Core Glossary

08 Core Glossary — Daniel (English → Mandarin)

How to Use This Glossary

This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md across all twelve chapters of Daniel. It is organized to feed directly into Phase 2’s translation_memory.json update process.

[BASELINE REUSE] = term already fixed by the Romans translation_memory.json; the Mandarin rendering below is reused exactly and must not be altered for this curriculum.
[NEW] = term newly introduced for the Daniel curriculum; proposed for addition to translation memory with the risk tier shown.
[BASELINE-ADJACENT / COLLISION] = a Daniel term that shares script or concept space with an existing baseline term but is lexically or referentially distinct; requires an explicit translator note wherever both could be mistaken for one another.

Risk tiers follow the baseline’s doctrine_risk_registry.json definitions exactly: Critical (human theologian review, every occurrence), High (human theologian review), Medium (native speaker review), Low (automated review).

Glossary Table

#	English Term	Original (Language)	Transliteration	Mandarin	Pinyin	Risk	Doctrine(s)	Status	Chapters	Notes / Rejected Alternatives
1	God	אֱלָהּ / אֱלָהָא (Aram.), אֱלֹהִים (Heb.)	‘elah / ‘elaha / Elohim	神	Shén	Critical	God’s Sovereignty	[BASELINE REUSE]	1–12	Must be made explicit as the one true God, distinct from generic 神/deity usage per baseline caution; also distinct from pagan characters’ polytheistic “gods” (plural elahin) in chs. 3–5
2	God of heaven	אֱלָהּ שְׁמַיָּא	’elah shemayya	天上的神	tiānshàng de Shén	Medium	Sovereignty	[NEW, uses BASELINE 神]	2	Not to be confused with impersonal 天 (Heaven) per baseline’s god entry
3	Most High	עִלָּיָא / עֶלְיוֹנִין	ʿillaya / ʿelyonin	至高者	zhìgāozhě	Medium	Sovereignty; Providence	[NEW]	4, 7	Must be anchored explicitly to 神, not treated as a generic honorific for any high deity
4	Ancient of Days	עַתִּיק יוֹמִין	ʿattiq yomin	亘古常在者	gèngǔ chángzài zhě	High	Sovereignty; Apocalyptic Prophecy	[NEW]	7	Established CUV title; must not be flattened into a folk “Old Man Heaven” image
5	thrones	כָּרְסָוָן	korsawan	宝座	bǎozuò	Medium	Sovereignty; Apocalyptic Prophecy	[NEW]	7	Retain judicial/courtroom framing
6	court / judgment	דִּינָא	dina	审判	shěnpàn	High	Apocalyptic Prophecy; Sovereignty	[NEW]	7	Forensic sense required; not vague “deciding things”
7	books/records	סִפְרִין	sifrin	案卷	ànjuàn	Medium	Apocalyptic Prophecy	[NEW]	7	Distinct from generic 书; legal-record nuance
8	beast	חֵיוְתָא	cheywetha	兽	shòu	Medium	Apocalyptic Prophecy	[NEW]	7 (also 8)	Symbolic of a kingdom, not literal animal or folk zodiac creature
9	horn	קַרְנָא / קֶרֶן	qarna (Aram.) / qeren (Heb.)	角	jiǎo	High	Apocalyptic Prophecy	[NEW]	7, 8, 11	Must render identically across chapters to track the figure-type
10	little horn	קַרְנָא זְעֵירָה	qarna ze’era	小角	xiǎo jiǎo	High	Apocalyptic Prophecy	[NEW]	7, 8, 11	Antichrist-type figure; consistent rendering required across all three chapters
11	dominion / authority	שׇׁלְטָן	sholtan	权柄	quánbǐng	High	Sovereignty; Messianic Kingship	[NEW]	2 (implicit), 4, 7	Must remain consistent for the same root across chs. 4 and 7 to preserve the “given/taken away/given again” theological argument
12	glory	יְקָר	yeqar	荣耀	róngyào	Medium	Messianic Kingship	[BASELINE REUSE]	7	Exact baseline term; here implicitly a deity-claim for the Son of Man
13	kingdom	מַלְכוּ	malku	国 / 国度	guó / guódù	Medium	Sovereignty; Kingdom	[NEW, aligns with BASELINE 神的国]	2, 4, 5, 7	Avoid 天下 (dynastic “all under heaven”) and 王朝 (dynasty), per baseline kingdom_of_god caution
14	an everlasting kingdom that shall not be destroyed	מַלְכוּ…לְעָלְמִין לָא תִתְחַבַּל	malku…le’alemin la tithchabbal	永不败坏的国	yǒng bú bàihuài de guó	High	Sovereignty; Apocalyptic Prophecy	[NEW]	2, 7	Must render identically in both chapters (cross-reference requirement)
15	Son of Man	בַּר אֱנָשׁ	bar ‘enash	人子	rénzǐ	Critical	Messianic Kingship	[NEW — CRITICAL COLLISION RISK with #16]	7	Reserve exclusively for this title; every occurrence requires translator note distinguishing from #16
16	Son of God (cf. baseline)	—	—	神的儿子	Shén de érzi	Critical	Deity/Sonship of Christ	[BASELINE REUSE]	(cross-reference only)	Not a Daniel term itself, but every use of #15 must be explicitly distinguished from this baseline term
17	a son of the gods / a divine being	בַּר-אֱלָהִין	bar-‘elahin	好像神的儿子	hǎoxiàng shén de érzi	Critical	Faithfulness under Persecution	[NEW — CRITICAL LEXICAL COLLISION with #16]	3	CUV renders this pagan king’s generic phrase identically to the baseline’s Critical Sonship-of-Christ term; mandatory translator note every occurrence
18	clouds of heaven	עֲנָנֵי שְׁמַיָּא	anane shemayya	天云	tiānyún	High	Messianic Kingship; Apocalyptic Prophecy	[NEW]	7	Theophanic transport imagery; draw Exodus/Psalms/Gospel/Revelation chain in teaching notes
19	serve / worship (pelach)	פְלַח	pelach	事奉	shìfèng	Critical	Messianic Kingship; Faithfulness under Persecution	[NEW]	3, 6, 7	Must render identically across all three chapters; the narrative argument for the Son of Man’s deity depends on this consistency
20	everlasting (ʿalam)	עָלַם	ʿalam	永远	yǒngyuǎn	Medium	Apocalyptic Prophecy; Sovereignty	[NEW]	2, 7	Linear unending future, not a Buddhist-cosmology cyclical kalpa concept
21	destroyed / corrupted (tithchabbal)	תִתְחַבַּל	tithchabbal	败坏	bàihuài	High	Sovereignty	[NEW]	2, 7	Cross-chapter consistency requirement (see #14)
22	exile / captivity	גָּלוּת / הַגּוֹלָה	galut / ha-golah	被掳	bèilǔ	Medium	Prayer & Perseverance in Exile	[NEW]	1, 9	Covenant discipline, not random misfortune
23	resolved (in his heart)	וַיָּשֶׂם…לִבּוֹ	vayyasem…libbo	定意	dìngyì	Low	Faithfulness under Persecution	[NEW]	1	—
24	defile	יִתְגָּאָל	yitga’al	玷污	diànwū	Medium	Faithfulness under Persecution	[NEW]	1	Covenant-loyalty statement, not dietary self-discipline for merit
25	wisdom and understanding	חָכְמָה וּמַדָּע	chokmah u-madda’	智慧和聪明	zhìhuì hé cōngming	Medium	Wisdom & Discernment from God	[NEW]	1	Must be taught as divinely given, contrasted with occult arts of ch. 2
26	mystery / secret	רָז	raz	奥秘	àomì	High	Wisdom & Discernment from God	[NEW]	2	Distinguish sharply from divination/fortune-telling (占卜, 算卦)
27	magicians/enchanters/sorcerers/Chaldeans	חַרְטֻמִּים / אַשָּׁפִים / מְכַשְּׁפִים / כַּשְׂדִּים	chartummim / ashafim / mekashefim / kasdim	术士 / 行邪术的 / 迦勒底人	shùshì / xíng xiéshù de / Jiālèdǐrén	High	Wisdom & Discernment from God	[NEW]	2, 4, 5	Direct collision risk with Chinese folk-practitioner categories (算命先生, already flagged in baseline “prophet” entry); never present as spiritually neutral
28	king of kings	מֶלֶךְ מַלְכִין	melek malkin	万王之王	wàn wáng zhī wáng	High	Sovereignty	[NEW]	2	Granted derivatively/temporarily to a human king here; distinguish from Christ’s eternal, absolute title elsewhere in Scripture
29	the stone	אֶבֶן	’even	石头	shítou	Medium	Messianic Kingship	[NEW]	2	Messianic-typological resonance; do not over-specify eschatological timetable
30	image (idol)	צֶלֶם דַּהֲבָא	tselem dahava	金像	jīnxiàng	Medium	Faithfulness under Persecution	[NEW]	3	tselem echoes Genesis 1:27 “image of God” — idolatrous counterfeit
31	bow down / worship (segid)	סְגִד	segid	跪拜	guìbài	High	Faithfulness under Persecution	[NEW]	3	Distinguish coerced idol-prostration from exclusive God-directed worship (敬拜)
32	deliver / rescue	שֵׁיזִב	sheyzib	拯救	zhěngjiù	Medium	Faithfulness under Persecution	[NEW]	3	NEVER 解脱 or 超度 (baseline forbidden list); this-life rescue, typologically related to but distinct from 救恩
33	a watcher, a holy one	עִיר וְקַדִּישׁ	ʿir veqaddish	守望者	shǒuwàngzhě	High	Sovereignty	[NEW]	4	Holy angelic being; not ancestral spirit (祖灵) or folk guardian deity
34	rules / gives to whom he will	שָׁלִט…יִצְבֵּא	shalit…yitsbe	至高者…掌权	zhìgāozhě…zhǎngquán	High	Sovereignty; Providence	[NEW]	4	Reuse baseline providence caution: never 天意 or 命运
35	pride / humbled	ge’ah (pride); root שׁפל	ge’ah; hashpel-type	骄傲 / 谦卑	jiāo’ào / qiánbēi	Medium	Sovereignty	[NEW]	4	—
36	the writing / MENE MENE TEKEL PARSIN	כְּתָבָא / מְנֵא מְנֵא תְּקֵל וּפַרְסִין	ketava / mene mene teqel u-farsin	墙上的字；弥尼、弥尼、提客勒、乌法珥新	qiáng shàng de zì; Mǐní, Mǐní, Tíkèlè, Wūfǎ’ěrxīn	Medium	Sovereignty	[NEW]	5	Retain interpretive gloss (numbered/weighed/divided)
37	weighed and found wanting	תְקִיל…וְחַסִּיר	teqil…ve-chassir	称在天平里，显出你的亏欠	chēng zài tiānpíng lǐ, xiǎnchū nǐ de kuīqiàn	Medium	Sovereignty	[NEW]	5	—
38	prayer	(Aram. root צלה)	tzela-type	祷告	dǎogào	Medium	Prayer & Perseverance in Exile	[NEW]	6, 9	Distinguish from 求签/问卜 (baseline intercession caution) and from ancestor-veneration rites
39	decree	אֱסָר	’esar	禁令 / 法令	jìnlìng / fǎlìng	Medium	Faithfulness under Persecution	[NEW]	6	Frame as specific historical church-state collision, not a general statement on all civil authority
40	lions’ den	גֹּב אַרְיָוָתָא	gov ‘aryavata	狮子坑	shīzikēng	Low	Faithfulness under Persecution	[NEW]	6	—
41	saints of the Most High	קַדִּישֵ׵י עֶלְיוֹנִין	qaddishei elyonin	至高者的圣民	zhìgāo zhě de shèngmín	High	Sovereignty; Faithfulness under Persecution	[NEW — LEXICAL DIVERGENCE from BASELINE #saints]	7	Baseline reserves 圣徒 for NT ἅγιοι; CUV Daniel tradition uses 圣民 for OT qaddishin — same concept, two established Mandarin forms; note required
42	daily sacrifice	הַתָּמִיד	ha-tamid	常献的祭	cháng xiàn de jì	Medium	Apocalyptic Prophecy	[NEW]	8	Authentic Mosaic-covenant worship, not folk ancestor-sacrifice (拜拜/祭祖)
43	Gabriel	גַּבְרִיאֵל	Gavri’el	加百列	Jiābǎiliè	Low	Apocalyptic Prophecy	[NEW]	8	Established CUV transliteration
44	Prince of princes	שַׂר הַשָּׂרִים	sar ha-sarim	万君之君	wàn jūn zhī jūn	High	Messianic Kingship	[NEW]	8	Ultimately points to God/Messiah; distinguish from merely human superlative
45	time of the end	עֵת קֵץ	ʿet qets	末期 / 末时	mòqī / mòshí	High	Apocalyptic Prophecy	[NEW]	8, 11, 12	Linear, fixed, divinely appointed; resist cyclical 治乱循环 reading (per baseline fulfillment_of_prophecy caution)
46	sealed	חָתוֹם	chatom	封住	fēngzhù	Medium	Apocalyptic Prophecy	[NEW]	8, 12	—
47	seventy years	שִׁבְעִים שָׁנָה	shivʿim shanah	七十年	qīshí nián	Low	Prayer & Perseverance in Exile	[NEW]	9	—
48	confessed	וָאֶתְוַדֶּה	va-‘etvaddeh	认罪	rènzuì	Medium	Prayer & Perseverance in Exile	[NEW]	9	Distinguish from ritual appeasement of ancestors/local deities
49	covenant	דִּי הַבְּרִית	ha-berit	约	yuē	High	Prayer & Perseverance in Exile	[BASELINE REUSE]	9	Relational divinely-initiated bond, not commercial contract
50	steadfast love / mercy	הַחֶסֶד	ha-chesed	慈爱 / 怜悯	cí’ài / liánmǐn	High	Prayer & Perseverance in Exile	[NEW]	9	Companion term to 约; covenant loyalty-love
51	seventy sevens	שִׁבְעִים שָׁבֻעִים	shivʿim shavuʿim	七十个七	qīshí gè qī	Critical	Apocalyptic Prophecy; Messianic Kingship	[NEW]	9	Render literally; do not encode a single interpretive scheme into the translation itself
52	Anointed One / Messiah	מָשִׁיחַ נָגִיד	mashiach nagid	受膏者	shòu gāo zhě	Critical	Messianic Kingship	[NEW — CROSS-TESTAMENT DIVERGENCE from BASELINE #messiah]	9	Same concept as baseline’s 基督 in later fulfillment; never conflate with 弥勒 (Maitreya) per baseline messianic_promise caution
53	cut off	יִכָּרֵת	yikkaret	被剪除	bèi jiǎnchú	High	Messianic Kingship	[NEW]	9	Judicial/violent removal, prefiguring Messiah’s death
54	the abomination that causes desolation	שִׁקּוּצִים מְש׹מֵם	shiqqutsim meshomem	那行毁坏可憎的	nà xíng huǐhuài kězēng de	Critical	Apocalyptic Prophecy	[NEW]	9, 11, 12	Established Chinese Christian eschatological phrase (also Matthew 24:15 CUV); retain “detestable” force
55	a man clothed in linen	אִישׁ אֶחָד לָבוּשׁ בַּדִּים	’ish ‘echad lavush baddim	一个人穿着细麻衣	yí gè rén chuānzhuó xìmá yī	High	Messianic Kingship (disputed)	[NEW]	10	Do not import 化身 (transformation-body) imagery per baseline incarnation caution; present identity debate honestly
56	Michael	מִיכָאֵל	Mika’el	米迦勒	Mǐjiālè	Low	Faithfulness under Persecution; Apocalyptic Prophecy	[NEW]	10, 12	Established CUV transliteration
57	prince (angelic power over nations)	שַׂר	sar	掌权者 / 灵界的力量	zhǎngquánzhě / língjiè de lìliàng	High	Sovereignty; Apocalyptic Prophecy	[NEW]	10	Not an independent territorial deity (contra 城隍/地方神); subordinate to God’s ultimate sovereignty
58	fasting / humbled myself	הִתְעַנּוֹתִי	hitʿannitî	禁食	jìnshí	Medium	Prayer & Perseverance in Exile	[NEW]	10	Distinguish from merit-earning ascetic fasting (功德)
59	king of the North / king of the South	מֶלֶךְ הַצָּפוֹן / מֶלֶךְ הַנֶּגֶב	melek ha-tsafon / melek ha-negev	北方的王 / 南方的王	běifāng de wáng / nánfāng de wáng	Low	Apocalyptic Prophecy	[NEW]	11	Narrative-historical device; low theological risk on its own
60	shall awake (resurrection)	יָקִיצוּ	yaqitsu	复活	fùhuó	Critical	Apocalyptic Prophecy; (cf. baseline Resurrection)	[BASELINE REUSE]	12	NEVER 轮回, 投胎, or 还魂; OT anchor text for the same doctrine governed by the baseline’s Critical resurrection entry
61	everlasting life	חַיֵּי עוֹלָם	chayyê ʿolam	永生	yǒngshēng	High	Apocalyptic Prophecy	[NEW]	12	Not Daoist longevity/immortality-seeking (长生不老); resurrected life with God, not self-achieved life extension
62	everlasting shame/contempt	לְדִרְאוֹן עוֹלָם	le-dirʾon ʿolam	永远的羞辱	yǒngyuǎn de xiūrù	Medium	Apocalyptic Prophecy	[NEW]	12	Preserves two-fold resurrection outcome (life or judgment)
63	the wise shall shine	וְהַמַּשְׂכִּלִים יַזְהִרוּ	ve-ha-maskilim yazhiru	智慧人必发光	zhìhuìrén bì fāguāng	Medium	Wisdom & Discernment from God	[NEW]	12	Distinguish God-revealed wisdom from Buddhist prajñā-style meditative-attainment wisdom (also rendered 智慧 in Chinese Buddhist texts)
64	spirit of the holy gods (pagan king’s phrase for Daniel’s endowment)	רוּח־אֱלָהִין קַדִּישִׁין	ruach elahin qadishin	圣神的灵	shèngshén de líng	High	Wisdom & Discernment from God	[NEW — COLLISION RISK with BASELINE #holy_spirit]	4, 5	A pagan king’s polytheistic phrase attributing Daniel’s insight to “the spirit of the holy gods”; must NOT be confused with, or rendered identically to, the baseline’s 圣灵 (Holy Spirit, the third Person of the Trinity) — mandatory translator note distinguishing the pagan speaker’s category from the narrative’s own (monotheistic) understanding that this is in fact the one true God’s gift

Doctrine-to-Term Cross-Reference

Curriculum Doctrine	Key Glossary Terms (by #)
God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms	1, 2, 3, 11, 13, 14, 20, 21, 28, 33, 34, 36, 37, 57
Faithfulness under Persecution	22, 23, 24, 30, 31, 32, 38, 39, 40, 41, 56
The Son of Man and Messianic Kingship	4, 9, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 29, 44, 51, 52, 53, 55
Apocalyptic Prophecy and the End Times	6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 14, 42, 45, 46, 51, 54, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62
Prayer and Perseverance in Exile	22, 38, 47, 48, 49, 50, 58
Wisdom and Discernment from God	25, 26, 27, 63, 64

Summary of Critical and High Risk Items Requiring Mandatory Human Theologian Review

Critical (9 items): Son of Man (#15, and its collision with baseline #16); a son of the gods (#17, collision with baseline Sonship term); serve/worship-pelach (#19); seventy sevens (#51); Anointed One/Messiah (#52, cross-Testament divergence from baseline); the abomination that causes desolation (#54); resurrection-shall awake (#60, baseline reuse).

High (18 items): Ancient of Days (#4); court/judgment (#6); horn (#9); little horn (#10); dominion/authority (#11); an everlasting kingdom that shall not be destroyed (#14); destroyed/corrupted (#21); mystery/secret (#26); magicians/Chaldeans (#27); king of kings (#28); bow down/worship-segid (#31); a watcher (#33); rules/gives to whom he will (#34); saints of the Most High (#41); Prince of princes (#44); time of the end (#45); covenant (#49, baseline reuse); steadfast love/mercy (#50); cut off (#53); a man clothed in linen (#55); prince-angelic power (#57); everlasting life (#61); spirit of the holy gods (#64).

All Critical and High items above are routed to human theologian review per the baseline doctrine_risk_registry.json risk-tier convention, consistent with the Romans package’s routing rules.

End of 08_core_glossary.md. This glossary is the authoritative Daniel-specific supplement to the baseline translation_memory.json and must be merged into it (Phase 1 Step 9/10) without altering any existing baseline entry.

Critical Risk Terms

God

Approved rendering: 神
Transliteration: Shén
Doctrine: Sovereignty over Pagan Powers and False Gods
Rejected alternatives: 上帝, 天, 老天爷
Original: אֱלָהּ / אֱלָהָא (Aramaic); אֱלֹהִים (Hebrew)
Category: God

Inherited from Romans package. Same rendering, same rationale (神版 standardization). In Daniel, 神 must be explicitly taught as the singular true God set against the plural pagan ‘gods’ (elahin) and idols of the Babylonian and Persian courts (chs. 1, 3, 5, 6). Because 神 is also the common noun for any deity/spirit in folk usage, doctrinal contexts throughout Daniel must make monotheism explicit rather than assume it.

Holy Spirit

Approved rendering: 圣灵
Transliteration: Shènglíng
Doctrine: Wisdom and Discernment from God
Rejected alternatives: 祖灵, 灵

Inherited from Romans package. Retained exactly. In Daniel this term does NOT translate any phrase in the source text; it is documented here solely because Daniel 4-5’s pagan-king phrase ‘spirit of the holy gods’ (圣神的灵, see spirit_of_the_holy_gods below) is visually and conceptually close enough to invite confusion. 圣灵 must never be used to render the pagan king’s polytheistic category, and every occurrence of 圣神的灵 requires a translator note distinguishing it from this term.

Resurrection

Approved rendering: 复活
Transliteration: fùhuó
Doctrine: Resurrection and Final Judgment
Rejected alternatives: 轮回, 投胎, 还魂
Original: יָקִיצוּ (‘shall awake’)
Category: Apocalyptic

Inherited from Romans package. Retained exactly. Daniel 12:2 (‘shall awake’) is the Old Testament’s clearest single anchor text for this same once-for-all bodily resurrection doctrine. NEVER 轮回 (reincarnation cycle), 投胎 (rebirth into a new womb), or 还魂 (folk ghost-reanimation trope). Daniel 12:2’s two-fold outcome (life or shame) must not be softened toward universal positive resolution.

Messiah

Approved rendering: 基督
Transliteration: Jīdū
Doctrine: Messianic Promise: The Anointed One and the Seventy Sevens
Rejected alternatives: 弥勒, 救世主式泛称

Inherited from Romans package. Retained exactly. Daniel 9:25-26 uses the distinct CUV descriptive phrase 受膏者 (see anointed_one below) for the Hebrew mashiach at this earlier stage of biblical revelation; 基督 remains the New Testament proper title for the same, fulfilled figure. Never let 受膏者 be read as a lesser or generic figure than 基督, and never conflate either term with 弥勒 (Maitreya).

Jesus

Approved rendering: 耶稣
Transliteration: Yēsū
Doctrine: The Son of Man and Messianic Kingship

Inherited from Romans package. Retained exactly. Every teaching note bridging Daniel 7:13’s 人子 to its New Testament fulfillment (e.g. Mark 14:62) must use this established form.

Son Of God

Approved rendering: 神的儿子
Transliteration: Shén de érzi
Doctrine: The Son of Man and Messianic Kingship
Rejected alternatives: 天子, 神人

Inherited from Romans package. Retained exactly. This term does NOT translate any phrase in Daniel; it is documented here as the mandatory cross-reference point for two Daniel expressions that must never be confused with it or substituted for it: 人子 (son_of_man, Daniel 7:13 — emphasizes genuine humanity while receiving divine honor) and 好像神的儿子 (son_of_the_gods, Daniel 3:25 — a pagan king’s generic phrase for a divine/angelic being). Every occurrence of either Daniel term requires a translator note distinguishing it from this Critical baseline term.

Salvation

Approved rendering: 救恩
Transliteration: jiùēn
Doctrine: Divine Deliverance in This Life
Rejected alternatives: 解脱, 超度, 得道

Inherited from Romans package. Retained exactly. Daniel’s this-life rescue vocabulary (拯救, see deliver_rescue below) is typologically related to but must be kept distinct from this full soteriological term; 拯救 must never itself be rendered with 解脱 or 超度 either, per the baseline’s forbidden-substitution list, which applies without exception in Daniel.

Grace

Approved rendering: 恩典
Transliteration: ēndiǎn
Doctrine: Fasting and Bodily Discipline in Seeking God
Rejected alternatives: 功德, 造化, 福气, 阴德

Inherited from Romans package. Retained exactly. Relevant in Daniel wherever a practice could be misread as merit-earning: Daniel’s fasting (禁食, ch. 9-10) and abstention from the king’s food (ch. 1) must never be framed through 功德-style merit-accounting; both flow from covenant loyalty and seeking God, not earning favor.

Lord

Approved rendering: 主
Transliteration: zhǔ
Doctrine: Worship Due to the Son of Man
Rejected alternatives: 主人, 老爷

Inherited from Romans package. Retained exactly. Relevant background for teaching the implicit deity-claim of Daniel 7:14, where the Son of Man receives universal 事奉 (worship-service) of the category otherwise reserved for God’s exclusive Lordship.

Son Of Man

Approved rendering: 人子
Transliteration: rénzǐ
Doctrine: The Son of Man and Messianic Kingship
Rejected alternatives: 神的儿子, 一个人, 一位神人
Original: בַּר אֱנָשׁ (Aramaic, kevar ‘enash, ‘like a son of man’)
Category: Christology

[NEW] Established Chinese Christian rendering of Daniel 7:13’s bar ‘enash, reused throughout the Gospels for Jesus’s self-designation (e.g. Mark 14:62). Reserve exclusively for this title. NEVER confuse with or substitute the baseline’s 神的儿子 (Son of God — eternal divine Sonship): 神的儿子 emphasizes eternal deity, 人子 emphasizes genuine humanity while receiving divine honor. Every occurrence requires a translator note connecting Daniel 7:13 to its NT fulfillment. Must not be flattened into a generic phrase meaning merely ‘a human being.‘

Son Of The Gods

Approved rendering: 好像神的儿子
Transliteration: hǎoxiàng shén de érzi
Doctrine: Faithfulness under Persecution
Rejected alternatives: 神的儿子（无限定语）
Original: בַּר-אֱלָהִין
Category: Christology

[NEW] CUV renders Nebuchadnezzar’s pagan phrase (Daniel 3:25, bar-‘elahin) identically in script to the baseline’s Critical Sonship-of-Christ term 神的儿子. Every occurrence MUST carry a translator note clarifying this is NOT a Trinitarian sonship claim, but a polytheistic king’s own category for ‘a divine being’ (most likely an angel; some readings take it as a pre-incarnate appearance of the Son — a disputed question to be presented carefully, not asserted dogmatically).

Serve Worship

Approved rendering: 事奉
Transliteration: shìfèng
Doctrine: Worship Due to the Son of Man
Rejected alternatives: 尊重, 跟从, 效忠
Original: פְּלַח (root pelach)
Category: Christology

[NEW] Root pelach, spanning ordinary vassal service to cultic worship. Must be rendered identically across Daniel 3 (refused to Nebuchadnezzar’s image), 6 (offered continually to God alone), and 7 (given to the Son of Man). This cross-chapter consistency IS the narrative’s deliberate argument for the Son of Man’s deity; diluting any one occurrence into a generic ‘respect/follow’ rendering would sever the argument before the Mandarin reader reaches the NT’s explicit identification of Jesus as this figure.

Seventy Sevens

Approved rendering: 七十个七
Transliteration: qīshí gè qī
Doctrine: Messianic Promise: The Anointed One and the Seventy Sevens
Original: שִׁבְעִים שָׁבֻעִים
Category: Apocalyptic

[NEW] Daniel 9:24-27. Must be rendered literally, preserving the numerical structure, WITHOUT silently adopting one interpretive scheme (e.g., collapsing it into a single specific calendar date) within the translation itself. Interpretive commentary belongs in teaching notes only.

Anointed One

Approved rendering: 受膏者
Transliteration: shòu gāo zhě
Doctrine: Messianic Promise: The Anointed One and the Seventy Sevens
Rejected alternatives: 弥勒, 基督（无说明地替换）
Original: מָשִׁיחַ נָגִיד
Category: Christology

[NEW] CUV’s rendering of Hebrew mashiach in Daniel 9:25-26, distinct from but paired with the baseline’s proper-title transliteration 基督. Never allow 受膏者 to be read as a lesser or generic figure than 基督, nor conflated with 弥勒 (Maitreya) per the baseline’s messianic_promise caution.

Abomination Of Desolation

Approved rendering: 那行毁坏可憎的
Transliteration: nà xíng huǐhuài kězēng de
Doctrine: The Abomination That Causes Desolation
Rejected alternatives: 麻烦/灾祸（泛化处理）
Original: שִׁקּוּצִים מְשׁמֵם
Category: Apocalyptic

[NEW] Established Chinese Christian eschatological phrase, also used at Matthew 24:15 CUV. Must retain the ‘detestable/abominable’ (可憎) force pointing to idolatrous temple desecration — the single most important intertextual bridge from Daniel into the Gospels’ Olivet Discourse. Must render identically at Daniel 9:27, 11:31, and 12:11.

High Risk Terms

Covenant

Approved rendering: 约
Transliteration: yuē
Doctrine: Confession and Covenant Mercy
Rejected alternatives: 合同, 契约
Original: הַבְּרִית
Category: Prayer

Inherited from Romans package. Retained exactly. Daniel 9:4-19 applies this same relational, divinely-initiated covenant category to God’s ongoing bond with an exiled, sinning people; the whole prayer rests on God’s covenant loyalty-love (慈爱), not a bargain Daniel is striking. Avoid 合同/契约 (commercial contract terms).

Providence

Approved rendering: 神的护理
Transliteration: Shén de hùlǐ
Doctrine: Providence and the Sovereign Will of God
Rejected alternatives: 天意, 命运

Inherited from Romans package. Retained exactly. Daniel 4’s refrain that the Most High ‘gives the kingdom to whomever he wills’ (4:17, 25, 32, 34-35) is the single passage in the whole book most vulnerable to a fatalism-flavored mistranslation; per this baseline entry, it must never collapse into 天意 (‘heaven’s intention’) or 命运 (impersonal fate).

Power Of God

Approved rendering: 神的大能
Transliteration: Shén de dà néng
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms
Rejected alternatives: 气, 法力

Inherited from Romans package. Retained exactly. Relevant to Daniel’s repeated demonstrations that God’s power alone (not 气 or the occult 法力 of the Chaldean court) determines the rise and fall of every empire (chs. 2, 4, 5).

Father

Approved rendering: 父
Transliteration: fù
Doctrine: The Ancient of Days and Divine Eternity
Rejected alternatives: 祖先, 老天爷

Inherited from Romans package. Retained exactly. Relevant background for teaching that the ‘Ancient of Days’ (亘古常在者, see ancient_of_days below) of Daniel 7 is the same personal Father-God of Romans, not an unrelated cosmic ancient-sage figure.

Ancient Of Days

Approved rendering: 亘古常在者
Transliteration: gèngǔ chángzài zhě
Doctrine: The Ancient of Days and Divine Eternity
Rejected alternatives: 老天爷, 元始天尊
Original: עַתִּיק יוֹמִין
Category: God

[NEW] Established CUV throne-room title for God the Father (Daniel 7:9, 13, 22). Never flatten into a folk ‘Old Man in Heaven’ (老天爷) image or an unrelated Daoist cosmic-sage figure (e.g. 元始天尊). Must be taught as the same one true God, 神.

Divine Court Judgment

Approved rendering: 审判
Transliteration: shěnpàn
Doctrine: God’s Sovereign Court of Judgment
Rejected alternatives: 决定, 裁决
Original: דִּינָא
Category: Sovereignty

[NEW] Must retain a forensic, courtroom sense (Daniel 7:10, 22, 26). A paraphrase toward vague ‘deciding things’ would lose the legal-verdict force essential to Apocalyptic Prophecy as a real, adjudicated consummation of history, resisting the cyclical 治乱循环 reading.

Horn

Approved rendering: 角
Transliteration: jiǎo
Doctrine: The Little Horn as Antichrist-Type Figure
Original: קַרְנָא (Aramaic, ch. 7) / קֶרֶן (Hebrew, ch. 8)
Category: Apocalyptic

[NEW] Must be rendered identically across Daniel 7, 8, and 11 so the reader can trace the single recurring symbolic figure-type. Inconsistent rendering across chapters would obscure the book’s own intertextual argument.

Little Horn

Approved rendering: 小角
Transliteration: xiǎo jiǎo
Doctrine: The Little Horn as Antichrist-Type Figure
Original: קַרְנָא זְעֵירָה
Category: Apocalyptic

[NEW] Must render identically across chs. 7, 8, and 11. Historically fulfilled in Antiochus IV Epiphanes and widely understood as also prefiguring a future end-time figure; the translation itself must not pre-decide this interpretive debate.

Dominion Authority

Approved rendering: 权柄
Transliteration: quánbǐng
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms
Rejected alternatives: 权力, 权威
Original: שׇׁלְטָן
Category: Sovereignty

[NEW] Must remain consistent across chs. 4 and 7 to preserve the ‘given/taken away/given to the Son of Man’ theological argument. Never vary the rendering across chapters.

Everlasting Kingdom

Approved rendering: 永不败坏的国
Transliteration: yǒng bú bàihuài de guó
Doctrine: The Universal and Everlasting Kingdom of God
Original: מַלְכוּ דִּי לְעָלְמִין לָא תִתְחַבַּל
Category: Sovereignty

[NEW] Must be rendered identically at Daniel 2:44 and 7:14 (cross-chapter requirement). A translator unaware of the intertextual link could legitimately but wrongly render the two occurrences with different, equally valid synonyms, breaking the doctrinal thread.

Clouds Of Heaven

Approved rendering: 天云
Transliteration: tiānyún
Doctrine: The Son of Man and Messianic Kingship
Rejected alternatives: 云彩（无神学限定）
Original: עֲנָנֵי שְׁמַיָּא
Category: Christology

[NEW] Daniel 7:13’s mode of arrival, elsewhere in the OT reserved exclusively for God’s own presence (Exodus 13:21-22; Psalm 104:3). Must retain theophanic resonance, not read as a poetic weather description. Draw the Exodus/Psalms/Gospel (Acts 1:9, Matthew 24:30)/Revelation (1:7) intertextual chain explicit in teaching notes.

Destroyed Corrupted

Approved rendering: 败坏
Transliteration: bàihuài
Doctrine: The Universal and Everlasting Kingdom of God
Original: תִתְחַבַּל
Category: Sovereignty

[NEW] Must render both Daniel 2:44 and 7:14 identically (‘永不败坏的国’ / ‘他的国也必不败坏’). A translator unaware of the intertextual link could legitimately but wrongly choose different, equally valid synonyms for each occurrence.

Mystery

Approved rendering: 奥秘
Transliteration: àomì
Doctrine: Divine Revelation versus Divination
Rejected alternatives: 占卜的结果, 算卦所得
Original: רָז
Category: Wisdom

[NEW] Daniel 2:18-19, 27-30, 47. Must be sharply distinguished from divination/fortune-telling (占卜, 算卦) — the chapter’s entire point (2:28) is that God’s mysteries are given freely, not extracted by occult technique, the opposite relationship a Chinese reader might otherwise assume.

Magicians And Chaldeans

Approved rendering: 术士 / 行邪术的 / 迦勒底人
Transliteration: shùshì / xíng xiéshù de / Jiālèdǐrén
Doctrine: Divine Revelation versus Divination
Original: חַרְטֻמִּים / אַשָּׁפִים / מְכַשְּׁפִים / כַּשְׂדִּים
Category: Wisdom

[NEW] Daniel 2:10-11, 27; 4:7; 5:8. This professional occult-priestly class must never be presented as spiritually neutral technicians; collides directly with Chinese folk-practitioner categories (算命先生, already flagged in the baseline’s prophet entry). God’s revelation is categorically superior to, not a refined version of, their arts.

King Of Kings

Approved rendering: 万王之王
Transliteration: wàn wáng zhī wáng
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms
Original: מֶלֶךְ מַלְכִין
Category: Sovereignty

[NEW] Daniel 2:37, granted to Nebuchadnezzar by God — derivative and temporary. Must be taught as distinct from Christ’s absolute, eternal ‘King of Kings’ title elsewhere in Scripture (e.g. Revelation 19:16).

Bow Down Worship

Approved rendering: 跪拜
Transliteration: guìbài
Doctrine: Refusal of Idolatrous Worship
Rejected alternatives: 敬拜（当保留给专指向神的敬拜）
Original: סְגִד
Category: Persecution

[NEW] Names the coerced physical act of prostration before the idol (Daniel 3:1-18) and must be kept lexically distinct from exclusive God-directed worship (敬拜). The narrative’s entire force as this curriculum’s paradigm case for Faithfulness under Persecution depends on this distinction.

Watcher Holy One

Approved rendering: 守望者
Transliteration: shǒuwàngzhě
Doctrine: Angelic Ministry and Spiritual Conflict
Rejected alternatives: 祖灵, 城隍, 土地公
Original: עִיר וְקַדִּישׁ
Category: Sovereignty

[NEW] Daniel 4:13, 17, 23. Must not be confused with ancestral spirits (祖灵) or territorial folk deities (城隍, 土地公); this is a holy angelic being serving in God’s court, not a spirit tied to lineage or locality.

Sovereign Rule Gives To Whom He Will

Approved rendering: 至高者…掌权
Transliteration: zhìgāozhě…zhǎngquán
Doctrine: Providence and the Sovereign Will of God
Rejected alternatives: 天意, 命运
Original: שָׁלִט…וּלְמַן־דִּי יִצְבֵּא יִתְּנִנַּהּ
Category: Sovereignty

[NEW] Daniel 4:17, 25, 32, 34-35, the chapter’s central refrain. This is the single passage in the whole book most vulnerable to a fatalism-flavored mistranslation; must never collapse into 天意 or 命运 — God’s sovereignty here is personal and purposive.

Saints Of The Most High

Approved rendering: 至高者的圣民
Transliteration: zhìgāo zhě de shèngmín
Doctrine: Faithfulness under Persecution
Rejected alternatives: 圣徒（无说明地替换）
Original: קַדִּישֵׁי עֶלְיוֹנִין
Category: Persecution

[NEW] Established CUV rendering, using 圣民 rather than the New Testament’s 圣徒 (baseline’s Sainthood term). Curriculum materials must explain that 圣民 and 圣徒 express the same underlying biblical concept — God’s holy covenant people — through two different established Mandarin terms belonging to two different Testaments’ translation traditions, not two different theological categories.

Prince Of Princes

Approved rendering: 万君之君
Transliteration: wàn jūn zhī jūn
Doctrine: The Little Horn as Antichrist-Type Figure
Original: שַׂר הַשָּׂרִים
Category: Christology

[NEW] Daniel 8:25. Must be clearly distinguished from a merely human superlative title (per the ch. 2 king_of_kings caution) and taught as ultimately pointing to God or the Messianic king.

Time Of The End

Approved rendering: 末期 / 末时
Transliteration: mòqī / mòshí
Doctrine: Apocalyptic Prophecy and the End Times
Rejected alternatives: 治乱循环式的’乱世’
Original: עֵת קֵץ
Category: Apocalyptic

[NEW] Daniel 8, 11, 12. Must convey a fixed, divinely-appointed, linear future consummation. Must resist the cyclical order-chaos-order (治乱循环) pattern that shapes much traditional Chinese historiography.

Steadfast Love

Approved rendering: 慈爱 / 怜悯
Transliteration: cí’ài / liánmǐn
Doctrine: Confession and Covenant Mercy
Original: הַחֶסֶד
Category: Prayer

[NEW] Daniel 9:4 (chesed). Companion term to 约 (covenant); together they express covenant loyalty-love rather than sentimental or generic kindness, and must not be reduced to a transactional exchange for the people’s confession.

Cut Off

Approved rendering: 被剪除
Transliteration: bèi jiǎnchú
Doctrine: Messianic Promise: The Anointed One and the Seventy Sevens
Original: יִכָּרֵת
Category: Christology

[NEW] Daniel 9:26. Must convey judicial removal/execution, not a peaceful passing, preserving the prophecy’s force as a specific, violent death rather than a vague departure.

Man Clothed In Linen

Approved rendering: 一个人穿着细麻衣
Transliteration: yí gè rén chuānzhuó xìmá yī
Doctrine: The Son of Man and Messianic Kingship
Rejected alternatives: 化身式的形象描写
Original: אִישׁ אֶחָד לָבוּשׁ בַּדִּים
Category: Christology

[NEW] Daniel 10:5-6. Identity (angel, possibly Gabriel, or a pre-incarnate appearance of Christ) is debated among careful interpreters. Must not be rendered or illustrated in a way that imports Buddhist/Daoist deity-epiphany or transformation-body (化身) imagery, forbidden by the baseline’s incarnation entry. Present the identity question honestly, not dogmatically.

Angelic Prince

Approved rendering: 掌权者 / 灵界的力量
Transliteration: zhǎngquánzhě / língjiè de lìliàng
Doctrine: Angelic Ministry and Spiritual Conflict
Rejected alternatives: 城隍, 地方神
Original: שַׂר
Category: Sovereignty

[NEW] Daniel 10:13, 20-21 (‘the prince of Persia,’ ‘the prince of Greece’). Must not be rendered with terms suggesting an independent territorial deity comparable to Chinese folk city-gods (城隍) or regional tutelary spirits (地方神). These are angelic/demonic powers operating strictly under the one true God’s ultimate sovereignty.

Everlasting Life

Approved rendering: 永生
Transliteration: yǒngshēng
Doctrine: Resurrection and Final Judgment
Rejected alternatives: 长生不老
Original: חַיֵּי עוֹלָם
Category: Apocalyptic

[NEW] Daniel 12:2. Must not be confused with Daoist longevity/immortality-seeking (长生不老), involving elixirs or techniques for extending mortal life indefinitely. Biblical everlasting life is resurrected life granted by God, not self-achieved longevity.

Spirit Of The Holy Gods

Approved rendering: 圣神的灵
Transliteration: shèngshén de líng
Doctrine: Wisdom and Discernment from God
Rejected alternatives: 圣灵（作为替换）
Original: רוּח־אֱלָהִין קַדִּישִׁין
Category: God

[NEW] A pagan king’s polytheistic phrase attributing Daniel’s supernatural insight to ‘the spirit of the holy gods’ (Daniel 4:8-9, 18; 5:11, 14). Must NOT be confused with, or rendered identically to, the baseline’s 圣灵 (Holy Spirit, third Person of the Trinity). Mandatory translator note distinguishing the pagan speaker’s category from the narrative’s own monotheistic understanding that this insight is in fact a gift of the one true God.

Medium Risk Terms

Glory

Approved rendering: 荣耀
Transliteration: róngyào
Doctrine: The Son of Man and Messianic Kingship
Rejected alternatives: 面子, 光宗耀祖
Original: יְקָר
Category: Christology

Inherited from Romans package. Retained exactly. In Daniel 7:14 this divine-category glory (יְקָר, yeqar) is given to the Son of Man, a human-appearing figure — placing him in the category the Old Testament otherwise reserves for God alone (cf. Isaiah 42:8). The implicit deity-claim must be made explicit in teaching notes at this occurrence.

Kingdom Of God

Approved rendering: 神的国
Transliteration: Shén de guó
Doctrine: The Universal and Everlasting Kingdom of God
Rejected alternatives: 天下, 王朝

Inherited from Romans package. Retained exactly. Daniel’s generic ‘kingdom’ vocabulary (国/国度, see kingdom below) must align with this compound wherever the referent is explicitly God’s/the Son of Man’s kingdom (2:44, 4:3, 7:14, 18, 27). Avoid 天下 (‘all under heaven’) and 王朝 (‘dynasty’).

Prophecy

Approved rendering: 预言
Transliteration: yùyán
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy (Historical)
Rejected alternatives: 算卦, 占卜

Inherited from Romans package. Retained exactly. Daniel’s specific, verifiable historical fulfillments (ram/goat = Media-Persia/Greece, seventy years, the little horn = Antiochus IV) establish 预言 as real, linear, one-time historical prediction, kept distinct from divination technique (占卜/算卦) and from the cyclical 治乱循环 (dynastic order-chaos-order) pattern of traditional Chinese historiography.

David

Approved rendering: 大卫
Transliteration: Dàwèi
Doctrine: Messianic Promise: The Anointed One and the Seventy Sevens

Inherited from Romans package. Retained exactly. Background proper name relevant to the Davidic-covenant framework underlying Daniel 9’s Messianic prophecy, though David is not himself a major figure within Daniel’s narrative.

Israel

Approved rendering: 以色列
Transliteration: Yǐsèliè
Doctrine: Exile as Covenant Discipline

Inherited from Romans package. Retained exactly. Proper name for the covenant people whose exile (被掳, see exile below) frames the entire book of Daniel.

God Of Heaven

Approved rendering: 天上的神
Transliteration: tiānshàng de Shén
Doctrine: Sovereignty over Pagan Powers and False Gods
Rejected alternatives: 天, 老天爷
Original: אֱלָהּ שְׁמַיָּא
Category: God

[NEW] Built on the baseline’s fixed 神. A title Daniel and pagan kings alike use to emphasize God’s transcendence over all earthly/cosmic powers (Daniel 2:18-19, 37, 44). Must not be softened to impersonal 天 (Heaven) alone; the qualifier is Daniel’s own emphatic monotheistic claim, not evidence of generic sky-deity theology.

Most High

Approved rendering: 至高者
Transliteration: zhìgāozhě
Doctrine: The Ancient of Days and Divine Eternity
Rejected alternatives: 玉皇大帝式的至高神
Original: עִלָּיָא / עֶלְיוֹנִין
Category: God

[NEW] Established Chinese Christian term; must be explicitly anchored to 神 rather than treated as an interchangeable honorific for any high deity in Chinese folk religion (e.g. 玉皇大帝, the Jade Emperor, who occupies an analogous ‘highest deity’ slot in the popular pantheon). Central refrain of Daniel 4.

Thrones

Approved rendering: 宝座
Transliteration: bǎozuò
Doctrine: God’s Sovereign Court of Judgment
Original: כָּרְסָוָן
Category: Sovereignty

[NEW] Daniel 7:9’s plural thrones establish a formal heavenly tribunal, not decorative royal furniture. Must retain the judicial/courtroom framing that anchors the doctrine of God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms.

Books Of Record

Approved rendering: 案卷
Transliteration: ànjuàn
Doctrine: God’s Sovereign Court of Judgment
Rejected alternatives: 书
Original: סִפְרִין
Category: Sovereignty

[NEW] Must be retained rather than generalized to 书 (‘book’), to preserve the legal-record nuance of Daniel 7:10. Distinguish from the ‘Book of Life’ imagery in Revelation without conflating the two texts’ distinct emphases.

Beast

Approved rendering: 兽
Transliteration: shòu
Doctrine: Apocalyptic Prophecy and the End Times
Rejected alternatives: 动物, 生肖式的兽
Original: חֵיוְתָא
Category: Apocalyptic

[NEW] Symbolizes a real historical/eschatological kingdom (Daniel 7:3-8, 11-12, 17, 19-23), not a literal zoological creature. Distinguish from Chinese zodiac-animal (生肖) or fengshui creature-omen associations.

Kingdom

Approved rendering: 国 / 国度
Transliteration: guó / guódù
Doctrine: The Universal and Everlasting Kingdom of God
Rejected alternatives: 天下, 王朝
Original: מַלְכוּ
Category: Sovereignty

[NEW] Aligns with the baseline’s 神的国 wherever the referent is explicitly God’s/the Son of Man’s kingdom (Daniel 2, 4, 5, 7). Avoid 天下 (‘all under heaven’) and 王朝 (‘dynasty’).

Everlasting

Approved rendering: 永远
Transliteration: yǒngyuǎn
Doctrine: Apocalyptic Prophecy and the End Times
Rejected alternatives: 劫（佛教宇宙周期概念）
Original: עָלַם
Category: Apocalyptic

[NEW] Daniel 7:14 and 2:44’s ‘alam. Must be distinguished from cyclical notions of vast cosmic time found in Chinese Buddhist cosmology (e.g. kalpa, 劫); denotes a linear, unending future without recurrence.

Exile

Approved rendering: 被掳
Transliteration: bèilǔ
Doctrine: Exile as Covenant Discipline
Rejected alternatives: 命运造成的不幸
Original: גָּלוּת / הַגּוֹלָה
Category: Persecution

[NEW] Must convey covenant discipline under a personal God’s ongoing relationship with his people (Daniel 1:1-2; 9:1-19), not random misfortune or impersonal fate (命运).

Defile

Approved rendering: 玷污
Transliteration: diànwū
Doctrine: Faithfulness under Persecution
Rejected alternatives: 养生忌口, 饮食节制（无信仰内涵）
Original: יִתְגָּאָל
Category: Persecution

[NEW] Daniel 1:8. Must convey a covenant-loyalty statement, not primarily a dietary health choice; must not be reduced to Confucian dietary self-discipline or Buddhist vegetarian merit-practice (功德-adjacent reasoning).

Wisdom And Understanding

Approved rendering: 智慧和聪明
Transliteration: zhìhuì hé cōngming
Doctrine: Wisdom and Discernment from God
Original: חָכְמָה וּמַדָּע
Category: Wisdom

[NEW] Daniel 1:17, 20; 2:19-23. Must be taught as divinely given, not academically or occultly attained, setting up the sharp contrast developed in ch. 2 between revelation and the magicians’ technique-based arts.

The Stone

Approved rendering: 石头
Transliteration: shítou
Doctrine: The Universal and Everlasting Kingdom of God
Original: אֶבֶן
Category: Sovereignty

[NEW] Daniel 2:34-35, 44-45. Carries widely-recognized Messianic-typological resonance in Christian tradition; flag this resonance in teaching materials without over-specifying a single eschatological timetable in the translation itself.

Image Idol

Approved rendering: 金像
Transliteration: jīnxiàng
Doctrine: Refusal of Idolatrous Worship
Original: צֶלֶם דַּהֲבָא
Category: Persecution

[NEW] Daniel 3:1-18. Names an idolatrous counterfeit; tselem is the same root used in Genesis 1:27 for humanity made in God’s image, sharpening the contrast for teaching purposes.

Deliver Rescue

Approved rendering: 拯救
Transliteration: zhěngjiù
Doctrine: Divine Deliverance in This Life
Rejected alternatives: 解脱, 超度
Original: שֵׁיזִב
Category: Persecution

[NEW] Daniel 3:15, 17, 25-28; 6:16-23. NEVER rendered with 解脱 or 超度, per the baseline’s forbidden-substitution list for salvation. This is God’s direct, historical, in-this-life rescue, typologically related to but distinct from the full soteriological doctrine of 救恩.

Pride And Humbling

Approved rendering: 骄傲 / 谦卑
Transliteration: jiāo’ào / qiánbēi
Doctrine: The Humbling of the Proud Ruler
Original: גֵּאָה (pride); root שׁפל (humbled)
Category: Sovereignty

[NEW] Daniel 4:28-37. Models the consequence of exalting oneself against God’s revealed sovereignty, directly relevant to God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms and anticipating the self-exalting ‘little horn’ of later chapters.

Handwriting On The Wall

Approved rendering: 墙上的字；弥尼、弥尼、提客勒、乌法珥新
Transliteration: qiáng shàng de zì; Mǐní, Mǐní, Tíkèlè, Wūfǎ’ěrxīn
Doctrine: God’s Sovereignty over Kings and Kingdoms
Original: כְּתָבָא / מְנֵא מְנֵא תְּקֵל וּפַרְסִין
Category: Sovereignty

[NEW] Daniel 5:5-28. Retain the established CUV transliteration together with its interpretive gloss (数点、数点、亏欠、分裂), so the theological point — direct, unmistakable divine judgment bypassing the entire occult professional class who cannot even read it (5:8) — is not lost.

Weighed And Found Wanting

Approved rendering: 称在天平里，显出你的亏欠
Transliteration: chēng zài tiānpíng lǐ, xiǎnchū nǐ de kuīqiàn
Doctrine: The Humbling of the Proud Ruler
Original: תְקִיל…וְחַסִּיר
Category: Sovereignty

[NEW] Daniel 5:27, 30. Reinforces that even the reigning monarch is subject to a real moral audit by God with real, immediate consequences, not a gradual karmic accounting (报应) accruing silently over time or across generations.

Prayer

Approved rendering: 祷告
Transliteration: dǎogào
Doctrine: Prayer and Perseverance in Exile
Rejected alternatives: 求签, 问卜, 祭祖
Original: צלה (Aramaic root)
Category: Prayer

[NEW] Daniel 6:10-11; 9:3-19. Must be distinguished from drawing a temple fortune-stick (求签) or consulting a diviner (问卜), already flagged under the baseline’s intercession entry, and from ancestor-veneration rites (祭祖) addressed to deceased forebears rather than the living, personal God.

Decree

Approved rendering: 禁令 / 法令
Transliteration: jìnlìng / fǎlìng
Doctrine: Faithfulness under Persecution
Original: אֱסָר
Category: Persecution

[NEW] Daniel 6:7-9, 12-15. Should be framed as a specific historical instance of civil law conflicting with obedience to God, not a general statement about all civil authority, consistent with the baseline’s flagged sensitivity around government/authority passages.

Daily Sacrifice

Approved rendering: 常献的祭
Transliteration: cháng xiàn de jì
Doctrine: The Abomination That Causes Desolation
Rejected alternatives: 拜拜, 祭祖式的祭
Original: הַתָּמִיד
Category: Apocalyptic

[NEW] Daniel 8:11-13; 9:27; 11:31; 12:11. Must be understood as authentic temple worship of the one true God under the Mosaic covenant, not conflated with generic Chinese folk ancestor-sacrifice or temple-offering practice (拜拜, 祭祖).

Sealed

Approved rendering: 封住
Transliteration: fēngzhù
Doctrine: Apocalyptic Prophecy and the End Times
Original: חָתוֹם
Category: Apocalyptic

[NEW] Daniel 8:26; 12:4, 9. Reinforces the linear, appointed-time structure of apocalyptic revelation; render consistently across both occurrences.

Confessed

Approved rendering: 认罪
Transliteration: rènzuì
Doctrine: Confession and Covenant Mercy
Original: וָאֶתְוַדֶּה
Category: Prayer

[NEW] Daniel 9:3-19. Must be distinguished from ritual appeasement of ancestors or local deities; this confession is addressed to, and answered by, the personal covenant God alone.

Fasting

Approved rendering: 禁食
Transliteration: jìnshí
Doctrine: Fasting and Bodily Discipline in Seeking God
Rejected alternatives: 功德式的斋戒
Original: הִתְעַנּוֹתִי
Category: Prayer

[NEW] Daniel 9:3; 10:2-3, 12. Must be distinguished from ascetic fasting practiced for merit-accumulation (功德) in Chinese Buddhist/Daoist tradition; here fasting accompanies prayer seeking understanding from God, not earning a spiritual reward.

Everlasting Shame

Approved rendering: 永远的羞辱
Transliteration: yǒngyuǎn de xiūrù
Doctrine: Resurrection and Final Judgment
Original: לְדִרְאוֹן עוֹלָם
Category: Apocalyptic

[NEW] Daniel 12:2. Preserves the two-fold outcome of resurrection (to life or to judgment); must not be softened toward a universally positive outcome.

Wise Shall Shine

Approved rendering: 智慧人必发光
Transliteration: zhìhuìrén bì fāguāng
Doctrine: Wisdom and Discernment from God
Original: וְהַמַּשְׂכִּלִים יַזְהִרוּ
Category: Wisdom

[NEW] Daniel 12:3, 10. 智慧 is also the standard Chinese Buddhist rendering of prajñā (transcendent wisdom attained through meditative practice). Must distinguish God-revealed wisdom, given by grace and oriented toward faithful discernment of God’s purposes, from wisdom attained through meditative technique or enlightenment-seeking practice.

Low Risk Terms

Prophet

Approved rendering: 先知
Transliteration: xiānzhī
Doctrine: Wisdom and Discernment from God
Rejected alternatives: 算命先生

Inherited from Romans package. Retained exactly. Distinguishes Daniel’s God-given interpretive role from the fortune-teller (算命先生) and from the Babylonian court’s occult-priestly class (see magicians_and_chaldeans below).

Resolved In Heart

Approved rendering: 定意
Transliteration: dìngyì
Doctrine: Faithfulness under Persecution
Original: וַיָּשֶׂם…לִבּוֹ
Category: Persecution

[NEW] A settled inward determination preceding outward faithful action (Daniel 1:8). Low collision risk with existing Chinese religious vocabulary.

Lions Den

Approved rendering: 狮子坑
Transliteration: shīzikēng
Doctrine: Faithfulness under Persecution
Original: גֹּב אַרְיָוָתָא
Category: Persecution

[NEW] Daniel 6:16-23. Concrete narrative setting with low doctrinal risk on its own, theologically parallel to the fiery furnace of ch. 3.

Gabriel

Approved rendering: 加百列
Transliteration: Jiābǎiliè
Doctrine: Angelic Ministry and Spiritual Conflict
Original: גַּבְרִיאֵל
Category: Sovereignty

[NEW] Established CUV transliteration (Daniel 8:15-26; 9:20-27; also Luke 1). Low doctrinal risk, proper name.

Seventy Years

Approved rendering: 七十年
Transliteration: qīshí nián
Doctrine: Prayer and Perseverance in Exile
Original: שִׁבְעִים שָׁנָה
Category: Prayer

[NEW] Daniel 9:2. Demonstrates specific, datable prophecy fulfillment, reinforcing the linear-historical (not cyclical) view of prophecy.

Michael

Approved rendering: 米迦勒
Transliteration: Mǐjiālè
Doctrine: Angelic Ministry and Spiritual Conflict
Original: מִיכָאֵל
Category: Sovereignty

[NEW] Established CUV transliteration (Daniel 10:13, 21; 12:1). Establishes the reality of angelic conflict/protection over God’s people.

King Of North And South

Approved rendering: 北方的王 / 南方的王
Transliteration: běifāng de wáng / nánfāng de wáng
Doctrine: Narrative Symbols of Historical Kingdoms (Ram, Goat, Kings of North/South)
Original: מֶלֶךְ הַצָּפוֹן / מֶלֶךְ הַנֶּגֶב
Category: Apocalyptic

[NEW] Daniel 11. Narrative-historical device referring to the Seleucid and Ptolemaic dynasties; low theological risk on its own beyond the fulfilled-prophecy pattern it demonstrates.

Library content is free and openly licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — share and adapt it for non-commercial use, with attribution to tri-bible.ai.