW TERM (2 Samuel). צוּר, God as an immovable refuge and source of security (2 Sam 22). Minor caution against conflation with feng shui or nature-deity rock symbolism in folk practice; the praise context (a personal deliverer) keeps the meaning clear.
Horn Of Salvation
Approved rendering: 拯救我的角
Transliteration: zhěngjiù wǒ de jiǎo
Doctrine: (contextual — 2 Samuel 22, David’s song)
Rejected alternatives: 我强大的拯救者
Original: קֶרֶן יִשְׁעִי
Category: Salvation
NEW TERM (2 Samuel). קֶרֶן יִשְׁעִי, a vivid idiom personifying God’s delivering strength as an animal’s weapon of strength (2 Sam 22:3). Retain literal ‘horn’ imagery per idiom-handling guidance rather than flattening into an abstraction like ‘my strong savior’; brief explanatory note recommended.
Saul
Approved rendering: 扫罗
Transliteration: Sǎoluó
Doctrine: (proper name — contrast figure for God’s Steadfast Love despite Human Failure)
Original: שָׁאוּל
Category: Proper Name
NEW TERM (2 Samuel). Standard CUV proper-name form. Israel’s first king, whose kingship was withdrawn for covenant unfaithfulness — the explicit contrast case for David’s line in 2 Sam 7:15.
Nathan
Approved rendering: 拿单
Transliteration: Nádān
Doctrine: Prophetic Word and Revelation
Original: נָתָן
Category: Proper Name
NEW TERM (2 Samuel). Standard CUV proper-name form. The prophet through whom God delivers both the Davidic covenant (ch.7) and the rebuke of David’s sin (ch.12).
Bathsheba
Approved rendering: 拔示巴
Transliteration: Báshìbā
Doctrine: David’s Sin and Repentance
Original: בַּת־שֶׁבַע
Category: Proper Name
NEW TERM (2 Samuel). Standard CUV proper-name form. The woman with whom David commits adultery (2 Sam 11), later Solomon’s mother.
Uriah
Approved rendering: 乌利亚
Transliteration: Wūlìyà
Doctrine: David’s Sin and Repentance
Original: אוּרִיָּה
Category: Proper Name
NEW TERM (2 Samuel). Standard CUV proper-name form. Bathsheba’s husband, murdered at David’s command (2 Sam 11).
Absalom
Approved rendering: 押沙龙
Transliteration: Yāshālóng
Doctrine: Consequences of Sin within the Covenant Family
Original: אַבְשָׁלוֹם
Category: Proper Name
NEW TERM (2 Samuel). Standard CUV proper-name form. David’s son who leads a rebellion against him (2 Sam 13-18), a key figure in the sword-consequence narrative.
Mephibosheth
Approved rendering: 米非波设
Transliteration: Mǐfēibōshè
Doctrine: God’s Steadfast Love despite Human Failure
Original: מְפִיבֹשֶׁת
Category: Proper Name
NEW TERM (2 Samuel). Standard CUV proper-name form. Jonathan’s son, the recipient of David’s covenant kindness (chesed) for Jonathan’s sake (2 Sam 9) — the clearest human narrative enactment of divine chesed in the book.
Referenced passages