Core Glossary
08 — Core Glossary: 2 Chronicles (Mandarin Destination Language Package)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, spanning the entire book of 2 Chronicles (chapters 1–36), with priority attention to the core passage (7:11–22). Terms already established in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json are marked [BASELINE REUSE] and reproduced with their recorded Mandarin rendering and risk tier unchanged, per the hard rule that established renderings must be reused exactly. All new terms required by this OT curriculum are formally registered here for promotion into an updated translation_memory.json in a subsequent Phase 1 step.
A. Baseline Terms Reused Exactly
| Mandarin Term | Pinyin | Hebrew Original | Category | Baseline Risk | 2 Chronicles Occurrences (representative) | Contextual Note for This Curriculum |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 神 | Shén | אֱלֹהִים / יהוה | God | Critical | Throughout | Note: 2 Chronicles uses both אֱלֹהִים and the covenant name יהוה; 神 covers both per baseline convention. Doctrinal exclusivity (“no other gods,” 7:19-22) must be made explicit repeatedly, since 神 is also a generic noun. |
| 约 | yuē | בְּרִית | Covenant | High | 6:14; 7:18; 13:8 (implied); 21:7; 23:1-3 | Reused for the Davidic covenant and for national/royal covenant-renewal ceremonies (ch. 15, 23, 29, 34). |
| 拣选 | jiǎnxuǎn | בָּחַר | Election | High | 6:6; 7:12, 16 | Applied to God’s choice of the temple site, not (as in Romans) to individual election to salvation — same word, adjacent doctrinal application; teach the connection without conflating the objects of election. |
| 罪 | zuì | חֵטְא / חַטָּאָה | Sin | High | 6:21-39; 7:14 | Reused exactly at the heart of the core passage (“forgive their sin”). |
| 律法 | lǜfǎ | תּוֹרָה | Law | High | 6:16; 17:9; 34:14-19 | Reused for the Mosaic Law/Torah, including the rediscovered “Book of the Law” (ch. 34). |
| 荣耀 | róngyào | כָּבוֹד | Glory | Medium (baseline) / elevated to High in this curriculum | 5:14; 7:1-3 | The glory-filling of the temple (ch. 5) is a doctrinal centerpiece of “Temple Worship and God’s Presence”; contextual risk is elevated above the baseline’s Medium rating for this curriculum’s purposes. |
| 圣洁 | shèngjié | קֹדֶשׁ / קָדוֹשׁ | Holy | High | 26:16-21 (priestly holy office) | Reused for moral/relational holiness; for cultic consecration of objects/places, see new term 分别为圣 below. |
| 先知 | xiānzhī | נָבִיא | Prophet | Low | 12:5 (Hanani); 15:1 (Azariah); 18:6-27 (Micaiah); 20:20; 24:20; 34:22 (Huldah) | Reused throughout; contrast with new term 假先知 (false prophet, ch. 18). |
| 预言 | yùyán | נְבוּאָה | Prophecy | Medium | 15:1-7; 21:12 (Elijah’s letter) | Reused for God-inspired declarations delivered by prophets to kings. |
| 神的护理 | Shén de hùlǐ | (no single fixed term; cf. 8:28-30 theology) | Providence | High | 16:9; 32:8; 36:22 | Reused for God’s sovereign, personal governance — including his sovereign work in the heart of the foreign king Cyrus (36:22), extending providence beyond Israel’s own kings. |
| 信心 | xìnxīn | אָמַן / הֶאֱמִין (root אמן) | Faith | High | 20:20 (“Believe in the LORD your God and you will be established; believe his prophets”) | Reused exactly for personal trust in YHWH; complemented by new term 倚靠 (trust/rely) for the practical-reliance nuance in battle narratives. |
| 感恩 | gǎn’ēn | תּוֹדָה / הוֹדוּ | Thanksgiving | Low | 5:13; 7:3; 20:21 | Reused for the recurring “give thanks to the LORD, for he is good” refrain. |
| 平安 | píng’ān | שָׁלוֹם | Peace | Medium | 14:1, 6-7 | Reused; context here is national rest/peace from war, a related but distinct nuance from Romans 5:1’s relational peace with God — same word, different immediate referent; both flow from covenant faithfulness. |
| 外邦人 | wàibāngrén | נֵכָר / גּוֹיִם | Gentiles | Medium | 6:32-33 (foreigners praying toward the temple) | Reused; OT scope here (foreigners at Israel’s temple) is a narrower seed of the fuller NT “unity of Jews and Gentiles” doctrine. |
| 大卫 | Dàwèi | דָּוִד | (proper name) | Medium (Low risk itself) | Throughout | Reused exactly; foundational to Davidic covenant doctrine running through the whole book. |
| 以色列 | Yǐsèliè | יִשְׂרָאֵל | (proper name) | Medium | Throughout | Reused exactly. |
B. New Terms Registered for This Curriculum
| Mandarin Term | Pinyin | Hebrew Original / Translit. | Category | Risk | English Gloss(es) | Doctrine | First/Key Chapters | Translation Notes / Collision Warnings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 殿 / 圣殿 / 耶和华的殿 | diàn / shèngdiàn / Yēhéhuá de diàn | בַּיִת / בֵּית־יְהוָה, bayit / beit-YHWH | Temple Worship | Critical | temple, house of the LORD | Temple Worship and God’s Presence | 1-36 (pervasive) | NEVER use 庙, 寺, or 道观 (folk/Buddhist/Daoist temple terms) — cf. baseline “church” caution, here with higher doctrinal stakes since this is the unique locus of God’s presence, not one temple among many available options. |
| 祭祀 / 献祭 / 燔祭 | jìsì / xiànjì / fánjì | זֶבַח / עוֹלָה, zevach / olah | Temple Worship | Critical | sacrifice, burnt offering | Temple Worship and God’s Presence | 1, 4, 7, 29 | Unavoidably shares vocabulary with Chinese ancestor-offering (祭祖) and folk incense-offering (烧香/拜拜) practice. Every occurrence needs contextual reinforcement that the recipient is YHWH alone and the purpose is covenant atonement, not appeasement of ancestors/multiple deities. |
| 约柜 | yuēguì | אֲרוֹן הַבְּרִית, aron habrit | Temple Worship | Medium | Ark of the Covenant | Temple Worship and God’s Presence | 5 | Established term; ensure connection to 约 (covenant) is taught explicitly, not read as a generic sacred box. |
| 显现 | xiǎnxiàn | נִרְאָה, nir’ah | Temple Worship / Revelation | High | appeared, theophany | Temple Worship and God’s Presence | 1:7; 7:12 | Must not be explained via 显灵 (folk deity’s numinous manifestation/answering prayer at a temple) — God’s appearing is personal self-revelation, not proof of an idol’s potency. |
| 分别为圣 | fēnbié wéi shèng | קדש (הִקְדַּשְׁתִּי), qadash / hiqdashti | Temple Worship / Sanctification (cultic) | High | consecrate, set apart as holy | Temple Worship and God’s Presence | 7:16; 29 | Deliberately distinct from baseline 成圣 (chéngshèng, reserved for NT believer-sanctification with its specific Neo-Confucian self-cultivation collision). Use for OT cultic consecration of places/objects; cross-reference the shared root concept without conflating the two doctrines. |
| 我的名 | wǒ de míng | שְׁמִי, shemi | Temple Worship (Name theology) | High | my Name, for my Name | Temple Worship and God’s Presence | 2:1; 7:16; 20:9 | Distinguish from ancestral name-tablets (牌位) venerated in ancestral halls (祠堂). God’s Name dwelling = his own active presence, not a memorial object receiving ritual veneration; direction of care runs from God to people, not the reverse. |
| 我的眼必开 | wǒ de yǎn bì kāi | עֵינַי … פְּתֻחוֹת, einai petuchot | Temple Worship / Conditional Blessing | Critical | my eyes will be open | Temple Worship and God’s Presence | 7:15 | Must not be read against 开光 (kāiguāng), the ritual “opening the eyes” of a newly-consecrated idol so a deity’s spirit becomes active in it. God’s attentiveness flows from his own prior sovereign choice (v.12,16), not human ritual activation — the theological inverse of kāiguāng. |
| 从我眼前丢弃 | cóng wǒ yǎnqián diūqì | אַשְׁלִיךְ, ashlich | Temple Worship / Exile as Covenant Consequence | Critical | cast out of my sight | The Exile as Covenant Consequence | 7:20 | Establishes that God’s temple-presence, while real, is conditionally sustained, not mechanically/automatically bound to the building (unlike an idol permanently fused to its statue). Central hinge of the whole doctrine; never present divine presence as an unconditional guarantee. |
| 自卑 | zìbēi | נִכְנַע (niphal), kana | Conditional Blessing and National Repentance | Critical (highest-priority risk in curriculum) | humble oneself | Conditional Blessing and National Repentance | 7:14; 12:6-7; 32:26; 33:12, 19, 23 | Modern Mandarin 自卑 primarily means “have an inferiority complex,” a negative psychological self-assessment — nearly opposite in connotation to the biblical sense of voluntary repentant submission before God. Pair with an explanatory gloss (e.g., “在神面前自卑、谦卑己心”) at every occurrence; never leave unglossed. |
| 祷告 | dǎogào | הִתְפַּלְלוּ (hitpael), hitpallelu | Conditional Blessing and National Repentance | Low | pray | Conditional Blessing and National Repentance | 7:14; 20; 32:20, 24 | Standard term; low risk. |
| 寻求我的面 | xúnqiú wǒ de miàn | בִּקְשׁוּ פָנַי, biqshu panai | Conditional Blessing and National Repentance | High | seek my face | Conditional Blessing and National Repentance | 7:14 | Distinguish from 求签/问卜 (divination practices, cf. baseline intercession note) and from 求神拜佛 (“petitioning gods and Buddhas”); God invites direct relational seeking, not ritual manipulation of favor. |
| 转离 (turn away from evil) / 归回 (return from exile) | zhuǎnlí / guīhuí | שׁוב (root shuv) | Conditional Blessing and National Repentance / Hope of Restoration | High | turn from, repent / return, be restored | Conditional Blessing and National Repentance; Hope of Restoration | 7:14 / 36:22-23 | Single Hebrew root (shuv) requires two different Mandarin verbs depending on direction (turning from evil vs. returning from exile) — an essential but untranslatable wordplay; teach explicitly as one theological arc: repentance and restoration are two faces of the same “turning.” |
| 赦免 | shèmiǎn | סָלַח (root salach), eslach | Conditional Blessing and National Repentance | High | forgive, pardon | Conditional Blessing and National Repentance | 7:14 | Distinguish from Buddhist karma-cancellation via merit, and from ritual exorcism of misfortune (法事消灾); this is personal, relational, legal pardon from the one true God, contingent on genuine repentance. |
| 医治 | yīzhì | רָפָא (root rapha), erpa | Conditional Blessing and National Repentance | Medium | heal, restore | Conditional Blessing and National Repentance | 7:14 | Avoid feng shui associations (风水调理, “adjusting the land’s energy”); this is covenantal restoration of national blessing by God’s favor. |
| 灾祸 | zāihuò | רָעָה (root ra’a), ra’ah | The Exile as Covenant Consequence | High | disaster, calamity, evil | The Exile as Covenant Consequence | 7:22; 36 | Must be distinguished from 报应 (karmic retribution, cf. baseline sin note) and from 天谴 (“Heaven’s impersonal curse”). This is the righteous, personal response of a covenant God who explicitly warned and offered repentance beforehand — not blind cosmic payback. |
| 离弃 | líqì | עָזַב (root azav), azavtem | The Exile as Covenant Consequence / Faithful and Unfaithful Kings | High | forsake, abandon | The Exile as Covenant Consequence | 7:19, 22; 15:2; 24:18 | Cultural weight of abandoning kin/ancestors (a grave Confucian-ethical failure) can helpfully reinforce the gravity of forsaking God, but the object must be clearly God/covenant, not literal family. |
| 别的神 | bié de shén | אֱלֹהִים אֲחֵרִים, elohim acherim | Faithful and Unfaithful Kings | High | other gods, false gods | Faithful and Unfaithful Kings | 7:19; 25:14-15; 28:23 | Reinforces monotheistic exclusivity against normal Chinese non-exclusive multi-deity/ancestor veneration; note 神 is also generic — doctrinal context must make exclusivity explicit every time. |
| 偶像 | ǒuxiàng | פְּסִילִים / גִּלּוּלִים / עֲצַבִּים | Faithful and Unfaithful Kings | High | idols | Faithful and Unfaithful Kings | 15:8; 33:15; 34:4 | Modern Mandarin 偶像 also commonly means “celebrity idol” (fan-culture usage) — teaching must clarify the religious cultic sense intended, not pop-culture “idol worship.” |
| 敬拜 / 叩拜 | jìngbài / kētóu | הִשְׁתַּחֲוָה (root shachah) | Faithful and Unfaithful Kings | High | worship, bow down, prostrate | Faithful and Unfaithful Kings | 7:19; 25:14 | Note collision with ritual prostration before idols/ancestors (磕头); clarify worship’s exclusivity to YHWH. |
| 邱坛 | qiūtán | בָּמוֹת, bamot | Faithful and Unfaithful Kings | Medium | high places | Faithful and Unfaithful Kings | 14:3; 33:3; 34:3 | No exact Chinese cultural equivalent; explain as unauthorized local worship sites, loosely comparable in social function (though not theology) to folk local shrines. |
| 亚舍拉 | Yàshèlā | אֲשֵׁרָה, asherah | Faithful and Unfaithful Kings | Medium | Asherah, Asherah pole | Faithful and Unfaithful Kings | 14:3; 33:3, 19 | Transliterated proper cultic term; requires explanatory gloss, minimal inherent collision risk. |
| 律例典章 | lǜlì diǎnzhāng | חֻקִּים וּמִשְׁפָּטִים, chuqqim umishpatim | Faithful and Unfaithful Kings / Covenant | High | statutes and rules/judgments | Faithful and Unfaithful Kings | 7:17; 33:8 | Pairs with baseline 律法; never equate with Confucian 礼 (ritual propriety), per baseline “law” note. |
| 国位 / 王位 | guówèi / wángwèi | כִּסֵּא מַלְכוּת, kisse malkut | Davidic Covenant / Faithful Kings | High | royal throne | Faithful and Unfaithful Kings | 7:18; 13:8 | Distinguish the permanent, unconditionally-promised Davidic throne from the revocable Mandate of Heaven (天命) legitimizing Chinese dynasties (cf. baseline davidic_covenant note). |
| 智慧 | zhìhuì | חָכְמָה, chokmah | Faithful Kings | High | wisdom | Faithful and Unfaithful Kings | 1:10-12; 9:22-23 | 智 is one of the Confucian Five Constant Virtues, cultivated by effort; Solomon’s wisdom is an undeserved sovereign gift (parallel to grace/恩典), not a self-cultivated achievement. |
| 慈爱 | cí’ài | חֶסֶד, chesed | Temple Worship / Conditional Blessing | High | mercy, lovingkindness, covenant loyal-love | Temple Worship and God’s Presence; Conditional Blessing | 5:13; 7:3; 20:21; 24:22 | Distinguish from transactional reciprocal favor (人情), a Chinese social-relational concept expecting eventual repayment; God’s chesed is freely, unilaterally covenant-committed, not a ledger entry. |
| 至圣所 | zhìshèngsuǒ | קֹדֶשׁ הַקֳּדָשִׁים, qodesh haqqodashim | Temple Worship | High | Most Holy Place, Holy of Holies | Temple Worship and God’s Presence | 3:8-13 | A unique, restricted space of divine presence, not a generic “most sacred inner chamber” accessible via merit or fee, unlike some folk/Buddhist temple inner shrines. |
| 荣耀充满 (耶和华的荣耀充满了殿) | róngyào chōngmǎn | כְּבוֹד־יְהוָה מָלֵא, kevod-YHWH male | Temple Worship | Critical (compound doctrinal event; 荣耀 itself baseline Medium, elevated here) | the glory of the LORD filled the house | Temple Worship and God’s Presence | 5:13-14; 7:1-3 | Distinguish from folk-temple concepts of a deity’s ling/efficacy (灵/灵验) residing in an idol; God’s glory-presence is personal, freely given, and — per 7:19-20 — conditionally sustained. |
| 荣华 | rónghuá | (descriptive; הוֹד/כָּבוֹד used broadly) | Faithful Kings (contrast term) | Medium | royal splendor, worldly magnificence | Faithful and Unfaithful Kings | 9:1-28 | Kept distinct from 荣耀 (reserved for divine glory); royal magnificence must never be equated with or presented as continuous with the glory that filled the temple. |
| 怒气 / 忿怒 | nùqì / fènnù | אַף / חָרוֹן | Faithful and Unfaithful Kings / Exile | High | wrath, anger (of the LORD) | The Exile as Covenant Consequence | 12:7, 12; 19:2; 36:16 | Distinguish from impersonal cosmic retribution (天谴); God’s wrath is personal, covenantal, and revocable upon repentance. |
| 倚靠 | yǐkào | בָּטַח, batach | Faithful and Unfaithful Kings | Medium | trust, rely on, lean on | Faithful and Unfaithful Kings | 13:18; 14:11; 16:7-8; 32:8 | Complements baseline 信心 with a practical-reliance nuance; useful across the book’s many battle-trust narratives. |
| 假先知 | jiǎ xiānzhī | (descriptive; prophets of falsehood) | Faithful and Unfaithful Kings | Medium | false prophet | Faithful and Unfaithful Kings | 18:5-22 | Pairs with baseline 先知/预言; distinct failure mode from fortune-tellers (算命先生) — sycophantic false prophecy specifically. |
| 争战的胜败不在乎你们乃在乎神 | zhēngzhàn de shèngbài bù zàihū nǐmen nǎi zàihū Shén | לֹא לָכֶם הַמִּלְחָמָה כִּי לֵאלֹהִים | Providence / Faithful Kings | High | the battle is not yours but God’s | Faithful and Unfaithful Kings | 20:15, 17 | Key doctrinal phrase; retain the stark contrast between human strength and divine action — do not soften into cooperative-effort framing. |
| 可憎恶的事 | kězēngwù de shì | (descriptive; abominable cultic practices incl. child sacrifice) | Faithful and Unfaithful Kings | High | detestable practices | Faithful and Unfaithful Kings | 28:3; 33:2 | Must remain clearly and strongly condemnatory; do not soften into neutral “cultural difference” language. |
| 洁净 | jiéjìng | טהר (root tahar) | Reform under Hezekiah and Josiah | High | cleanse, purify | Reform under Hezekiah and Josiah | 29:5, 15-19 | Character-level disambiguation required: use 洁净 (氵+吉), never 清净 (qīngjìng), which baseline explicitly rejects for “holy” due to Daoist/Buddhist ritual/meditative purity associations. Flag for translators and typesetters alike. |
| 十分之一 / 十一奉献 | shí fēn zhī yī / shíyī fèngxiàn | מַעְשֵׂר, ma’aser | Reform under Hezekiah and Josiah | Medium | tithe | Reform under Hezekiah and Josiah | 31:5-12 | 奉献 also carries secular “donate/contribute” usage; clarify religious dedication sense in context. |
| 逾越节 | Yúyuèjié | פֶּסַח, pesach | Reform under Hezekiah and Josiah | Low–Medium | Passover | Reform under Hezekiah and Josiah | 30; 35 | Established CUV term; teach Exodus redemptive background, not merely festival mechanics. |
| 律法书 | lǜfǎshū | סֵפֶר הַתּוֹרָה, sefer hatorah | Reform under Hezekiah and Josiah | Medium | Book of the Law | Reform under Hezekiah and Josiah | 34:14-19 | 律法 reuses baseline exactly; 书 appended for the physical scroll rediscovered during Josiah’s reform. |
| 拯救 | zhěngjiù | יָשַׁע / נָצַל (roots ישע/נצל), hoshia/hitsil | The Exile as Covenant Consequence / Hope of Restoration (typological) | Medium | save, deliver, rescue (national/military) | (typological forerunner of Salvation doctrine) | 20; 32:11, 17, 22 | Distinguish from baseline 救恩 (soteriological noun, Critical risk); teach the typological connection without mechanically equating national military deliverance with the full NT doctrine of salvation. |
| 被掳 | bèilǔ | גָּלוּת / שְׁבִי, galut/shevi | The Exile as Covenant Consequence | High | exile, captivity, deportation | The Exile as Covenant Consequence | 6:36-39 (anticipated); 36:17-21 (fulfilled) | Teach as the fulfillment of explicit covenant warning (7:19-20), demonstrating God’s faithfulness even in judgment, not arbitrary catastrophe. |
| 余民 | yúmín | שְׁאֵרִית, she’erit | Hope of Restoration | Medium | remnant, survivors | Hope of Restoration | 36:20 | Distinguish providentially-preserved covenant remnant from mere chance survivors. |
| 耶和华激动古列王的心 | Yēhéhuá jīdòng Gǔliè wáng de xīn | וַיָּעַר יְהוָה אֶת־רוּחַ כֹּרֶשׁ | Providence / Hope of Restoration | High | the LORD stirred the spirit/heart of Cyrus | Hope of Restoration | 36:22 | Must not be softened into generic “inspiration” readable as impersonal fate (天意); this is the same personal God of 7:12-22 now sovereignly moving a pagan king. |
| 神的灵 (OT usage) | Shén de líng | רוּחַ אֱלֹהִים, ruach Elohim | Faithful and Unfaithful Kings (prophetic empowerment) | High | Spirit of God | (progressive-revelation continuity with 圣灵) | 15:1; 24:20 | Distinguish from bare 灵 (which baseline forbids alone, due to ancestral/nature-spirit associations) by always anchoring with 神的; teach as the same divine Spirit active before Pentecost, in continuity with but not textually identical to the fully-revealed NT 圣灵 doctrine. |
| 耶和华的国 | Yēhéhuá de guó | מַלְכוּת יְהוָה, malkhut YHWH | Kingdom / Davidic Covenant | High | the kingdom of the LORD | Faithful and Unfaithful Kings | 13:8 | Connects to baseline 神的国 (kingdom_of_god); here specifically the theocratic Davidic dynasty — must be distinguished from a purely political dynasty legitimized by impersonal Mandate of Heaven (天命). |
| 服苦役 | fú kǔyì | מַס, mas | (institutional detail) | Low | forced labor, corvée | (minor administrative note) | 8:7-9 | Low doctrinal weight; administrative/historical detail. |
| 大痲疯 | dà mafēng | צָרַעַת, tsara’at | Faithful and Unfaithful Kings | Low | leprosy, skin disease | Faithful and Unfaithful Kings | 26:19-21 | Established CUV term; broad OT category, not modern clinical leprosy specifically. |
C. Disambiguation Notes Requiring Special Translator/Typesetter Attention
- 正/善 vs. 义 — The recurring regnal-evaluation formula “did what was right/good in the eyes of the LORD” (יָשָׁר/טוֹב) must be rendered with 正/善, never with 义 (baseline’s Critical-risk term reserved for forensic justification-righteousness). Conflating these would import Confucian-virtue or NT justification-doctrine weight into a simple narrative evaluation formula used dozens of times across chs. 10–36.
- 洁净 vs. 清净 — Character-level near-synonym confusion risk in Hezekiah’s and Josiah’s temple-cleansing reforms; only 洁净 is acceptable (see entry above).
- 自卑 — The single highest-priority terminology risk in this curriculum. Recommend a standing footnote convention for every occurrence across the whole book (7:14; 12:6-7; 32:26; 33:12,19,23).
- 转离 / 归回 — Two Mandarin words are required to carry one Hebrew root (שׁוב shuv); this must be taught explicitly as a unified repentance-restoration theological arc, not treated as coincidence.
- 荣耀 vs. 荣华 — Divine glory and royal/worldly splendor must remain visibly distinct Mandarin terms throughout, especially across chs. 5, 7, and 9.
- 拯救 vs. 救恩 — National/military deliverance verbs must not be replaced with the NT soteriological noun 救恩, and vice versa; typological connection is to be taught, not linguistically collapsed.
Critical Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: 神
Transliteration: Shén
Doctrine: Temple Worship and God’s Presence
Rejected alternatives: 上帝, 天, 老天爷
Original: אֱלֹהִים / יהוה
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. 2 Chronicles uses both אֱלֹהִים (Elohim) and the covenant name יהוה (YHWH); 神 covers both per this package’s established convention (see separate ‘yhwh’ entry for the personal covenant name rendered 耶和华). Doctrinal exclusivity (‘other gods,’ 7:19-22) must be made explicit repeatedly, since 神 is also the generic noun for any deity/spirit in Chinese folk religion.
Yhwh
Approved rendering: 耶和华
Transliteration: Yēhéhuá
Doctrine: Temple Worship and God’s Presence
Rejected alternatives: 主 (reserved for NT kyrios/Lordship of Christ), 上主
NEW for this curriculum. The established CUV transliteration of the divine covenant name YHWH (the Tetragrammaton), used pervasively throughout 2 Chronicles (e.g., ‘the LORD appeared to Solomon,’ 7:12). Must not be rendered 主 (reserved by baseline for kyrios/Christ’s Lordship in the NT) nor collapsed silently into generic 神 where the personal covenant name is specifically in view in the Hebrew text. Distinguish from every folk or ancestral spirit reference.
Temple
Approved rendering: 殿 / 圣殿 / 耶和华的殿
Transliteration: diàn / shèngdiàn / Yēhéhuá de diàn
Doctrine: Temple Worship and God’s Presence
Rejected alternatives: 庙, 寺, 道观
Original: בַּיִת / בֵּית־יְהוָה
Category: Temple Worship
NEW. The Jerusalem Temple, God’s uniquely chosen dwelling. NEVER use 庙 (folk temple), 寺 (Buddhist temple), or 道观 (Daoist temple) — this is the unique locus of the one true God’s presence, not one temple-building among many available options, unlike the Hindu multi-installed-image model or the Chinese folk multi-site model.
Sacrifice
Approved rendering: 祭祀 / 献祭 / 燔祭
Transliteration: jìsì / xiànjì / fánjì
Doctrine: Temple Worship and God’s Presence
Original: זֶבַח / עוֹלָה
Category: Temple Worship
NEW. Sacrificial offerings presented to YHWH alone at the temple altar (1:6; 7:1, 12; 29:20-24). Unavoidably shares vocabulary with Chinese ancestor-offering (祭祖) and folk incense-offering (烧香/拜拜); every occurrence must reinforce that the recipient is YHWH alone and the purpose is covenant atonement, not appeasement of ancestors or multiple deities. Highest-frequency collision term in the book.
Eyes Open Attentive
Approved rendering: 我的眼必开 / 我的耳必留意听
Transliteration: wǒ de yǎn bì kāi / wǒ de ěr bì liúyì tīng
Doctrine: Temple Worship and God’s Presence
Rejected alternatives: 开光-based paraphrase
Original: עֵינַי … פְּתֻחוֹת / אָזְנַי קַשֻּׁבוֹת
Category: Temple Worship
NEW. God’s continual, freely-given attentiveness to prayer at the temple (7:15). Must NEVER be explained via 开光 (kāiguāng, the folk ritual of ‘opening the eyes’ of a newly-consecrated idol so a deity becomes active within it) — this is the theological inverse: God’s attentiveness flows from his own prior sovereign choice (v.12, 16), not a human ritual that activates his presence.
Cast Out Of Sight
Approved rendering: 从我眼前丢弃
Transliteration: cóng wǒ yǎnqián diūqì
Doctrine: The Exile as Covenant Consequence
Original: אַשְׁלִיךְ (root שלך)
Category: The Exile as Covenant Consequence
NEW. God’s warned withdrawal of the temple from his sight as the covenant curse for national apostasy (7:20). Establishes that God’s temple-presence, while real, is conditionally sustained, not mechanically bound to the building (unlike an idol permanently fused to its consecrated statue). Central hinge of the whole Temple Worship doctrine; never present divine presence as an unconditional guarantee.
Humble Themselves
Approved rendering: 自卑
Transliteration: zìbēi
Doctrine: Conditional Blessing and National Repentance
Rejected alternatives: 谦卑 (used elsewhere, insufficient alone)
Original: נִכְנְעוּ (root כנע, niphal)
Category: Conditional Blessing and National Repentance
NEW — HIGHEST-PRIORITY TERMINOLOGY RISK IN THIS CURRICULUM. Voluntary repentant submission before God (7:14; 12:6-7; 32:26; 33:12,19,23). In modern Mandarin, 自卑 overwhelmingly means ‘to have an inferiority complex, to feel inadequate’ — nearly the opposite of the biblical sense. MANDATORY: every occurrence requires a paired gloss (e.g., ‘在神面前自卑、谦卑己心’) or explanatory footnote. Never leave unglossed.
Glory Fills Temple
Approved rendering: 耶和华的荣耀充满了殿
Transliteration: Yēhéhuá de róngyào chōngmǎn le diàn
Doctrine: Temple Worship and God’s Presence
Rejected alternatives: 灵验/显灵-based paraphrase
Original: כְּבוֹד־יְהוָה מָלֵא אֶת־בֵּית יְהוָה
Category: Temple Worship
NEW. The definitive sign that God has taken up covenant residence in the temple (5:13-14; 7:1-3). Must never be explained via folk-temple 灵/灵验 (a deity’s efficacy residing in an idol); God’s glory-presence is personal, freely given, and — per 7:19-20 — conditionally sustained, never an automatic property of consecrated architecture. Always use this fixed compound; never abbreviate to bare 荣耀 in this narrative event.
High Risk Terms
Covenant
Approved rendering: 约
Transliteration: yuē
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant and Throne
Rejected alternatives: 合同, 契约
Original: בְּרִית
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Applied here to God’s covenant with David (7:18) and its national renewal ceremonies (chs. 15, 23, 29, 34). Avoid commercial-contract terms that suggest a negotiated agreement between equal parties.
Election
Approved rendering: 拣选
Transliteration: jiǎnxuǎn
Doctrine: Temple Worship and God’s Presence
Rejected alternatives: 天命, 命运, 缘分
Original: בָּחַר
Category: Temple Worship
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Applied to God’s sovereign choice of the temple site (7:12, 16), an adjacent but distinct doctrinal object from individual election to salvation in Romans; teach the connection without conflating the objects of election.
Sin
Approved rendering: 罪
Transliteration: zuì
Doctrine: Conditional Blessing and National Repentance
Rejected alternatives: 报应, 罪犯式的罪
Original: חֵטְא / חַטָּאָה
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Central to the forgiveness clause of 7:14 (‘forgive their sin’). Distinguish from ritual impurity or impersonal bad karma.
Law
Approved rendering: 律法
Transliteration: lǜfǎ
Doctrine: Reform under Hezekiah and Josiah
Rejected alternatives: 礼, 道德规范, 法律
Original: תּוֹרָה
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Includes the rediscovered ‘Book of the Law’ (律法书, ch. 34) that catalyzes Josiah’s reform. Never equate with Confucian 礼 (ritual propriety) or 法律 (secular/civil law).
Glory
Approved rendering: 荣耀
Transliteration: róngyào
Doctrine: Temple Worship and God’s Presence
Rejected alternatives: 面子, 光宗耀祖
Original: כָּבוֹד
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (baseline Medium risk); CONTEXTUAL RISK ELEVATED TO HIGH for this curriculum because the temple’s glory-filling (5:13-14; 7:1-3) is a doctrinal centerpiece. Must stay visibly distinct from 荣华 (royal/worldly splendor) and from folk-temple concepts of an idol’s ling/efficacy (灵验).
Holy
Approved rendering: 圣洁
Transliteration: shèngjié
Doctrine: Holiness and Priestly Boundaries
Rejected alternatives: 清净, 圣人般的
Original: קָדוֹשׁ / קֹדֶשׁ
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Applied here also to restricted priestly access to holy space (ch. 26, Uzziah). For OT cultic consecration of places/objects rather than personal moral holiness, see distinct new term 分别为圣; avoid 清净 (Daoist/Buddhist ritual-meditative purity).
Providence
Approved rendering: 神的护理
Transliteration: Shén de hùlǐ
Doctrine: Providence and Sovereign Rule
Rejected alternatives: 天意, 命运
Original: (no single fixed term; e.g. 2 Chron 16:9 ‘the eyes of the LORD run throughout the whole earth’)
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Extends to God’s sovereign work in the heart of the pagan king Cyrus (36:22). Must not be softened into 天意 (‘heaven’s intention’), the common impersonal fatalistic phrase in everyday Chinese speech.
Faith
Approved rendering: 信心
Transliteration: xìnxīn
Doctrine: Providence and Sovereign Rule
Rejected alternatives: 虔诚, 迷信, 信仰
Original: אָמַן / הֶאֱמִין
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Key occurrence: Jehoshaphat’s charge, ‘Believe in the LORD your God and you will be established’ (20:20). Complemented in this curriculum by the new term 倚靠 for practical battlefield reliance.
Theophany
Approved rendering: 显现
Transliteration: xiǎnxiàn
Doctrine: Temple Worship and God’s Presence
Rejected alternatives: 显灵
Original: נִרְאָה (root ראה)
Category: Temple Worship
NEW. God’s direct, personal self-revelation to Solomon (1:7; 7:12). Must not be explained via 显灵 (a folk deity’s numinous manifestation/efficacious answer at a temple); this is personal address by the one true God, not evidence of an idol’s spiritual potency.
Name Of The Lord
Approved rendering: 我的名
Transliteration: wǒ de míng
Doctrine: Temple Worship and God’s Presence
Original: שְׁמִי
Category: Temple Worship
NEW. God’s own Name dwelling in the temple forever (7:16), signifying his active presence. Must be distinguished from ancestral name-tablets (牌位) venerated in ancestral halls (祠堂); direction of care runs from God to his people, not the reverse.
Consecration Cultic
Approved rendering: 分别为圣
Transliteration: fēnbié wéi shèng
Doctrine: Holiness and Priestly Boundaries
Rejected alternatives: 成圣 (reserved for NT believer-sanctification)
Original: קדש (הִקְדַּשְׁתִּי)
Category: Temple Worship
NEW. God’s sovereign act setting apart the temple/objects/priestly office as sacred (7:16; ch. 29). Deliberately fenced from baseline 成圣 (chéngshèng), reserved for the NT doctrine of a believer’s progressive sanctification and its Neo-Confucian self-cultivation collision. Never interchange the two terms.
Seek Gods Face
Approved rendering: 寻求我的面
Transliteration: xúnqiú wǒ de miàn
Doctrine: Conditional Blessing and National Repentance
Rejected alternatives: 求签, 问卜, 求神拜佛
Original: בִּקְשׁוּ פָנַי
Category: Conditional Blessing and National Repentance
NEW. Direct relational pursuit of God’s presence and favor (7:14). Must be distinguished from 求签/问卜 (drawing a fortune-stick / consulting a diviner) and from 求神拜佛 (‘petitioning gods and Buddhas’); God invites direct relational seeking, not ritual manipulation of favor.
Turn From Evil Return
Approved rendering: 转离 / 归回
Transliteration: zhuǎnlí / guīhuí
Doctrine: Conditional Blessing and National Repentance
Original: שׁוב (root shuv)
Category: Conditional Blessing and National Repentance / Hope of Restoration
NEW. Single Hebrew root שׁוב (shuv) requires two Mandarin verbs by direction: 转离 (turning from wicked ways, 7:14) and 归回 (returning from exile, 36:22-23). Teach explicitly as one unified repentance-restoration theological arc; the wordplay is otherwise invisible in Mandarin.
Forgive Sin
Approved rendering: 赦免
Transliteration: shèmiǎn
Doctrine: Conditional Blessing and National Repentance
Rejected alternatives: 法事消灾
Original: סָלַח (root salach)
Category: Conditional Blessing and National Repentance
NEW. God’s gracious remission of covenant guilt upon genuine repentance (7:14; 30:18-20). Must not be conflated with Buddhist karma-cancellation through accumulated merit, or with ritual exorcism of misfortune (法事消灾); this is personal, legal-relational pardon from the one true God.
Forsake
Approved rendering: 离弃
Transliteration: líqì
Doctrine: The Exile as Covenant Consequence
Original: עָזַב (root azav)
Category: The Exile as Covenant Consequence / Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
NEW. Covenant unfaithfulness/abandonment of the LORD (7:19, 22; 15:2; 24:18). The cultural weight of abandoning kin/ancestors (违背孝道) can helpfully reinforce the gravity of forsaking God, but the object must be clearly God/covenant, not literal family.
Other Gods
Approved rendering: 别的神
Transliteration: bié de shén
Doctrine: Idolatry and Covenant Exclusivity
Original: אֱלֹהִים אֲחֵרִים
Category: Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
NEW. Worship of any deity besides YHWH, a direct violation of covenant exclusivity (7:19; 25:14-15; 28:23). 神 also functions as the generic noun for ‘a deity’ — doctrinal context must make exclusivity explicit every time.
Idols
Approved rendering: 偶像
Transliteration: ǒuxiàng
Doctrine: Idolatry and Covenant Exclusivity
Original: פְּסִילִים / גִּלּוּלִים / עֲצַבִּים
Category: Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
NEW. Physical cultic images of false deities (15:8; 33:15; 34:4). Modern Mandarin 偶像 also commonly means ‘celebrity idol’ (fan-culture usage); teaching must clarify the religious cultic sense intended, not pop-culture ‘idol worship,’ especially in youth-facing material.
Worship Bow Down
Approved rendering: 敬拜 / 叩拜
Transliteration: jìngbài / kòubài
Doctrine: Idolatry and Covenant Exclusivity
Original: הִשְׁתַּחֲוָה (root shachah)
Category: Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
NEW. Physical prostration in worship, due to YHWH alone (7:19; 25:14). Note collision with ritual prostration before idols/ancestors (磕头, kētóu) — the same physical gesture; the object of worship must always be stated explicitly, since the verb alone cannot carry theological exclusivity.
Statutes And Ordinances
Approved rendering: 律例典章
Transliteration: lǜlì diǎnzhāng
Doctrine: Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
Rejected alternatives: 礼
Original: חֻקִּים וּמִשְׁפָּטִים
Category: Covenant / Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
NEW. God’s covenant decrees and case-law rulings, the standard for faithful kingship (7:17; 33:8). Pairs with baseline 律法; never equate with Confucian 礼 (ritual propriety).
Royal Throne
Approved rendering: 国位 / 王位
Transliteration: guówèi / wángwèi
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant and Throne
Rejected alternatives: 天命-based paraphrase
Original: כִּסֵּא מַלְכוּת
Category: Davidic Covenant / Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
NEW. The permanent, divinely-guaranteed Davidic throne (7:18; 13:8). Must be distinguished from the revocable Mandate of Heaven (天命) underlying Chinese dynastic legitimacy — the Davidic throne rests on an unconditional divine promise to one line, not a transferable cosmic mandate.
Wisdom
Approved rendering: 智慧
Transliteration: zhìhuì
Doctrine: Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
Original: חָכְמָה
Category: Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
NEW. God-given supernatural insight for righteous rule, granted to Solomon in answer to prayer (1:7-12; 9:22-23). 智 is one of the Confucian Five Constant Virtues (仁义礼智信), cultivated by effort; Solomon’s wisdom must be taught as an undeserved sovereign gift (parallel to grace/恩典), not a self-cultivated Confucian achievement.
Lovingkindness Chesed
Approved rendering: 慈爱
Transliteration: cí’ài
Doctrine: Covenant Loyalty (Chesed)
Rejected alternatives: 人情-based paraphrase
Original: חֶסֶד
Category: Temple Worship / Conditional Blessing and National Repentance
NEW. God’s covenant loyal-love (chesed), celebrated in the refrain ‘he is good; his mercy endures forever’ (5:13; 7:3; 20:21; 24:22). Distinguish from 人情 (transactional reciprocal favor expecting eventual repayment); God’s chesed is freely, unilaterally covenant-committed, not a ledger entry.
Most Holy Place
Approved rendering: 至圣所
Transliteration: zhìshèngsuǒ
Doctrine: Holiness and Priestly Boundaries
Original: קֹדֶשׁ הַקֳּדָשִׁים
Category: Temple Worship
NEW (established CUV compound). The innermost sanctuary, entered only by the high priest (3:8-13). Teach as a unique, restricted space of divine presence, not a generic ‘most sacred inner chamber’ accessible via merit, rank, or fee as in some folk/Buddhist inner-shrine practices.
Wrath Of The Lord
Approved rendering: 怒气 / 忿怒
Transliteration: nùqì / fènnù
Doctrine: Divine Wrath and Judgment
Rejected alternatives: 天谴
Original: אַף / חָרוֹן
Category: The Exile as Covenant Consequence / Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
NEW. God’s personal, covenantal anger, responsive to and revocable upon repentance (12:7,12; 19:2; 36:16). Must be distinguished from impersonal cosmic retribution (天谴); God’s wrath is personal, covenantal, and revocable exactly as 7:13-14 promises.
Battle Belongs To God
Approved rendering: 争战的胜败不在乎你们，乃在乎神
Transliteration: zhēngzhàn de shèngbài bù zàihū nǐmen, nǎi zàihū Shén
Doctrine: Providence and Sovereign Rule
Original: לֹא לָכֶם הַמִּלְחָמָה כִּי לֵאלֹהִים
Category: Providence / Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
NEW. Jehoshaphat’s crisis-prayer answer: victory belongs to God, not human strength (20:15, 17). Retain the stark contrast between human strength and divine action; do not soften into cooperative-effort language.
Detestable Practices
Approved rendering: 可憎恶的事
Transliteration: kězēngwù de shì
Doctrine: Idolatry and Covenant Exclusivity
Original: (descriptive; abominable cultic practices including child sacrifice)
Category: Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
NEW. The most extreme forms of covenant unfaithfulness, including child sacrifice under Ahaz and Manasseh (28:3; 33:2). Must remain clearly and strongly condemnatory; do not soften into neutral ‘cultural difference’ language.
Cleanse Purify
Approved rendering: 洁净
Transliteration: jiéjìng
Doctrine: Reform under Hezekiah and Josiah
Rejected alternatives: 清净
Original: טהר (root tahar)
Category: Reform under Hezekiah and Josiah
NEW — CHARACTER-LEVEL DISAMBIGUATION REQUIRED. Ritual/moral restoration of the temple under Hezekiah (ch. 29). Use ONLY 洁净 (氵+吉); NEVER 清净 (qīngjìng), the near-homophone/near-synonym baseline explicitly rejects for ‘holy’ due to Daoist/Buddhist ritual-meditative purity associations. Flag for translator and typesetter QA.
Exile Captivity
Approved rendering: 被掳
Transliteration: bèilǔ
Doctrine: The Exile as Covenant Consequence
Rejected alternatives: 报应, 天谴
Original: גָּלוּת / שְׁבִי
Category: The Exile as Covenant Consequence
NEW. The historical deportation of Judah to Babylon, fulfilling the covenant curse anticipated in 6:36-39 and warned of explicitly in 7:19-20. Must be taught as the fulfillment of explicit covenant warning, demonstrating God’s faithfulness even in judgment — never an arbitrary catastrophe, and never explained via 报应 or 天谴.
Stirred Spirit Of Cyrus
Approved rendering: 耶和华激动古列王的心
Transliteration: Yēhéhuá jīdòng Gǔliè wáng de xīn
Doctrine: Hope of Restoration
Rejected alternatives: 天意-based paraphrase
Original: וַיָּעַר יְהוָה אֶת־רוּחַ כֹּרֶשׁ
Category: Providence / Hope of Restoration
NEW. God’s sovereign providence extending even over a pagan king, moving Cyrus to issue the decree enabling the return from exile (36:22). Must not be softened into generic ‘inspiration’ readable as impersonal fate (天意); this is the same personal God of 7:12-22 acting through a foreign ruler.
Spirit Of God Ot
Approved rendering: 神的灵
Transliteration: Shén de líng
Doctrine: The Prophetic Word
Rejected alternatives: 灵 (bare, forbidden), 祖灵
Original: רוּחַ אֱלֹהִים
Category: Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
NEW. The Spirit of God empowering prophetic speech before Pentecost (Azariah, 15:1; Zechariah son of Jehoiada, 24:20). Distinguish from bare 灵 (forbidden alone per baseline, due to ancestral/nature-spirit associations) by always anchoring with 神的; teach as the same divine Spirit active before Pentecost, in continuity with but not textually identical to the fully-revealed NT 圣灵.
Kingdom Of The Lord
Approved rendering: 耶和华的国
Transliteration: Yēhéhuá de guó
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant and Throne
Rejected alternatives: 天命-based paraphrase
Original: מַלְכוּת יְהוָה
Category: Kingdom / Davidic Covenant
NEW. The Davidic throne explicitly identified as YHWH’s own kingdom, exercised through a human dynasty (13:8). Connects to baseline 神的国; must be distinguished from a purely political dynasty legitimized by the impersonal Mandate of Heaven (天命) — this kingdom belongs to YHWH personally, administered but not owned by David’s line.
Medium Risk Terms
Prophecy
Approved rendering: 预言
Transliteration: yùyán
Doctrine: The Prophetic Word
Rejected alternatives: 算卦, 占卜
Original: נְבוּאָה
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Distinguish from 算卦/占卜 (divination, e.g. hexagram-casting).
Peace
Approved rendering: 平安
Transliteration: píng’ān
Doctrine: Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
Rejected alternatives: 安宁, 平安符式的平安
Original: שָׁלוֹם
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Here carries a national/circumstantial nuance (14:1, 6-7, rest from war) distinct from the relational-with-God nuance in Romans 5:1; same Mandarin word, context must clarify which sense applies.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: 外邦人
Transliteration: wàibāngrén
Doctrine: Temple Worship and God’s Presence
Rejected alternatives: 夷人, 外国人
Original: נֵכָר / גּוֹיִם
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Applied to foreigners anticipated as praying toward the temple (6:32-33) — a narrower OT seed of the fuller NT unity-of-Jews-and-Gentiles doctrine.
David
Approved rendering: 大卫
Transliteration: Dàwèi
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant and Throne
Original: דָּוִד
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Proper name; foundational to the Davidic covenant doctrine running through the whole book.
Israel
Approved rendering: 以色列
Transliteration: Yǐsèliè
Doctrine: Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
Original: יִשְׂרָאֵל
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. After ch. 10 also refers specifically to the northern kingdom as distinct from Judah; context must disambiguate.
Ark Of The Covenant
Approved rendering: 约柜
Transliteration: yuēguì
Doctrine: Temple Worship and God’s Presence
Original: אֲרוֹן הַבְּרִית
Category: Temple Worship
NEW (established CUV compound). The tangible symbol of God’s covenant presence, brought into the temple (ch. 5). Ensure its link to 约 (covenant) is taught explicitly, not read as a generic sacred treasure chest.
Heal The Land
Approved rendering: 医治
Transliteration: yīzhì
Doctrine: Conditional Blessing and National Repentance
Rejected alternatives: 风水调理
Original: רָפָא (root rapha)
Category: Conditional Blessing and National Repentance
NEW. National/covenantal restoration of blessing after repentance (7:14). Avoid feng shui associations (风水调理, ‘adjusting the land’s energy flow’); this is covenantal restoration by God’s favor, not geomantic remediation.
High Places
Approved rendering: 邱坛
Transliteration: qiūtán
Doctrine: Idolatry and Covenant Exclusivity
Original: בָּמוֹת
Category: Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
NEW. Unauthorized local worship sites outside the centralized temple (14:3; 33:3; 34:3). No precise Chinese cultural equivalent; explain as unauthorized worship sites diverting worship from the one legitimate temple — comparison to folk local shrines is functional only, never theological.
Asherah
Approved rendering: 亚舍拉
Transliteration: Yàshèlā
Doctrine: Idolatry and Covenant Exclusivity
Original: אֲשֵׁרָה
Category: Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
NEW. Transliterated cultic proper noun for a Canaanite fertility-goddess pole/image, condemned throughout the book (14:3; 33:3, 19). Requires explanatory gloss; minimal inherent collision risk.
Royal Splendor
Approved rendering: 荣华
Transliteration: rónghuá
Doctrine: Divine Glory versus Royal Splendor
Original: (descriptive; הוֹד / כָּבוֹד used broadly)
Category: Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
NEW. Solomon’s royal magnificence and wealth (ch. 9), a derivative blessing of covenant faithfulness. Kept strictly distinct from 荣耀 (divine glory); royal magnificence must never be equated with, or presented as continuous with, the glory that filled the temple (ch. 5).
Trust Rely
Approved rendering: 倚靠
Transliteration: yǐkào
Doctrine: Trust in God versus Self-Reliance
Original: בָּטַח
Category: Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
NEW. Practical reliance on YHWH rather than military strength or foreign alliances (13:18; 14:11; 16:7-9; 32:8). Complements baseline 信心 (propositional/personal trust) with a practical-reliance nuance; must not be read as purely military-strategic, devoid of theological trust.
False Prophet
Approved rendering: 假先知
Transliteration: jiǎ xiānzhī
Doctrine: The Prophetic Word
Original: (descriptive; prophets who prophesy lies)
Category: Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
NEW. Court prophets who tell a king what he wants to hear, contrasted with true prophecy (ch. 18, Micaiah). Distinguish from fortune-tellers (算命先生); sycophantic false prophecy is a distinct failure mode.
Tithe
Approved rendering: 十分之一 / 十一奉献
Transliteration: shí fēn zhī yī / shíyī fèngxiàn
Doctrine: Tithe and Provision for Worship
Original: מַעְשֵׂר
Category: Reform under Hezekiah and Josiah
NEW. A tenth of produce/income structurally provided for priests and Levites under Hezekiah’s reform (ch. 31). 奉献 also carries secular ‘donate/contribute’ usage; clarify the religious-dedication sense in context.
Passover
Approved rendering: 逾越节
Transliteration: Yúyuèjié
Doctrine: Feasts and Covenant Worship
Original: פֶּסַח
Category: Reform under Hezekiah and Josiah
NEW (established CUV term). The foundational redemption-memorial feast, celebrated under Hezekiah (ch. 30) and Josiah (ch. 35). Ensure the Exodus redemptive background is taught, not merely festival mechanics.
Book Of The Law
Approved rendering: 律法书
Transliteration: lǜfǎshū
Doctrine: Reform under Hezekiah and Josiah
Original: סֵפֶר הַתּוֹרָה
Category: Reform under Hezekiah and Josiah
NEW compound on baseline 律法. The rediscovered scroll of God’s covenant law, catalyst for Josiah’s reform (ch. 34). Must be presented as God’s own authoritative covenant word, not sage-wisdom literature comparable to the Confucian Classics (经).
Deliver Save National
Approved rendering: 拯救
Transliteration: zhěngjiù
Doctrine: Hope of Restoration
Rejected alternatives: 救恩 (reserved for NT soteriological noun)
Original: יָשַׁע / נָצַל
Category: The Exile as Covenant Consequence / Hope of Restoration
NEW — fenced from baseline 救恩 (Critical risk, NT soteriological noun). Physical-national deliverance from military threat (ch. 20, 32), a typological forerunner of full salvation. Teach the typological connection without mechanically equating national military deliverance with the NT doctrine of salvation; enforce as a strict Phase 2 validation-rule fence.
Remnant
Approved rendering: 余民
Transliteration: yúmín
Doctrine: Hope of Restoration
Original: שְׁאֵרִית
Category: Hope of Restoration
NEW. The preserved, divinely-sustained core of the covenant people (36:20). Distinguish from mere chance survivors; this is providential preservation (see 神的护理), not luck.
Hezekiah
Approved rendering: 希西家
Transliteration: Xīxījiā
Doctrine: Reform under Hezekiah and Josiah
NEW proper name, established CUV form. Curriculum-anchor reforming king, chs. 29-32; ensure consistency across all reform-chapter references.
Manasseh
Approved rendering: 玛拿西
Transliteration: Mǎnáxī
Doctrine: Conditional Blessing and National Repentance
NEW proper name, established CUV form. Ch. 33; extreme unfaithfulness followed by dramatic 自卑 (humbling) and restoration — the book’s most extended individual illustration of 7:14’s pattern.
Josiah
Approved rendering: 约西亚
Transliteration: Yuēxīyà
Doctrine: Reform under Hezekiah and Josiah
NEW proper name, established CUV form. Curriculum-anchor reforming king, chs. 34-35; rediscovery of the Book of the Law.
Cyrus
Approved rendering: 古列
Transliteration: Gǔliè
Doctrine: Hope of Restoration
NEW proper name, established CUV form. Ch. 36:22-23; the pagan Persian king through whom God’s providence enacts restoration.
Low Risk Terms
Prophet
Approved rendering: 先知
Transliteration: xiānzhī
Doctrine: The Prophetic Word
Rejected alternatives: 算命先生
Original: נָבִיא
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Applies to Hanani (12:5), Azariah (15:1), Micaiah (18:6-27), Huldah (34:22), et al. Distinguish from 算命先生 (fortune-teller).
Thanksgiving
Approved rendering: 感恩
Transliteration: gǎn’ēn
Doctrine: Thanksgiving and Praise
Original: תּוֹדָה / הוֹדוּ
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package, reused exactly. Standard term for the recurring liturgical refrain ‘give thanks to the LORD, for he is good’ (5:13; 7:3; 20:21).
Prayer
Approved rendering: 祷告
Transliteration: dǎogào
Doctrine: Conditional Blessing and National Repentance
Original: הִתְפַּלְלוּ (hitpael, root פלל)
Category: Conditional Blessing and National Repentance
NEW (standard term, low risk). Direct address to God flowing from humility, the second step of the 7:14 pattern (also 20:5-13; 32:20; 33:12-13).
Forced Labor
Approved rendering: 服苦役
Transliteration: fú kǔyì
Doctrine: Administrative and Institutional Details
Original: מַס
Category: Administrative
NEW. Corvée/tribute labor under Solomon (ch. 8). Administrative detail, low doctrinal weight.
Leprosy
Approved rendering: 大痲疯
Transliteration: dà mafēng
Doctrine: Administrative and Institutional Details
Original: צָרַעַת
Category: Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
NEW (established CUV term). Broad OT skin-disease category, not modern clinical leprosy; Uzziah’s divine discipline (26:19-21).
Solomon
Approved rendering: 所罗门
Transliteration: Suǒluómén
Doctrine: Temple Worship and God’s Presence
NEW proper name, established CUV form. Builder of the temple; central to chs. 1-9.
Rehoboam
Approved rendering: 罗波安
Transliteration: Luóbō’ān
Doctrine: Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
NEW proper name, established CUV form. Ch. 10-12.
Asa
Approved rendering: 亚撒
Transliteration: Yàsā
Doctrine: Faithful and Unfaithful Kings
NEW proper name, established CUV form. Ch. 14-16; reform precedent for Hezekiah/Josiah, and cautionary example of trust-failure.
Jehoshaphat
Approved rendering: 约沙法
Transliteration: Yuēshāfǎ
Doctrine: Providence and Sovereign Rule
NEW proper name, established CUV form. Ch. 17-20; ‘the battle is not yours but God’s’ narrative.
Ahaz
Approved rendering: 亚哈斯
Transliteration: Yàhāsī
Doctrine: Idolatry and Covenant Exclusivity
NEW proper name, established CUV form. Ch. 28; severe apostasy including child sacrifice.
Zedekiah
Approved rendering: 西底家
Transliteration: Xīdǐjiā
Doctrine: The Exile as Covenant Consequence
NEW proper name, established CUV form. Final king before the fall of Jerusalem, ch. 36.
Referenced passages