08 Core Glossary — Luke (Full Book)

This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, drawn from every chapter of Luke (1–24) plus the core passage (4:16-21). Terms already present in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked Reused and MUST use the identical Mandarin rendering recorded there — no deviation is permitted. Terms new to this curriculum are marked New and are proposed here for entry into the Language Package’s translation memory (pending Phase 1 Step-by-step ratification and any theologian review flagged below).

Risk tiers follow the baseline’s four-tier framework (Critical / High / Medium / Low) exactly. Every Critical/High entry below carries a specific, grounded collision rationale, per the hard rule governing this deliverable.

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Section A — Terms Reused Exactly from the Romans Baseline Translation Memory

These terms recur across Luke and MUST be rendered identically to the Romans package. No new analysis is required; they are listed here for cross-document consistency tracking only.

English	Mandarin	Pinyin	Risk (baseline)	Luke Chapters Where Used
God	神	Shén	Critical	1–24 (throughout)
Jesus	耶稣	Yēsū	Critical	1–24 (throughout)
Holy Spirit	圣灵	Shènglíng	Critical	1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 11, 12, 24
Lord	主	zhǔ	Critical	throughout, esp. 2, 10, 20, 23
Christ / Messiah	基督	Jīdū	Critical	2, 3, 4, 9, 22, 23, 24
Son of God	神的儿子	Shén de érzi	Critical	1, 3, 4, 8, 22
Resurrection	复活	fùhuó	Critical	9, 14, 20, 24
Salvation	救恩	jiùēn	Critical	1, 2, 3, 19
Righteousness	义	yì	Critical	1, 15, 18, 20
Grace	恩典	ēndiǎn	Critical	1, 2, 4
Sanctification	成圣	chéngshèng	Critical	(implicit; discipleship-holiness passages, e.g. ch. 1, 9)
Kingdom of God	神的国	Shén de guó	Medium	4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23
Law	律法	lǜfǎ	High	2, 5, 10, 16, 24
Sin	罪	zuì	High	throughout
Gentiles	外邦人	wàibāngrén	Medium	2, 21, 24
Glory	荣耀	róngyào	Medium	2, 9, 17, 19
Faith	信心	xìnxīn	High	5, 7, 8, 17, 18, 22
Called / Calling	蒙召的 / 呼召	méngzhào de / hūzhào	High	5, 14, 19
Holy	圣洁	shèngjié	High	1, 11
Saints	圣徒	shèngtú	High	(secondary; church-formation passages)
Apostle	使徒	shǐtú	Low	6, 9, 22, 24
Peace	平安	píng’ān	Medium	1, 2, 7, 8, 10, 19, 24
Fellowship	团契	tuánqì	Low	5, 15, 19, 22
Church	教会	jiàohuì	Medium	(proleptic; ecclesial formation, ch. 22, 24)
Prophet	先知	xiānzhī	Low	1, 3, 4, 7, 9, 16, 24
Prophecy	预言	yùyán	Medium	1, 4, 18, 21, 24
Covenant	约	yuē	High	1, 22
David	大卫	Dàwèi	Medium	1, 2, 3, 18, 20
Israel	以色列	Yǐsèliè	Medium	1, 2, 24
Father	父	fù	High	2, 6, 9, 10, 11, 15, 22, 23
Abba	阿爸	Ābà	High	22 (Gethsemane, “Father” address; consistent with Romans 8:15 register)
Power of God	神的大能	Shén de dà néng	High	1, 4, 24
Election	拣选	jiǎnxuǎn	High	6 (choosing the Twelve), 18
Providence	神的护理	Shén de hùlǐ	High	12, 21
Mission	宣教	xuānjiào	Medium	9, 10, 24
Intercession	代求	dàiqiú	Medium	11, 18, 22
Thanksgiving	感恩	gǎn’ēn	Low	17, 22
Exhort	劝勉	quànmiǎn	Low	3, 15
Seed of David	大卫的后裔	Dàwèi de hòuyì	High	1, 2, 20
Imputed Righteousness	算为义	suàn wéi yì	Critical	18 (Pharisee/tax collector, contrast pattern)

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Section B — New Terms Introduced for the Luke Curriculum

All terms below are new additions required by Luke’s distinctive doctrinal emphases. Each includes the Greek original, transliteration, Mandarin rendering, risk tier with grounded rationale, and the chapters where the term is load-bearing. These are proposed for formal addition to an updated translation_memory.json (version increment) prior to Phase 2.

English Gloss	Greek	Transliteration	Mandarin	Pinyin	Risk	Doctrine Category	Chapters	Grounded Rationale (Critical/High only)
Year of the Lord’s Favor / Jubilee	ἐνιαυτὸς Κυρίου δεκτός	eniautòs Kyríou dektós	主的禧年	Zhǔ de xǐnián	Critical	Kingdom of God Present and Future; Good News to the Poor	4 (core)	禧 (xǐ) is the same character family as generic festive good-fortune (囍, New Year greetings); without an explicit OT Jubilee (Lev 25) background note, readers will hear only “a lucky/auspicious year,” losing the debt-release/liberation content that is the core passage’s theological center.
Release / Forgiveness (ἄφεσις wordplay)	ἄφεσις	áphesis	释放 (release) / 赦免 (forgiveness)	shìfàng / shèmiǎn	High	Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins; Kingdom Present and Future	1, 3, 4, 24	Mandarin has no single word spanning both “release of captives” and “forgiveness of sins,” unlike the Greek; the two Mandarin words obscure Luke’s deliberate wordplay linking liberation and forgiveness as a single divine act, requiring a mandatory cross-referencing translator note at every occurrence.
Repentance	μετάνοια	metánoia	悔改	huǐgǎi	High	Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins	3, 5, 13, 15, 17, 24	NEVER use 忏悔 (Buddhist/Daoist ritual confession for karma-reduction, a merit-ledger practice); NEVER let it collapse into 后悔 (mere regret without turning to God).
Poor	πτωχός	ptōchós	贫穷的人	pínqióng de rén	High	Good News to the Poor and Marginalized	4 (core), 6, 7, 14, 16, 18, 19, 21	Risk of moralizing poverty as karmic desert (报应, already flagged under “sin” in Romans baseline) or as an ascetic virtue achieved through detachment, rather than a status the gospel graciously and specially addresses.
Blessed	μακάριος	makários	有福了	yǒufú le	High	Good News to the Poor and Marginalized	6, 7, 11, 12, 14, 23	Shares the 福 root already flagged Medium in the Romans baseline (gospel); compounded here because Luke attaches “blessing” specifically to poverty/suffering/persecution, the inverse of folk 福 associations with wealth and worldly fortune.
Love	ἀγάπη / ἀγαπάω	agápē / agapáō	爱	ài	High	Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners; Cost and Joy of Discipleship	6, 7, 10, 11, 15	Broad Mandarin semantic range (romantic, filial, generic affection) risks collapsing into 仁 (rén), the cultivated, role-based Confucian virtue of benevolence — a parallel collision to the already-Critical 义/righteousness entry in the Romans baseline.
Mercy / Compassion	ἔλεος / σπλαγχνίζομαι	éleos / splanchnízomai	怜悯	liánmǐn	High	Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners	1, 7, 10, 15, 18	NEVER use 慈悲 (cíbēi) — the celebrated Buddhist virtue of compassion associated with Guanyin, flowing from enlightened detachment rather than the character of a personal, covenant-keeping God who acts in specific historical rescue.
Deny self / Take up cross	ἀπαρνέομαι ἑαυτόν / αἴρω τὸν σταυρόν	aparnéomai heautón / aírō tòn stauròn	舍己 / 背起十字架	shějǐ / bēiqǐ shízìjià	High	The Cost and Joy of Discipleship	9, 14	Risk of collision with Buddhist 无我 (no-self doctrine, dissolving an illusory self); biblical self-denial presupposes a real self freely and willingly relinquished in costly obedience, not a metaphysical realization that the self never existed.
Son of Man	υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου	huiòs toû anthrṑpou	人子	rénzǐ	High	Deity/Sonship of Christ (extends Romans baseline)	9, 12, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 24	Must retain its Daniel 7 apocalyptic-authority background; must not be confused with 天子 (“Son of Heaven,” the historic Chinese imperial title, already forbidden in the Romans baseline for Son of God) despite superficial structural similarity.
Prayer	προσευχή / προσεύχομαι	proseuchḕ / proseúchomai	祷告	dǎogào	High	Prayer and Dependence on God	1, 3, 5, 6, 9, 11, 18, 22	Must be sharply distinguished from folk-petitionary practice: 求签 (fortune-stick divination), 问卜 (consulting a diviner), 烧香拜拜 (incense-petitioning of ancestors/deities) — already flagged in the Romans baseline under intercession; this is a curriculum-defining doctrine for Luke requiring theologian-level review.
Eternal Life	ζωὴ αἰώνιος	zōḕ aiṑnios	永生	yǒngshēng	High	Kingdom of God Present and Future	10, 18	Risk of collision with Daoist/folk pursuit of physical immortality through cultivation/alchemy (长生不老); biblical eternal life is resurrection life granted by grace through faith, not technique-achieved life-extension.
Kingdom among/within you	ἐντὸς ὑμῶν	entòs hymôn	神的国就在你们中间	Shén de guó jiù zài nǐmen zhōngjiān	Critical	Kingdom of God Present and Future	17	Genuinely ambiguous Greek preposition; an “inward/inside you” rendering risks collapsing the Kingdom into an individualist, mystical inner experience resembling Buddhist/Chan inward contemplation (内观); the corporate “in your midst” (Jesus’ own presence) reading must be the controlling default, flagged for theologian ratification rather than silently chosen.
Ascension	ἀναλαμβάνω / ἀνελήμφθη	analambánō / anelḕmphthē	被带到天上去 (literal) / 升天 (doctrinal shorthand)	bèi dài dào tiānshàng qù / shēngtiān	Critical	Resurrection/Lordship/Deity of Christ (extends Romans baseline)	24	升天 is deeply embedded in Daoist/folk-religious vocabulary for a cultivator’s self-attained ascent to immortality (得道升天, 羽化升天) and is also a common death euphemism; Christ’s ascension must always be taught as a unique, bodily, historical exaltation to reign as Lord, never an attainment through spiritual practice nor a generic euphemism for death.
Opened (mind/eyes to Scripture)	διανοίγω	dianoígō	心眼开了	xīnyǎn kāi le	High	Fulfillment of Prophecy (extends Romans baseline)	24	NEVER use 开悟 or 悟 — technical Buddhist/Chan terms for enlightenment attained through the practitioner’s own meditative discipline; biblical “opening” here is a gift graciously given by the risen Christ, not a self-generated or practice-attained insight.
Mammon	μαμωνᾶς	mamōnâs	玛门	Mǎmén	High	Cost and Joy of Discipleship; Good News to the Poor	16	Personifies wealth as a rival master demanding total allegiance — structurally identical to the exclusive-Lordship claim already Critical for 主/Lord in the Romans baseline; must not be flattened into generic “money is bad” moralism.
Neighbor	πλησίον	plēsíon	邻舍	línshè	High	Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People	10	Must not be narrowed back to literal geographic/ethnic proximity — the very boundary the Good Samaritan parable exists to dismantle.
Anoint	χρίω	chríō	膏	gāo	High	Messianic Promise (extends Romans baseline)	4 (core)	Semantic root of 基督/Messiah (Critical in Romans baseline); everyday Mandarin usage defaults to medicinal/cosmetic ointment (药膏), losing the OT anointing-for-office background (king/priest/prophet) that grounds the title.
Fulfilled	πληρόω	plēróō	应验	yìngyàn	High	Fulfillment of Prophecy (extends Romans baseline)	4 (core), 21, 22, 24	Must convey one-time, linear historical fulfillment (OT promise → NT accomplishment), not the cyclical dynastic rise-and-fall pattern (治乱循环) that shapes much traditional Chinese historical reading, per the Romans baseline’s existing caution.
Scripture	γραφή	graphḕ	经文	jīngwén	High	Inspiration of Scripture (extends Romans baseline)	4 (core), 24	Must be distinguished from the Chinese classical canon (经, as in the Confucian Five Classics or Daoist Daodejing) — authoritative sage-wisdom, not the direct, personal, verbal revelation of a personal God.
Demon / Unclean Spirit	δαιμόνιον / ἀκάθαρτον πνεῦμα	daimónion / akátharton pneûma	污鬼 / 鬼	wūguǐ / guǐ	High	The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History (contrast)	4, 8, 9, 11, 13	Chinese folk religion has an extensive populated category of ghosts/spirits (鬼) managed through ritual pacification or shamanic exorcism (跳大神); must be taught that demons are personal evil beings under Christ’s unique sovereign authority, not ancestral ghosts requiring ritual technique.
Redemption	ἀπολύτρωσις / λύτρωσις	apolýtrōsis / lýtrōsis	救赎	jiùshú	High	Jesus as Savior; Kingdom Present and Future	2, 21	Must not be conflated with 超度 (chāodù) — the Buddhist/Daoist posthumous rite releasing a deceased soul from suffering, already forbidden in the Romans baseline for “salvation”; biblical redemption is God’s decisive act of rescue for the living.
Savior	σωτήρ	sōtḕr	救主	jiùzhǔ	High	Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People	1, 2	Must be taught as personal Rescuer from sin and judgment, not a this-worldly political liberator or patron-benefactor figure (a common ancient usage of sōtēr for kings/emperors).
Hate (discipleship priority idiom)	μισέω	miséō	(idiomatic; not literal 恨)	—	High	Cost and Joy of Discipleship	14	Literal rendering (恨, hèn) collides directly with 孝 (filial piety), a foundational Confucian virtue; must be rendered as an idiom of supreme relative priority/allegiance to Christ, never literal hatred of parents.
Be merciful/propitiated	ἱλάσκομαι	hilásketai	开恩可怜	kāi’ēn kělián	High	Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins	18	Cognate with the propitiation vocabulary already flagged for mandatory theologian review under Romans 3:25 in the baseline’s escalation rules; dramatizes the grace-versus-merit contrast in narrative form.
Disciple	μαθητής	mathētḕs	门徒	méntú	Medium	Cost and Joy of Discipleship	5, 6, 9, 10, 14, 18, 19, 22, 24	Also names a Confucian scholarly-lineage or guild apprentice (孔门弟子); must be taught as costly allegiance to Jesus as Lord/Savior, not mere apprenticeship.
Follow	ἀκολουθέω	akolouthéō	跟从	gēncóng	Medium	Cost and Joy of Discipleship	5, 9, 18	Must convey total, reordered life-allegiance, not casual companionship.
Cross	σταυρός	staurós	十字架	shízìjià	Medium	Cost and Joy of Discipleship	9, 14, 23	Metaphorical “take up your cross,” if divorced from its literal referent, risks becoming a generic idiom for hardship rather than death-to-self and identification with a crucified Messiah.
Sinner	ἁμαρτωλός	hamartōlós	罪人	zuìrén	Medium	Table Fellowship with Sinners; Repentance	5, 7, 15, 18, 19	Adds a social-outcast dimension to the already-High 罪 root that a narrowly legal/criminal reading (cf. 罪犯) can miss.
Tax Collector	τελώνης	telṑnēs	税吏	shuìlì	Medium	Table Fellowship with Sinners	3, 5, 7, 15, 18, 19	First-century stigma (Roman collaboration, ritual/social exclusion) has no exact modern Chinese equivalent; requires background note.
Lost	ἀπολωλός	apolōlós	失丧的	shīsàng de	Medium	Table Fellowship with Sinners; Savior for All	15, 19	Must not flatten to neutral “missing/misplaced” (丢失); names spiritual peril resolved only by God’s initiative, distinct from Buddhist samsara-escape-by-self-effort.
Joy	χαρά	chará	喜乐	xǐlè	Medium	Cost and Joy of Discipleship	1, 2, 6, 10, 15, 19, 24	Distinguish from 福气 (fortune/luck-based happiness); this joy is relational, flowing from restored fellowship with God.
Rich	πλούσιος	ploúsios	财主	cáizhǔ	Medium	Good News to the Poor and Marginalized	1, 6, 12, 14, 16, 18, 19, 21	Carries residual class-struggle-era connotations from 20th-century Chinese social history; clarify as descriptive economic/spiritual category in Jesus’ teaching, not an invitation to modern class-conflict reading.
Widow	χήρα	chēra	寡妇	guǎfù	Medium	Good News to the Poor and Marginalized	2, 4, 7, 18, 20, 21	Retain the vulnerability/marginalization emphasis central to Luke’s social theme, not a neutral demographic label.
Baptism	βάπτισμα	báptisma	洗礼	xǐlǐ	Medium	Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins	3, 7, 12, 20	Distinguish from Chinese folk/Daoist ritual-purification practice (斋戒净身); a definitive, one-time turning, not a repeatable purity rite.
Virgin	παρθένος	parthénos	童女	tóngnǚ	High	Incarnation (extends Romans baseline, Critical)	1	CUV’s established, softer term (rather than the more clinical 处女); directly feeds the already-Critical incarnation doctrine — the virgin conception is the concrete historical basis for “the Word became flesh.”
Angel	ἄγγελος	ángelos	天使	tiānshǐ	Medium	Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History	1, 2, 9, 12, 15, 22, 24	Distinguish from Chinese folk-heavenly-being categories (神仙, deities/immortals); angels are created messengers, not deities.
Most High	Ὕψιστος	Hýpsistos	至高者	zhìgāozhě	Medium	Deity of Christ (extends Romans baseline)	1, 6, 8	Distinguish from folk-Daoist supreme-deity figures (e.g. 玉皇大帝) presiding over a pantheon; God alone, uniquely, is Most High.
Circumcision	περιτομή	peritomḕ	割礼	gēlǐ	Medium	Unity of Jews and Gentiles (extends Romans baseline)	1, 2	Must be taught as the old covenant boundary marker the gospel does not require of Gentile believers, so as not to suggest an equivalent Chinese rite of passage is needed for inclusion.
Consolation	παράκλησις	paráklēsis	安慰	ānwèi	Medium	Jesus as Savior for All	2	Tied to a specific, historical, covenant-fulfilling hope (the Messiah), not generalized comfort philosophy.
Sabbath	σάββατον	sábbaton	安息日	ānxírì	Medium	Fulfillment of Prophecy	4 (core), 6, 13, 14, 23	Must not be flattened to a generic “day off” (周末); carries covenantal, law-rooted significance.
Synagogue	συναγωγή	synagōgḕ	会堂	huìtáng	Medium	Church as God’s People (extends Romans baseline)	4 (core), 6, 7, 13	NEVER 庙/寺/道观 (folk/Buddhist/Daoist temple); a covenant-assembly place, not a shrine housing an image.
Pharisee	Φαρισαῖος	Pharisaîos	法利赛人	Fǎlìsài rén	Medium	Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins	5, 6, 7, 11, 14, 15, 16, 18	Guard against mapping Pharisaic legalism directly onto Confucian ritual-propriety concern (礼); the specific critique is self-righteous merit-claiming, not ritual observance itself.
Samaritan	Σαμαρίτης	Samarítēs	撒马利亚人	Sāmǎlìyà rén	Medium	Jesus as Savior for All Nations	9, 10, 17	Requires cultural-historical footnote (Jewish-Samaritan enmity) for full narrative force with low-OT-literacy readers.
Table Fellowship (eat with)	συνεσθίω / κατάκειμαι	synesthíō / katákeimai	一同吃饭 / 同席	yītóng chīfàn / tóngxí	High	Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners	5, 7, 15, 19, 22	Chinese banquet culture carries strong hierarchical seating and face (面子, already flagged in the Romans baseline) dynamics; must be taught that Jesus deliberately breaks purity/status boundaries through shared meals, a structural, not merely social, act of grace.
Paradise	παράδεισος	parádeisos	乐园	lèyuán	Medium	Good News to the Poor and Marginalized; Repentance and Forgiveness	23	Distinguish from the Daoist immortal-realm (仙境) and Buddhist Pure Land (净土); received purely by faith at the point of confession, not cultivated or ritually attained.
Rich Man and Lazarus / Hades	Ἅδης	Hádēs	阴间	yīnjiān	Medium	Good News to the Poor and Marginalized	16	Distinguish from the elaborate folk-religious underworld bureaucracy (城隍, 判官) requiring ritual navigation; a place of God’s just moral reckoning.
New Covenant	διαθήκη καινή	diathḕkē kainḕ	新约	xīnyuē	Medium-High	Jesus as Savior; Repentance and Forgiveness	22	Built on the already-High 约 root; teach its continuity with/fulfillment of the Davidic covenant already flagged in the Romans baseline.
Body and Blood	σῶμα / αἷμα	sôma / haîma	身体 / 血	shēntǐ / xuè	Medium	Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins	22	Distinguish from folk-religious blood-offering rites to ancestral/local spirits (血祭); commemorates Christ’s own once-for-all sacrificial death.
Passover	πάσχα	páscha	逾越节	Yúyuèjié	Medium	Jesus as Savior; Fulfillment of Prophecy	22	Requires Exodus-deliverance background note for readers with low OT narrative literacy.
Steward	οἰκονόμος	oikonómos	管家	guǎnjiā	Medium	Cost and Joy of Discipleship	12, 16	Must convey accountability to a returning master, not simple resource management.
Do Not Fear	φόβος (μὴ φοβεῖσθε)	phóbos	不要惧怕	bùyào jùpà	Medium	Prayer and Dependence on God	1, 2, 5, 8, 12	Distinguish from 敬畏 (reverent fear owed to God elsewhere); this is anxious dread to be released through trust.
Tribulation	θλῖψις	thlîpsis	患难	huànnàn	Medium	Kingdom of God Present and Future	21	Teach within its eschatological frame (suffering preceding Kingdom consummation), not generic hardship.
Narrow Door	θύρα στενή	thýra stenḕ	窄门	zhǎimén	Medium	Kingdom of God Present and Future	13	Balance against universal-scope doctrine: narrow in requiring decisive response to Christ, not narrow in ethnic/civilizational scope.
Judge (not)	κρίνω	krínō	论断	lùnduàn	Medium	Cost and Joy of Discipleship	6	Targets self-righteous, hypocritical condemnation of others, not legitimate discernment.
Woe	οὐαί	ouaí	有祸了	yǒuhuò le	Medium	Good News to the Poor and Marginalized	6, 10, 11	A sober prophetic warning of coming judgment, not an imprecatory curse.
Sign of Jonah	σημεῖον Ἰωνᾶ	sēmeîon Iōnâ	约拿的迹象	Yuēná de jìxiàng	Medium	Fulfillment of Prophecy	11	Requires OT typological background; not a generic, self-evident miracle sign.
Word of God	λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ	lógos toû Theoû	神的话	Shén de huà	Medium	Inspiration of Scripture (extends Romans baseline)	8	Distinct from written 圣经; the living, proclaimed message — needs the same care as γραφή.
Humble/Exalt	ταπεινόω / ὑψόω	tapeinóō / hypsóō	自卑 / 升高	zìbēi / shēnggāo	Medium	Good News to the Poor and Marginalized	1, 14, 18	Distinguish genuine trust-based self-humbling from face-conscious performed modesty (面子).
Parable	παραβολή	parabolḕ	比喻	bǐyù	Low	(literary device across doctrines)	5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20	Low-ambiguity literary term; doctrinal weight lies in individual parable content.
Temptation	πειρασμός	peirasmós	试探	shìtàn	Medium	(contextual to core passage and beyond)	4, 11, 22	Distinguish from 诱惑 (generic enticement toward pleasure); an adversarial testing of obedience/identity.
Devil	διάβολος	diábolos	魔鬼	móguǐ	Medium	(contextual)	4, 8, 10, 22	Distinguish from generic folk “ghosts” (鬼) of restless human spirits; a personal fallen spiritual being.
Authority	ἐξουσία	exousía	权柄	quánbǐng	Medium	(contextual to Kingdom doctrine)	4, 5, 9, 10, 20	Distinct from but complementary to 神的大能 (power); emphasizes rightful authority to command.
Genealogy	γενεαλογία	genealogía	家谱	jiāpǔ	Low	Davidic Covenant (extends Romans baseline)	3	Establishes Jesus’ Davidic/Adamic lineage; low ambiguity as a literary form.
All Flesh	πᾶσα σάρξ	pâsa sárx	凡有血气的	fán yǒu xuèqì de	High	Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People	3	Must retain full, unqualified universality; no Hua-Yi (华夷) insider/outsider framing permitted.
Attendant	ὑπηρέτης	hypērétēs	侍役	shìyì	Low	(core passage, minor role)	4 (core)	Minor liturgical office noun; no doctrinal weight.
Gaze intently	ἀτενίζω	atenízō	定睛看	dìngjīng kàn	Low	(core passage, narrative detail)	4 (core)	Vivid descriptive verb; no ambiguity.
Today (theological)	σήμερον	sḕmeron	今天	jīntiān	Medium	Kingdom of God Present and Future	4 (core), 19, 23	Theological weight (decisive “now” of fulfillment) is entirely contextual and easily missed without a note.
Recovery of Sight	ἀνάβλεψις	anáblepsis	得看见	dé kànjiàn	Low-Medium	Good News to the Poor and Marginalized	4 (core)	Descriptive phrase; risk chiefly in losing the figurative spiritual-sight dimension if taught only literally.
Captive	αἰχμάλωτος	aichmálōtos	被囚的人 / 被掳的人	bèi qiú de rén / bèi lǔ de rén	Medium	Good News to the Poor and Marginalized	4 (core)	Must retain both literal (social/political bondage) and figurative (bondage to sin) senses.
Oppressed/Crushed	τεθραυσμένος	tethrausménos	受欺压的人	shòu qīyā de rén	Medium	Good News to the Poor and Marginalized	4 (core)	Risk chiefly of under-translation softening the intensity of oppression named.
Scroll	βιβλίον	biblíon	书卷	shūjuàn	Low	Inspiration of Scripture	4 (core)	Concrete object noun; low ambiguity.
Goodwill/Favor	εὐδοκία	eudokía	喜悦	xǐyuè	Medium	Grace (extends Romans baseline)	2	Risk of a generic “social harmony” reading rather than God’s own sovereign, gracious disposition.
Sign	σημεῖον	sēmeîon	记号	jìhào	Low-Medium	Good News to the Poor and Marginalized	2	Contextual note needed that the “sign” given (2:12) is deliberately humble, not spectacular.
Give to Caesar/God	ἀπόδοτε Καίσαρι…τῷ Θεῷ	apódote Kaísari…tô Theô	凯撒的归凯撒，神的归神	Kǎisā de guī Kǎisā, Shén de guī Shén	Medium	(government/authority sensitivity, per Romans baseline pattern)	20	Sensitive but not doctrine-destroying; native-speaker review recommended given contemporary political sensitivity.
Cornerstone	λίθος (γωνιαίας)	líthos (gōnaías)	房角石	fángjiǎoshí	Medium	Lordship of Christ (extends Romans baseline)	20	Christological OT allusion (Psalm 118); requires background note for low-OT-literacy readers.

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Section C — Risk Summary for the Luke Curriculum

Risk Tier	Count of New Terms (Section B)	Notes
Critical	3	Year of the Lord’s Favor/Jubilee (core passage); Kingdom among/within you (17:21); Ascension (24) — plus one compound Critical construction (19:10, Son of Man + lost + salvation).
High	24	Includes repentance, poor, blessed, love, mercy/compassion, deny self, Son of Man, prayer, eternal life, mammon, neighbor, anoint, fulfilled, scripture, demon, redemption, savior, hate-idiom, propitiation cognate, table fellowship, all flesh, virgin, and the ἄφεσις wordplay.
Medium	~40	Includes disciple, follow, cross, sinner, tax collector, lost, joy, rich, widow, baptism, angel, Most High, circumcision, consolation, Sabbath, synagogue, Pharisee, Samaritan, paradise, Hades, new covenant, body/blood, Passover, steward, do-not-fear, tribulation, narrow door, judge, woe, sign of Jonah, word of God, humble/exalt, temptation, devil, authority, all flesh (compound), today, recovery of sight, captive, oppressed, goodwill, sign, Caesar/God, cornerstone.
Low	~10	Parable, genealogy, attendant, gaze intently, scroll, and proper nouns (Appendix).

Total requiring mandatory human theologian review (Critical + High): 27 new terms, in addition to every Critical/High term reused from the Romans baseline wherever it recurs in Luke.

Cross-document consistency requirement: Per the baseline’s theological consistency rules, once ratified, every rendering in Section B must be applied identically across all Luke curriculum documents, exactly as the Romans package requires for its own terms (e.g., Romans 1:16-17, 8:28, 10:9-10 consistency rules). The core passage (Luke 4:16-21) and Luke 19:10 (its summary echo) are the Luke-curriculum equivalents of those anchor verses and must receive the same cross-document, verbatim-consistency treatment.

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Critical Risk Terms

Grace

Approved rendering: 恩典
Transliteration: ēndiǎn
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: 功德, 造化, 福气, 阴德
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation

Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: NEVER use 功德 or 阴德. 恩典 must be taught as unearned favor given apart from merit-accounting. Extended for Luke: dramatized narratively through the Prodigal Son (15:11-32) and the Pharisee/tax collector parable (18:9-14), the curriculum’s central grace-versus-merit narrative cluster.

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Righteousness

Approved rendering: 义
Transliteration: yì
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: 道德, 善行
Original: δικαιοσύνη / δίκαιος
Category: Salvation

Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: 义 is also a Confucian Constant Virtue; biblical righteousness is a right standing before God received through faith, not a cultivated virtue. Extended for Luke: appears in Zechariah/Elizabeth’s blameless conduct (1:6), Simeon’s righteousness (2:25), and the Pharisee/tax collector contrast (18).

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Justification

Approved rendering: 称义
Transliteration: chēngyì
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: 修成正果, 赎罪
Original: δικαιόω
Category: Salvation

Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: a forensic declaration, not a process; NEVER 修成正果. Extended for Luke: 18:14 narrates this directly — the tax collector ‘went down to his house justified,’ a forensic declaration apart from any merit-claim.

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Salvation

Approved rendering: 救恩
Transliteration: jiùēn
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: 解脱, 超度, 得道
Original: σωτηρία / σῴζω
Category: Salvation

Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: NEVER 解脱 or 超度. Extended for Luke: the whole mission narrative culminates in 19:10, ‘the Son of Man came to seek and save the lost’; salvation is repeatedly pronounced over living individuals (Zacchaeus 19:9-10; the criminal on the cross 23:43), never a posthumous rite.

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Sanctification

Approved rendering: 成圣
Transliteration: chéngshèng
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 修身, 修炼
Original: ἁγιασμός / ἁγιάζω
Category: Sanctification

Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: a direct borrowing of the Neo-Confucian self-cultivation term; every occurrence requires a clarifying note. Extended for Luke: applicable to the costly-discipleship passages (9:23; 14:26-33) where Spirit-wrought transformation, not self-achieved moral perfection, is in view.

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Resurrection

Approved rendering: 复活
Transliteration: fùhuó
Doctrine: Resurrection of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 轮回, 投胎, 还魂
Original: ἀνάστασις / ἐγείρω
Category: Eschatology

Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: NEVER 轮回, 投胎, or 还魂. Extended for Luke: central to the Sadducee debate (20:27-40) and the empty tomb/appearance narratives (24:1-49), verified by the risen Christ eating and being touched (24:39-43), never cyclical or folkloric reanimation.

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Lord

Approved rendering: 主
Transliteration: zhǔ
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 主人, 老爷
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology

Inherited from Romans package. Must not be softened toward 主人 or 老爷. Extended for Luke: applied to Jesus from the angelic announcement onward (2:11) and in his own teaching on David’s Lord (20:41-44).

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Son Of God

Approved rendering: 神的儿子
Transliteration: Shén de érzi
Doctrine: Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 天子, 神人
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology

Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: NEVER 天子 or 神人. Extended for Luke: declared at the annunciation (1:32,35), the baptism (3:22), the temptation (4:3,9), and the Sanhedrin trial (22:70).

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Incarnation

Approved rendering: 道成肉身
Transliteration: dào chéng ròushēn
Doctrine: Incarnation
Rejected alternatives: 化身, 转世, 下凡
Original: (theological name for the event narrated in Luke 1:26-38, 2:1-7)
Category: Christology

Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: 道 must always be taught as the personal divine Word, not Daoist impersonal cosmic principle; NEVER 化身/下凡/转世. Extended for Luke: grounded historically in the Nativity narrative (1:26-38; 2:1-7), with the virgin conception (see ‘virgin’ entry) as its concrete historical basis.

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Messiah

Approved rendering: 基督
Transliteration: Jīdū
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: 弥勒, 救世主式泛称
Original: Χριστός / מָשִׁיחַ
Category: Christology

Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: NEVER conflate with 弥勒 (Maitreya). Extended for Luke: Peter’s confession (9:20) and Jesus’ own resurrection teaching (24:26,46) both use this title.

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Jesus

Approved rendering: 耶稣
Transliteration: Yēsū
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: Ἰησοῦς
Category: Christology

Inherited from Romans package. CUV standard transliteration. Extended for Luke: central to every chapter of the Gospel.

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God

Approved rendering: 神
Transliteration: Shén
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 上帝, 天, 老天爷
Original: θεός
Category: God

Inherited from Romans package. This package standardizes on 神 (Shen edition). NEVER 天 or 老天爷 alone. Extended for Luke: requires ongoing monotheism clarification since 神 is also the common noun for folk deities/spirits throughout the narrative.

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Holy Spirit

Approved rendering: 圣灵
Transliteration: Shènglíng
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 祖灵, 灵
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God

Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: always the compound 圣灵; NEVER 灵 alone or 祖灵. Extended for Luke: especially prominent in the infancy narrative (1:15,35,41,67) and the programmatic anointing of Jesus (3:22; 4:1,14,18). NEW risk surfaced for Luke’s narrative (not present in Romans’ doctrinal exposition): the Spirit ‘coming upon,’ ‘filling,’ and ‘overshadowing’ individuals must never be described in language resembling folk shamanic spirit-possession trance (上身, 跳大神) — this is the personal, purposive, non-trance activity of the third divine Person for a specific redemptive purpose.

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Imputed Righteousness

Approved rendering: 算为义
Transliteration: suàn wéi yì
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: 修成正果的义, 自义
Original: (theological pattern reflected in Luke 18:14’s δικαιωμένος)
Category: Salvation

Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL: righteousness credited, NOT earned. Extended for Luke: 18:14’s tax collector receives this status apart from any merit-claim, contrasted with the Pharisee’s self-righteousness (自义).

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Jubilee Year

Approved rendering: 主的禧年
Transliteration: Zhǔ de xǐnián
Doctrine: The Jubilee / Year of the Lord’s Favor
Rejected alternatives: 自由年, 释放年
Original: ἐνιαυτὸς Κυρίου δεκτός
Category: Kingdom

New term for Luke. 禧 (xǐ) in ordinary modern Mandarin overwhelmingly connotes festive happiness/good fortune (as in 囍 or New Year greetings), the same semantic neighborhood as 福; without an explicit OT Jubilee (Lev 25) background note — debt-release, land-restoration, slave-manumission — Chinese readers will very plausibly hear only ‘a lucky/auspicious year,’ stripping out the justice-and-liberation content that is the thesis of Luke’s Gospel (4:18-19, core passage). Single highest-priority translator note in the entire Luke curriculum.

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Forgiveness Of Sins

Approved rendering: 赦免
Transliteration: shèmiǎn
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Rejected alternatives: 原谅, 宽恕
Original: ἄφεσις ἁμαρτιῶν
Category: Sin

New term for Luke. Same Greek root ἄφεσις used for ‘release of captives’ in 4:18; splitting into 释放/赦免 necessarily loses Luke’s literary unity linking liberation and forgiveness as a single divine act (1:77; 3:3; 4:18; 5:20-24; 24:47). Mandatory translator note required at every occurrence, cross-referencing 释放.

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Kingdom Within Among You

Approved rendering: 神的国就在你们中间
Transliteration: Shén de guó jiù zài nǐmen zhōngjiān
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Rejected alternatives: 神的国就在你们心里
Original: ἡ βασιλεία τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐντὸς ὑμῶν ἐστιν
Category: Kingdom

New term for Luke, extending 神的国. Luke 17:21’s ἐντὸς ὑμῶν is genuinely ambiguous (‘within’ vs. ‘among’); the corporate ‘in your midst’ reading (Jesus’ own bodily presence) is the contextually preferred sense and must be the controlling default. The ‘inward’ rendering risks collapsing the Kingdom into individualist mystical inner experience resembling Buddhist/Chan inward contemplation (内观) and is flagged for mandatory theologian review, never silently chosen.

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Ascension

Approved rendering: 升天 / 被带到天上去
Transliteration: shēngtiān / bèi dài dào tiānshàng qù
Doctrine: Ascension and Exaltation of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 得道升天, 羽化升天
Original: ἀναλαμβάνω / ἀνελήμφθη (cf. διΐστημι, Luke 24:51)
Category: Christology

New term for Luke. 升天 is deeply embedded in Daoist/folk vocabulary for a cultivator’s self-attained ascent to immortality and is also a common death euphemism; Christ’s ascension (24:50-53) must be taught, every time, as a unique, bodily, historical exaltation of the risen Lord, never an attainment through practice nor a death euphemism. The literal descriptive phrase 被带到天上去 is the safer default for first exposure; 升天 as doctrinal shorthand requires the clarifying note.

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High Risk Terms

Faith

Approved rendering: 信心
Transliteration: xìnxīn
Doctrine: Faith
Rejected alternatives: 虔诚, 迷信, 信仰
Original: πίστις / πιστεύω
Category: Faith

Inherited from Romans package. Personal trust placed in Christ specifically; object of faith must be stated in context. Extended for Luke: notable in the centurion’s faith (7:9) and the sinful woman’s/hemorrhaging woman’s faith (7:50; 8:48).

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Called

Approved rendering: 蒙召的
Transliteration: méngzhào de
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: 受命于天, 天命所归
Original: καλέω / κλητός
Category: Salvation

Inherited from Romans package. NEVER 天命所归. Extended for Luke: applies to Jesus’ calling of the first disciples (5:1-11) and the Twelve (6:13) as a personal, relational summons.

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Calling

Approved rendering: 呼召
Transliteration: hūzhào
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: 天命, 命运
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation

Inherited from Romans package. NEVER 天命 alone for the noun form. Extended for Luke: the sending of the seventy-two (10:1) is a further concrete instance.

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Holy

Approved rendering: 圣洁
Transliteration: shèngjié
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: 清净, 圣人般的
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification

Inherited from Romans package. Avoid 清净 and ‘sage-like’ glossing. Extended for Luke: recurs in the Benedictus (1:75) and of God’s own holy name (1:49).

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Saints

Approved rendering: 圣徒
Transliteration: shèngtú
Doctrine: Sainthood
Rejected alternatives: 圣人, 高僧
Original: ἅγιοι
Category: Church

Inherited from Romans package. NEVER 圣人/高僧. Extended for Luke: not prominent by name but implicit in the community of disciples formed by the Gospel’s end.

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Law

Approved rendering: 律法
Transliteration: lǜfǎ
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: 礼, 道德规范, 法律
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant

Inherited from Romans package. NEVER equate with 礼 or 法律. Extended for Luke: Jesus’ family observes it faithfully (2:22-24,27,39); Jesus is repeatedly tested on Sabbath-law interpretation (6:1-11; 13:10-17; 14:1-6).

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Sin

Approved rendering: 罪
Transliteration: zuì
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: 报应, 罪犯式的罪
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin

Inherited from Romans package. Distinguish from 报应. Extended for Luke: foundational to the repentance/forgiveness doctrine throughout (1:77; 3:3; 5:20-24; 7:47-49; 15; 24:47).

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Power Of God

Approved rendering: 神的大能
Transliteration: Shén de dà néng
Doctrine: Power of God for Salvation
Rejected alternatives: 气, 法力
Original: δύναμις (θεοῦ)
Category: God

Inherited from Romans package. NEVER 气 or 法力. Extended for Luke: explicit at the annunciation (‘the power of the Most High will overshadow you,’ 1:35) and Jesus’ Spirit-empowered ministry (4:14,36; 5:17; 6:19; 24:49).

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Covenant

Approved rendering: 约
Transliteration: yuē
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: 合同, 契约
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant

Inherited from Romans package. Avoid 合同/契约. Extended for Luke: named explicitly in the Benedictus (1:72) and instituted anew at the Last Supper (22:20; see also ‘new_covenant’).

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Election

Approved rendering: 拣选
Transliteration: jiǎnxuǎn
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: 天命, 命运, 缘分
Original: ἐκλέγομαι / ἐκλογή
Category: Salvation

Inherited from Romans package. NEVER 天命/命运/缘分. Extended for Luke: Jesus’ choosing of the Twelve (6:13) and the seventy-two (10:1) are concrete narrative instances.

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Providence

Approved rendering: 神的护理
Transliteration: Shén de hùlǐ
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: 天意, 命运
Original: (theological name for God’s governance, cf. Luke 12:6-7,22-32)
Category: God

Inherited from Romans package. NEVER 天意 alone. Extended for Luke: grounds Jesus’ teaching on anxiety and God’s care for sparrows and lilies (12:6-7,22-32) and the promise ‘not a hair of your head will perish’ (21:18).

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Father

Approved rendering: 父
Transliteration: fù
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Rejected alternatives: 祖先, 老天爷
Original: πατήρ
Category: God

Inherited from Romans package. Distinguish from ancestor veneration (祭祖). Extended for Luke: central to the Lord’s Prayer (11:2) and Jesus’ Gethsemane prayer (22:42).

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Abba

Approved rendering: 阿爸
Transliteration: Ābà
Doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family
Original: אַבָּא (cf. Luke 22:42’s πάτερ used with the same intimacy as Romans 8:15’s Ἀββά)
Category: God

Inherited from Romans package. Aramaic term of intimacy. Extended for Luke: register-consistent with Jesus’ intimate address to the Father in Gethsemane (22:42, 阿爸父).

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Seed Of David

Approved rendering: 大卫的后裔
Transliteration: Dàwèi de hòuyì
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: σπέρμα Δαυίδ (cf. Luke’s genealogy, 3:23-31; birth narrative, 1:27,32,69; 2:4)
Category: Covenant

Inherited from Romans package. Extended for Luke: conveys physical lineage and OT covenant fulfillment throughout the birth narrative and genealogy (1:27,32,69; 2:4; 3:23-31).

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Release

Approved rendering: 释放
Transliteration: shìfàng
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Rejected alternatives: 解放, 自由
Original: ἄφεσις (captivity sense)
Category: Salvation

New term for Luke. Renders ἄφεσις in its captivity-release sense (4:18). Mandarin has no single word spanning both ‘release of captives’ and ‘forgiveness of sins’ as the Greek does; must be cross-referenced with 赦免 (forgiveness_of_sins) wherever ἄφεσις recurs (1:77; 3:3; 4:18 [twice]; 24:47) via mandatory translator note preserving Luke’s deliberate literary unity between liberation and forgiveness.

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Repentance

Approved rendering: 悔改
Transliteration: huǐgǎi
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Rejected alternatives: 忏悔, 后悔
Original: μετάνοια / μετανοέω
Category: Sin

New term for Luke. NEVER 忏悔 — a Buddhist/Daoist ritual-confession practice reducing accumulated karmic debt, contrary to grace. Distinguish from mere secular regret (后悔). Central to John the Baptist’s ministry (3:3,8) and Jesus’ teaching (5:32; 13:3,5; 15:7,10; 17:3-4; 24:47).

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Poor

Approved rendering: 贫穷的人
Transliteration: pínqióng de rén
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Rejected alternatives: 穷人, 乞丐
Original: πτωχός
Category: Social Ethics

New term for Luke. Two collision risks: (1) readers may moralize poverty as karmic desert (报应); (2) readers steeped in Buddhist/Daoist asceticism may read voluntary poverty as a self-achieved virtue, whereas Luke’s poor receive unearned favor as the primary object of Jesus’ messianic mission (4:18, core passage; 6:20; 7:22; 14:13,21; 16:19-31; 18:22; 19:8-10).

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Blessed

Approved rendering: 有福了
Transliteration: yǒufú le
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Rejected alternatives: 幸福, 幸运
Original: μακάριος
Category: Kingdom

New term for Luke. Shares the 福 root already flagged Medium in the Romans baseline for 福音; risk compounded because the Beatitudes (6:20-22) attach ‘blessing’ specifically to poverty, hunger, and persecution — the opposite of the folk-fortune association of 福 with wealth and worldly success.

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Love

Approved rendering: 爱
Transliteration: ài
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Rejected alternatives: 仁, 情
Original: ἀγάπη / ἀγαπάω
Category: Ethics

New term for Luke. Broad Mandarin semantic range risks collapsing into 仁 (rén), the cultivated Confucian virtue of role-based benevolence; biblical ἀγάπη (6:27-36; 7:47; 10:27; 11:42) is unconditional, self-giving love commanded even toward enemies, flowing from God’s character, not social duty.

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Mercy Compassion

Approved rendering: 怜悯
Transliteration: liánmǐn
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Rejected alternatives: 慈悲, 同情
Original: ἔλεος / σπλαγχνίζομαι
Category: God

New term for Luke. NEVER 慈悲 — the celebrated Buddhist virtue associated with Guanyin, flowing from enlightened detachment rather than a personal covenant God’s specific historical rescue (Magnificat/Benedictus 1:50,54,58,72,78; widow of Nain 7:13; Good Samaritan 10:33; Prodigal’s father 15:20). Single most tempting mistranslation in the entire Luke glossary.

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Deny Self And Take Up Cross

Approved rendering: 舍己 / 背起十字架
Transliteration: shějǐ / bēiqǐ shízìjià
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Rejected alternatives: 无我, 牺牲自己
Original: ἀπαρνέομαι ἑαυτόν / αἴρω τὸν σταυρόν
Category: Discipleship

New term for Luke. 舍己 risks collision with the Buddhist doctrine of 无我 (dissolving an illusory self); biblical self-denial (9:23; 14:27) presupposes a real, God-given self freely and willingly relinquished in costly obedience, not a metaphysical realization the self never existed.

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Son Of Man

Approved rendering: 人子
Transliteration: rénzǐ
Doctrine: Son of Man and the Suffering Messiah
Rejected alternatives: 天子, 普通人
Original: υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου
Category: Christology

New term for Luke. Must retain its Daniel 7 apocalyptic-authority background; must not be confused with 天子 despite the visually/phonetically close two-character form — an orthographic risk in addition to the doctrinal one flagged for Son of God in the Romans baseline. Recurs 9:22,26,44,58; 12:8,40; 17:24-30; 18:31; 19:10; 21:27,36; 22:22,48,69; 24:7.

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Prayer

Approved rendering: 祷告
Transliteration: dǎogào
Doctrine: Prayer and Dependence on God
Rejected alternatives: 求签, 问卜, 烧香拜拜
Original: προσευχή / προσεύχομαι
Category: Faith

New term for Luke. Must be sharply distinguished from folk-petitionary/divinatory practice already flagged in the Romans baseline under intercession. Curriculum-defining doctrine for Luke (3:21; 5:16; 6:12; 9:18,28-29; 11:1-13; 18:1-8; 22:39-46); requires theologian-level review wherever taught.

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Eternal Life

Approved rendering: 永生
Transliteration: yǒngshēng
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Rejected alternatives: 长生不老, 永寿
Original: ζωὴ αἰώνιος
Category: Eschatology

New term for Luke. Risk of collision with the Daoist/folk pursuit of physical immortality through alchemy or cultivation (长生不老); biblical eternal life (10:25; 18:18,30) is resurrection life granted by grace through faith, not technique-achieved life-extension.

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Opened Understanding

Approved rendering: 心眼开了
Transliteration: xīnyǎn kāi le
Doctrine: Inspiration and Fulfillment of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: 开悟, 悟
Original: διανοίγω
Category: Scripture

New term for Luke. NEVER 开悟 or 悟 alone — technical Buddhist/Chan terms for self-attained enlightenment. Biblical ‘opening’ of understanding (24:31,45) is a gift graciously given by the risen Christ, not self-generated insight; occurs at the Gospel’s climactic resolution scene.

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Mammon

Approved rendering: 玛门
Transliteration: Mǎmén
Doctrine: Mammon and Exclusive Allegiance
Rejected alternatives: 金钱, 财富
Original: μαμωνᾶς
Category: Discipleship

New term for Luke. Transliterated as a proper noun, preserving the personification of wealth as a rival master demanding total allegiance (16:13) — structurally identical to the exclusive-Lordship claim already Critical for 主/Lord in the Romans baseline; must not flatten into generic ‘money is bad’ moralism.

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Neighbor

Approved rendering: 邻舍
Transliteration: línshè
Doctrine: Universal Scope: Jew and Gentile Together
Rejected alternatives: 邻居
Original: πλησίον
Category: Ethics

New term for Luke. Must not be narrowed back to literal geographic/ethnic proximity — the very boundary the Good Samaritan parable (10:29-37) dismantles; the parable’s force is lost if 邻舍 is read as merely ‘someone who lives near me.‘

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Anoint

Approved rendering: 膏
Transliteration: gāo
Doctrine: Messianic Promise and Fulfillment
Rejected alternatives: 涂油
Original: χρίω
Category: Christology

New term for Luke. Semantic root of 基督/Messiah; everyday Mandarin usage defaults to medicinal/cosmetic ointment (药膏), losing the OT anointing-for-office background (kings, priests, prophets) unless explicitly taught at 4:18 (core passage).

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Fulfilled

Approved rendering: 应验
Transliteration: yìngyàn
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: 实现
Original: πληρόω
Category: Covenant

New term for Luke, pattern-consistent with the Romans baseline. Must convey one-time, linear historical fulfillment (OT promise to NT accomplishment), not the cyclical dynastic pattern (治乱循环). Central to the core passage (4:21) and 24:44-46.

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Scripture

Approved rendering: 经文
Transliteration: jīngwén
Doctrine: Inspiration and Fulfillment of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: 经典, 圣经
Original: γραφή
Category: Scripture

New term for Luke, pattern-consistent with the Romans baseline’s inspiration_of_scripture doctrine. Must be distinguished from the Chinese classical canon (经, Confucian Five Classics / Daoist Daodejing) — accumulated sage-wisdom, not the direct verbal revelation of a personal God, now personally fulfilled in Christ (4:17-21, core passage; 24:25-27,32,44-45).

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Demon Unclean Spirit

Approved rendering: 污鬼
Transliteration: wūguǐ
Doctrine: Jesus’ Spiritual Authority over Demons and the Devil
Rejected alternatives: 鬼, 邪灵
Original: δαιμόνιον / ἀκάθαρτον πνεῦμα
Category: Spiritual Warfare

New term for Luke. Chinese folk religion’s populated ghost/spirit category (鬼) managed via ritual pacification or shamanic exorcism (跳大神) must not be projected onto biblical demons (4:33-36,41; 8:26-39; 9:1,42; 11:14-22); deliverance comes through Christ’s unique sovereign command alone, not ritual technique.

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Redemption

Approved rendering: 救赎
Transliteration: jiùshú
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People
Rejected alternatives: 超度, 赎买
Original: λύτρωσις / ἀπολύτρωσις
Category: Salvation

New term for Luke. Must not be conflated with 超度 (chāodù), already forbidden in the Romans baseline for ‘salvation’; biblical redemption (2:38; 21:28) is God’s decisive act of rescue for the living, closely paired with the already-Critical 救恩.

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Savior

Approved rendering: 救主
Transliteration: jiùzhǔ
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People
Rejected alternatives: 救星, 护法神
Original: σωτήρ
Category: Christology

New term for Luke. Built on the already-Critical 救恩 root; must be taught as the personal Rescuer from sin and God’s judgment (1:47; 2:11), not a this-worldly political liberator or patron-benefactor figure — a common ancient usage of the underlying Greek title, and a plausible reading against China’s own history of political ‘savior’ rhetoric.

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Hate Idiom

Approved rendering: (idiomatic priority language; never literal 恨)
Transliteration: —
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Rejected alternatives: 恨
Original: μισέω
Category: Discipleship

New term for Luke; no fixed lexical rendering. A literal rendering of μισέω (14:26) with 恨 directly collides with 孝 (filial piety), arguably the single most deeply held social-ethical value of the target culture. Must be rendered contextually as supreme-allegiance/relative-priority language, never literal hatred of parents. Escalate for theologian review at every occurrence.

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Propitiation Be Merciful

Approved rendering: 开恩可怜
Transliteration: kāi’ēn kělián
Doctrine: Grace versus Merit in Repentance and Forgiveness
Rejected alternatives: 原谅我
Original: ἱλάσκομαι
Category: Salvation

New term for Luke. Cognate with the propitiation vocabulary already flagged for mandatory theologian review under Romans 3:25; the tax collector’s prayer (18:13) dramatizes grace-versus-merit in narrative form, claiming no merit before God.

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All Flesh

Approved rendering: 凡有血气的
Transliteration: fán yǒu xuèqì de
Doctrine: Universal Scope: Jew and Gentile Together
Rejected alternatives: 所有人
Original: πᾶσα σάρξ
Category: Church

New term for Luke. Must retain full, unqualified universality, consistent with the Romans baseline’s caution against any Hua-Yi (华夷) insider/outsider framing. Luke 3:6’s citation of Isaiah 40 climaxes with ‘all flesh shall see the salvation of God.‘

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Virgin

Approved rendering: 童女
Transliteration: tóngnǚ
Doctrine: Incarnation and the Virgin Conception
Rejected alternatives: 处女
Original: παρθένος
Category: Christology

New term for Luke. CUV’s established, softer term directly feeds the already-Critical incarnation doctrine — the virgin conception (1:26-35) is the concrete historical basis for ‘the Word became flesh,’ a unique historical divine act, not a mythological divine-human union pattern.

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Table Fellowship

Approved rendering: 一同吃饭
Transliteration: yītóng chīfàn
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Rejected alternatives: 同席
Original: συνεσθίω / κατάκειμαι
Category: Church

New term for Luke. Chinese banquet culture carries strong hierarchical seating and face (面子) dynamics; must be taught that Jesus deliberately breaks purity/status boundaries through shared meals (5:29-32; 7:36-50; 15:1-2; 19:1-10; 22:14-30) as a structural, not merely social, act of grace.

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New Covenant

Approved rendering: 新约
Transliteration: xīnyuē
Doctrine: The New Covenant and the Lord’s Supper
Rejected alternatives: 新合同
Original: διαθήκη καινή
Category: Covenant

New term for Luke, built directly on the already-High 约 root. ‘This cup is the new covenant in my blood’ (22:20) requires explicit teaching connecting this covenant, inaugurated at the table, to the Davidic covenant background already flagged in the Romans baseline.

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Medium Risk Terms

Gospel

Approved rendering: 福音
Transliteration: fúyīn
Doctrine: Gospel
Rejected alternatives: 好消息, 喜讯
Original: εὐαγγέλιον / εὐαγγελίζομαι
Category: Salvation

Inherited from Romans package. Established CUV term, literally ‘blessing-news’. Because 福 (fú, fortune/blessing) is the same root used in folk fortune-seeking language, teaching must make explicit that 福音 announces salvation through Christ, not an omen of coming luck. Extended for Luke: the verbal form εὐαγγελίζομαι (4:18, ‘to bring good news to the poor’) is rendered 传福音; must be taught as an authoritative announcement of salvation to the poor specifically, not generic ‘sharing happy news.‘

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Peace

Approved rendering: 平安
Transliteration: píng’ān
Doctrine: Peace with God
Rejected alternatives: 安宁, 平安符式的平安
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation

Inherited from Romans package. Distinguish from the everyday greeting/amulet sense. Extended for Luke: recurs in the Benedictus (1:79), the angelic announcement (2:14), and Jesus’ pronouncements over healed/forgiven individuals (7:50; 8:48).

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Church

Approved rendering: 教会
Transliteration: jiàohuì
Doctrine: Church as God’s People
Rejected alternatives: 庙, 寺, 道观
Original: ἐκκλησία (proleptic in Luke; realized in Acts)
Category: Church

Inherited from Romans package. NEVER 庙/寺/道观. Extended for Luke: proleptic — Luke’s Gospel narrates the formation of the community that becomes the church in Acts.

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Kingdom Of God

Approved rendering: 神的国
Transliteration: Shén de guó
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Rejected alternatives: 天下, 王朝
Original: βασιλεία τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Kingdom

Inherited from Romans package. Avoid 天下/王朝. Extended for Luke: this is the Gospel’s single most pervasive theme-term (4:43; 6:20; 9:27; 10:9,11; 11:20; 13:18-21; 17:20-21; 19:11; 21:31; 22:16,18; 23:42); see also ‘kingdom_within_among_you’ for the Critical ambiguity at 17:21.

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Gentiles

Approved rendering: 外邦人
Transliteration: wàibāngrén
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: 夷人, 外国人
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church

Inherited from Romans package. NEVER 夷人. Extended for Luke: anticipated at Simeon’s prophecy (2:32) and the Great Commission (24:47).

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Glory

Approved rendering: 荣耀
Transliteration: róngyào
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 面子, 光宗耀祖
Original: δόξα
Category: God

Inherited from Romans package. Avoid 面子/光宗耀祖. Extended for Luke: appears at the Nativity (2:9,14), the Transfiguration (9:32), and the Son of Man’s coming (9:26).

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Prophecy

Approved rendering: 预言
Transliteration: yùyán
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: 算卦, 占卜
Original: προφητεία
Category: Covenant

Inherited from Romans package. Distinguish from 算卦/占卜. Extended for Luke: grounds the entire Isaiah-fulfillment structure of the core passage (4:16-21).

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Intercession

Approved rendering: 代求
Transliteration: dàiqiú
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Rejected alternatives: 求签, 问卜
Original: ἐντυγχάνω-family usage; cf. Luke’s prayer scenes
Category: Faith

Inherited from Romans package. Distinguish from 求签/问卜. Extended for Luke: Jesus intercedes for Peter (22:31-32) and for his executioners (23:34).

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Mission

Approved rendering: 宣教
Transliteration: xuānjiào
Doctrine: Mission to the Nations
Rejected alternatives: 洋教传播
Original: ἀποστέλλω / πέμπω
Category: Church

Inherited from Romans package. Avoid framing reinforcing the 洋教 stigma. Extended for Luke: Jesus sends the Twelve (9:1-2) and the seventy-two (10:1); the Great Commission closes the Gospel (24:47-49).

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David

Approved rendering: 大卫
Transliteration: Dàwèi
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Original: Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant

Inherited from Romans package. CUV standard proper name form. Extended for Luke: referenced throughout the birth narrative (1:27,32,69; 2:4,11) and the genealogy (3:31).

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Israel

Approved rendering: 以色列
Transliteration: Yǐsèliè
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: Ἰσραήλ
Category: Covenant

Inherited from Romans package. Proper name; CUV established form. Extended for Luke: named in the Magnificat, Benedictus, and Simeon’s prophecy (1:54,68,80; 2:25,32,34).

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Disciple

Approved rendering: 门徒
Transliteration: méntú
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Rejected alternatives: 学生, 弟子
Original: μαθητής
Category: Discipleship

New term for Luke. Also names a Confucian scholarly-lineage or guild apprentice (孔门弟子); must be taught as costly, allegiance-based following of Jesus as Lord/Savior, not mere apprenticeship. Recurs throughout (5; 6; 9; 10; 14; 18; 19; 22; 24).

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Follow

Approved rendering: 跟从
Transliteration: gēncóng
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Rejected alternatives: 跟随, 陪伴
Original: ἀκολουθέω
Category: Discipleship

New term for Luke. Must convey total, reordered life-allegiance, not casual companionship; Luke’s hard sayings (9:57-62) make this explicit.

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Cross

Approved rendering: 十字架
Transliteration: shízìjià
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Original: σταυρός
Category: Discipleship

New term for Luke; established, unambiguous term. The metaphorical ‘take up your cross’ idiom (9:23; 14:27), if taught divorced from its literal referent (23), risks becoming a generic idiom for hardship rather than death-to-self.

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Sinner

Approved rendering: 罪人
Transliteration: zuìrén
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Rejected alternatives: 罪犯
Original: ἁμαρτωλός
Category: Sin

New term for Luke, built on the already-High 罪 root. Adds a social-outcast dimension (5; 7; 15; 18; 19) that a narrowly legal/criminal reading (cf. 罪犯) can miss.

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Tax Collector

Approved rendering: 税吏
Transliteration: shuìlì
Doctrine: Jesus’ Compassion and Table Fellowship with Sinners
Original: τελώνης
Category: Social Ethics

New term for Luke; established CUV term. The first-century stigma (Roman collaboration, ritual/social exclusion) has no exact modern Chinese equivalent and must be explained via background note (3; 5:27-32; 7:29-30; 15; 18; 19).

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Lost

Approved rendering: 失丧的
Transliteration: shīsàng de
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People
Rejected alternatives: 丢失
Original: ἀπολωλός
Category: Salvation

New term for Luke. Must not be flattened to neutral ‘missing/misplaced’; names spiritual peril resolved only by God’s initiative (15; 19:10), distinct from beings ‘lost’ in samsara, escaped through self-effort.

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Joy

Approved rendering: 喜乐
Transliteration: xǐlè
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Rejected alternatives: 福气
Original: χαρά
Category: Discipleship

New term for Luke. Distinguish from 福气 (fortune/luck-based happiness); this joy is relational, flowing from restored fellowship with God (15:7,10,32).

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Rich

Approved rendering: 财主
Transliteration: cáizhǔ
Doctrine: The Reversal of Rich and Poor
Rejected alternatives: 有钱人
Original: πλούσιος
Category: Social Ethics

New term for Luke. Carries residual 20th-century class-struggle connotations; clarify as a descriptive economic/spiritual category in Jesus’ teaching (12:16-21; 16:19-31; 18:18-25; 19; 21), not an invitation to modern class-conflict framing.

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Widow

Approved rendering: 寡妇
Transliteration: guǎfù
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: χήρα
Category: Social Ethics

New term for Luke. Retain the vulnerability/marginalization emphasis central to Luke’s social theme (2; 4:25-27; 7:11-17; 18:1-8; 20:47; 21:1-4), not a neutral demographic label.

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Baptism

Approved rendering: 洗礼
Transliteration: xǐlǐ
Doctrine: Baptism and Preparation through Repentance
Original: βάπτισμα
Category: Ritual

New term for Luke. Distinguish from Chinese folk/Daoist ritual-purification practice (斋戒净身); John’s baptism (3:3,7-14,21-22) marks a definitive, one-time turning, not a repeatable purity rite.

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Angel

Approved rendering: 天使
Transliteration: tiānshǐ
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History
Rejected alternatives: 神仙
Original: ἄγγελος
Category: God

New term for Luke. Distinguish from Chinese folk-heavenly-being categories (神仙); angels (1; 2; 9:26; 12:8-9; 15:10; 22:43; 24:23) are created messengers, not deities.

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Most High

Approved rendering: 至高者
Transliteration: zhìgāozhě
Doctrine: Deity and Sonship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: 玉皇大帝式的至高者
Original: Ὕψιστος
Category: God

New term for Luke; established Chinese Christian usage. Distinguish from folk-Daoist supreme deity figures (e.g. 玉皇大帝) presiding over a pantheon (1:32,35,76; 6:35; 8:28).

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Circumcision

Approved rendering: 割礼
Transliteration: gēlǐ
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: περιτομή
Category: Covenant

New term for Luke. Ties into the Jew/Gentile unity doctrine: circumcision (1:59; 2:21) marks the old covenant boundary the gospel does not require of Gentile believers; must not suggest an equivalent Chinese rite of passage is needed for inclusion.

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Consolation

Approved rendering: 安慰
Transliteration: ānwèi
Doctrine: Jesus as Savior for All Nations and All People
Original: παράκλησις
Category: Covenant

New term for Luke. Simeon’s ‘consolation of Israel’ (2:25) is comfort tied to a specific, historical, covenant-fulfilling hope, not generalized consolation philosophy.

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Sabbath

Approved rendering: 安息日
Transliteration: ānxírì
Doctrine: Sabbath and Covenant Worship
Rejected alternatives: 周末
Original: σάββατον
Category: Covenant

New term for Luke. Must not be flattened to a generic ‘day off/weekend’; carries covenantal, law-rooted significance (core passage 4:16; also 4:31; 6:1-11; 13:10-17; 14:1-6; 23:56). Jesus’ Sabbath healings reframe Sabbath-keeping around mercy.

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Synagogue

Approved rendering: 会堂
Transliteration: huìtáng
Doctrine: Sabbath and Covenant Worship
Rejected alternatives: 庙, 寺, 道观
Original: συναγωγή
Category: Church

New term for Luke. NEVER 庙/寺/道观; a covenant-assembly place, not a shrine housing an image. Setting of the core passage (4:16,20,28,33,38,44; 6:6; 7:5; 13:10).

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Pharisee

Approved rendering: 法利赛人
Transliteration: Fǎlìsài rén
Doctrine: Repentance and Forgiveness of Sins
Original: Φαρισαῖος
Category: Sin

New term for Luke; established CUV transliteration. Guard against mapping Pharisaic legalism directly onto Confucian ritual-propriety concern (礼); the critique is self-righteous merit-claiming, not ritual observance itself (5; 6; 7; 11; 14; 15; 16; 18).

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Samaritan

Approved rendering: 撒马利亚人
Transliteration: Sāmǎlìyà rén
Doctrine: Universal Scope: Jew and Gentile Together
Original: Σαμαρίτης
Category: Church

New term for Luke; established CUV proper noun. Requires a cultural-historical footnote (Jewish-Samaritan enmity) for the Good Samaritan parable’s shock value (10:29-37) and the healed leper’s example (17:11-19).

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Paradise

Approved rendering: 乐园
Transliteration: lèyuán
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Rejected alternatives: 仙境, 净土
Original: παράδεισος
Category: Eschatology

New term for Luke; CUV established rendering. Must be distinguished from the Daoist immortal-realm (仙境) and Buddhist Pure Land (净土) — 乐园 (23:43) names being consciously present with Christ, received purely by faith at the point of confession.

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Hades

Approved rendering: 阴间
Transliteration: yīnjiān
Doctrine: The Reversal of Rich and Poor
Original: Ἅδης
Category: Eschatology

New term for Luke. 阴间 in Chinese folk religion is populated with an elaborate bureaucratic underworld (城隍, 判官); must be taught as a place of God’s just moral reckoning (16:19-31), not a folk-religious underworld bureaucracy requiring ritual navigation.

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Body And Blood

Approved rendering: 身体 / 血
Transliteration: shēntǐ / xuè
Doctrine: The New Covenant and the Lord’s Supper
Original: τὸ σῶμα…τὸ αἷμα
Category: Ritual

New term for Luke. Requires a clarifying note distinguishing this from Chinese folk-religious blood-offering rites appeasing ancestral/local spirits (血祭); the Lord’s Supper (22:19-20) commemorates Christ’s once-for-all sacrificial death, received by faith.

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Passover

Approved rendering: 逾越节
Transliteration: Yúyuèjié
Doctrine: The New Covenant and the Lord’s Supper
Original: πάσχα
Category: Covenant

New term for Luke; established CUV term. Needs an accompanying Exodus-deliverance background note (22:7-16) for the Last Supper’s ‘new Passover’ framing to register.

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Steward

Approved rendering: 管家
Transliteration: guǎnjiā
Doctrine: Mammon and Exclusive Allegiance
Original: οἰκονόμος
Category: Discipleship

New term for Luke. Must convey accountability to a returning master, not simple resource management divorced from ownership (12:42-48; 16:1-13).

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Do Not Fear

Approved rendering: 不要惧怕
Transliteration: bùyào jùpà
Doctrine: Providence and God’s Sovereign Care
Rejected alternatives: 敬畏
Original: μὴ φοβεῖσθε
Category: Faith

New term for Luke. Distinguish from 敬畏 (reverent fear owed to God elsewhere); this φόβος (1; 2; 5:10; 8:50; 12:4-7,32) is anxious dread released through trust, not reverence owed to God.

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Tribulation

Approved rendering: 患难
Transliteration: huànnàn
Doctrine: Eschatological Hope and the Coming of the Son of Man
Original: θλῖψις
Category: Eschatology

New term for Luke; standard term. Ensure it is taught within its eschatological frame (21:23,28) rather than generic hardship divorced from that hope.

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Narrow Door

Approved rendering: 窄门
Transliteration: zhǎimén
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Original: θύρα στενή
Category: Kingdom

New term for Luke. Must be balanced against the universal-scope doctrine (13:22-30) — narrow in requiring a decisive response to Christ, not narrow in ethnic or civilizational scope.

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Judge Not

Approved rendering: 论断
Transliteration: lùnduàn
Doctrine: The Cost and Joy of Discipleship
Rejected alternatives: 判断
Original: κρίνω
Category: Ethics

New term for Luke. Distinguish from legitimate discernment; ‘judge not’ (6:37) targets self-righteous, hypocritical condemnation of others, not all evaluative judgment.

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Woe

Approved rendering: 有祸了
Transliteration: yǒuhuò le
Doctrine: The Reversal of Rich and Poor
Rejected alternatives: 诅咒
Original: οὐαί
Category: Kingdom

New term for Luke. A sober prophetic warning of coming judgment (6:24-26; 10:13; 11:42-52); minor risk of being read as an imprecatory curse (诅咒).

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Sign Of Jonah

Approved rendering: 约拿的迹象
Transliteration: Yuēná de jìxiàng
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Original: σημεῖον Ἰωνᾶ
Category: Covenant

New term for Luke. Requires OT narrative background (11:29-32) to avoid being read as a vague, self-evident miracle sign divorced from its typological content.

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Word Of God

Approved rendering: 神的话
Transliteration: Shén de huà
Doctrine: Inspiration and Fulfillment of Scripture
Original: λόγος τοῦ Θεοῦ
Category: Scripture

New term for Luke. Distinct from written 经文/圣经; denotes the living, proclaimed message (8:11,21; 11:28), needing the same care as 经文 to avoid confusion with Confucian/Daoist sage-teaching categories.

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Humble Exalt

Approved rendering: 自卑 / 升高
Transliteration: zìbēi / shēnggāo
Doctrine: The Reversal of Rich and Poor
Original: ταπεινόω / ὑψόω
Category: Social Ethics

New term for Luke. Distinguish genuine trust-based self-humbling from face-conscious performed modesty (面子) (1:52; 14:7-11; 18:14).

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Temptation

Approved rendering: 试探
Transliteration: shìtàn
Doctrine: Jesus’ Spiritual Authority over Demons and the Devil
Rejected alternatives: 诱惑
Original: πειρασμός
Category: Christology

New term for Luke. Distinguish from 诱惑 (generic enticement toward pleasure); πειρασμός (4:1-13; 11:4; 22:40,46) is an adversarial testing of obedience and identity.

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Devil

Approved rendering: 魔鬼
Transliteration: móguǐ
Doctrine: Jesus’ Spiritual Authority over Demons and the Devil
Rejected alternatives: 鬼
Original: διάβολος
Category: Spiritual Warfare

New term for Luke. Distinguish from generic Chinese folk ‘ghosts’ (鬼) of restless human spirits; the devil (4:1-13; 8:12; 10:18-19; 22:3,31,53) is a personal fallen spiritual being.

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Authority

Approved rendering: 权柄
Transliteration: quánbǐng
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Original: ἐξουσία
Category: Kingdom

New term for Luke. Related to but distinct from 神的大能; 权柄 (4:32,36; 5; 9; 10; 20) emphasizes rightful authority to command, not raw might.

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Today Theological

Approved rendering: 今天
Transliteration: jīntiān
Doctrine: The Kingdom of God Present and Future
Original: σήμερον
Category: Kingdom

New term for Luke. Common and low-risk on its own, but its theological weight in the core passage (4:21) and elsewhere (19:9; 23:43) — the decisive inauguration of fulfillment — is entirely contextual and easily missed without a note.

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Captive

Approved rendering: 被囚的人
Transliteration: bèi qiú de rén
Doctrine: The Jubilee / Year of the Lord’s Favor
Rejected alternatives: 俘虏
Original: αἰχμάλωτος
Category: Salvation

New term for Luke (core passage, 4:18). Must retain both the literal (social/political bondage) and figurative (spiritual bondage to sin) senses.

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Oppressed

Approved rendering: 受欺压的人
Transliteration: shòu qīyā de rén
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: τεθραυσμένος
Category: Social Ethics

New term for Luke (core passage, 4:18). Risk chiefly of under-translation, softening the intensity of oppression named.

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Goodwill Favor

Approved rendering: 喜悦
Transliteration: xǐyuè
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History
Rejected alternatives: 善意
Original: εὐδοκία
Category: Salvation

New term for Luke (2:14). Risk of being read as generic ‘goodwill among people’ rather than God’s own sovereign, gracious disposition toward humankind.

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Caesar And God

Approved rendering: 凯撒的归凯撒，神的归神
Transliteration: Kǎisā de guī Kǎisā, Shén de guī Shén
Doctrine: Government and Civic Authority
Original: ἀπόδοτε Καίσαρι…καὶ τῷ Θεῷ
Category: Kingdom

New term for Luke. Flagged per the Romans baseline’s pattern for government/authority passages (Romans 13:1-7); native speaker review recommended given contemporary political sensitivities (20:20-26; 23:1-25).

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Cornerstone

Approved rendering: 房角石
Transliteration: fángjiǎoshí
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Original: λίθος (ὃν ἀπεδοκίμασαν…γωνίας)
Category: Christology

New term for Luke. Christological OT allusion (Psalm 118, cited at 20:17); requires background note for low-OT-literacy readers.

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Low Risk Terms

Apostle

Approved rendering: 使徒
Transliteration: shǐtú
Doctrine: Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: 宗师, 大师
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church

Inherited from Romans package. No significant folk-religion collision. Extended for Luke: the title given to the Twelve (6:13; 9:10; 22:14; 24:10).

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Thanksgiving

Approved rendering: 感恩
Transliteration: gǎn’ēn
Doctrine: Thanksgiving
Original: εὐχαριστία / εὐχαριστέω
Category: Faith

Inherited from Romans package. Standard term. Extended for Luke: seen in the healed leper’s return to give thanks (17:15-16) and the Last Supper’s thanksgiving (22:17,19).

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Fellowship

Approved rendering: 团契
Transliteration: tuánqì
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: 交情, 结拜
Original: κοινωνία
Category: Church

Inherited from Romans package. Avoid 结拜. Extended for Luke: anticipated in the calling of the first disciples (5:1-11) and the Last Supper (22:14-20).

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Prophet

Approved rendering: 先知
Transliteration: xiānzhī
Doctrine: Inspiration of Scripture
Rejected alternatives: 算命先生
Original: προφήτης
Category: Covenant

Inherited from Romans package. Distinguish from 算命先生. Extended for Luke: Isaiah (4:17), John the Baptist (1:76; 7:26), and Jesus himself (4:24; 7:16; 24:19) are all so named.

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Exhort

Approved rendering: 劝勉
Transliteration: quànmiǎn
Doctrine: Mutual Edification
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith

Inherited from Romans package. Standard term. Extended for Luke: present in John the Baptist’s preaching (3:18) and Jesus’ teaching (15:31-32; 17:3).

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Parable

Approved rendering: 比喻
Transliteration: bǐyù
Doctrine: Inspiration and Fulfillment of Scripture
Original: παραβολή
Category: Scripture

New term for Luke. Standard, low-ambiguity literary term; doctrinal weight lies in individual parable content (5; 6; 8; 10; 12; 13; 14; 15; 16; 18; 19; 20).

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Genealogy

Approved rendering: 家谱
Transliteration: jiāpǔ
Doctrine: Genealogy and the Lineage of Christ
Original: γενεαλογία
Category: Covenant

New term for Luke. Establishes Jesus’ Davidic/Adamic lineage (3:23-38); low ambiguity as a literary form.

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Attendant

Approved rendering: 侍役
Transliteration: shìyì
Doctrine: Inspiration and Fulfillment of Scripture
Original: ὑπηρέτης
Category: Church

New term for Luke (core passage, 4:20). Minor liturgical office noun; no doctrinal weight.

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Gaze Intently

Approved rendering: 定睛看
Transliteration: dìngjīng kàn
Doctrine: Inspiration and Fulfillment of Scripture
Original: ἀτενίζω
Category: Church

New term for Luke (core passage, 4:20). Vivid descriptive verb; no ambiguity risk.

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Recovery Of Sight

Approved rendering: 得看见
Transliteration: dé kànjiàn
Doctrine: Good News to the Poor and Marginalized
Original: ἀνάβλεψις
Category: Salvation

New term for Luke (core passage, 4:18). Descriptive phrase; risk chiefly in losing the figurative spiritual-sight dimension if taught only literally.

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Scroll

Approved rendering: 书卷
Transliteration: shūjuàn
Doctrine: Inspiration and Fulfillment of Scripture
Original: βιβλίον
Category: Scripture

New term for Luke (core passage, 4:17). Concrete object noun; low ambiguity, feeds into the High-risk 经文/Scripture term.

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Sign

Approved rendering: 记号
Transliteration: jìhào
Doctrine: The Holy Spirit’s Work in Salvation History
Original: σημεῖον
Category: Christology

New term for Luke (2:12). Contextual note needed that the manger sign given to shepherds is deliberately humble, not spectacular.