Core Glossary
08 — Core Glossary: Joel
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, organized by curriculum doctrine, then by first occurrence in the book. Baseline-reused terms are listed for completeness and cross-reference but are not re-litigated; only Joel-specific notes are added where relevant.
A. Doctrine: The Day of the Lord
| # | English Term | Hebrew (Translit.) | Mandarin | Pinyin | Status | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A1 | Day of the LORD | יוֹם יְהוָה (yom YHWH) | 耶和华的日子 | Yēhéhuá de rìzi | [NEW] | Critical | Never abbreviate to bare 末日 (secular doomsday / Buddhist 末法时代 associations). Use the full proper-noun compound at every occurrence (1:15; 2:1, 11, 31; 3:14). Requires Human Theologian review routing. |
| A2 | great and terrible/awesome | הַגָּדוֹל וְהַנּוֹרָא (haggadol vehannora) | 大而可畏 | dà ér kěwèi | [NEW] | High | Never 恐怖 (kǒngbù) — modern connotation is terrorism/horror, not reverential awe. |
| A3 | sun turned to darkness / moon to blood | see 2:31 | 日头变黑，月亮变血 | rìtou biàn hēi, yuèliang biàn xiě | [NEW] | High | Apocalyptic-genre judgment language; must not be assimilated to Chinese celestial-omen astrology (天变) concerning a ruler’s Mandate of Heaven. |
| A4 | wonders / signs | מוֹפְתִים (moftim) | 奇事 | qíshì | [NEW] | Medium | Distinguish from 异兆 (omen) and astrological/geomantic sign-reading. |
| A5 | pillars of smoke | תִּימְרוֹת עָשָׁן (timrot ashan) | 烟柱 | yānzhù | [NEW] | Low | Theophanic/Exodus-echo imagery; keep deliberate, not generic disaster-film imagery. |
B. Doctrine: Repentance and Return to God
| # | English Term | Hebrew (Translit.) | Mandarin | Pinyin | Status | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B1 | return / turn (to God) | שׁוּב (shuv) | 归向(我/耶和华) | guīxiàng (wǒ/Yēhéhuá) | [NEW] | Critical | NEVER 皈依 (Buddhist refuge-taking rite). Avoid the idiom 回头是岸 (self-effort-to-safety proverb). Always retain explicit personal object (“to me”/“to the LORD”); never leave intransitive as 改过自新. |
| B2 | rend your heart, not your garments | קִרְעוּ לְבַבְכֶם וְאַל־בִּגְדֵיכֶם | 撕裂心肠，不撕裂衣服 | sī liè xīncháng, bù sī liè yīfu | [NEW] | High | Internal contrition must not collapse into, or be read against, Chinese filial mourning-garment ritual (孝服/穿麻戴孝), a kin-directed not God-directed ritual category. |
| B3 | fast | צוֹם (tzom) | 禁食 | jìnshí | [NEW] | Low | Standard term. |
| B4 | holy assembly / sacred convocation | מִקְרָא (miqra) | 圣会 | shènghuì | [NEW] | Medium | Distinguish visually/conceptually from 庙会 (temple fair), a common folk-religious festival term. |
| B5 | gracious and merciful, slow to anger, abounding in steadfast love | חַנּוּן וְרַחוּם…אֶרֶך אַפַּיִם וְרַב־חֶסֶד | 有恩典、有怜悯，不轻易发怒，有丰盛的慈爱 | yǒu ēndiǎn, yǒu liánmǐn, bù qīngyì fānù, yǒu fēngshèng de cí’ài | 恩典: Reuse (baseline); 怜悯: [NEW] | 恩典: Critical (baseline); 怜悯: High | 恩典 must never be 功德 (per baseline). 怜悯 must be distinguished from Buddhist 慈悲 (bodhisattva compassion toward all sentient beings’ liberation). |
| B6 | relent concerning the disaster | נִחָם עַל־הָרָעָה (nicham al-hara’ah) | 后悔不降所说的灾 | hòuhuǐ bù jiàng suǒ shuō de zāi | [NEW] | High | Anthropopathic language; requires translator note that this is not divine error/mutability but relational responsiveness. Human Theologian review required. |
| B7 | the LORD was zealous/jealous for his land | קִנֵּא (qinne) | 发热心 | fā rèxīn | [NEW] | Medium-High | Covenant-protective zeal, not petty envy (嫉妒); no direct secular Mandarin equivalent — requires explanatory gloss. |
| B8 | pity/spare | חָמַל (chamal) | 怜恤 | liánxù | [NEW] | Medium | Near-synonym of 怜悯; same 慈悲-collision caution applies. |
| B9 | priests | הַכֹּהֲנִים (hakohanim) | 祭司 | jìsī | [NEW] | Medium | Distinguish from Buddhist 僧/和尚 or Daoist 道士/法师. |
| B10 | grain offering / drink offering | מִנְחָה וָנֶסֶך | 素祭 / 奠祭 | sùjì / diànjì | [NEW] | Medium | Prescribed Mosaic-covenant worship elements, not generic folk offerings (供品) to ancestors/deities. |
C. Doctrine: The Outpouring of the Holy Spirit
| # | English Term | Hebrew (Translit.) | Mandarin | Pinyin | Status | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C1 | (my) Spirit | רוּחַ (ruach) | 圣灵 | Shènglíng | Reuse (baseline) | Critical | Never bare 灵 (collides with ancestral/nature spirits, 祖灵). Full compound required even though Hebrew רוּחַ lacks an explicit “holy” qualifier here — theological continuity with NT doctrine governs. |
| C2 | I will pour out | שָׁפַך (shaphakh) | 浇灌 | jiāoguàn | [NEW] | Critical | Agricultural “water/irrigate” root preserves rain-imagery link to 2:23-24; must be taught as a Person given, not a force/fluid (cf. forbidden 气/法力 for “power of God” in baseline). |
| C3 | all flesh | כָּל־בָּשָׂר (kol-basar) | 凡有血气的 | fán yǒu xuèqì de | [NEW] | Medium | Universal scope; foreshadows Romans’ Jew/Gentile, slave/free universalism. |
| C4 | afterward / last days | אַחֲרֵי־כֵן (acharei-khen) | 此后 / 末后的日子 | cǐhòu / mòhòu de rìzi | [NEW] | Medium | Cross-reference Acts 2:17’s interpretive gloss (“last days”) explicitly; do not present as competing renderings. |
| C5 | prophesy | נָבָא (naba) | 说预言 | shuō yùyán | [NEW] (verb form of baseline noun 预言) | Low-Medium | Distinguish from 算命/算卦/占卜; note the democratization of the gift beyond a professional office. |
| C6 | dream dreams / see visions | חֲלוֹם / חָזוֹן | 做梦 / 见异象 | zuòmèng / jiàn yìxiàng | [NEW] | Medium | Distinguish from 占梦 (traditional Chinese dream-divination) and fatalistic 缘分/命运 readings. |
| C7 | menservants / maidservants | עֲבָדִים / שְׁפָחוֹת | 仆人 / 使女 | púrén / shǐnǚ | [NEW] | Medium | Do not soften to generic “workers” (工人); the point is the collapse of a social-status hierarchy. |
| C8 | whoever calls on the name of the LORD | קָרָא בְּשֵׁם יְהוָה (qara b’shem YHWH) | 求告耶和华的名 | qiúgào Yēhéhuá de míng | [NEW] | Critical | Directly quoted in Romans 10:13. Never 求签/问卜/求神拜佛. Use same verb 求告 consistently across both Joel and Romans curricula. |
| C9 | shall be delivered / escape | מָלַט (malat) | 得救 | déjiù | Reuse (baseline root) | Critical | Never 解脱 or 超度, per baseline. |
| C10 | Mount Zion / Jerusalem | הַר־צִיּוֹן / יְרוּשָׁלַםִ | 锡安山 / 耶路撒冷 | Xī’ān Shān / Yēlùsālěng | [NEW] (proper names) | Low | Note NT universalization of the originally geographic promise (Hebrews 12:22; Romans 10:13). |
| C11 | survivors / remnant | פְלֵיטָה / שְׂרִידִים | 逃脱的人 / 余民 | táotuō de rén / yúmín | [NEW] | Medium | Preserve covenantal “preserved by God’s initiative” sense; avoid a purely sociological “survivor” reading. |
| C12 | whom the LORD calls | קָרָא (qara, divine subject) | 蒙召的 | méngzhào de | Reuse (baseline) | High | Preserve conceptually the Hebrew wordplay linking human “calling on” God and God’s own “calling of” the remnant, even where Mandarin requires two distinct verbs (求告 / 蒙召). |
D. Doctrine: The Locust Plague as Divine Judgment
| # | English Term | Hebrew (Translit.) | Mandarin | Pinyin | Status | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| D1 | the four locust-terms | גָּזָם / אַרְבֶּה / יֶלֶק / חָסִיל | 剪虫 / 蝗虫 / 蝻子 / 蚂蚱 | jiǎnchóng / húangchóng / nánzi / màzha | [NEW] | High | Central doctrinal risk: must not be assimilated to 天谴 (Heaven’s reproach) or 天人感应 (Han-Confucian cosmic ruler-virtue resonance). This is personal, covenantal, relational divine discipline inviting repentance, not an impersonal cosmic mechanism. Human Theologian review required wherever taught. |
| D2 | the land mourns | אָבְלָה אַדְמָה | 地也悲哀 | dì yě bēi’āi | [NEW] | Low-Medium | Covenant land-personification (Lev 26/Deut 28 background), not animistic land-deity veneration (土地公/地母神). |
| D3 | new wine, oil, grain (lost/restored) | תִּירוֹשׁ, יִצְהָר, דָּגָן | 新酒 / 油 / 五谷 | xīnjiǔ / yóu / wǔgǔ | [NEW] | Low | Forms judgment-to-restoration inclusio with 2:19, 24; note for teaching continuity. |
| D4 | a great and powerful people/army (locust-army) | עַם רַב וְעָצוּם | 又大又强的民 | yòu dà yòu qiáng de mín | [NEW] | Medium | Interpretive options (literal locust / symbolic historical army / apocalyptic hybrid) are a live scholarly question; regardless, YHWH’s sovereign command over the agent must be retained. |
| D5 | the northern army | הַצְּפוֹנִי | 北方来的军队 | běifāng lái de jūnduì | [NEW] | Medium | Same interpretive-options caution as D4. |
| D6 | blow the trumpet | תִּקְעוּ שׁוֹפָר | 吹角 | chuī jiǎo | [NEW] | Low | Dual use: judgment-alarm (2:1) and repentance-summons (2:15). |
E. Doctrine: Restoration and Blessing after Repentance
| # | English Term | Hebrew (Translit.) | Mandarin | Pinyin | Status | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| E1 | I will restore the years the locust has eaten | שִׁלֵּם (shillem) | 补还 | bǔhuán | [NEW] | Medium | Guard against merit-transactional misreading (cf. baseline’s 功德 caution); restoration flows from God’s covenant character, not from ritual-mourning intensity. |
| E2 | autumn rain / spring rain | מוֹרֶה / מַלְקוֹשׁ | 秋雨 / 春雨 | qiūyǔ / chūnyǔ | [NEW] | Low | Do not import the minor “moreh/teacher” wordplay into the Mandarin rendering; agricultural sense governs. |
| E3 | restore the fortunes | שׁוּב אֶת־שְׁבוּת | 使…被掳的人归回 | shǐ…bèilǔ de rén guīhuí | [NEW] | Medium | Preserve wordplay link to B1 (归向) where possible in teaching notes — human “return” and divine “restoring” share the root שׁוּב. |
| E4 | sweet wine, milk, water (from the LORD’s house) | עָסִיס / חָלָב / מַיִם | 甜酒 / 奶 / 水 | tiánjiǔ / nǎi / shuǐ | [NEW] | Low | Note that abundance flows “from the house of the LORD” — God-centered, not autonomous natural fertility. |
| E5 | the LORD dwells in Zion | שָׁכַן (shakhen) | 耶和华住在锡安 | Yēhéhuá zhù zài Xī’ān | [NEW] | Low-Medium | Conceptual (not lexical) background to the baseline’s Critical 道成肉身 doctrine; reserve the connection for teacher’s notes, not the base translation. |
| E6 | no stranger shall pass through her again | זָר (zar) | 外人不再从其中经过 | wàirén bù zài cóng qízhōng jīngguò | [NEW] | Medium | Historically/militarily specific (“no more hostile occupation”), not a general ethnic-exclusivism statement; must not sit in unexplained tension with 2:32’s universalism. |
F. Judgment on the Nations (Chapter 3 — Supporting Vocabulary)
| # | English Term | Hebrew (Translit.) | Mandarin | Pinyin | Status | Risk | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F1 | the nations | הַגּוֹיִם (haggoyim) | 列国 | lièguó | [NEW] | Medium | Preferred over baseline’s 外邦人 in this judgment-oracle context, to avoid importing the “included-in-the-gospel” connotation into a distinct judgment-context usage. |
| F2 | Valley of Jehoshaphat | עֵמֶק יְהוֹשָׁפָט | 约沙法谷 | Yuēshāfǎ Gǔ | [NEW] (proper name) | Medium | Built-in Hebrew wordplay (“YHWH judges”) is lost in transliteration; requires explanatory teaching note. |
| F3 | I will enter into judgment with them | נִשְׁפַּט (nishpat) | 我必审判他们 | wǒ bì shěnpàn tāmen | [NEW] | Medium | Forensic/legal-covenantal judgment for specific named acts, not arbitrary retribution. |
| F4 | Valley of Decision | עֵמֶק הֶחָרוּץ | (confirm against printed CUV; provisional 断定谷-type phrasing) | — | [NEW] — UNCONFIRMED | High | Flag for Human Theologian/native-speaker confirmation of exact standing CUV wording before Phase 2 use. |
| F5 | harvest / sickle / winepress | קָצִיר / מַגָּל / גַּת | 收割 / 镰刀 / 酒榨 | shōugē / liándāo / jiǔzhà | [NEW] | Low-Medium | Completes ch. 1–3 agricultural inclusio. |
| F6 | the LORD roars from Zion | שָׁאַג (sha’ag) | 耶和华必从锡安吼叫 | Yēhéhuá bì cóng Xī’ān hǒujiào | [NEW] | Low | Lion-roar theophany; retain vividness. |
| F7 | refuge / stronghold | מָחְסֶה / מָעוֹז | 避难所 / 保障 | bìnànsuǒ / bǎozhàng | [NEW] | Low | Judgment (against nations) and refuge (for God’s people) proceed from one unified divine character. |
| F8 | Egypt / Edom | מִצְרַיִם / אֱדוֹם | 埃及 / 以东 | Āijí / Yǐdōng | [NEW] (proper names) | Low | Historically specific; caution against contemporary geopolitical over-application. |
| F9 | I will avenge their blood and will not acquit | נִקֵּיתי דָּמָם | 我必追讨流他们血的罪，并不赦免 | wǒ bì zhuītǎo liú tāmen xiě de zuì, bìng bù shèmiǎn | [NEW] — TEXT-CRITICAL FLAG | High | MT/LXX divergence; adopt LXX-supported “avenge, not leave unpunished” sense. Record exegetical decision in segment cache per baseline’s Ambiguity Handling protocol. Human Theologian review required. |
G. Baseline Terms Reused Exactly (Cross-Reference)
| English Term | Mandarin (Baseline) | Risk (Baseline) | Joel Occurrences |
|---|---|---|---|
| God | 神 | Critical | Throughout (implicit; Joel uses YHWH proper name predominantly — see A1/耶和华 distinction) |
| Holy Spirit / Spirit | 圣灵 | Critical | 2:28, 2:29 |
| Grace | 恩典 | Critical | 2:13 |
| Salvation / saved / delivered | 救恩 / 得救 | Critical | 2:32 |
| Called | 蒙召的 | High | 2:32 |
| Prophet / prophecy (noun forms) | 先知 / 预言 | Low / Medium | Implicit in 2:28’s “prophesy” |
Summary Statistics
| Risk Tier | Count of New Joel-Specific Terms | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 5 | 耶和华的日子; 归向(我); 浇灌; 求告耶和华的名; (plus 得救/圣灵/恩典 reused at Critical from baseline) |
| High | 8 | 大而可畏; 日头变黑月亮变血; 撕裂心肠不撕裂衣服; 后悔不降所说的灾; 剪虫/蝗虫/蝻子/蚂蚱; 断定谷 (unconfirmed); 我必追讨流他们血的罪 |
| Medium | 20 | See tables A–F above |
| Low | 13 | See tables A–F above |
All [NEW] entries above must be added to translation_memory.json (with version increment) and to doctrine_risk_registry.json before Phase 2 segment translation of Joel begins, per the baseline’s Translation Memory Load and Enforcement Instructions.
Critical Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: 神
Transliteration: Shén
Doctrine: Deity of Christ / God
Rejected alternatives: 上帝, 天, 老天爷
Original: אֱלֹהִים
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. In Joel, YHWH’s proper name (耶和华, see yhwh entry) is used far more often than the generic 神; teachers must clarify both refer to the same one true God so readers do not perceive two distinct divine referents.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: 圣灵
Transliteration: Shènglíng
Doctrine: The Outpouring of the Holy Spirit
Rejected alternatives: 祖灵, 灵
Original: רוּחַ
Category: Pneumatology
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Always the full compound 圣灵; never bare 灵 (collides with ancestral/nature spirits, 祖灵). Joel’s Hebrew רוּחַ lacks an explicit ‘holy’ qualifier at 2:28-29, but theological continuity with the NT doctrine (confirmed by Acts 2:17-18’s citation) requires 圣灵 throughout, with a note that Joel calls this ‘MY Spirit’ — establishing personal divine ownership.
Grace
Approved rendering: 恩典
Transliteration: ēndiǎn
Doctrine: The Compassionate Character of God / Repentance and Return to God
Rejected alternatives: 功德, 造化, 福气, 阴德
Original: חַנּוּן
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. In Joel 2:13, 恩典 (חַנּוּן) opens the Exodus 34:6-7 self-revelation formula grounding the call to repentance in God’s already-revealed character, not a hoped-for change of divine mood earned by the intensity of the people’s mourning.
Salvation
Approved rendering: 救恩
Transliteration: jiùēn
Doctrine: Salvation through Calling on the Name of the LORD
Rejected alternatives: 解脱, 超度, 得道
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. See also delivered_saved (得救) below, the specific verb-form rendering used at Joel 2:32.
Lord
Approved rendering: 主
Transliteration: zhǔ
Doctrine: Salvation through Calling on the Name of the LORD
Rejected alternatives: 主人, 老爷
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Retained here for the essential cross-curriculum bridge: Joel 2:32’s 求告耶和华的名 is the direct Hebrew source behind Romans 10:13, where Paul applies the identical act of calling (Κύριος = 主) to Jesus. Teaching material must make this bridge explicit.
Yhwh
Approved rendering: 耶和华
Transliteration: Yēhéhuá
Doctrine: Divine Character and Covenant Name
Rejected alternatives: 神 (as a silent substitute), 上帝, 天, 老天爷
Original: יהוה
Category: God
[NEW] The personal, revealed covenant name of God, dominant throughout Joel. Must remain distinct from the generic 神 (Shén). Joel’s argument depends on this being a personal, self-revealing covenant God who speaks, commands, relents, and judges — not an impersonal cosmic force. Never silently collapse occurrences of 耶和华 into the generic 神, which would erase the covenant-lawsuit and personal-address dynamic driving the book (e.g. ‘return to ME,’ 2:12). Because 神 is also the common noun for any deity/spirit in Chinese folk usage, care must be taken that 耶和华 always identifies the one true God.
Day Of The Lord
Approved rendering: 耶和华的日子
Transliteration: Yēhéhuá de rìzi
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord
Rejected alternatives: 末日, 世界末日, 末法时代, 审判的日子 (alone, without the proper name)
[NEW] Never abbreviate to bare 末日 — in contemporary Mandarin this is the default word for generic secular/pop-culture ‘doomsday’ and, in Chinese Buddhism, evokes 末法时代 (‘the Age of the Dharma’s Decline’), a cyclical cosmological era of decay preceding a future Buddha’s era. Both readings replace a personal God’s decisive, unrepeated historical intervention with an impersonal cosmic countdown or cyclical religious-era scheme. Use the full proper-noun compound at every occurrence (1:15; 2:1, 11, 31; 3:14); never abbreviate to 那日 without the full form already established in context. Requires Human Theologian review at every occurrence.
Pour Out Spirit
Approved rendering: 浇灌
Transliteration: jiāoguàn
Doctrine: The Outpouring of the Holy Spirit
Rejected alternatives: 气, 法力, 充满 (too generic, loses rain-imagery)
Original: שָׁפַךְ
Category: Pneumatology
[NEW] Joel 2:28-29, quoted verbatim by Peter at Pentecost (Acts 2:17-18, ἐκχεῶ). The agricultural ‘water/irrigate’ root productively preserves the rain-imagery link to Joel 2:23-24, but this is simultaneously the term’s chief risk: it must always be taught as the giving of a Person (圣灵), never an impersonal force or fluid substance distributed like water or 气 — the same forbidden-substitution logic the baseline fixes for ‘power of God’. No lexical substitute exists that preserves the inclusio; the safeguard must be a standing translator/teacher note at every occurrence.
Call On The Name Of The Lord
Approved rendering: 求告耶和华的名
Transliteration: qiúgào Yēhéhuá de míng
Doctrine: Salvation through Calling on the Name of the LORD
Rejected alternatives: 求签, 问卜, 求神拜佛
Original: קָרָא בְּשֵׁם יְהוָה
Category: Salvation
[NEW] Joel 2:32, the direct textual source behind Romans 10:13. 求告 (qiúgào) must never be rendered with 求签 (drawing a temple fortune-stick), 问卜 (consulting a diviner), or 求神拜佛 (‘petitioning gods and bowing to Buddhas,’ the everyday transactional folk-religious petitioning idiom). Verb consistency (求告) across the Joel and Romans curricula is doctrinally load-bearing, not merely stylistic, since Paul applies this exact clause to Jesus as Κύριος (主) in Romans 10:9-13.
Delivered Saved
Approved rendering: 得救
Transliteration: déjiù
Doctrine: Salvation through Calling on the Name of the LORD
Rejected alternatives: 解脱, 超度
Original: מָלַט
Category: Salvation
[NEW — verb-form extension of baseline ‘salvation’] Joel 2:32. Must never be rendered with 解脱 (Buddhist liberation from samsara) or 超度 (a posthumous rite for the dead), per the baseline’s Critical flag on ‘salvation.’ Joel’s imagery of escaping a besieged, judged city into a place of safety (Zion/Jerusalem) reinforces 得救’s rescue-in-this-life sense.
Return To God
Approved rendering: 归向(我/耶和华)
Transliteration: guīxiàng (wǒ/Yēhéhuá)
Doctrine: Repentance and Return to God
Rejected alternatives: 皈依, 回头是岸, 改过自新 (used object-lessly)
Original: שׁוּב
Category: Repentance
[NEW] Joel 2:12-13. NEVER use 皈依 (guīyī) — the fixed technical Buddhist term for formally ‘taking refuge’ in the Three Jewels, the rite of becoming a Buddhist. AVOID the idiom 回头是岸 (‘turning back is the shore of safety’), a secular/Buddhist-flavored proverb implying self-effort reaches a self-evident safe shore. Always retain the explicit personal object (‘return to ME’/‘to YHWH’); never leave it object-less as 改过自新 (‘self-reformation’), a secular-ethical idiom with no reference to God. 悔改 (huǐgǎi, the baseline-adjacent NT-register term) may serve as a complementary gloss but must never stand alone without the object in Joel-specific material.
High Risk Terms
Called
Approved rendering: 蒙召的
Transliteration: méngzhào de
Doctrine: Effectual Calling and the Preserved Remnant
Rejected alternatives: 受命于天, 天命所归
Original: קָרָא
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Used at Joel 2:32b (‘whom the LORD calls’), mirroring by deliberate Hebrew wordplay the human act of 求告 (‘calling on’) YHWH’s name earlier in the same verse. See whom_the_lord_calls below.
Calling
Approved rendering: 呼召
Transliteration: hūzhào
Doctrine: Effectual Calling and the Preserved Remnant
Rejected alternatives: 天命, 命运
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Available for teaching material bridging Joel’s remnant doctrine to Romans 8:28-30’s ‘Effectual Calling’ doctrine.
Election
Approved rendering: 拣选
Transliteration: jiǎnxuǎn
Doctrine: Effectual Calling and the Preserved Remnant
Rejected alternatives: 天命, 命运, 缘分
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Joel’s remnant (余民/逃脱的人, Joel 2:32) is preserved by God’s own gracious initiative, not impersonal fate (命运) or a fortuitous predestined connection (缘分, a common folk-Buddhist concept) — the identical caution the baseline already fixes for ‘election’.
Cosmic Signs Of Judgment
Approved rendering: 日头变黑，月亮变血
Transliteration: rìtou biàn hēi, yuèliang biàn xiě
Doctrine: Cosmic Signs of Judgment
Rejected alternatives: 天变 (framing), 异兆 (framing)
[NEW] Standard CUV-register phrasing for Joel 2:31’s cosmic-disruption imagery, quoted verbatim by Peter at Acts 2:20. Must not be assimilated to the Chinese astrological tradition in which unusual celestial phenomena (eclipses, comets) were historically read as impersonal cosmic reproach against a ruler’s loss of the Mandate of Heaven (天变, ‘heavenly change/anomaly’). This is a personal God’s self-announced coming, not an omen requiring expert court-astrologer interpretation.
Great And Terrible
Approved rendering: 大而可畏
Transliteration: dà ér kěwèi
Doctrine: The Day of the Lord
Rejected alternatives: 恐怖
Original: הַגָּדוֹל וְהַנּוֹרָא
Category: Eschatology
[NEW] Describes the Day of the LORD itself (Joel 2:31), using the same root elsewhere applied to God’s own character. NEVER render as 恐怖 (kǒngbù) — in contemporary Mandarin this overwhelmingly connotes terrorism (恐怖主义, 恐怖分子) and horror-genre fright, stripping the term of the reverential ‘awesome, worthy of fear-tinged reverence before a holy God’ register that 可畏 preserves.
Whom The Lord Calls
Approved rendering: 蒙召的
Transliteration: méngzhào de
Doctrine: Effectual Calling and the Preserved Remnant
Rejected alternatives: 天命所归
Original: קָרָא (divine subject)
Category: Salvation
[NEW — reuses baseline ‘called’ entry exactly] Joel 2:32b. Mirrors, by deliberate Hebrew wordplay (same root qara), the human act of 求告 (‘calling on’ God’s name) earlier in the same verse. Preserve this conceptually even though Mandarin requires two distinct verbs (求告 for the human act, 蒙召 for the divine act) — the underlying doctrine is identical to the baseline’s Effectual Calling doctrine for Romans 8:28-30.
Four Locusts
Approved rendering: 剪虫 / 蝗虫 / 蝻子 / 蚂蚱
Transliteration: jiǎnchóng / húangchóng / nánzi / màzha
Doctrine: The Locust Plague as Divine Judgment
Rejected alternatives: 天谴 (framing), 天人感应 (framing)
Original: הַגָּזָם / הָאַרְבֶּה / הַיֶּלֶק / הֶחָסִיל
Category: Judgment
[NEW] Joel 1:4, four established CUV entomological terms describing total, successive devastation. The central risk is doctrinal, not lexical: Chinese cosmology offers a ready-made native framework (天谴, ‘Heaven’s reproach’; 天人感应, the Han-Confucian doctrine of cosmic resonance between a ruler’s virtue and natural calamity) for reading agricultural disaster as an impersonal, mechanistic cause-and-effect. Joel’s locust judgment must be taught as YHWH’s personal, relational, covenantal discipline toward his people collectively, inviting repentance (2:12-13), never an automatic cosmic mechanism. Requires Human Theologian review at EVERY occurrence, not only first use.
Rend Your Heart
Approved rendering: 撕裂心肠，不撕裂衣服
Transliteration: sī liè xīncháng, bù sī liè yīfu
Doctrine: Sincerity of Heart over External Ritual
Original: קִרְעוּ לְבַבְכֶם וְאַל־בִּגְדֵיכֶם
Category: Repentance
[NEW] Joel 2:13, the interpretive key to the repentance doctrine. Must be distinguished from the Chinese mourning tradition’s formal sackcloth/mourning-garment ritual (穿麻戴孝, tied to filial-piety obligations toward deceased ancestors, 孝服/守孝) — a kin-directed, not God-directed, ritual category. This is not a wholesale rejection of outward form; ritual mourning is worthless without the internal repentance it is meant to express.
Mercy Compassion
Approved rendering: 怜悯
Transliteration: liánmǐn
Doctrine: The Compassionate Character of God
Rejected alternatives: 慈悲
Original: רַחוּם
Category: God
[NEW] Joel 2:13, part of the Exodus 34:6-7 self-revelation formula. Must be distinguished from the Buddhist term 慈悲 (cíbēi), the compassion of a bodhisattva for all sentient beings oriented toward their liberation from suffering — a universal metaphysical disposition. 怜悯 here is the covenant-keeping compassion of a personal, self-revealed God toward covenant-breakers specifically.
Steadfast Love
Approved rendering: 丰盛的慈爱
Transliteration: fēngshèng de cí’ài
Doctrine: The Compassionate Character of God
Original: חֶסֶד
Category: God
[NEW] Joel 2:13, within the CUV-register formula ‘gracious, merciful, slow to anger, abounding in steadfast love.’ Must be taught as covenant-bond loyalty flowing from God’s own character and prior commitments, not a generic sentiment of affection; keep tethered to 恩典 (grace, baseline, Critical, never 功德).
Relent Concerning Disaster
Approved rendering: 后悔不降所说的灾
Transliteration: hòuhuǐ bù jiàng suǒ shuō de zāi
Doctrine: God’s Relenting and Relational Responsiveness
Original: נִחָם עַל־הָרָעָה
Category: God
[NEW] Joel 2:13-14. 后悔 literally ‘to regret.’ A standing translator note is required at every occurrence distinguishing this anthropopathic usage from a claim that God erred or is mutable (which would contradict divine foreknowledge/immutability); this describes God in humanlike relational terms so his genuine responsiveness within time can be understood. Human Theologian review mandatory.
Valley Of Decision
Approved rendering: 断定谷 [UNCONFIRMED — verify against printed CUV before Phase 2]
Transliteration: duàndìng gǔ (provisional)
Doctrine: Judgment on the Nations
Rejected alternatives: 收割谷 / 打谷场式的字面翻译 (agricultural-only reading, loses judicial sense)
Original: עֵמֶק הֶחָרוּץ
Category: Judgment
[NEW — UNCONFIRMED] Joel 3:14. Hebrew חָרוּץ carries a judicial ‘verdict/decision’ sense, confirmed by LXX τῆς δίκης; the judicial sense should govern over any agricultural (‘threshing’) alternative. No confirmed standing CUV wording is on file for this analysis. FLAGGED for Human Theologian/native-speaker confirmation against the printed CUV text before any Phase 2 use; do not improvise a new coinage without checking the printed source.
Avenge Blood Not Acquit
Approved rendering: 我必追讨流他们血的罪，并不赦免
Transliteration: wǒ bì zhuītǎo liú tāmen xiě de zuì, bìng bù shèmiǎn
Doctrine: Divine Justice on Behalf of the Covenant People
Rejected alternatives: literal MT ‘acquit/not acquit’ rendering (reads as self-contradictory in Mandarin)
Original: וְנִקֵּיתִי דָּמָם לֹא־נִקֵּיתִי
Category: Judgment
[NEW — TEXT-CRITICAL FLAG] Joel 3:21. A genuine, well-documented MT/LXX text-critical divergence. This rendering follows the LXX/majority-modern-version ‘avenge, not leave unpunished’ sense rather than a literal Masoretic rendering that would read as flatly self-contradictory to a Mandarin reader. The exegetical decision must be recorded in the segment cache per the baseline’s Ambiguity Handling protocol and is flagged for mandatory Human Theologian review before Phase 2 translation.
Medium Risk Terms
Prophecy
Approved rendering: 预言
Transliteration: yùyán
Doctrine: The Democratization of the Prophetic Gift
Rejected alternatives: 算卦, 占卜
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Root noun behind the Joel-specific verb form 说预言 (see prophesy entry below).
Israel
Approved rendering: 以色列
Transliteration: Yǐsèliè
Doctrine: Divine Justice on Behalf of the Covenant People
Original: יִשְׂרָאֵל
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Named as the object of YHWH’s restored favor at Joel 2:27; 3:2, 16.
Wonders Signs
Approved rendering: 奇事
Transliteration: qíshì
Doctrine: Cosmic Signs of Judgment
Rejected alternatives: 异兆, 占星式征兆
Original: מוֹפְתִים
Category: Eschatology
[NEW] Joel 2:30. Paired in Christian usage with 神迹 (shénjì). Distinguish from 异兆 (yìzhào, ‘strange omen’) and astrological/geomantic omen-reading (占星, 风水异象), read in Chinese tradition as impersonal cosmic signals requiring expert interpretation, rather than self-interpreting acts of a personal God.
All Flesh
Approved rendering: 凡有血气的
Transliteration: fán yǒu xuèqì de
Doctrine: Universal Scope of the Spirit’s Gift
Original: כָּל־בָּשָׂר
Category: Pneumatology
[NEW] Joel 2:28, established CUV idiom for kol-basar. A specific divine promise extending across every human distinction God himself names in the following verse (sons/daughters, old/young, servants), not vague humanistic inclusiveness. Directly foreshadows the baseline’s Universal Scope of the Gospel doctrine (Romans 1:16; 10:12-13).
Afterward Last Days
Approved rendering: 此后 / 末后的日子
Transliteration: cǐhòu / mòhòu de rìzi
Doctrine: The Outpouring of the Holy Spirit
Original: אַחֲרֵי־כֵן
Category: Eschatology
[NEW] Joel 2:28. 此后 renders acharei-khen plainly; 末后的日子 carries forward Peter’s own inspired interpretive gloss (Acts 2:17, ‘the last days’). Present as complementary, not competing, renderings — do not let 此后 stand alone without the Pentecost cross-reference.
Prophesy
Approved rendering: 说预言
Transliteration: shuō yùyán
Doctrine: The Democratization of the Prophetic Gift
Rejected alternatives: 算命, 算卦, 占卜
Original: נָבָא
Category: Pneumatology
[NEW] Joel 2:28, verb form built on the baseline noun 预言. Must be kept distinct from fortune-telling/divination. Specific Joel risk: this gift’s democratization beyond a professional prophetic office must not be flattened into ‘everyone becomes a fortune-teller.‘
Dream Dreams See Visions
Approved rendering: 做梦 / 见异象
Transliteration: zuòmèng / jiàn yìxiàng
Doctrine: The Democratization of the Prophetic Gift
Rejected alternatives: 占梦
Original: חֲלוֹם / חָזוֹן
Category: Pneumatology
[NEW] Joel 2:28. 异象 (yìxiàng) is already the standard Chinese Christian term for a God-given vision. Distinguish from 占梦 (zhànmèng, traditional Chinese dream-divination, e.g. via dream-interpretation almanacs) and from fatalistic 缘分/命运-style readings — these are unsolicited divine self-disclosures, not a technique performed to discover one’s fate.
Menservants Maidservants
Approved rendering: 仆人 / 使女
Transliteration: púrén / shǐnǚ
Doctrine: Universal Scope of the Spirit’s Gift
Rejected alternatives: 工人 (too generic)
Original: עֲבָדִים / שְׁפָחוֹת
Category: Pneumatology
[NEW] Joel 2:29, established OT-register CUV terms. Must not be softened to generic ‘workers’ (工人), which would lose the specific point that even those with no social standing whatsoever receive the same Spirit as elders and prophets — the force of the verse is the collapse of a status hierarchy.
Remnant Survivors
Approved rendering: 逃脱的人 / 余民
Transliteration: táotuō de rén / yúmín
Doctrine: Effectual Calling and the Preserved Remnant
Original: פְלֵיטָה / שְׂרִידִים
Category: Salvation
[NEW] Joel 2:32. 余民 is an established OT-register CUV term. Must not be softened into a purely sociological ‘survivors of a disaster’ reading; retain the covenantal sense of a remnant preserved by God’s own initiative, consistent with baseline cautions against impersonal-fate readings of 拣选/呼召.
Land Mourns
Approved rendering: 地也悲哀
Transliteration: dì yě bēi’āi
Doctrine: Covenant Land Theology
Original: אָבְלָה אַדְמָה
Category: Judgment
[NEW] Joel 1:10. Covenant land-personification (Leviticus 26/Deuteronomy 28 background), not animism; avoid any resonance with 土地公/地母神-style folk land-deity veneration, in which the land itself is treated as possessing a spirit requiring appeasement.
Holy Assembly
Approved rendering: 圣会
Transliteration: shènghuì
Doctrine: Corporate Lament and Fasting
Rejected alternatives: 庙会 (visually similar, must be distinguished)
Original: מִקְרָא
Category: Repentance
[NEW] Joel 1:14; 2:15. Must be visually and conceptually distinguished from 庙会 (miàohuì, ‘temple fair’), an extremely common Chinese folk-religious festival/market gathering — visually similar compounds readily conflated by a reader with low OT/church-assembly literacy. A clarifying gloss is recommended on first use.
Priests
Approved rendering: 祭司
Transliteration: jìsī
Doctrine: Corporate Lament and Fasting
Rejected alternatives: 僧, 和尚, 道士, 法师
Original: הַכֹּהֲנִים
Category: Worship
[NEW] Standard CUV OT term, Joel 1:9, 13. Must be kept distinct from Buddhist monks (僧/和尚) or Daoist ritual specialists (道士/法师); a first-occurrence gloss is advisable for readers with primarily Buddhist/Daoist religious-professional vocabulary.
Grain And Drink Offering
Approved rendering: 素祭 / 奠祭
Transliteration: sùjì / diànjì
Doctrine: Corporate Lament and Fasting
Rejected alternatives: 供品 (generic folk offering)
Original: מִנְחָה וָנֶסֶךְ
Category: Worship
[NEW] Joel 1:9, 13. Standard CUV terms for prescribed Mosaic-covenant worship elements; distinguish from generic folk offerings to ancestors or deities (供品).
Great And Powerful Army
Approved rendering: 又大又强的民
Transliteration: yòu dà yòu qiáng de mín
Doctrine: The Locust Plague as Divine Judgment
Original: עַם רַב וְעָצוּם
Category: Judgment
[NEW] Joel 2:2-9, descriptive rendering. Whichever interpretive option a lesson adopts (literal locusts / symbolic historical army / apocalyptic hybrid), YHWH’s personal command over this agent (2:11) must be retained — never a natural disaster operating independently of divine agency.
Northern Army
Approved rendering: 北方来的军队
Transliteration: běifāng lái de jūnduì
Doctrine: The Locust Plague as Divine Judgment
Original: הַצְּפוֹנִי
Category: Judgment
[NEW] Joel 2:20. Same interpretive-options caution as great_and_powerful_army; the doctrinal point (YHWH sovereignly removes what he sovereignly sent, in response to repentance) must not be lost.
Jealous For His Land
Approved rendering: 发热心
Transliteration: fā rèxīn
Doctrine: The Covenant Jealousy (Zeal) of God
Rejected alternatives: 嫉妒
Original: קִנֵּא
Category: God
[NEW] Joel 2:18, the CUV idiom, literally ‘to raise up a hot/passionate heart.’ Must not be rendered with ordinary 嫉妒 (jídù), petty envy of what belongs to someone else; God’s zeal here is protective covenant-loyalty to defend what is already, rightfully his own. No independent secular Mandarin equivalent exists — mandatory explanatory gloss at every occurrence, not merely first use.
Pity Spare
Approved rendering: 怜恤
Transliteration: liánxù
Doctrine: The Covenant Jealousy (Zeal) of God
Rejected alternatives: 慈悲
Original: חָמַל
Category: God
[NEW] Joel 2:18, near-synonym of 怜悯. Same 慈悲-collision caution applies: this is the compassion of a personal covenant God, not a universal Buddhist disposition of compassion toward all sentient beings.
Restore The Years
Approved rendering: 补还
Transliteration: bǔhuán
Doctrine: Restoration and Blessing after Repentance
Original: שִׁלַּמְתִּי (root שָׁלֵם)
Category: Restoration
[NEW] Joel 2:25. Guard against a merit-transactional misreading (‘repent hard enough and you will earn back your losses’), echoing the baseline’s caution against the 功德 (merit-ledger) worldview; restoration flows from YHWH’s revealed covenant character (2:13), appropriated by faith-filled 归向 (return), not from the intensity of the mourning ritual itself.
Restore The Fortunes
Approved rendering: 使…被掳的人归回
Transliteration: shǐ…bèilǔ de rén guīhuí
Doctrine: Hope of Covenant Restoration for Judah and Jerusalem
Original: שׁוּב אֶת־שְׁבוּת
Category: Restoration
[NEW] Joel 3:1, a fixed Hebrew idiom for full covenantal restoration from exile/disaster. Preserve, in teaching notes, the wordplay linking human ‘return’ (归向, chapter 2) to God’s ‘restoring’ — both share the Hebrew root שׁוב, reinforcing that restoration is God’s responsive covenant action, not humanly engineered recovery.
Valley Of Jehoshaphat
Approved rendering: 约沙法谷
Transliteration: Yuēshāfǎ Gǔ
Doctrine: Judgment on the Nations
Original: עֵמֶק יְהוֹשָׁפָט
Category: Judgment
[NEW] Joel 3:2, 12, standard transliteration, proper name. The Hebrew name means ‘YHWH judges’ — this wordplay is entirely opaque in transliteration and must be supplied as an explanatory teaching note, not as part of the base text.
Enter Into Judgment
Approved rendering: 我必审判他们
Transliteration: wǒ bì shěnpàn tāmen
Doctrine: Judgment on the Nations
Original: נִשְׁפַּטְתִּי עִמָּם
Category: Judgment
[NEW] Joel 3:2. 审判 is the standard, appropriately forensic Christian term; ensure it is not read as arbitrary retribution but as a specific legal indictment for named covenant-violating acts described in the following verses.
Nations Judgment Context
Approved rendering: 列国
Transliteration: lièguó
Doctrine: Judgment on the Nations
Rejected alternatives: 外邦人 (reserved for the baseline’s Gentile-inclusion sense)
Original: הַגּוֹיִם
Category: Judgment
[NEW] Joel 3:2, 9, 11-12. Preferred over the baseline’s fixed 外邦人 in this judgment-oracle context, to avoid importing the baseline’s ‘no distinction, all included in the gospel’ connotation into a passage pronouncing judgment on specific historical nations for specific historical acts. Teachers must clarify this is not in tension with 2:32’s/Romans 10:12-13’s universal ‘whoever calls’ — the two are held together, not contradicted.
No Stranger Pass Through
Approved rendering: 外人不再从其中经过
Transliteration: wàirén bù zài cóng qízhōng jīngguò
Doctrine: Hope of Covenant Restoration for Judah and Jerusalem
Original: וְלֹא־יַעֲבֹר־בָּהּ עוֹד זָר
Category: Restoration
[NEW] Joel 3:17. A teaching note is required to distinguish this historically/militarily specific ‘no more hostile occupation’ promise from any general claim about foreigners/outsiders as such, which would otherwise sit in unexplained tension with the book’s deliberate universalism in 2:28-32.
Lord Dwells In Zion
Approved rendering: 耶和华住在锡安
Transliteration: Yēhéhuá zhù zài Xī’ān
Doctrine: God’s Dwelling Presence with His People
Rejected alternatives: 风水式的吉地 (feng-shui auspicious-site framing)
Original: יְהוָה שֹׁכֵן בְּצִיּוֹן
Category: God
[NEW] Joel 3:17, 21. Must not be treated as an impersonal geomantic/feng-shui ‘auspicious dwelling location’ category familiar in Chinese folk practice, but as God’s personal, covenantal presence. For advanced teaching only: conceptual (not lexical) background to the baseline’s Critical incarnation doctrine (道成肉身) — reserve this connection for teacher’s notes, not the base translation.
Low Risk Terms
Prophet
Approved rendering: 先知
Transliteration: xiānzhī
Doctrine: The Democratization of the Prophetic Gift
Rejected alternatives: 算命先生
Inherited from Romans package, unmodified. Background office; Joel 2:28’s promise extends the prophesying activity beyond this professional office to sons and daughters broadly.
Pillars Of Smoke
Approved rendering: 烟柱
Transliteration: yānzhù
Doctrine: Cosmic Signs of Judgment
Original: תִּימְרוֹת עָשָׁן
Category: Eschatology
[NEW] Joel 2:30. Theophanic/Exodus-echo imagery (cf. Exodus 13:21); keep deliberate and theophanic, not flattened into a generic disaster-scene detail.
Mount Zion
Approved rendering: 锡安山
Transliteration: Xī’ān Shān
Doctrine: Salvation through Calling on the Name of the LORD
Original: הַר־צִיּוֹן
Category: Covenant
[NEW] Established CUV transliteration, proper name. Joel 2:32. Include a teaching note that the geographic specificity here is later universalized in the NT (Hebrews 12:22; Romans 10:13) rather than restricted to ethnic-geographic Israel.
Jerusalem
Approved rendering: 耶路撒冷
Transliteration: Yēlùsālěng
Doctrine: Salvation through Calling on the Name of the LORD / God’s Dwelling Presence with His People
Original: יְרוּשָׁלַםִ
Category: Covenant
[NEW] Established CUV transliteration, proper name. Joel 2:32; 3:17, 21.
Fast
Approved rendering: 禁食
Transliteration: jìnshí
Doctrine: Corporate Lament and Fasting
Original: צוֹם
Category: Repentance
[NEW] Standard term, Joel 1:14; 2:12, 15. Significance amplified when paired with the ‘rend your heart, not your garments’ teaching at 2:13.
New Wine Oil Grain
Approved rendering: 新酒 / 油 / 五谷
Transliteration: xīnjiǔ / yóu / wǔgǔ
Doctrine: Agricultural Inclusio of Judgment and Blessing
Original: תִּירוֹשׁ, יִצְהָר, דָּגָן
Category: Restoration
[NEW] Joel 1:10 (lost); 2:19, 24 (restored). Forms a judgment-to-restoration inclusio; retain concrete, vivid parallelism in teaching.
Blow The Trumpet
Approved rendering: 吹角
Transliteration: chuī jiǎo
Doctrine: The Locust Plague as Divine Judgment
Original: תִּקְעוּ שׁוֹפָר
Category: Judgment
[NEW] Established CUV phrase, Joel 2:1 (alarm) and 2:15 (repentance-summons) — dual usage of the same instrument for teaching continuity.
Autumn And Spring Rain
Approved rendering: 秋雨 / 春雨
Transliteration: qiūyǔ / chūnyǔ
Doctrine: Restoration and Blessing after Repentance
Original: מוֹרֶה / מַלְקוֹשׁ
Category: Restoration
[NEW] Joel 2:23. Do not import the minor Hebrew wordplay (moreh can also mean ‘teacher’) into the Mandarin rendering; the agricultural sense governs and is not load-bearing for translation.
Harvest Sickle Winepress
Approved rendering: 收割 / 镰刀 / 酒榨
Transliteration: shōugē / liándāo / jiǔzhà
Doctrine: Agricultural Inclusio of Judgment and Blessing
Original: קָצִיר / מַגָּל / גַּת
Category: Judgment
[NEW] Joel 3:13. Completes the chapter 1-3 agricultural inclusio; preserve for teaching purposes.
Lord Roars From Zion
Approved rendering: 耶和华必从锡安吼叫
Transliteration: Yēhéhuá bì cóng Xī’ān hǒujiào
Doctrine: Judgment on the Nations
Original: יְהוָה מִצִּיּוֹן יִשְׁאָג
Category: God
[NEW] Joel 3:16, vivid lion-roar theophany (cf. Amos 1:2). Retain the vividness rather than softening to a generic ‘speak loudly.‘
Refuge Stronghold
Approved rendering: 避难所 / 保障
Transliteration: bìnànsuǒ / bǎozhàng
Doctrine: Judgment on the Nations
Original: מָחְסֶה / מָעוֹז
Category: God
[NEW] Joel 3:16. Reinforce in teaching the deliberate juxtaposition: the same God whose ‘roar’ terrifies the wicked is simultaneously ‘refuge’ for his own people — judgment and salvation proceed from a single, unified divine character.
Sweet Wine Milk Water
Approved rendering: 甜酒 / 奶 / 水
Transliteration: tiánjiǔ / nǎi / shuǐ
Doctrine: Agricultural Inclusio of Judgment and Blessing
Original: עָסִיס / חָלָב / מַיִם
Category: Restoration
[NEW] Joel 3:18. Note the detail that this abundance flows ‘from the house of the LORD’ — restoration is God-centered, not autonomous natural fertility.
Egypt
Approved rendering: 埃及
Transliteration: Āijí
Doctrine: Judgment on the Nations
Original: מִצְרַיִם
Category: Judgment
[NEW] Established transliteration, proper name, Joel 3:19. Include a teaching caution against contemporary geopolitical over-application; this is a historically specific referent in its original context.
Edom
Approved rendering: 以东
Transliteration: Yǐdōng
Doctrine: Judgment on the Nations
Original: אֱדוֹם
Category: Judgment
[NEW] Established transliteration, proper name, Joel 3:19. Same contemporary-application caution as Egypt.
Judah
Approved rendering: 犹大
Transliteration: Yóudà
Doctrine: Hope of Covenant Restoration for Judah and Jerusalem
Original: יְהוּדָה
Category: Covenant
[NEW] Established CUV transliteration, proper name, Joel 3:1, 19-20.
Referenced passages