Core Glossary
08 Core Glossary — Jude (English → Mandarin)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, covering the entire book of Jude (1:1–25). Terms are grouped first by reuse status relative to the baseline Romans translation_memory.json, then organized by the six curriculum doctrines. All risk tiers follow the Critical/High/Medium/Low framework established in the baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json. Terms marked [Reused] must use the baseline Mandarin rendering exactly, with no deviation. Terms marked [New] are proposed additions for this curriculum’s translation memory and require theologian sign-off per the baseline’s escalation rules before Phase 2 use, if Critical or High risk.
Section A: Terms Reused Exactly from the Romans Baseline
| English Term | Mandarin | Risk (baseline) | Jude Reference(s) | Note for Jude Context |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | 神 | Critical | 1:1, 1:4, 1:21, 1:25 | Monotheism must be made explicit at every occurrence, as in Romans. |
| Jesus | 耶稣 | Critical | 1:1, 1:4, 1:17, 1:21, 1:25 | Standard CUV form. |
| Christ / Messiah | 基督 | Critical | 1:1, 1:4, 1:17, 1:21, 1:25 | Standard CUV form; never conflate with 弥勒. |
| Lord | 主 | Critical | 1:4, 1:9, 1:14, 1:17, 1:21, 1:25 | Exclusive, supreme Lordship; never 主人/老爷. |
| Holy Spirit | 圣灵 | Critical | 1:19, 1:20 | Mandatory compound; never bare 灵. |
| grace | 恩典 | Critical | 1:4 | Jude 1:4 depicts grace perverted, not grace as license — teach the abuse, not redefine the term. |
| saints | 圣徒 | High | 1:3 | Recipients of the once-delivered faith. |
| called | 蒙召的 | High | 1:1 | Personal, relational summons; not 天命. |
| holy | 圣洁 | High | (conceptually underlies 1:14, 1:20, 1:24) | See also new term “most holy faith” and “holy myriads” below. |
| glory | 荣耀 | Medium | 1:24, 1:25 | Distinguish from 面子/光宗耀祖. |
| peace | 平安 | Medium | 1:2 | Distinguish from amulet-style good-fortune wishes. |
| salvation | 救恩 | Critical | 1:3 (“common salvation”), 1:23 (verb) | Never 解脱/超度. |
| apostles | 使徒 | Low | 1:17 | Authoritative source of prior warning. |
| faith (trust-sense) | 信心 | High | — (not used in this sense in Jude; see 真道 below for Jude’s distinct objective sense) | Flagged to prevent default substitution where 真道 is required instead. |
Section B: New Terms Required for Jude (Proposed Additions to Translation Memory)
B1 — Doctrine: Contending for the Faith Once Delivered
| English Term | Original / Translit. | Mandarin | Risk | Jude Ref. | Rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| the faith (objective/doctrinal sense) | πίστις / pistis | 真道 | Critical | 1:3, 1:20 | Distinct CUV rendering from 信心 (trust-sense, Romans); same Greek word, different sense — must not be collapsed with baseline “faith” entry. Every occurrence requires a translator note. |
| contend for | ἐπαγωνίζομαι / epagōnizomai | 竭力争辩 | High | 1:3 | Athletic-contest intensity; must not soften to 辩护/辩论. |
| once for all | ἅπαξ / hapax | 一次 | Medium | 1:3, 1:5 | Reads as mere frequency in Mandarin; needs reinforcement toward “finality/closedness.” |
| delivered / handed down | παραδίδωμι / paradidōmi | 交付 | High | 1:3 | Never 传承 (lineage transmission) — biblical deposit is closed, not an evolving master-disciple chain. |
| most holy faith | ἁγιωτάτῃ πίστει | 至圣的真道 | Critical | 1:20 | Compounds the πίστις-sense risk with the 圣洁/成圣 Neo-Confucian self-cultivation risk. |
| build up / edify (self) | ἐποικοδομέω / epoikodomeō | 建立自己 | Low | 1:20 | Aligns with baseline’s Low-risk “Mutual Edification” (彼此造就). |
| remember | μνήσθητε / mnēsthēte | 记念 | Low | 1:17 | Standard vocabulary. |
B2 — Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
| English Term | Original / Translit. | Mandarin | Risk | Jude Ref. | Rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ungodly | ἀσεβής / ἀσέβεια | 不敬虔 | High | 1:4, 1:15, 1:18 | Must be anchored to reverence toward the one true God, not generic Confucian filial/social reverence. |
| crept in secretly | παρεισέδυσαν | 偷偷地进来 | Low | 1:4 | Natural equivalent available. |
| licentiousness | ἀσέλγεια | 放纵情欲 | Medium | 1:4 | Must be tied to the grace-perversion context, not treated independently. |
| only Sovereign | δεσπότης / despotēs | 独一的主宰 | Medium | 1:4 | Distinguish personal sovereignty from impersonal fate-mastery (命运的主宰). |
| deny | ἀρνέομαι / arneomai | 不认 | Medium | 1:4 | Opposite of the Romans 10:9 Lordship confession; keep terminologically linked. |
| condemnation / judgment (verdict) | κρίμα / krima | 刑罚 / 定罪 | High | 1:4 | Never conflate with 报应 (karma). |
| judgment (process/day) | κρίσις / krisis | 审判 | High | 1:6, 1:15 | Distinct from κρίμα; the process/event, not the verdict. Never 报应. |
| destroyed | ἀπώλεσεν / apōlesen | 灭没 / 除灭 | Medium | 1:5 | Judgment even on the previously delivered. |
| defile the flesh | σάρκα μιαίνουσιν | 污秽身体 | Medium | 1:8 | σάρξ here = moral-corruption sense; use 肉体, never 肉身 (reserved for Incarnation doctrine). |
| reject authority | κυριότητα ἀθετοῦσιν | 轻慢主治的 | Medium–High | 1:8 | Root-linked to κύριος (Lord); thematic link to Christ’s Lordship should be taught. |
| blaspheme | βλασφημέω / blasphēmeō | 亵渎 / 毁谤 | Medium | 1:8, 1:10 | Distinguish from generic social-disrespect toward ancestors/elders. |
| unreasoning animals | ἄλογα ζῷα | 无灵性的畜类 | Low–Medium | 1:10 | Rhetorical device; not a statement on animal ontology generally. |
| woe | οὐαί / ouai | 有祸了 | Low | 1:11 | Distinguish from fatalistic 祸福 pairing. |
| hidden reefs, waterless clouds, fruitless trees, twice dead, uprooted | σπιλάδες, νεφέλαι ἄνυδροι, δένδρα ἄκαρπα, δὶς ἀποθανόντα, ἐκριζωθέντα | 暗礁、无水的云、没有果子的树、死而又死、拔了根 | Low | 1:12 | Figurative; avoid substituting unrelated local idioms. |
| wild waves, foaming shame, wandering stars | κύματα ἄγρια, ἐπαφρίζοντα αἰσχύνας, ἀστέρες πλανῆται | 狂浪、污秽的沫子、流荡的星 | Low | 1:13 | Distinguish “wandering stars” from astrological fate-reading (占星). |
| execute judgment / convict | ποιῆσαι κρίσιν, ἐλέγξαι | 施行审判、证实…的罪 | Medium | 1:15 | Reinforces personal, forensic judgment, not karmic mechanism. |
| grumblers / malcontents | γογγυσταί, μεμψίμοιροι | 常发怨言的人 | Low–Medium | 1:16 | μεμψίμοιρος literally “fate-blamers” — a constructive (not doctrinal) parallel to 怨命; do not import fatalism. |
| flattering for advantage | θαυμάζοντες πρόσωπα… ὠφελείας χάριν | 为得便宜说好话讨人的喜悦 | High | 1:16 | Direct collision with 面子/给面子 (face-giving) social dynamics; clarify condemnation targets self-serving manipulation, not ordinary courtesy. |
| last time | ἐπ’ ἐσχάτου χρόνου | 末世的时候 | Low–Medium | 1:18 | Distinguish from secular pop-culture 末世 apocalypse tropes. |
| scoffers | ἐμπαῖκται | 讥诮的人 | Low | 1:18 | Standard term. |
| cause divisions | ἀποδιορίζοντες | 引人结党 | Medium | 1:19 | Never 邪教 (legally loaded modern PRC term for banned religious movements). |
| worldly / soulish; not having the Spirit | ψυχικοί; πνεῦμα μὴ ἔχοντες | 属乎血气；没有圣灵的 | High | 1:19 | 血气 contains 气 (forbidden character in isolation for “power of God”) — must be taught as a fixed idiom for “mere natural humanity,” never confused with qì-cultivation concepts. Second clause reuses mandatory 圣灵 compound. |
B3 — Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom) — and the Cain/Balaam/Korah Triad
| English Term | Original / Translit. | Mandarin | Risk | Jude Ref. | Rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| angels | ἄγγελος / angelos | 天使 | Medium | 1:6 | Distinguish from Daoist immortals (仙人) / folk 神仙. |
| own dwelling | ἴδιον οἰκητήριον | 自己的住处 | Low | 1:6 | Straightforward. |
| eternal chains | δεσμοῖς ἀϊδίοις | 永远的锁链 | Low–Medium | 1:6 | Minor risk of folk-underworld (阴间) conflation. |
| gloom / darkness | ζόφος | 幽暗 / 黑暗 | Low–Medium | 1:6, 1:13 | Distinguish from folk underworld bureaucracy imagery. |
| Sodom and Gomorrah | Σόδομα καὶ Γόμορρα | 所多玛和蛾摩拉 | Low (transliteration); High (doctrinal weight) | 1:7 | Requires narrative background explanation for OT-illiterate readers. |
| sexual immorality | ἐκπορνεύω | 行邪淫 | Low–Medium | 1:7 | Keep as covenantal sin, not mere social-propriety violation. |
| eternal fire | πυρὸς αἰωνίου | 永火 | Medium | 1:7 | Distinguish from Buddhist temporary hell-torment/purgatorial imagery; never 超度-compatible framing. |
| Michael the archangel | Μιχαὴλ ὁ ἀρχάγγελος | 米迦勒天使长 | Low | 1:9 | Clarify: created being, not a deity. |
| the devil | διάβολος / diabolos | 魔鬼 | High | 1:9 | 鬼 carries dense folk-ghost associations (饿鬼, ancestor ghosts); clarify as one specific personal fallen being, not a folk-spirit class. |
| dispute; rebuke | διαλέγομαι; ἐπιτιμάω | 争辩；责备 | Low | 1:9 | Standard vocabulary. |
| way of Cain / error of Balaam / rebellion of Korah | ὁδός/πλάνη/ἀντιλογία + proper names | 该隐的道路 / 巴兰的错谬 / 可拉的背叛 | Medium | 1:11 | Requires OT background; names are established CUV forms. |
| love feasts | ἀγάπαι / agapai | 爱席 | Medium–High | 1:12 | Distinguish from ancestor/deity offering-feasts (祭祀宴); horizontal fellowship, not vertical offering. |
| Enoch; Adam; seventh from Adam | Ἐνώχ; Ἀδάμ | 以诺；亚当 | Low (transliteration); Medium (background needed) | 1:14 | Requires Genesis genealogical background. |
| holy myriads / holy ones (angelic host) | ἁγίαις μυριάσιν | 千万圣者 | Medium | 1:14 | Distinguish from 圣徒 (believers) — this is the angelic host, not the church. |
B4 — Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
| English Term | Original / Translit. | Mandarin | Risk | Jude Ref. | Rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mercy | ἔλεος / eleos | 怜悯 | High | 1:2, 1:21, 1:22, 1:23 | Never equate with 慈悲 (Buddhist bodhisattva/Guanyin compassion — impersonal, universal, detachment-based). Distinguish from 恩典 (grace addresses guilt; mercy addresses distress). |
| wavering / doubting | διακρινομένους / diakrinomenous | 存疑心的人 | Medium–High | 1:22 | Never equate with “unbelievers”/outsiders (未信的人) — these are unsettled insiders requiring patient rescue. |
| save, snatching from the fire | σῴζετε ἐκ πυρὸς ἁρπάζοντες | 从火中抢出来 | Medium | 1:23 | Present, urgent rescue; never framed as a posthumous rite (超度 forbidden per baseline). |
| hating the garment stained by the flesh | μισοῦντες…ἐσπιλωμένον χιτῶνα | 连那被情欲沾染的衣服也当厌恶 | Medium | 1:23 | σάρξ here = moral-corruption sense (情欲), distinct from incarnational “flesh”; models discerning mercy “with fear.” |
B5 — Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
| English Term | Original / Translit. | Mandarin | Risk | Jude Ref. | Rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| kept (protective sense) | τηρέω / tēreō (positive branch) | 保守 | High | 1:1, 1:21, 1:24 (φυλάσσω) | God’s/self’s protective keeping of believers; must not be interchanged with the custodial-for-judgment branch. |
| kept (custodial-for-judgment sense) | τηρέω / tēreō (negative branch); τηρήσαντας (failure form) | 拘留 / 存留 | High | 1:6 (×2), 1:13 | Angels/darkness reserved for judgment; must not be interchanged with the protective branch. |
| eternal life | ζωὴ αἰώνιος | 永生 | High | 1:21 | Never conflate with Daoist longevity-cultivation (长生不老); relational gift, not self-attained extension of life. |
| present blameless / without blemish | ἄμωμος / amōmos (+ στῆσαι) | 无瑕无疵 | High | 1:24 | Sacrificial-purity term; status conferred by God’s keeping power, not self-achieved — parallel to baseline’s 成圣ᅠself-cultivation caution. |
| without stumbling | ἄπταιστος / aptaistos | 不失脚 | Medium | 1:24 | Paired with 保守; protective-guarding sense. |
B6 — Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
| English Term | Original / Translit. | Mandarin | Risk | Jude Ref. | Rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| the only God our Savior | μόνῳ θεῷ σωτῆρι ἡμῶν | 独一的神我们的救主 | Critical | 1:25 | Built on baseline 神 (Critical) and 救恩-root 救主; monotheism-explicit teaching required. |
| majesty | μεγαλωσύνη / megalōsynē | 威严 | Low–Medium | 1:25 | Part of fourfold doxological list; keep distinct from 荣耀/能力/权柄. |
| dominion / might | κράτος / kratos | 能力 | Low–Medium | 1:25 | See above; avoid drifting toward impersonal cosmic-power language (cf. providence caution). |
| authority | ἐξουσία / exousia | 权柄 | Low–Medium | 1:25 | See above. |
| before all time, now, and forever | πρὸ παντὸς τοῦ αἰῶνος… εἰς πάντας τοὺς αἰῶνας | 从万古以前，并现今，直到永永远远 | Low | 1:25 | Standard doxological formula; reuses 永 (eternal) word-family for consistency across the letter. |
B7 — Author, Recipients, and Proper Names (Epistolary Frame)
| English Term | Original / Translit. | Mandarin | Risk | Jude Ref. | Rationale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jude (author) | Ἰούδας / Ioudas | 犹大 | Medium–High | 1:1 | Identical Chinese transliteration to “Judas Iscariot” — explicit disambiguation note required at first introduction of the book. |
| servant | δοῦλος / doulos | 仆人 | Medium | 1:1 | Baseline gap (Romans 1:1 uses the same Greek term unflagged); honored self-designation, not a statement of low social class. |
| James | Ἰάκωβος / Iakōbos | 雅各 | Low | 1:1 | Clarify: James the Lord’s brother, not the son of Zebedee or Alphaeus. |
| beloved (having been loved) | ἠγαπημένοις / ēgapēmenois | 蒙爱的 | Low–Medium | 1:1 | Distinguish from vocative “beloved” (亲爱的) below. |
| beloved (direct address) | ἀγαπητοί / agapētoi | 亲爱的 | Low | 1:3, 1:17, 1:20 | Direct address form; do not collapse with 蒙爱的. |
| Egypt | Αἴγυπτος | 埃及 | Low | 1:5 | Standard CUV proper noun. |
Cross-Cutting Risk Notes (Apply Across Multiple Entries)
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τηρέω/φυλάσσω (“keep”) sense-tracking is the single highest-density risk thread in Jude. Every occurrence (1:1, 1:6 ×2, 1:13, 1:21, 1:24) must be individually checked against whether it belongs to the protective-keeping branch (保守) or the custodial-for-judgment branch (拘留/存留) before translation. This is a Jude-specific extension of the baseline’s general vigilance principle and should be added to Phase 2 segment-cache validation rules for this curriculum.
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πίστις (“faith”) has two senses active in Jude, requiring two different Mandarin terms: 信心 (personal trust, Romans-established) is not used in Jude’s occurrences; 真道 (the objective deposit of doctrine) is required at 1:3 and 1:20. This must be documented as a curriculum-specific translation memory branch under the existing “faith” entry, not a contradiction of it.
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The character 气 (qì) appears inside the fixed idiom 血气 (Jude 1:19) despite being forbidden in isolation by the baseline (for “power of God”). This is not a contradiction but requires an explicit clarifying note distinguishing the idiomatic compound (natural human life) from cultivation/qigong-associated bare 气.
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Mercy (怜悯) vs. grace (恩典): these must always be taught as related but distinct — mercy answers misery/need, grace answers guilt/demerit — and both must be kept separate from the Buddhist compassion concept 慈悲 (bodhisattva/Guanyin universal compassion) and the merit-accounting concept 功德 respectively.
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σάρξ (“flesh”) has at least two active senses across the Romans+Jude corpus: the incarnational/genuine-humanity sense (肉身/肉体, used doctrinally of Christ) and the moral-corruption sense (情欲/肉体, used of sinful desire in Jude 1:8, 1:23). Translators must not default to one rendering across both senses.
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The name 犹大 (Jude/Judas) requires a standing disambiguation note wherever this book is introduced in curriculum materials, given its identical Chinese form for both the letter’s author and Judas Iscariot.
This glossary extends, and must be read alongside, the baseline translation_memory.json and doctrine_risk_registry.json. All Section A terms are enforced exactly per baseline; all Section B terms are proposed new entries pending theologian sign-off (Critical/High) or native-speaker review (Medium) before Phase 2 translation begins, per the escalation rules in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md.
Critical Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: 神
Transliteration: Shén
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 上帝, 天, 老天爷
Original: θεός
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package baseline translation_memory.json; enforced exactly, no deviation permitted. In Jude occurs at 1:1, 1:4, 1:21, 1:25. Jude 1:25’s ‘the only God our Savior’ (独一的神我们的救主) makes the baseline’s required monotheism-explicit teaching explicit within the text itself and should anchor instruction; 神 remains the ordinary Chinese noun for any deity/spirit, so every occurrence still requires monotheism framing.
Jesus
Approved rendering: 耶稣
Transliteration: Yēsū
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package baseline translation_memory.json; enforced exactly, no deviation permitted. Occurs at Jude 1:1, 1:4, 1:17, 1:21, 1:25.
Messiah
Approved rendering: 基督
Transliteration: Jīdū
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: 弥勒, 救世主式泛称
Original: Χριστός
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package baseline translation_memory.json; enforced exactly, no deviation permitted. Occurs at Jude 1:1, 1:4, 1:17, 1:21, 1:25, always paired with 主/耶稣.
Lord
Approved rendering: 主
Transliteration: zhǔ
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 主人, 老爷
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package baseline translation_memory.json; enforced exactly, no deviation permitted. In Jude this term is under direct attack: the false teachers ‘deny’ (不认) the only Sovereign and Lord (1:4), making Jude a photographic negative of the Romans 10:9 confession 耶稣是主. Occurs also at 1:9, 1:14, 1:17, 1:21, 1:25. Never soften toward 主人/老爷.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: 圣灵
Transliteration: Shènglíng
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 祖灵, 灵
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package baseline translation_memory.json; enforced exactly, no deviation permitted. Jude 1:19 states the false teachers are ‘not having the Spirit’ (没有圣灵的) — the mandatory compound must be used even in this negative construction, so readers do not read ‘lacking spirit’ as merely ‘lacking vitality/qi’ (see ‘worldly_soulish’ new-term entry below). Jude 1:20 pairs 圣灵 with prayer.
Grace
Approved rendering: 恩典
Transliteration: ēndiǎn
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: 功德, 造化, 福气, 阴德
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package baseline translation_memory.json; enforced exactly, no deviation permitted. Jude 1:4 is a new primary passage for this doctrine: it depicts grace being actively perverted into licentiousness (放纵情欲) by false teachers. Teaching must show this is an abuse of true grace, not evidence that 恩典 itself licenses sin — reinforcing, not contradicting, the baseline’s merit-accounting caution (功德/阴德).
Salvation
Approved rendering: 救恩
Transliteration: jiùēn
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: 解脱, 超度, 得道
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package baseline translation_memory.json; enforced exactly, no deviation permitted. Jude 1:3 references ‘our common salvation’; the underlying verb also grounds the urgent, this-life rescue imagery of 1:23 (‘save, snatching from the fire’). Never 解脱/超度; this is present-life rescue by a personal God, never a posthumous rite.
Faith Deposit
Approved rendering: 真道
Transliteration: zhēndào
Doctrine: Contending for the Faith Once Delivered
Rejected alternatives: 信心, 信仰
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
NEW — Jude. Same Greek word (πίστις) as the baseline ‘faith_trust_sense’ entry but a distinct sense: the fixed, transmitted, closed body of apostolic doctrine to be defended, not a personal act of trust. Occurs at Jude 1:3 (‘the faith once for all delivered’) and 1:20 (‘your most holy faith’). Every occurrence requires a translator note distinguishing this from 信心, so readers do not conclude ‘the faith’ is a private feeling with no fixed content, nor that personal trust in Christ is reducible to memorized rules.
Most Holy Faith
Approved rendering: 至圣的真道
Transliteration: zhìshèng de zhēndào
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 最虔诚的信心, 至圣的信仰
Original: ἁγιωτάτῃ πίστει
Category: Sanctification
NEW — Jude 1:20. Compounds two risks at once: the πίστις objective-deposit sense (真道, never 信心) and the 圣洁/成圣 Neo-Confucian self-cultivation caution (至圣 must not imply the faith is a self-attained sagehood-status). Requires a double translator note at its occurrence.
Not Having The Spirit
Approved rendering: 没有圣灵的
Transliteration: méiyǒu Shènglíng de
Doctrine: Worldliness and the Absence of the Spirit
Rejected alternatives: 没有灵的
NEW — Jude 1:19. The sharpest statement in the letter distinguishing the false teachers from genuine believers. MUST use the mandatory baseline compound 圣灵, never bare 灵 — even in this negative/privative construction, so readers do not read this as merely ‘lacking vitality’ rather than ‘lacking the third Person of the Trinity.‘
Only God Our Savior
Approved rendering: 独一的神我们的救主
Transliteration: dúyī de Shén wǒmen de jiùzhǔ
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: μόνῳ θεῷ σωτῆρι ἡμῶν
Category: God
NEW — Jude 1:25. Directly reuses the baseline’s Critical 神 entry; the addition of 独一的 (‘the only’) reinforces, not merely repeats, the monotheism-explicit teaching the baseline requires wherever 神 is used, since 神 is also the ordinary Chinese noun for any deity/spirit. Must be taught in the same breath as ‘through Jesus Christ our Lord’ (see ‘lord’ and ‘jesus’ entries) — the doxology asserts exclusive monotheism and exclusive Christological mediation simultaneously; softening either clause undermines the other.
High Risk Terms
Faith Trust Sense
Approved rendering: 信心
Transliteration: xìnxīn
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: 虔诚, 迷信, 信仰
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package baseline translation_memory.json; enforced exactly, no deviation permitted. IMPORTANT: this trust-sense of πίστις is NOT the sense active anywhere in the book of Jude. Flagged here specifically to prevent translators from defaulting to 信心 at Jude 1:3 and 1:20, where the distinct objective-deposit sense (真道, see ‘faith_deposit’ below) is required instead.
Saints
Approved rendering: 圣徒
Transliteration: shèngtú
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: 圣人, 高僧
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package baseline translation_memory.json; enforced exactly, no deviation permitted. Jude 1:3 identifies the recipients of the once-delivered faith as 圣徒; must not be read through the lens of the elevated Confucian sage category 圣人 (reserved for figures such as Confucius, styled 至圣).
Called
Approved rendering: 蒙召的
Transliteration: méngzhào de
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: 受命于天, 天命所归
Original: κλητός
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package baseline translation_memory.json; enforced exactly, no deviation permitted. Jude 1:1 addresses the letter ‘to those who are called’ (蒙召的); must be kept distinct from 天命 (Mandate of Heaven), an impersonal cosmic entitlement, since God’s call in Jude is personal and relational.
Holy
Approved rendering: 圣洁
Transliteration: shèngjié
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 清净, 圣人般的
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package baseline translation_memory.json; enforced exactly, no deviation permitted. Underlies Jude’s ‘most holy faith’ (至圣的真道, 1:20, see new-term entry) and ‘holy myriads’ (千万圣者, 1:14, the angelic host, not the church). Avoid 清净/圣人般的.
Contend For
Approved rendering: 竭力争辩
Transliteration: jiélì zhēngbiàn
Doctrine: Contending for the Faith Once Delivered
Rejected alternatives: 辩护, 辩论
Original: ἐπαγωνίζομαι
Category: Faith
NEW — Jude 1:3. The thesis verb of the letter (ἐπαγωνίζομαι), carrying athletic-contest/agonistic intensity. Must not be softened to 辩护 (passive legal defense) or 辩论 (neutral academic debate), both of which lose the moral urgency of the source term.
Delivered
Approved rendering: 交付
Transliteration: jiāofù
Doctrine: Contending for the Faith Once Delivered
Rejected alternatives: 传承, 赋予
Original: παραδίδωμι
Category: Covenant
NEW — Jude 1:3. NEVER use 传承 (chuánchéng, master-to-disciple lineage transmission associated with Chan Buddhist dharma-transmission and Confucian scholarly lineages), in which each generation’s teacher may reinterpret or add to the teaching. Jude’s ‘once for all delivered’ faith is the opposite: a closed, non-reinterpretable deposit.
Ungodly
Approved rendering: 不敬虔
Transliteration: bù jìngqián
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: 不道德, 邪恶
Original: ἀσεβής / ἀσέβεια
Category: Sin
NEW — Jude 1:4, 1:15, 1:18. The dominant descriptor of the false teachers throughout the letter. Must be anchored to reverence toward the one true God specifically; Chinese readers’ primary cultural referent for ‘reverence’ is often 孝敬 (filial reverence to parents/ancestors) or ritual reverence toward ancestral spirits/temple deities, neither of which satisfies this term.
Condemnation Verdict
Approved rendering: 刑罚
Transliteration: xíngfá
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: 报应, 定罪
Original: κρίμα
Category: Judgment
NEW — Jude 1:4. κρίμα, the resulting legal verdict, distinct from κρίσις (the judging process/event, see ‘judgment_process’). Must be clearly distinguished from 报应 (bàoyìng, karmic retribution across a person’s fortune/lineage) — this is a personal God’s forensic verdict against specific unrepented sin, not an impersonal karmic mechanism.
Judgment Process
Approved rendering: 审判
Transliteration: shěnpàn
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: 报应
Original: κρίσις
Category: Judgment
NEW — Jude 1:6, 1:15. κρίσις, the act/process/event of judging, here specifically the final eschatological ‘judgment of the great day.’ Distinct from κρίμα (v.4). Must be kept distinct from 报应; though 审判 is reasonably well-differentiated in Chinese Christian usage (courtroom imagery), teaching should still stress this judgment is executed by a personal God at an appointed future day, not an automatic cosmic law.
Kept Protective
Approved rendering: 保守
Transliteration: bǎoshǒu
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Rejected alternatives: 存留, 拘留
Original: τηρέω (positive branch); φυλάσσω (1:24)
Category: Sanctification
NEW — Jude 1:1, 1:21, 1:24 (φυλάσσω). The protective, preservation branch of the τηρέω/φυλάσσω word-family: God’s (or the believer’s own, in cooperation with God) guarding that keeps a person in a good state. MUST NEVER be interchanged with ‘kept_custodial’ below. Every ‘keep’ occurrence in Jude must be individually checked for which branch is active before rendering; this is the single highest-density translation risk in the letter.
Kept Custodial
Approved rendering: 存留
Transliteration: cúnliú
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Rejected alternatives: 保守, 拘留 (acceptable synonym but standardize on 存留 for consistency)
Original: τηρέω (negative/custodial branch)
Category: Judgment
NEW — Jude 1:6 (twice), 1:13. The custodial-for-judgment branch of the τηρέω word-family: divine custody maintaining the condemned (fallen angels, darkness) in reserve for future judgment. MUST NEVER be interchanged with ‘kept_protective’ above — collapsing both branches into one undifferentiated verb erases the letter’s central contrast between preservation unto blessing and custody unto judgment.
Sodom And Gomorrah
Approved rendering: 所多玛和蛾摩拉
Transliteration: Suǒduōmǎ hé Émóluó
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Original: Σόδομα καὶ Γόμορρα
Category: Judgment
NEW — Jude 1:7. Established CUV proper-noun form (transliteration itself is low-risk), but doctrinal weight is High: the third OT-type in Jude’s warning triad, requiring narrative background explanation since Chinese readers have no inherited biblical-narrative literacy about these cities.
Reject Authority
Approved rendering: 轻慢主治的
Transliteration: qīngmàn zhǔzhì de
Doctrine: Denial of Christ’s Exclusive Lordship
Original: κυριότητα ἀθετοῦσιν
Category: Sin
NEW — Jude 1:8. κυριότης shares its root with κύριος (Lord, a Critical baseline term); this rejection-of-authority language must not be taught as unrelated to Christ’s own Lordship — the thematic link should be made explicit even though the immediate referent may be angelic authority structures.
The Devil
Approved rendering: 魔鬼
Transliteration: móguǐ
Doctrine: Supernatural Conflict and Restraint in Confronting Evil
Original: διάβολος
Category: Judgment
NEW — Jude 1:9. The second character 鬼 (guǐ, ‘ghost’) carries dense folk-religious associations: wandering ghosts, hungry ghosts (饿鬼) fed during the Ghost Festival, unworshipped ancestor spirits. 魔鬼 is a fixed, established Chinese Christian compound, but teaching must explicitly clarify it names one specific, personal, fallen created being in rebellion against God — not a wandering ancestor-ghost or a folk-spirit class placated through ritual offerings.
Love Feasts
Approved rendering: 爱席
Transliteration: àixí
Doctrine: Corruption of Christian Fellowship (Love Feasts)
Rejected alternatives: 团契聚餐
Original: ἀγάπαι
Category: Church
NEW — Jude 1:12. Coined Chinese Christian compound for the early church’s communal fellowship meal, corrupted here by the false teachers’ self-serving conduct. Must be clearly distinguished from ancestor-veneration and folk-deity offering-feasts (祭祀宴, jìsìyàn), ritual meals presenting food to spirits/ancestors for their benefit — the Christian ἀγάπη-feast is horizontal fellowship among living believers, not a vertical offering-meal.
Flattering For Advantage
Approved rendering: 为得便宜说好话讨人的喜悦
Transliteration: wèi dé piányi shuō hǎohuà tǎo rén de xǐyuè
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: θαυμάζοντες πρόσωπα ὠφελείας χάριν
Category: Sin
NEW — Jude 1:16. Literally ‘admiring/marveling at faces’ for gain. Directly adjacent to the Chinese social-relational concept of 面子 (miànzi, ‘face’) and 给面子 (gěi miànzi, extending flattery/deference to preserve social standing) — a dynamic the baseline’s AI translation requirements already flag for native-speaker review. Teaching must clarify Jude condemns self-serving manipulation for illegitimate gain, not ordinary, legitimate face-giving courtesy in Chinese social life. Never abbreviate to a single 面子-adjacent word.
Worldly Soulish
Approved rendering: 属乎血气
Transliteration: shǔ hū xuèqì
Doctrine: Worldliness and the Absence of the Spirit
Rejected alternatives: 属肉体的, 属世俗的
Original: ψυχικοί; πνεῦμα μὴ ἔχοντες
Category: Sin
NEW — Jude 1:19. The fixed CUV idiom 血气 (xuèqì, ‘blood and breath,’ i.e., mere human nature) contains the character 气 (qì), forbidden in isolation elsewhere in this package (and the Romans baseline) as a rendering for ‘power of God’ (qì = vital life-energy of Chinese medicine, qigong, Daoist/martial-arts cosmology). This fixed idiom for merely natural, un-Spirit-filled human existence must never be confused with cultivation-flavored bare 气. Every occurrence requires an idiom-boundary note.
Mercy
Approved rendering: 怜悯
Transliteration: liánmǐn
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Rejected alternatives: 慈悲, 同情
Original: ἔλεος
Category: Salvation
NEW — Jude 1:2, 1:21, 1:22, 1:23. Must never be equated with 慈悲 (cíbēi), the Buddhist term for bodhisattva/Guanyin compassion — a universal, impersonal, dispositional benevolence flowing from enlightened detachment rather than covenant relationship. Biblical 怜悯 is the personal compassion of the one true God, and derivatively of his people, directed at specific persons in specific distress. Distinct also from 恩典 (grace): mercy addresses misery/need, grace addresses guilt/demerit — both terms should be taught together but kept conceptually distinct.
Wavering
Approved rendering: 存疑心的人
Transliteration: cún yíxīn de rén
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Rejected alternatives: 未信的人, 怀疑者
Original: διακρινομένους
Category: Church
NEW — Jude 1:22. Must never be rendered or taught as equivalent to ‘unbelievers’/outsiders (未信的人) — these are unsettled members of the covenant community, and the pastoral response commanded is patient mercy and rescue, not the treatment appropriate to an unconverted outsider.
Eternal Life
Approved rendering: 永生
Transliteration: yǒngshēng
Doctrine: Eternal Life and Assurance of Final Salvation
Rejected alternatives: 长生不老
Original: ζωὴ αἰώνιος
Category: Eschatology
NEW — Jude 1:21. Established CUV/modern Chinese Christian term. Must be sharply distinguished from Daoist longevity/immortality-seeking (长生不老, chángshēng bùlǎo), pursued through elixirs, alchemy, qigong practice, and ritual cultivation. Biblical 永生 is a relational, resurrection-life gift received from God through Christ’s mercy, not a technique-attained extension of present bodily life through personal spiritual effort.
Present Blameless
Approved rendering: 无瑕无疵
Transliteration: wú xiá wú cī
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Original: στῆσαι κατενώπιον τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ ἀμώμους
Category: Sanctification
NEW — Jude 1:24. Sacrificial-purity term (ἄμωμος), also used of Christ (1 Peter 1:19) and the church’s future presentation (Ephesians 5:27). Must be taught as a status conferred entirely by God’s keeping power, not a moral perfection the believer works toward and achieves through personal cultivation — directly paralleling the baseline’s Critical Sanctification caution against Neo-Confucian self-cultivation into sagehood (修身/修炼).
Jude Author
Approved rendering: 犹大
Transliteration: Yóudà
Doctrine: Epistolary Identity: Author, Recipients, and Greeting
Original: Ἰούδας
Category: Covenant
NEW — Jude 1:1. CUV renders both ‘Jude’ (this letter’s author, brother of James) and ‘Judas Iscariot’ (the betrayer) with the identical transliteration 犹大, since both derive from the same Greek name. A standing disambiguation note (‘不是加略人犹大,’ ‘not Judas Iscariot’) is REQUIRED at first mention wherever this book is introduced in curriculum material.
Medium Risk Terms
Glory
Approved rendering: 荣耀
Transliteration: róngyào
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 面子, 光宗耀祖
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package baseline translation_memory.json; enforced exactly, no deviation permitted. Occurs in Jude’s closing doxology (1:24, 1:25) and of the ‘glorious ones’ angelic beings slandered by false teachers (1:8, rendered 尊荣 in that context). Distinguish from 面子/光宗耀祖.
Peace
Approved rendering: 平安
Transliteration: píng’ān
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: 安宁, 平安符式的平安
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package baseline translation_memory.json; enforced exactly, no deviation permitted. Occurs in Jude’s greeting formula (1:2). Distinguish from amulet-style good-fortune wishes.
Once For All
Approved rendering: 一次
Transliteration: yī cì
Doctrine: Contending for the Faith Once Delivered
Original: ἅπαξ
Category: Covenant
NEW — Jude 1:3, 1:5. Reads in ordinary Mandarin as mere frequency (‘one time’), not finality; must be reinforced through surrounding teaching phrasing to convey a decisive, unrepeatable, closed act (ἅπαξ), not merely ‘on one occasion.‘
Licentiousness
Approved rendering: 放纵情欲
Transliteration: fàngzòng qíngyù
Doctrine: Grace Perverted into License
Original: ἀσέλγεια
Category: Sin
NEW — Jude 1:4. What the false teachers pervert grace into. Must always be taught in direct connection with the Critical Grace doctrine: this is grace corrupted into license, not a native property of 恩典 itself.
Only Sovereign
Approved rendering: 独一的主宰
Transliteration: dúyī de zhǔzǎi
Doctrine: Denial of Christ’s Exclusive Lordship
Rejected alternatives: 主人, 命运的主宰
Original: μόνον δεσπότην
Category: Christology
NEW — Jude 1:4. δεσπότης, absolute ownership-authority, distinct from κύριος’s relational lordship sense. 主宰 in everyday Mandarin can denote an impersonal force that ‘controls fate’ (命运的主宰是自己 is a common secular self-help slogan); teaching must clarify this is the personal God’s/Christ’s exclusive, relational sovereignty, not impersonal fate-mastery.
Deny
Approved rendering: 不认
Transliteration: bù rèn
Doctrine: Denial of Christ’s Exclusive Lordship
Rejected alternatives: 否认, 拒绝
Original: ἀρνέομαι
Category: Christology
NEW — Jude 1:4. The false teachers deny the only Sovereign and Lord by their conduct — the direct opposite of the Romans 10:9 confession 耶稣是主. Must be kept terminologically recognizable as that confession’s negation.
Destroyed
Approved rendering: 灭没
Transliteration: mièmò
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Rejected alternatives: 除灭
Original: ἀπώλεσεν
Category: Judgment
NEW — Jude 1:5. God’s judgment on the unbelieving generation of Israelites after their rescue from Egypt; establishes that past privilege (having been saved) does not exempt from later judgment for unbelief. The doctrinal point must not be softened into a merely natural historical consequence.
Angels
Approved rendering: 天使
Transliteration: tiānshǐ
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Rejected alternatives: 仙人, 神仙
Original: ἄγγελος
Category: Judgment
NEW — Jude 1:6. The second OT-adjacent ‘type’ in the warning triad. Distinguish from Daoist immortals (仙人) and generic ‘heavenly beings’ (神仙) of popular religion, which are morally ambiguous or capricious rather than created servants of a sovereign personal God.
Eternal Chains
Approved rendering: 永远的锁链
Transliteration: yǒngyuǎn de suǒliàn
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Original: δεσμοῖς ἀϊδίοις
Category: Judgment
NEW — Jude 1:6. Minor risk of conflation with the folk-religious underworld (阴间, yīnjiān); teaching should distinguish divine custodial judgment from folk-underworld bureaucracy imagery.
Gloom Darkness
Approved rendering: 幽暗
Transliteration: yōu’àn
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Rejected alternatives: 黑暗
Original: ζόφος
Category: Judgment
NEW — Jude 1:6, 1:13 (paired there with 黑暗/σκότος). ζόφος, thicker/stronger than the ordinary word for darkness. Minor risk of confusion with 阴间 folk-underworld imagery.
Sexual Immorality
Approved rendering: 行邪淫
Transliteration: xíng xiéyín
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Original: ἐκπορνεύω
Category: Sin
NEW — Jude 1:7. Must be retained as the specific covenantal sin that provoked divine judgment on Sodom and Gomorrah, not moralized into a merely social-propriety violation.
Eternal Fire
Approved rendering: 永火
Transliteration: yǒnghuǒ
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Original: πυρὸς αἰωνίου
Category: Judgment
NEW — Jude 1:7. Established CUV compound. Should be linked to other ‘eternal’ occurrences (chains v.6, life v.21) and distinguished from Buddhist/folk depictions of hell-fire torment (地狱) as a temporary purificatory ordeal from which release is eventually possible through merit or ritual — biblical eternal fire is fixed and final, never a stage toward eventual release (cf. baseline’s caution against 超度).
Defile The Flesh
Approved rendering: 污秽身体
Transliteration: wūhuì shēntǐ
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: 污秽肉身
Original: σάρκα μιαίνουσιν
Category: Sin
NEW — Jude 1:8. σάρξ here is used in its moral-corruption sense (肉体), which must be kept distinct from σάρξ in the incarnational sense (肉身, used in 道成肉身 and ‘seed of David… according to the flesh’). NEVER interchange 肉体 and 肉身 across these two doctrinal domains.
Blaspheme
Approved rendering: 毁谤
Transliteration: huǐbàng
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: βλασφημέω
Category: Sin
NEW — Jude 1:8 (毁谤), 1:10 (亵渎, xièdú, same underlying concept). Both risk being read as generic disrespect toward any revered figure (ancestors, deities, officials) in Chinese cultural usage; teaching must anchor the term to contempt for what God has established as honorable, not a general social-harmony violation.
Unreasoning Animals
Approved rendering: 无灵性的畜类
Transliteration: wú língxìng de chùlèi
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: τὰ ἄλογα ζῷα
Category: Sin
NEW — Jude 1:10. Care needed so this is read as a rhetorical device highlighting instinct-driven corruption, not a comment on animals’ moral status generally.
Way Of Cain
Approved rendering: 该隐的道路
Transliteration: Gāiyǐn de dàolù
Doctrine: Apostasy Patterns: The Way of Cain, Error of Balaam, Rebellion of Korah
Original: ὁδῷ τοῦ Κάϊν
Category: Judgment
NEW — Jude 1:11. Pattern of murderous envy/false worship applied typologically to the false teachers. No native Chinese cultural counterpart; requires OT background explanation.
Error Of Balaam
Approved rendering: 巴兰的错谬
Transliteration: Bālán de cuòmiù
Doctrine: Apostasy Patterns: The Way of Cain, Error of Balaam, Rebellion of Korah
Original: πλάνῃ τοῦ Βαλαάμ
Category: Judgment
NEW — Jude 1:11. Pattern of prophesying/ministering for profit. Requires OT background explanation.
Rebellion Of Korah
Approved rendering: 可拉的背叛
Transliteration: Kělā de bèipàn
Doctrine: Apostasy Patterns: The Way of Cain, Error of Balaam, Rebellion of Korah
Original: ἀντιλογίᾳ τοῦ Κόρε
Category: Judgment
NEW — Jude 1:11. Pattern of rebellion against God-ordained authority; ties thematically to ‘reject_authority’ at 1:8. Requires OT background explanation.
Enoch
Approved rendering: 以诺
Transliteration: Yǐnuò
Doctrine: Apostolic Deposit and the Authority of Scripture
Original: Ἐνώχ
Category: Covenant
NEW — Jude 1:14. Established CUV form. Requires OT genealogical background (‘seventh from Adam’). Also raises a distinct canonical-authority question: Jude cites material from outside the Hebrew canon (the Enoch tradition) as authoritative prophetic content — a separate teaching point from, though related to, general Scripture-inspiration doctrine.
Holy Myriads
Approved rendering: 千万圣者
Transliteration: qiānwàn shèngzhě
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Original: ἁγίαις μυριάσιν
Category: Judgment
NEW — Jude 1:14. An innumerable angelic host accompanying the Lord at his coming. 圣者 here must be kept distinct from 圣徒 (believers, baseline term) so readers do not confuse the accompanying angelic host with the church itself.
Execute Judgment Convict
Approved rendering: 施行审判；证实…的罪
Transliteration: shīxíng shěnpàn; zhèngshí…de zuì
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Rejected alternatives: 责备
NEW — Jude 1:15. Reuses 审判 (κρίσις) plus ἐλέγξαι (convict/expose). Reinforces personal, forensic judgment; teaching should stress this is God’s own verdict against real moral guilt, not an impersonal karmic mechanism (cf. baseline 罪/报应 caution).
Last Time
Approved rendering: 末世的时候
Transliteration: mòshì de shíhòu
Doctrine: Last-Days Scoffers, Foretold by True Prophecy
Original: ἐπ’ ἐσχάτου χρόνου
Category: Eschatology
NEW — Jude 1:18. Standard Chinese Christian eschatological term. Minor risk of conflation with secular apocalyptic pop-culture usage of 末世 (generic doomsday fiction/film tropes); should be anchored to the biblical framework tied to Christ’s return and final judgment.
Cause Divisions
Approved rendering: 引人结党
Transliteration: yǐn rén jié dǎng
Doctrine: Worldliness and the Absence of the Spirit
Rejected alternatives: 邪教
Original: ἀποδιορίζοντες
Category: Church
NEW — Jude 1:19. Never over-translate as 邪教 (xiéjiào, ‘evil cult/heterodox teaching’), a legally and politically loaded contemporary Chinese term used of banned religious movements. Jude’s concern is factional self-separation from genuine fellowship, not an organized alternative religion.
Save From Fire
Approved rendering: 从火中抢出来
Transliteration: cóng huǒ zhōng qiǎng chūlái
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Original: σῴζετε ἐκ πυρὸς ἁρπάζοντες
Category: Salvation
NEW — Jude 1:23. Connects to the baseline’s Critical Salvation doctrine (救恩); this present, urgent rescue-from-danger sense must never be confused with a posthumous rite (超度, explicitly forbidden in the baseline) — the fire-imagery describes present spiritual peril and present rescue.
Garment Stained By Flesh
Approved rendering: 情欲沾染的衣服
Transliteration: qíngyù zhānrǎn de yīfú
Doctrine: Mercy and Rescue of the Wavering
Original: τὸν ἀπὸ τῆς σαρκὸς ἐσπιλωμένον χιτῶνα
Category: Sin
NEW — Jude 1:23. σάρξ here (rendered 情欲, not 肉身/肉体) must be kept in its distinct moral-corruption sense, separate from the incarnational or genuine-human-nature senses of ‘flesh’ used elsewhere. Models ‘mercy with fear’ — active, discerning compassion, not uncritical affirmation.
Without Stumbling
Approved rendering: 不失脚
Transliteration: bù shījiǎo
Doctrine: Kept by God and Presented Blameless
Original: ἄπταιστος
Category: Sanctification
NEW — Jude 1:24. Paired with 保守 (kept_protective); belongs to the protective-guarding branch of the keep-word-family, even though the underlying Greek verb (φυλάσσω) differs from τηρέω used elsewhere — render by theological sense, not by mechanically mirroring the Greek root.
Majesty
Approved rendering: 威严
Transliteration: wēiyán
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: μεγαλωσύνη
Category: God
NEW — Jude 1:25. Part of a fourfold doxological list (荣耀/威严/能力/权柄); must be kept distinct from the other three terms, not collapsed into a single generic ‘greatness.‘
Dominion Might
Approved rendering: 能力
Transliteration: nénglì
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Rejected alternatives: 气, 法力
Original: κράτος
Category: God
NEW — Jude 1:25. κράτος. Must not drift toward impersonal cosmic-power language (cf. the baseline’s providence caution against 天意/命运); this is the personal God’s own might.
Authority Exousia
Approved rendering: 权柄
Transliteration: quánbǐng
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: God
NEW — Jude 1:25. ἐξουσία, legitimate authority/right to rule and act; distinct from κράτος (might) and μεγαλωσύνη (majesty) in the same fourfold doxological list.
Servant
Approved rendering: 仆人
Transliteration: púrén
Doctrine: Epistolary Identity: Author, Recipients, and Greeting
Rejected alternatives: 奴仆, 奴隶
Original: δοῦλος
Category: Church
NEW — Jude 1:1. Note: this is a genuine gap in the baseline Romans package, since Paul uses the identical Greek self-designation (δοῦλος) at Romans 1:1 without a flagged entry; this entry should be considered for backport to the Romans package. 仆人 in ordinary Mandarin carries a socially low, servile connotation (domestic servant/hired help); teaching notes should clarify this is a deliberate, honored self-designation of total devotion to Christ among the apostolic writers, not a statement of low social class.
Low Risk Terms
Apostle
Approved rendering: 使徒
Transliteration: shǐtú
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: 宗师, 大师
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package baseline translation_memory.json; enforced exactly, no deviation permitted. Jude 1:17 cites the apostles as the authoritative prior source of warning about last-days scoffers, reinforcing the fixed apostolic deposit theme of 1:3.
Build Up Self
Approved rendering: 建立自己
Transliteration: jiànlì zìjǐ
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: ἐποικοδομέω
Category: Church
NEW — Jude 1:20. Aligns with the baseline’s Low-risk Mutual Edification doctrine network (彼此造就).
Remember
Approved rendering: 记念
Transliteration: jìniàn
Doctrine: Contending for the Faith Once Delivered
Original: μνήσθητε
Category: Faith
NEW — Jude 1:17. Standard vocabulary; low collision risk.
Crept In Secretly
Approved rendering: 偷偷地进来
Transliteration: tōutōu de jìnlái
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: παρεισέδυσαν
Category: Sin
NEW — Jude 1:4. Clear natural-language equivalent; no significant doctrinal collision.
Own Dwelling
Approved rendering: 自己的住处
Transliteration: zìjǐ de zhùchù
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Original: ἴδιον οἰκητήριον
Category: Judgment
NEW — Jude 1:6. Straightforward; angels abandoned the position God assigned them.
Michael Archangel
Approved rendering: 米迦勒天使长
Transliteration: Mǐjiālè tiānshǐzhǎng
Doctrine: Supernatural Conflict and Restraint in Confronting Evil
Original: Μιχαὴλ ὁ ἀρχάγγελος
Category: Judgment
NEW — Jude 1:9. Minor risk of confusion with generic ‘chief deity’ figures in folk hierarchies (e.g., city god 城隍) if introduced without context; teaching should clarify Michael is a created angelic being, not a deity.
Dispute Rebuke
Approved rendering: 争辩；责备
Transliteration: zhēngbiàn; zébèi
Doctrine: Supernatural Conflict and Restraint in Confronting Evil
Original: διαλέγομαι; ἐπιτιμάω
Category: Judgment
NEW — Jude 1:9. Standard vocabulary; note only the Lord, not Michael himself, pronounces the rebuke, modeling restraint even in confronting real evil.
Woe
Approved rendering: 有祸了
Transliteration: yǒu huò le
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: οὐαί
Category: Judgment
NEW — Jude 1:11. Established CUV prophetic-woe formula. Minor risk that 祸 (huò) could be read through a fatalistic/fortune-telling lens (cf. 祸福 pairing) rather than as a specific divine pronouncement — should be anchored to the specific judgment described in context.
Natural Imagery Cluster V12
Approved rendering: 暗礁、无水的云、没有果子的树、死而又死、拔了根
Transliteration: ànjiāo, wúshuǐ de yún, méiyǒu guǒzi de shù, sǐ ér yòu sǐ, bále gēn
Doctrine: Natural-World Imagery Describing False Teachers
NEW — Jude 1:12 (hidden reefs, waterless clouds, fruitless autumn trees, twice dead, uprooted). Figurative, non-technical vocabulary with ready natural equivalents; minor care that translators do not substitute an unrelated local idiom carrying its own unrelated cultural narrative.
Natural Imagery Cluster V13
Approved rendering: 海里的狂浪、污秽的沫子、流荡的星
Transliteration: hǎilǐ de kuánglàng, wūhuì de mòzi, liúdàng de xīng
Doctrine: Natural-World Imagery Describing False Teachers
NEW — Jude 1:13 (wild waves, foaming up their own shame, wandering stars). ‘Wandering stars’ could be mildly conflated with astrological fate-reading (占星); teaching should clarify the image concerns moral instability, not astrology.
Adam
Approved rendering: 亚当
Transliteration: Yàdāng
Doctrine: Apostolic Deposit and the Authority of Scripture
NEW — Jude 1:14. Established CUV proper-noun form; requires Genesis genealogical background.
Harsh Words
Approved rendering: 刚愎的话
Transliteration: gāngbì de huà
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
NEW — Jude 1:15. Descriptive term for the harsh things sinners have spoken against God; low collision risk.
Grumblers Malcontents
Approved rendering: 常发怨言的人
Transliteration: cháng fā yuànyán de rén
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
Original: γογγυσταί, μεμψίμοιροι
Category: Sin
NEW — Jude 1:16. μεμψίμοιρος literally means ‘blaming one’s fate/lot,’ a close etymological parallel to Chinese fatalistic complaint-language (怨命); this is a constructive teaching parallel only and must not import Chinese fatalism doctrine into the Mandarin term itself.
Speak Arrogant Things
Approved rendering: 说夸大的话
Transliteration: shuō kuādà de huà
Doctrine: Judgment on Ungodly False Teachers
NEW — Jude 1:16. Standard descriptive vocabulary; low collision risk.
Scoffers
Approved rendering: 讥诮的人
Transliteration: jīqiào de rén
Doctrine: Last-Days Scoffers, Foretold by True Prophecy
Original: ἐμπαῖκται
Category: Eschatology
NEW — Jude 1:18. Standard term; low collision risk.
Eternity Formula
Approved rendering: 从万古以前，并现今，直到永永远远
Transliteration: cóng wàngǔ yǐqián, bìng xiànjīn, zhídào yǒngyǒng-yuǎnyuǎn
Doctrine: Doxology and God’s Preserving Power
NEW — Jude 1:25. Established CUV doxological closing formula; maintain consistency with the 永- prefix (‘eternal’) word-family used throughout the letter (chains v.6, fire v.7, life v.21).
James
Approved rendering: 雅各
Transliteration: Yǎgè
Doctrine: Epistolary Identity: Author, Recipients, and Greeting
Original: Ἰάκωβος
Category: Covenant
NEW — Jude 1:1. Established CUV form. Requires a clarifying note distinguishing this James (the Lord’s brother, author of the Epistle of James) from James the son of Zebedee or James the son of Alphaeus.
Beloved State
Approved rendering: 蒙爱的
Transliteration: méng ài de
Doctrine: Epistolary Identity: Author, Recipients, and Greeting
Original: ἠγαπημένοις
Category: God
NEW — Jude 1:1. The settled, ongoing state of being loved by God (perfect passive participle, ἠγαπημένοις). Distinguish from the vocative direct-address form 亲爱的 (‘beloved_address’) at 1:3, 1:17, 1:20; the two Greek forms are grammatically and functionally distinct and must not be collapsed into one Mandarin term.
Beloved Address
Approved rendering: 亲爱的
Transliteration: qīn’ài de
Doctrine: Epistolary Identity: Author, Recipients, and Greeting
Original: ἀγαπητοί
Category: Church
NEW — Jude 1:3, 1:17, 1:20. Direct-address form (ἀγαπητοί), ‘beloved ones.’ Distinct from 蒙爱的 (‘beloved_state,’ 1:1).
Egypt
Approved rendering: 埃及
Transliteration: Āijí
Doctrine: Old Testament Warnings as Types (Israel, Angels, Sodom)
Original: Αἴγυπτος
Category: Covenant
NEW — Jude 1:5. Established CUV proper noun; the nation from which God historically saved Israel, the first OT type in the warning triad.
Referenced passages