Cross-Reference Analysis
2 Corinthians — Cross-Reference and Theme Analysis
How to read this document
- Section 1 catalogs every direct Old Testament quotation in 2 Corinthians, chapter by chapter, full-book coverage.
- Section 2 catalogs Old Testament allusions and typological echoes (non-quotation) chapter by chapter.
- Section 3 consolidates messianic references and typology specifically.
- Section 4 maps parallels to the Romans baseline curriculum (the only other language-package curriculum currently available in this language pair), doctrine by doctrine, verse by verse.
- Section 5 states rendering-consistency rules for shared quotations and shared doctrinal vocabulary between 2 Corinthians and Romans.
- Section 6 gives the OT/NT book-name normalization table used throughout this and all downstream Mandarin-facing documents.
- Chapters that contain no direct OT quotation are noted explicitly rather than omitted (per full-book-coverage mandate).
Section 1 — Direct Old Testament Quotations (Chapter by Chapter)
| # | 2 Corinthians Passage | Quoted Text (sense) | OT Source | Theme | Related Character(s) | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 Corinthians 4:13 | ”I believed, and so I spoke” | Psalm 116:10 | Faith producing bold speech | Psalmist / Paul | Low-Medium. 信心 (baseline High) governs; render as confident testimony flowing from trust, not stoic resignation. |
| 2 | 2 Corinthians 6:2 | ”In a favorable time I listened to you, and in a day of salvation I have helped you” | Isaiah 49:8 | The urgency of the gospel offer | The Servant / Israel | High. Anchors doctrine “Reconciliation with God” — 救恩 (baseline Critical) must be used for “salvation”; render “acceptable time” (蒙恩的时候) so as not to suggest an astrologically auspicious day (黄道吉日), a live folk-calendrical concept in Chinese culture. |
| 3 | 2 Corinthians 6:16 | ”I will make my dwelling among them and walk among them” | Leviticus 26:11-12; Ezekiel 37:27 | God’s indwelling presence among his people | Israel corporately | Critical. Connects to 殿/神的殿 (temple of the living God, baseline-extension Critical term); must not be rendered so as to suggest a physical shrine requiring ritual maintenance (see baseline church caution on 庙/寺/道观). |
| 4 | 2 Corinthians 6:16 | ”I will be their God, and they shall be my people” | Jeremiah 32:38; Ezekiel 37:27; Exodus 6:7; Leviticus 26:12 | Covenant formula | God / Israel | High. This is the classic OT “covenant formula” (recurring 4x in the Torah/Prophets); fix ONE Mandarin rendering for every recurrence across the whole Bible-translation project, drawn from the existing CUV Old Testament wording rather than retranslated independently — see Section 5, Rule 4. |
| 5 | 2 Corinthians 6:17 | ”Therefore go out from their midst, and be separate from them… and touch no unclean thing” | Isaiah 52:11; cf. Ezekiel 20:34,41 | Separation unto holiness | Exiled Israel | High. 圣洁 (baseline High) and 污秽 (uncleanness, new term) govern; must read as moral/relational separation to God, not ritual-purity avoidance of physically defiling objects as in folk taboo practice. |
| 6 | 2 Corinthians 6:18 | ”I will be a father to you, and you shall be sons and daughters to me” | 2 Samuel 7:14; Isaiah 43:6; Jeremiah 31:9 | Divine fatherhood / sonship | David’s line / Israel as God’s children | High. 父 (baseline High) reused; connects directly to doctrine “New Creation in Christ” and to baseline adoption — must not be softened toward ancestor-veneration language (see baseline father caution on 祭祖). |
| 7 | 2 Corinthians 8:15 | ”Whoever gathered much had nothing left over, and whoever gathered little had no lack” | Exodus 16:18 | Manna and equitable provision | Israel in the wilderness | Medium. Anchors doctrine “Generosity and Grace in Giving”; must not be read as enforced economic leveling (see 均平/平均, new term #40), but as God’s sufficient provision for all through willing generosity. |
| 8 | 2 Corinthians 8:21 | ”We aim at what is honorable not only in the Lord’s sight but also in the sight of man” | Proverbs 3:4 | Integrity before God and people | Wisdom tradition | Medium. Touches “Sincerity and Apostolic Authority”; avoid collapsing “honorable in the sight of man” into 面子 (face), per the same caution already flagged for πρόσωπον in 5:12. |
| 9 | 2 Corinthians 9:7 | (echo) “each one must give as he has decided in his heart, not reluctantly or under compulsion” | Deuteronomy 15:10; Proverbs 22:8a (LXX addition) | Willing generosity | Israelite law of giving to the poor | High. 甘心乐意 (cheerful giver, new term #35); must be distinguished from merit-generating temple-donation practice (功德箱), reinforcing baseline Critical grace-vs-merit distinction. |
| 10 | 2 Corinthians 9:9 | ”He has distributed freely, he has given to the poor; his righteousness endures forever” | Psalm 112:9 | Righteous generosity as abiding character | The righteous man (typologically fulfilled in God/Christ) | Critical (via 义). Righteousness (义, baseline Critical) here denotes God’s own generous, abiding righteous character — must retain the connection to forensic 义 taught in 5:21 rather than reading as a separate “ethical virtue” sense. |
| 11 | 2 Corinthians 9:10 | ”He who supplies seed to the sower and bread for food…” | Isaiah 55:10 (cf. Hosea 10:12) | God as the source and multiplier of generosity | Creator/Provider | Medium. 撒种/收割 (sow/reap, new term #39); must not be taught as a magical or karmic multiplication formula. |
| 12 | 2 Corinthians 10:17 | ”Let the one who boasts, boast in the Lord” | Jeremiah 9:24 | Redirected boasting | Jeremiah’s oracle against self-boasting in wisdom, might, riches | High. Anchors “Genuine versus False Apostleship” / “Power in Weakness”; 夸口 (new term #46) must be rendered identically here and at its parallel occurrence in 1 Corinthians 1:31, establishing one fixed cross-corpus rendering: 夸口的,当指着主夸口. |
| 13 | 2 Corinthians 13:1 | ”Every charge must be established by the testimony of two or three witnesses” | Deuteronomy 19:15 (cf. Deuteronomy 17:6) | Judicial corroboration | Mosaic legal procedure | Medium. Applied by Paul to his own third visit as sufficient “witness”; render with standard legal-testimony vocabulary (见证), not divinatory confirmation-seeking (求签/问卜, already forbidden under baseline intercession). |
Chapters with no direct OT quotation: 1, 2, 5 (vv.1–10, 11–21 — note v.21 typologically echoes Isaiah 53 but does not directly quote it; see Section 2), 7, 11, 12. These chapters are reviewed and confirmed to contain OT allusion rather than direct quotation; see Section 2.
Section 2 — Old Testament Allusions and Typological Echoes (Chapter by Chapter)
| # | 2 Corinthians Passage | Allusion/Echo | OT Source | Theme | Related Character(s) | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 Corinthians 1:3 | ”Father of mercies” | Exodus 34:6; Psalm 103:8,13 | God’s covenant mercy/compassion | God (self-revealed to Moses) | Medium. 怜悯 for “mercies”; keep the covenantal, relational sense distinct from generic pity. |
| 2 | 2 Corinthians 1:20 | ”All the promises of God find their Yes in him” | General covenant-promise pattern (Genesis 12:1-3; 2 Samuel 7:12-16; Isaiah 55:3) | Fulfillment of prophecy | Christ as fulfillment of every covenant promise | High. Connects directly to baseline doctrine fulfillment_of_prophecy; retain linear, once-for-all fulfillment against the cyclical dynastic-rise-and-fall reading pattern (治乱循环) flagged in baseline. |
| 3 | 2 Corinthians 2:14-16 | Sacrificial/processional “fragrance” imagery | Levitical sacrificial system generally (Leviticus 1:9,13,17 “pleasing aroma”); background also in Genesis 8:21 | Ministry’s effect as an offering to God | Priestly OT sacrificial pattern, fulfilled in Christ’s ministers | Medium-High. 香气 (new term #34); must not be equated with ancestral/idol incense-offering (焚香敬祖/敬拜) — see 08 glossary #34. |
| 4 | 2 Corinthians 3:3 | ”Written… on tablets of stone” vs. “tablets of human hearts” | Exodus 31:18; 34:1 (tablets of stone); Jeremiah 31:33; Ezekiel 11:19; 36:26 (heart of flesh) | Old vs. New Covenant | Moses / the church | Critical. Anchors doctrine “The New Covenant versus the Old”; 新约/旧约 (new term #24) and 字句/精意 (new term #25) govern — every occurrence needs the mandatory note that 精意 ≠ 圣灵 in this specific verse. |
| 5 | 2 Corinthians 3:6 | ”The letter kills, but the Spirit gives life” | Jeremiah 31:31-34 (new covenant written on the heart) | Life-giving new covenant vs. lifeless code | Jeremiah’s new-covenant oracle | Critical. Same governance as row 4. |
| 6 | 2 Corinthians 3:7-11,13,16 | Moses’ veiled, fading glory | Exodus 34:29-35 | Superiority of the new covenant’s unfading glory | Moses | High. 帕子 (veil, new term #26); the fading glory of the old covenant is contrasted with Christ’s unfading glory (baseline 荣耀, Medium) — must not be read as merely quantitative (“more glory”) but qualitative (permanent vs. temporary). |
| 7 | 2 Corinthians 3:18 | Unveiled beholding and transformation into glory | Exodus 33:18-23 (Moses’ request to see God’s glory); Exodus 34:29-35 | Progressive Spirit-wrought transformation | Moses (typological contrast); all believers (fulfillment) | High. 变成/改变 + 像 (new term #13); must not use 化 (Daoist immortal-transformation character) — see 08 glossary. |
| 8 | 2 Corinthians 4:4 | ”The god of this world has blinded the minds of the unbelievers” | Isaiah 6:9-10 (spiritual blindness/hardening motif) | Satanic blinding vs. gospel illumination | Isaiah’s commissioning vision; also echoed at Matthew 13:14-15, John 12:40, Acts 28:26-27, Romans 11:8 | Medium-High. 蒙蔽/使…瞎了心眼; must retain personal-agent causation (Satan blinding), not an impersonal fate/karma explanation for unbelief. |
| 9 | 2 Corinthians 4:6 | ”Let light shine out of darkness” | Genesis 1:3 | New creation as a second, greater “creation” act | God the Creator | High. Directly grounds the doctrine “New Creation in Christ” in the original creation narrative; the gospel’s illumination is God’s own creative speech-act, not a human enlightenment technique (avoid echoes of Buddhist “enlightenment,” 开悟/觉悟). |
| 10 | 2 Corinthians 5:1 | ”Tent” / “building from God” | Tabernacle imagery generally (Exodus 25-27); also Isaiah 38:12 (mortal life as a tent) | The body as a temporary dwelling awaiting a permanent one | Israel’s wilderness tabernacle | Low-Medium. 帐棚 (new term); background tabernacle-typology note optional but useful for teaching. |
| 11 | 2 Corinthians 5:17 | ”New creation… old has passed away… new has come” | Isaiah 43:18-19; 65:17; 66:22 (new heavens, new earth; “former things” forgotten) | Eschatological new creation inaugurated now | Isaiah’s eschatological oracles | Critical. THE central term of the doctrine “New Creation in Christ” (新造的人, baseline-extension Critical). Must retain the “already inaugurated, not yet consummated” tension found in Isaiah’s own oracles. |
| 12 | 2 Corinthians 5:21 | ”Made him to be sin… who knew no sin” | Isaiah 53:4-6,9,12 (the Suffering Servant, sinless, bearing others’ iniquity); typological background also Leviticus 16 (the sin-bearing scapegoat on the Day of Atonement) | Substitutionary sin-bearing | The Suffering Servant / the scapegoat, fulfilled in Christ | Critical. This is the single most theologically dense cross-reference in the whole letter — governs 神使那无罪的…成为罪 (new term #6). Every occurrence requires the mandatory note distinguishing forensic sin-bearing from actual moral corruption (see 08 glossary #6). |
| 13 | 2 Corinthians 7:1 | ”Since we have these promises” (referring back to the ch.6 covenant-formula catena) | (See rows 3-6 above) | Purification flowing from covenant promise | — | Medium. Reinforces that holiness (圣洁, baseline High) is a grateful response to promises already given, not a precondition for receiving them. |
| 14 | 2 Corinthians 11:3 | ”As the serpent deceived Eve by his cunning” | Genesis 3:1-13 | Satanic deception pattern | The serpent / Eve | High. Anchors “Genuine versus False Apostleship”; the same deceptive-cunning pattern reappears in 11:14 (Satan as “angel of light”) — teach as one continuous typological pattern of counterfeit religious appeal, not two unrelated ideas. |
| 15 | 2 Corinthians 11:14 | ”Satan disguises himself as an angel of light” | Background continuity with Genesis 3:1-5 (the serpent’s deceptive craftiness); cf. Job 1:6-12 (Satan’s access to the heavenly council) | Satanic disguise as benevolent light-bearer | Satan | High. 装作光明的天使 (new term #54); must not be conflated with benevolent immortal/bodhisattva light-emanation imagery in Chinese folk-religious or Buddhist iconography — see 08 glossary #54. |
| 16 | 2 Corinthians 12:7 | ”A thorn… was given me” | Idiomatic background: Numbers 33:55; Joshua 23:13; Judges 2:3 (“thorns in your sides,” a recurring OT idiom for a persistent adversary God permits to remain for his people’s discipline/testing) | Sovereignly permitted affliction | Israel’s unremoved Canaanite neighbors (idiom source) | High. 肉中的刺 (new term #43); the OT idiom-background reinforces that this is a permitted, purposeful trial, not deserved retributive punishment (报应) — strengthens the existing 08 glossary caution. |
| 17 | 2 Corinthians 12:2-4 | ”Paradise… third heaven” | Background: Genesis 2-3 (Eden as “paradise”); Ezekiel 1 and Daniel 7 (heavenly-throne-room visionary ascents) | Unique apostolic visionary experience | — | Medium-High. 乐园/第三层天 (new term #48); keep as a unique, unrepeatable, historically anchored apostolic experience, not a generically attainable mystical state (see 08 glossary #48 on 仙境/净土 caution). |
Section 3 — Messianic References and Typology (Consolidated)
| # | 2 Corinthians Passage | Messianic/Typological Content | OT Root | Doctrine Anchored | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 Corinthians 1:20 | Christ as the “Yes” fulfilling every divine promise | All Messianic covenant promises (Genesis 12:1-3; 2 Samuel 7:12-16; Isaiah 9:6-7; 53) | Messianic Promise (baseline messianic_promise, Critical) | Reuse baseline 基督 exactly; never conflate with Maitreya (弥勒) — the promise is already, historically fulfilled, not awaited in a future age. |
| 2 | 2 Corinthians 3:7-18 | Christ’s unfading glory surpasses Moses’ fading, veiled glory — Moses as type, Christ as greater fulfillment | Exodus 34:29-35 | New Covenant versus the Old; Deity of Christ (baseline, Critical) | Must present Christ as categorically greater than Moses (a superior, unveiled, permanent glory), not merely a more successful lawgiver in the same category. |
| 3 | 2 Corinthians 5:21 | Christ as the sinless Suffering Servant / antitype of the Day-of-Atonement scapegoat, judicially bearing sin so believers receive God’s own righteousness | Isaiah 53; Leviticus 16 | Reconciliation with God; Righteousness/Justification (baseline, Critical) | The exchange must be taught as forensic/representative, never as Christ’s nature being corrupted — pairs directly with 算为义 (baseline Critical imputed_righteousness). |
| 4 | 2 Corinthians 6:16-18 | Christ as the locus of God’s promised indwelling presence among his covenant people (temple typology) and mediator of the Father-son covenant formula | Leviticus 26:11-12; Ezekiel 37:27; 2 Samuel 7:14 | Genuine Apostleship (church as living temple); Adoption (baseline, High) | 殿/神的殿 (Critical, extension term) must retain “God’s own presence dwelling in his people,” fulfilled and secured through Christ — not an architectural shrine. |
| 5 | 2 Corinthians 8:9 | Christ’s voluntary self-impoverishment as the pattern and ground of all Christian generosity — echoes and fulfills the Servant’s self-giving poverty (cf. Isaiah 53:3, “a man of sorrows,” and generally the Servant’s self-emptying) | Isaiah 52:13-53:12 (Servant Songs, general pattern) | Generosity and Grace in Giving | 成为贫穷 (new term #36) must be taught as Christ’s unique, unrepeatable substitutionary act — the pattern for grateful generosity, not a general ascetic-merit ideal to imitate for reward. |
| 6 | 2 Corinthians 12:9 | Christ’s sufficient grace and power “made perfect” precisely in apostolic weakness — Christ’s own crucifixion-in-weakness/resurrection-in-power pattern (cf. the cross as the paradigm case of power-through-weakness, implicit throughout) | (Typological pattern rather than direct OT citation; cf. Isaiah 53:2-3 “no beauty that we should desire him” as background to the weakness motif) | Power in Weakness | 我的恩典够你用的 (Critical, fixed cross-document rendering per 08 glossary #44); the weakness-power paradox is Christ-shaped before it is Paul-shaped. |
Section 4 — Parallels to the Romans Baseline Curriculum
The table below maps each 2 Corinthians curriculum doctrine to its closest Romans baseline treatment(s). Because both curricula share a single translation memory, every overlapping term must use the identical Mandarin rendering already fixed in the Romans baseline — no independent re-derivation is permitted.
| 2 Corinthians Doctrine | 2 Corinthians Passage(s) | Romans Parallel Passage(s) | Shared Term(s) (must match baseline exactly) | Translation Sensitivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reconciliation with God | 2 Corinthians 5:18-20 | Romans 5:10-11 | 和好 (reconciliation, extension-Critical), 神 (Critical) | Romans 5:10-11 already uses καταλλάσσω/καταλλαγή; the Mandarin rendering fixed for 2 Corinthians 5:18-20 (see 08 glossary #1-3) MUST be back-ported and checked against any existing Romans 5:10-11 Mandarin rendering for identical phrasing. |
| New Creation in Christ | 2 Corinthians 5:17 | Romans 6:4 (“walk in newness of life”); Romans 8:19-23 (creation’s future liberation) | 新造的人 (extension-Critical), 在基督里 (High) | Romans 8:19-23 gives the cosmic-scope companion to 2 Corinthians 5:17’s individual-scope new creation; teach both together as one doctrine operating at two scales (individual now / cosmic consummation). |
| Suffering and Comfort in Ministry | 2 Corinthians 1:3-11; 4:7-18; 6:4-10; 11:23-29 | Romans 5:3-5 (suffering produces endurance, character, hope); Romans 8:18 (present sufferings vs. glory to be revealed); Romans 8:26 (Spirit helps in weakness) | 患难 (affliction, Medium), 荣耀 (Medium, baseline), 盼望 (hope, Medium) | Romans 5:3-5’s suffering→endurance→hope chain is the doctrinal skeleton beneath 2 Corinthians’ extended personal narrative of suffering; render 忍耐/盼望 identically in both curricula. |
| The New Covenant versus the Old | 2 Corinthians 3:1-18 | Romans 7:6 (“released from the law… serve in the new way of the Spirit, not the old way of the letter”); Romans 2:29 (circumcision of the heart, by the Spirit) | 律法 (baseline High), 字句/精意 (extension-Critical) | Romans 7:6 and 2 Corinthians 3:6 use the identical γράμμα/πνεῦμα contrast; the Mandarin phrase 字句/精意 fixed in 08 glossary #25 must be reused verbatim in any Romans 7:6 rendering encountered in this project. |
| Sincerity and Apostolic Authority | 2 Corinthians 1:12; 2:17; 4:2 | Romans 12:9 (“let love be without hypocrisy,” ἀνυπόκριτος); Romans 16:17-18 (deceptive teachers) | 真诚/诚实 (extension-High) | Both letters oppose religious performance driven by self-interest; keep 真诚 distinct from mere social politeness. |
| Generosity and Grace in Giving | 2 Corinthians 8:1-9:15 | Romans 12:8 (the gift of “contributing to the needs of others,” generously); Romans 15:25-27 (the Jerusalem collection itself is referenced in Romans as well as here) | 恩典 (Critical, baseline), 团契 (Low, baseline) | Romans 15:25-27 refers to the SAME historical collection project narrated at length in 2 Corinthians 8-9; ensure proper-noun and place-name consistency (Jerusalem = 耶路撒冷, Macedonia = 马其顿, Achaia = 亚该亚) across both curricula. |
| Power in Weakness | 2 Corinthians 12:1-10; 13:3-4 | Romans 5:3-5; Romans 8:26 (Spirit’s help in weakness, ἀσθένεια — same Greek root); Romans 8:37-39 (more than conquerors, assurance amid tribulation) | 软弱 (extension-High), 神的大能 (baseline High) | Romans 8:26 and 2 Corinthians 12:9 both use ἀσθένεια; Mandarin 软弱 must be identical in both. Romans 8:37-39’s assurance doctrine (baseline assurance_of_salvation, High) is the theological safety-net beneath 2 Corinthians’ weakness-boasting paradox — teach together. |
| Genuine versus False Apostleship | 2 Corinthians 10:1-13:10 | Romans 16:17-18 (“watch out for those who cause divisions… by smooth talk and flattery deceive the hearts of the naive”) | 假使徒 (extension-High), 诡诈的工人 (extension-Medium) | Romans 16:17-18 is a brief warning; 2 Corinthians 10-13 is an extended, first-person case study of the same phenomenon — consistent vocabulary for “deceive/deceitful” (诡诈/欺骗) should be used across both. |
Cross-cutting shared vocabulary requiring absolute consistency
| Shared Term | Romans Citation(s) | 2 Corinthians Citation(s) | Fixed Mandarin (from baseline / extension) |
|---|---|---|---|
| righteousness / imputed righteousness | Romans 3:21-26; 4:1-8,22-24 (quoting Genesis 15:6) | 2 Corinthians 5:21; 9:9 | 义 / 算为义 (Critical, baseline — reuse exactly) |
| grace vs. merit (功德 contrast) | Romans 4:4-5; 11:5-6 | 2 Corinthians 8:9; 9:7-8 | 恩典 (Critical, baseline — reuse exactly) |
| boasting | Romans 3:27; 4:2; 5:2-3 | 2 Corinthians 10:8-18; 11:16-30; 12:1,5-9 | 夸口/自夸 (High, extension — reuse exactly across both curricula) |
| all/universal scope | Romans 3:23; 10:12-13 | 2 Corinthians 5:14-15 | Retain unqualified “all” language identically; no civilizational qualification in either curriculum |
| Spirit as guarantee/firstfruits | Romans 8:23 (firstfruits, ἀπαρχή) | 2 Corinthians 1:22; 5:5 (down payment, ἀρραβών) | Distinct Greek terms, related doctrine — 印记/凭据 (Medium, extension) for 2 Corinthians; if a “firstfruits” term is later added for Romans, cross-reference both in the shared glossary with a disambiguating note. |
Section 5 — Rendering-Consistency Rules for Shared Quotations
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Single fixed rendering per OT quotation across the whole project. Where an OT verse is quoted in both 2 Corinthians and any other curriculum document (present or future) sharing this translation memory, the Mandarin wording of the OT quotation itself must be identical in every occurrence — do not retranslate independently per document. Draw from the existing CUV Old Testament wording as the anchor text rather than generating a fresh translation of the OT source.
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Covenant-formula consistency. The recurring OT covenant formula “I will be their God, and they shall be my people” (Exodus 6:7; Leviticus 26:12; Jeremiah 32:38; Ezekiel 37:27; quoted at 2 Corinthians 6:16) must use one single fixed Mandarin rendering everywhere it recurs, e.g. 我要作他们的神,他们要作我的子民 (CUV-anchored). Do not vary wording between OT-context occurrences and NT-quotation occurrences.
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Boasting-formula consistency. Jeremiah 9:24, quoted at 2 Corinthians 10:17 and also at 1 Corinthians 1:31 (outside this curriculum but within the same Pauline corpus and language pair), must use one fixed rendering: 夸口的,当指着主夸口. Any future curriculum quoting this verse must reuse it verbatim.
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Witness-corroboration formula consistency. Deuteronomy 19:15 (“two or three witnesses”), quoted at 2 Corinthians 13:1 and also underlying Matthew 18:16 and 1 Timothy 5:19 (outside this curriculum), must use one fixed rendering for the phrase “两三个见证人的口” wherever the principle is cited.
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Isaiah 53 / Leviticus 16 typological vocabulary alignment. Because 2 Corinthians 5:21 depends typologically on both Isaiah 53 and Leviticus 16 without directly quoting either, translators must ensure the Mandarin vocabulary chosen for “made him to be sin” (成为罪) does not conflict with however Isaiah 53:4-6 (“he was pierced for our transgressions,” “the LORD has laid on him the iniquity of us all”) and Leviticus 16 (scapegoat, 代罪的羊/替罪羊 imagery) are rendered in any full-Bible OT text used alongside this curriculum. Use 担当/背负 (bear/carry) as the connecting verb bridging both passages conceptually in teaching notes, even though the 2 Corinthians clause itself uses 成为 (become).
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LXX-vs-MT divergence flag. Paul’s OT quotations follow the Septuagint (LXX), which occasionally diverges in wording from the Hebrew Masoretic Text underlying the standard Mandarin CUV Old Testament (e.g. Psalm 112:9 at 2 Corinthians 9:9; the Proverbs 22:8 LXX addition behind 2 Corinthians 9:7’s “cheerful giver” language does not exist in the Hebrew Proverbs text at all). Where such divergence exists, follow the sense of the Greek NT quotation as translated in the 2 Corinthians passage itself; do NOT force the NT quotation to match the existing Mandarin OT wording verbatim if the underlying source texts differ. Flag such verses for native-speaker/theologian review at Phase 2.
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New covenant vs. New Testament disambiguation carries into every OT quotation from Jeremiah 31. Wherever Jeremiah 31:31-34 material is quoted or echoed (2 Corinthians 3:3,6), apply the same 新约/旧约 disambiguation rule fixed in
08_core_glossary.md§B.4 — clarify covenant-as-relational-bond vs. Testament-as-book-collection at every occurrence, including when the source is the Old Testament text itself. -
Messianic-fulfillment citations retain baseline Critical status. Any OT citation identified in Section 3 above as messianic/typological automatically inherits the Critical risk tier and human-theologian review routing already established for
messianic_promisein the baselinedoctrine_risk_registry.json, regardless of the Medium/Low tier that might otherwise apply to the surrounding literary context.
Section 6 — OT/NT Book-Name Normalization Table
Citations in this and all downstream Mandarin-facing documents must use the following CUV-established Mandarin book names. Internal analysis documents (like this one) use normalized English “Book Chapter:Verse” form; final translated materials use the Mandarin form with no colon-space, per baseline convention (e.g. 罗马书3:23).
| English Book Name | Mandarin (CUV) | Pinyin |
|---|---|---|
| Genesis | 创世记 | Chuàngshìjì |
| Exodus | 出埃及记 | Chū’āijíjì |
| Leviticus | 利未记 | Lìwèijì |
| Numbers | 民数记 | Mínshùjì |
| Deuteronomy | 申命记 | Shēnmìngjì |
| Joshua | 约书亚记 | Yuēshūyàjì |
| Judges | 士师记 | Shìshījì |
| 2 Samuel | 撒母耳记下 | Sāmǔ’ěrjì Xià |
| Psalms | 诗篇 | Shīpiān |
| Proverbs | 箴言 | Zhēnyán |
| Isaiah | 以赛亚书 | Yǐsàiyàshū |
| Jeremiah | 耶利米书 | Yēlìmǐshū |
| Ezekiel | 以西结书 | Yǐxījiéshū |
| Hosea | 何西阿书 | Héxī’āshū |
| Romans | 罗马书 | Luómǎshū |
| 1 Corinthians | 哥林多前书 | Gēlínduō Qiánshū |
| 2 Corinthians | 哥林多后书 | Gēlínduō Hòushū |
| Matthew | 马太福音 | Mǎtài Fúyīn |
| John | 约翰福音 | Yuēhàn Fúyīn |
| Acts | 使徒行传 | Shǐtú Xíngzhuàn |
| 1 Timothy | 提摩太前书 | Tímótài Qiánshū |
Book name established here for 2 Corinthians: 哥林多后书 (Gēlínduō Hòushū) — use in all citation strings, e.g. 哥林多后书5:21.