Core Glossary
2 Kings — Core Glossary (Destination Language: Bengali)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing theological term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, drawn from every chapter of 2 Kings. Terms marked [Baseline Reuse] duplicate an entry already fixed in the Romans translation_memory.json and MUST use that exact rendering. Terms marked [New — 2 Kings] are proposed extensions requiring formal addition to translation memory before Phase 2 processing begins, per the doctrine-risk framework already established in the baseline.
A. Terms Reused Exactly from the Baseline Translation Memory
| Term (English) | Bengali (baseline-fixed) | Risk (baseline) | First occurrence in 2 Kings | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| God | ঈশ্বর | Critical | 1:3 | Reuse exactly. NEVER ভগবান/আল্লাহ. |
| Lord (generic/Adonai) | প্রভু | Critical | throughout | Distinct from সদাপ্রভু (YHWH) — see Section B. |
| Sin | পাপ | High | 1:1 pattern; 17:7 | Reuse exactly. |
| Law | ব্যবস্থা | High | 10:31; 14:6; 17:13; 22:8 | NEVER ধর্ম or শরিয়ত. |
| Covenant | নিয়ম | High | 11:4,17; 13:23; 17:15,35 | NEVER চুক্তি alone/অঙ্গীকার. |
| Prophet | ভাববাদী | Low | 1:1 pattern; 17:13,23 | Reuse exactly; applies to Huldah (22:14) also. |
| Prophecy | ভাববাণী | Low | throughout fulfillment formulas | Reuse exactly. |
| Holy | পবিত্র | High | contextual | Reuse where applicable (e.g., holy garments, holy city references). |
| Glory | মহিমা | High | 19:22 (implicit divine honor) | NEVER তেজ/জ্যোতি. |
| Israel | ইস্রায়েল | Medium | throughout | Proper name, reuse exactly. |
| David | দায়ূদ | Medium | 8:19; 17:21; 22:2 | Proper name, reuse exactly. |
| Salvation / deliverance | পরিত্রাণ | Critical | 19:19,34 (deliverance from Assyria — contextual, non-soteriological sense also possible) | Use with care: in 2 Kings this often denotes historical/political deliverance, not always full soteriological salvation; retain পরিত্রাণ but flag context in translator notes so readers do not over-read every deliverance as the NT salvation doctrine. |
| Messiah/Christ | খ্রীষ্ট | Critical | N/A directly in 2 Kings (root term মָשִׁיחַ occurs only in the sense of “anointed king,” see অভিষিক্ত below) | CRITICAL CAUTION: খ্রীষ্ট must NOT be used to translate any of 2 Kings’ royal/priestly “anointed” occurrences (9:3,6,12; implicit elsewhere). See New Term “Anoint” below. |
| Power of God | ঈশ্বরের সামর্থ্য | High | 19:15–19 (implicit) | NEVER শক্তি. |
| Gentiles/nations (NT sense) | পরজাতি | Medium | Not directly applicable | Use জাতিগণ instead for OT “nations” (see New Terms) to avoid anachronistic NT frame. |
B. New Terms Proposed for This Curriculum (Extending, Not Contradicting, the Baseline)
| # | Term (English) | Original Hebrew | Transliteration | Literal meaning | Bengali rendering | Transliteration (Bengali) | Doctrine risk | First occurrence | Alternatives rejected | Notes / grounded reason for risk tier |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | LORD (covenant name, YHWH) | יהוה | YHWH | The proper covenant name of God | সদাপ্রভু | Shodaprobhu | Critical | 1:3 and throughout (hundreds of occurrences) | প্রভু alone (insufficiently distinguishes the covenant name from generic “lord/master” or Adonai); ঈশ্বর alone (loses the personal covenant-name specificity) | Standard, established Bengali Bible convention distinguishing YHWH (সদাপ্রভু) from generic אֲדֹנָי/κύριος (প্রভু, already fixed by baseline for NT usage). This term extends rather than contradicts the baseline: প্রভু remains correct for generic “Lord” and for NT κύριος; সদাপ্রভু is required specifically wherever the Hebrew text has the Tetragrammaton. Given 2 Kings’ constant use of YHWH, this is the single highest-frequency Critical-risk term in the whole book. |
| 2 | Exile / carried into exile | גלה (Hiphil הגלה) | galah / higlah | To uncover; to remove; to deport | নির্বাসন (noun) / নির্বাসিত করা (verb) | nirbashon / nirbashito kora | Critical | 15:29; 17:6; 24:14–16; 25:11,21 | মুক্তি/মোক্ষ (rejected per baseline for unrelated reasons but also wrong sense here — these denote liberation, not deportation); “captivity” alone (loses the specific forced-relocation nuance) | Central lexical anchor for “Covenant Judgment and the Exile.” Must render identically for Israel (ch. 15, 17) and Judah (ch. 24, 25) to preserve the deliberate structural parallel between the two falls. |
| 3 | High place(s) | בָּמָה / בָּמוֹת | bamah / bamot | Raised cultic platform(s) | উচ্চস্থান | uchosthan | High | 12:3 (formally); 14:4; 15:4,35; 16:4; 17:9,11; 18:4; 21:3; 23:5,8,13,15 | মন্দির (too narrow — implies formal temple structure, not an open-air shrine) | The book’s recurring measure of incomplete reform. Culturally near (though not identical) to Bengal’s landscape of hilltop/roadside shrines (Shakta pithas, local thans); requires a note that the critique targets unauthorized worship location/means, not shrine architecture as such. |
| 4 | Idol(s) / image(s) | עֲצַבִּים / פְּסִילִים / גִּלּוּלִים | atzabim / pesilim / gillulim | Manufactured cult image(s) | প্রতিমা / মূর্তি | protima / murti | Critical | 17:12; 21:11,21; 23:24 | An abstract euphemism such as “false object” (rejected — would blunt the text’s deliberately concrete polemic) | THE single highest-sensitivity cultural-collision term in the curriculum. প্রতিমা/মূর্তি are the ordinary Bengali words for a Hindu deity’s crafted devotional image (Durga Puja, Kali Puja, etc.). No available Bengali vocabulary avoids this collision; the correct response is a mandatory translator/teaching note (not a euphemistic substitute) clarifying the text names exactly this category of image-worship. Recommend mandatory theologian AND native-speaker joint review before house-style lock-in. |
| 5 | Fire | אֵש | esh | Fire (literal; instrument of judgment/theophany) | আগুন | agun | Critical (forbidden substitution) | 1:10,12,14; 2:11; 6:17; 17:17 | NEVER অগ্নি (Agni, the proper name of the Vedic Hindu fire-deity) | Because অগ্নি is a specific deity’s name in Hindu tradition, using it for God’s judicial/miraculous fire would risk implying a rival personified fire-god acting rather than YHWH. Add to the forbidden-substitution list alongside the baseline’s existing critical prohibitions. |
| 6 | Host of heaven | צְבָא הַשָּׁמַיִם | tseva hashamayim | The starry/astral heavenly bodies (worshiped idolatrously) | আকাশের বাহিনী | akasher bahini | Medium | 17:16; 21:3,5; 23:4,5 | স্বর্গীয় সেনা alone (risks confusion with righteous angelic hosts, e.g., Luke 2:13) | Must be disambiguated by context from a good-sense “heavenly host” (angels); here it denotes astral bodies worshiped in place of the Creator. |
| 7 | Turn / repent | שׁוּב | shuv | To turn, to return | ফিরে আসা | fire asha | High | 17:13; 23:25 | A purely emotional “regret” term (rejected — loses the covenantal reorientation-of-loyalty sense) | Core term for “God’s Patience through Repeated Prophetic Warning.” Denotes covenantal return to loyalty and conduct, not mere feeling. Recommend future harmonization with any NT μετάνοια/repentance term set introduced in later curricula. |
| 8 | Wrath / anger (of the LORD) | אַף / חָרוֹן | af / charon | Burning anger, nostril-heat (idiom) | ক্রোধ | krodh | High | 17:18; 22:13; 23:26; 24:20 | শাস্তির ইচ্ছা alone (loses the emotive-judicial force); তেজ (rejected — already reserved by baseline caution against radiance/aura associations) | ক্রোধ is also standard vocabulary for the wrath of Hindu deities (Kali, Shiva) in popular narrative, often depicted as capricious or cosmically destructive. Requires a mandatory note that YHWH’s ক্রোধ here is righteous, judicial, and provoked by extensively documented covenant violation (17:13), not arbitrary divine temper. |
| 9 | Removed [him/them] from his sight | הֵסִיר / הֵסִיר … מֵעַל פָּנָיו | hesir me’al panav | Removed from upon his face/presence | তাঁর দৃষ্টি থেকে দূর করে দিলেন | tãr drishti theke dur kore dilen | Critical | 17:18,20,23; 24:20 | A merely geographic phrase like “sent them away” (rejected — loses the relational-banishment idiom) | The linguistic backbone of the whole exile doctrine; MUST be rendered identically across all four occurrences (Israel: 17:18,20,23; Judah: 24:20) to preserve Scripture’s own deliberate structural parallel between the two kingdoms’ falls. Highest cross-reference consistency requirement in the book. |
| 10 | Anoint / anointed | מָשַׁח / מָשִׁיחַ | mashach / mashiach | To anoint with oil; ritually designated one | অভিষেক করা / অভিষিক্ত | obhishek kora / obhishikto | Critical | 9:3,6,12 (Jehu); implicit for Hazael (8:13) and every royal inauguration | NEVER খ্রীষ্ট (reserved exclusively for Jesus per baseline “messiah” entry) | Shares an etymological root with “Messiah/Christ,” creating real risk of collapsing ordinary royal anointing (any Israelite/Judean king) into the unique Messianic title. Must be kept strictly distinct; mandatory translator note at first occurrence. |
| 11 | Book of the Law / Book of the Covenant | סֵפֶר הַתּוֹרָה / סֵפֶר הַבְּרִית | sefer ha-Torah / sefer ha-berit | Scroll of the law/instruction; scroll of the covenant | ব্যবস্থার পুস্তক / নিয়মের পুস্তক | bebosthar pustok / niyomer pustok | Critical | 22:8,11; 23:2,21 | Generic “holy book” (rejected — flattens the specific Mosaic covenant referent and risks unintended parallel with Qur’anic/scriptural-preservation framing already cautioned against in the baseline) | Doctrinal anchor for “Josiah’s Reforms and the Rediscovered Law.” Compounds two already-Critical/High baseline terms (ব্যবস্থা, নিয়ম). |
| 12 | Revived / restored to life (temporary, non-eschatological) | חָיָה | chayah | To live, to revive | পুনর্জীবিত হওয়া | punorjibito howa | High | 4:35; 13:21 | NEVER পুনরুত্থান in this OT context (reserved exclusively for the eschatological, once-for-all resurrection doctrine per baseline) | Mandatory disambiguation term: these are temporary mortal-life restorations (both individuals die again later), categorically distinct from Christ’s/the final resurrection. Note required at every occurrence to prevent doctrinal conflation. |
| 13 | Man of God | אִישׁ הָאֱלֹהִים | ish ha’elohim | Man of the God | ঈশ্বরের লোক | Ishshorer lok | High | 1:9 and throughout Elijah/Elisha narratives (chs. 1–13) | সাধু/গুরু/পীর/ফকির-equivalent phrasing (rejected — would assimilate biblical prophets to regional guru/pir folk-holy-man categories) | Distinguishes an authorized, word-based, divinely commissioned prophet from generically “holy” or “miracle-working” folk-religious figures culturally familiar in both Hindu and Muslim Bengali contexts. |
| 14 | House of the LORD / temple (physical structure) | בֵּית יהוה | beit YHWH | House of YHWH | সদাপ্রভুর গৃহ (primary); মন্দির (acceptable synonym for the structure) | Shodaprobhur griho / mondir | Medium | 11:3–4; 12:4–15; 18:16; 22:3–9; 23:4; 25:9,13–17 | — | Distinct from the baseline’s rejection of মন্দির for the NT church (মণ্ডলী): here the referent genuinely is a physical temple building (Solomon’s/Jerusalem temple), so মন্দির is contextually accurate. Must not be confused with the ekklesia usage. |
| 15 | Angel of the LORD | מַלְאַךְ יהוה | malakh YHWH | Messenger of YHWH | সদাপ্রভুর দূত / স্বর্গদূত | Shodaprobhur doot / shorgodoot | Medium–High | 19:35 | দূত alone without qualifier (risks ambiguity with baseline’s rejected alternative for “apostle”) | A created, personal spiritual being sent to execute God’s will; not an object of worship, not a Hindu deva/lesser-deity category. |
| 16 | Trust (in the LORD) | בָּטַח | batach | To trust, rely on | নির্ভর করা | nirbhor kora | Medium | 18:5 | বিশ্বাস (reserved by baseline for NT saving faith in Christ specifically; used here would overclaim christological content not yet present in this OT context) | Positive counter-example to 17:14’s “did not believe/trust” — covenantal reliance on YHWH’s character and promises. |
| 17 | Prayer | תְּפִלָּה / הִתְפַּלֵּל | tefillah / hitpalel | Prayer / to pray | প্রার্থনা | prarthona | Medium | 19:15–19; 20:2–3 | — | Distinct from baseline’s মধ্যস্থতা (intercession specifically on behalf of others); models direct personal access to God without shrine, saint, or pir mediation, a live cultural contrast point. |
| 18 | Made [a child] pass through the fire | הֶעֱבִיר בָּאֵשׁ | he’evir ba’esh | Caused to pass through the fire | আগুনের মধ্য দিয়ে যাওয়ালেন | aguner moddhyo diye jaoalen | Critical | 16:3; 17:17; 21:6; 23:10 | A euphemistic “dedicated them” (rejected — softens literal historical child sacrifice into vague dedication language) | Must preserve the literal, historical referent (child sacrifice to Molech/Baal) without euphemism; support with a brief explanatory footnote rather than a softened translation. |
| 19 | Divination and sorcery/omens | קֶסֶם וָנַחַשׁ (cf. also כִּשּׁוּף) | qesem venachash | Divination and omen-reading/enchantment | ভাগ্য গণনা ও মায়াবিদ্যা | bhagyo gonona o mayabidya | High | 17:17; 21:6 | জ্যোতিষ alone (too narrowly “astrology”; the Hebrew term is broader, covering omen-reading and sorcery generally) | Direct collision risk with widespread regional astrology (জ্যোতিষ) and folk-occult consultation practices (via জ্যোতিষী or পীর/ফকির); note required that the text condemns this whole category as rejecting trust in God’s revealed word. |
| 20 | Worthless things / vanity (of idols) | הֶבֶל | hevel | Vapor, breath; emptiness, worthlessness | অসার বস্তু | oshar bostu | Medium | 17:15 | — | Bible’s own verdict that idols are empty/powerless; preserve the wordplay (“went after empty things and became empty”) in a translator note even where full reproduction in Bengali syntax is not possible. |
| 21 | Nations (OT/Canaanite referent) | גּוֹיִם | goyim | Nations, peoples | জাতিগণ | jatigon | Medium | 17:8,11,15 | পরজাতি (baseline’s NT “Gentiles” term — avoid here to prevent anachronistic import of the NT Jew/Gentile theological frame into this OT historical context) | Distinct usage from the baseline’s “gentiles” entry; same underlying Hebrew concept but a different doctrinal frame (dispossessed Canaanite nations, not the NT unity-of-Jew-and-Gentile doctrine). |
| 22 | Passover | פֶּסַח | Pesach | Passover | নিস্তারপর্ব | nistarporbo | Low–Medium | 23:21–23 | — | Established Bengali Christian term; standard, low ambiguity risk. |
| 23 | Bronze serpent / Nehushtan | נְחֻשְׁתָּן | Nehushtan | The bronze serpent | পিতলের সাপ (নহুশতন) | pittoler shap (Nehushtan) | High | 18:4 | — | Case study of a legitimate God-given object (Numbers 21) becoming idolatrous through veneration; valuable, self-critical teaching illustration for any community’s own religious-object practices. |
| 24 | Golden calves (of Jeroboam) | עֶגְלֵי הַזָּהָב | agalei ha-zahav | The golden calves | স্বর্ণ বাছুর-মূর্তি | shorno bachur-murti | High | 10:29 (formal); referenced 17:16 | — | Names the specific, state-instituted idolatry founding the northern kingdom’s apostasy (1 Kings 12), linked to the recurring “sins of Jeroboam” idiom (10:29; 13:2,11; 14:24; 15:9,18,24,28; 17:21–22). |
| 25 | Measuring line and plummet | קַו וּמִשְׁקֹלֶת | qav u-mishqolet | Measuring line and plumb-weight | পরিমাপ-রেখা ও ওজন-দাঁড়ি | porimap-rekha o ojon-dãŗi | Medium | 21:13 | — | Idiom for exact, consistent divine judgment applied identically to Jerusalem as previously to Samaria — key structural-parallel term. |
| 26 | Lifted up his head / spoke kindly to him | נָשָׂא רֹאשׁוֹ / דִּבֶּר אִתּוֹ טוֹבָה | nasa rosho / dibber ito tovah | Lifted his head / spoke good to him | তাঁর মাথা তুলে দিলেন / দয়ার সাথে কথা বললেন | tãr matha tule dilen / doyar shathe kotha bollen | High | 25:27–28 | An overstated “restored the kingdom” (rejected — the text does not claim political restoration, only personal royal favor) | Capstone term for “Hope Amid Judgment”: a real but modest, non-triumphalist sign of God’s unbroken covenant favor toward David’s line, deliberately left open rather than resolved, pointing toward but not equating with the fuller NT fulfillment. |
C. Recurring Formulaic Phrases (Consistency-Critical, Not Single Lexical Items)
| Formula | Hebrew | Bengali rendering | Risk | Occurrences (representative) | Consistency requirement |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ”did evil/right in the sight of the LORD” | עשה הרע/הישר בעיני יהוה | সদাপ্রভুর দৃষ্টিতে যা মন্দ/ন্যায় তাই করলেন | High | Every regnal formula throughout the book | Must be rendered with fixed, identical wording every occurrence — this is the book’s structural refrain. |
| ”walked in the way(s) of the kings of Israel” | וילך בדרך מלכי ישראל | ইস্রায়েলের রাজাদের পথে চললেন | Medium | 8:18,27; 16:3; 17:8 | Consistent rendering links Judah’s apostasy to Israel’s, a deliberate structural parallel. |
| ”the sins of Jeroboam” | חטאות ירבעם | যারবিয়ামের পাপ | Medium | 10:29; 13:2,11; 14:24; 15:9,18,24,28; 17:21–22 | Consistent rendering across all occurrences to preserve the recurring indictment. |
| ”to this day” | עד היום הזה | আজও / সেদিন থেকে আজ পর্যন্ত | Low | 17:23; 8:22; 10:27 | Reinforces the historiographic, non-legendary framing of the exile as a documented reality. |
D. Chapter Coverage Confirmation
All 25 chapters of 2 Kings have been reviewed. Chapters introducing no new load-bearing theological vocabulary beyond what is captured above are explicitly noted as reviewed in 07_semantic_analysis.md (Chapter 7 in particular is confirmed reviewed with no new glossary entries required; Chapters 3, 14, and portions of 8, 15, and 21 are confirmed as primarily reusing established vocabulary, with any narrow new element captured in their respective sections above).
Critical Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: ঈশ্বর
Transliteration: Ishshor
Doctrine: Deity of YHWH and Exclusive Worship
Rejected alternatives: ভগবান, আল্লাহ
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly. Renders אֱלֹהִים (Elohim), the generic term for the true God of Israel, throughout 2 Kings. NEVER ভগবান or আল্লাহ.
Lord
Approved rendering: প্রভু
Transliteration: provu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ (NT) / generic Lord-Adonai (OT)
Rejected alternatives: মালিক, ঈশ্বর
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for generic אֲדֹנָי and for respectful human-superior address (‘my lord the king,’ ‘my lord Elijah’). Must be kept strictly distinct from the new Critical term সদাপ্রভু (YHWH, the covenant name) — see Section B.
Salvation
Approved rendering: পরিত্রাণ
Transliteration: poritran
Doctrine: Salvation / Power of God over Nations and Nature
Rejected alternatives: মুক্তি, মোক্ষ, নাজাত
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for יְשׁוּעָה/הוֹשִׁיעַ. CAUTION specific to 2 Kings: most occurrences (19:19,34) denote historical/political deliverance from a besieging army, not the full NT soteriological doctrine. Use পরিত্রাণ consistently per house terminology policy, but pair with a translator note preventing readers from over-reading every historical deliverance in this book as equivalent to the NT salvation doctrine.
Messiah
Approved rendering: খ্রীষ্ট
Transliteration: Khrishto
Doctrine: Anointing and the Messianic Distinction
Rejected alternatives: মশীহ, অবতার পুরুষ
Inherited from Romans package. CRITICAL CAUTION specific to 2 Kings: must NEVER be used to translate any of the book’s own royal/priestly ‘anointed’ occurrences (8:13; 9:3,6,12; 11:12). See the new term ‘anoint’ in Section B for the required distinct rendering. খ্রীষ্ট is reserved exclusively for Jesus throughout the entire curriculum set.
Yhwh
Approved rendering: সদাপ্রভু
Transliteration: Shodaprobhu
Doctrine: Deity of YHWH and Exclusive Worship
Rejected alternatives: প্রভু alone (loses covenant-name specificity), ঈশ্বর alone (loses personal covenant-name specificity)
NEW TERM. The proper covenant name of God (יהוה), the single highest-frequency Critical-risk term in the book (hundreds of occurrences). Established Bengali Bible convention distinguishing YHWH from generic אֲדֹנָי/κύριος (প্রভু, fixed by the baseline for NT usage). 2 Kings 17’s entire covenant-lawsuit argument depends on readers understanding Israel broke a specific, NAMED covenant relationship with সদাপ্রভু, not a generic religious obligation. Must never be replaced by প্রভু alone at scale.
Fire
Approved rendering: আগুন
Transliteration: agun
Doctrine: Prophetic Ministry and Miraculous Power
Rejected alternatives: অগ্নি — FORBIDDEN, the proper name of the Vedic Hindu fire-deity
NEW TERM. Renders אֵשׁ, YHWH’s instrument of judgment/theophany (1:10-14; 2:11; 6:17; 17:17). NEVER অগ্নি (Agni), which would risk a reader inferring a rival personified fire-god acting rather than YHWH acting through ordinary fire as a medium.
Book Of The Law
Approved rendering: ব্যবস্থার পুস্তক
Transliteration: bebosthar pustok
Doctrine: Josiah’s Reforms and the Rediscovered Law
Rejected alternatives: পবিত্র গ্রন্থ / generic ‘holy book’ (flattens the specific Mosaic referent and risks an unintended parallel with Islamic scriptural-preservation/recitation doctrine, a collision the baseline already flags for ইঞ্জিল)
NEW TERM. Renders סֵפֶר הַתּוֹרָה / סֵפֶר הַבְּרִית, the specific physical scroll found neglected during Josiah’s temple repairs (22:8,11; 23:2,21). Compounds two already-Critical/High baseline terms (ব্যবস্থা, নিয়ম). Must retain the specific, previously-known-but-neglected Mosaic covenant referent.
Idol
Approved rendering: প্রতিমা
Transliteration: protima
Doctrine: Idolatry as Covenant Breach
Rejected alternatives: Any abstract euphemism such as ‘false object of worship’ — rejected because it would blunt the text’s deliberately concrete polemic
NEW TERM. Renders עֲצַבִּים / פְּסִילִים / גִּלּוּלִים (17:12; 21:11,21; 23:24). THE single highest-sensitivity cultural-collision term in the curriculum: প্রতিমা and its synonym মূর্তি are the ordinary Bengali words for a Hindu deity’s crafted devotional image (Durga Puja, Kali Puja, Saraswati Puja). No available vocabulary avoids this collision. Mandatory translator/teaching note required at every occurrence clarifying the text names exactly this category of image-worship, critiquing misplaced worship, not craftsmanship or art. Recommend mandatory joint theologian AND native-speaker pastoral review before house-style lock-in.
Child Sacrifice
Approved rendering: আগুনের মধ্য দিয়ে যাওয়ালেন
Transliteration: aguner moddhyo diye jaoalen
Doctrine: Child Sacrifice and Occult Practices Condemned
Rejected alternatives: ‘দেবতাকে উৎসর্গ করলেন’ / ‘dedicated them to false gods’ — rejected as a euphemistic softening of the literal historical referent
NEW TERM. Renders הֶעֱבִיר בָּאֵשׁ, the technical idiom for literal child sacrifice to Molech/Baal (16:3; 17:17; 21:6; 23:10). Must never be softened; support with an explanatory footnote rather than a euphemism.
Exile
Approved rendering: নির্বাসন
Transliteration: nirbashon
Doctrine: Covenant Judgment and the Exile
Rejected alternatives: মুক্তি, মোক্ষ (Hindu liberation-from-rebirth vocabulary; wrong sense besides — exile is banishment, not liberation)
NEW TERM. Renders גָּלָה (Hiphil הִגְלָה), forced deportation, the historical enactment of Deuteronomy 28’s covenant curse (15:29; 17:6; 24:14-16; 25:11,21). Verb form: নির্বাসিত করা. Must render identically for Israel’s exile (ch. 15, 17) and Judah’s exile (ch. 24-25) to preserve the book’s deliberate structural parallel.
Removed From Sight
Approved rendering: তাঁর দৃষ্টি থেকে দূর করে দিলেন
Transliteration: tãr drishti theke dur kore dilen
Doctrine: Covenant Judgment and the Exile
Rejected alternatives: ‘পাঠিয়ে দিলেন’ / ‘sent them away’ (a merely geographic phrase that loses the relational-banishment idiom)
NEW TERM. Renders הֵסִיר מֵעַל פָּנָיו, the covenantal idiom for banishment from God’s relational presence (17:18,20,23; 24:20). MUST be rendered identically at all four occurrences — the single highest cross-reference consistency requirement in the entire book, forming the linguistic backbone of the exile doctrine.
Anoint
Approved rendering: অভিষিক্ত
Transliteration: obhishikto
Doctrine: Anointing and the Messianic Distinction
Rejected alternatives: খ্রীষ্ট — FORBIDDEN, reserved exclusively for Jesus per the baseline’s ‘messiah’ entry
NEW TERM. Verb form: অভিষেক করা. Renders מָשַׁח/מָשִׁיחַ, ordinary royal designation (Jehu, 9:3,6,12; implicitly Hazael, 8:13; Joash, 11:12). Shares an etymological root with ‘Messiah/Christ,’ creating real risk of collapsing type (any anointed king) into fulfillment (the unique Messiah). Mandatory translator note required at first occurrence.
High Risk Terms
Sin
Approved rendering: পাপ
Transliteration: pap
Doctrine: The Fall of Israel and Judah as Covenant Consequence
Rejected alternatives: অধর্ম, অশুচিতা
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for חַטָּאָה, the theological cause named throughout 2 Kings’ regnal-evaluation narrative and formally at 17:7.
Law
Approved rendering: ব্যবস্থা
Transliteration: bebostha
Doctrine: Josiah’s Reforms and the Rediscovered Law
Rejected alternatives: ধর্ম, শরিয়ত, নিয়ম
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for תּוֹרָה. NEVER ধর্ম (dharma/religion) or শরিয়ত (Islamic-idiom). Cited as the binding standard by which every king, north and south, is judged (10:31; 14:6; 17:13,37; 22:8; 23:25).
Covenant
Approved rendering: নিয়ম
Transliteration: niyom
Doctrine: Covenant Judgment and the Exile
Rejected alternatives: চুক্তি, অঙ্গীকার
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for בְּרִית. Carries the whole doctrinal weight of 2 Kings 17’s verdict: exile is covenant-breach consequence, not arbitrary divine anger (17:15,35; also 11:4,17; 13:23; 23:2-3).
Holy
Approved rendering: পবিত্র
Transliteration: pobitro
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: শুচি, নির্মল
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for קָדוֹשׁ (holy garments, the holy city, holy vessels of the temple).
Glory
Approved rendering: মহিমা
Transliteration: mohima
Doctrine: Deity of Christ / God’s radiant honor
Rejected alternatives: জ্যোতি, তেজ
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for כָּבוֹד, implicit in God’s vindication of his own name against Assyria’s taunts (19:22 context). NEVER তেজ or জ্যোতি.
Power Of God
Approved rendering: ঈশ্বরের সামর্থ্য
Transliteration: Ishshorer shamorthyo
Doctrine: Power of God over Nations and Nature
Rejected alternatives: শক্তি
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly. NEVER শক্তি, given Bengal’s historic status as the heartland of Shakta Hinduism (Durga/Kali worship). Extends the baseline’s Romans 1:16 ruling to God’s power displayed against Assyria (19:14-19,35) and in nature (6:15-17; 20:8-11).
Word Of The Lord
Approved rendering: সদাপ্রভুর বচন
Transliteration: Shodaprobhur bochon
Doctrine: Reliability and Fulfillment of the Prophetic Word
Rejected alternatives: ভাববাণী alone (collapses the specific speech-event into the general prophecy-content category)
NEW TERM. Renders דְּבַר־יהוה, the authoritative, divinely-authored utterance delivered through a prophet, carrying certain fulfillment. Must be kept distinct from ভাববাণী (baseline’s general ‘prophecy’). Foundational to every fulfillment claim in the book (1:17; 7:1,16-20; 17:23; 24:2).
Man Of God
Approved rendering: ঈশ্বরের লোক
Transliteration: Ishshorer lok
Doctrine: Prophetic Ministry and Miraculous Power (Elijah and Elisha)
Rejected alternatives: সাধু, গুরু, পীর, ফকির
NEW TERM. Renders אִישׁ הָאֱלֹהִים, the standing title for Elijah and Elisha throughout chs. 1-13. Must not be assimilated to the culturally familiar folk-religious categories of a Hindu সাধু/গুরু (credited with siddhis) or a Muslim পীর/ফকির (credited with barakah) — ঈশ্বরের লোক denotes a commissioned spokesman whose power is always derivative and word-based, never his own innate spiritual attainment.
Prophetic Spirit
Approved rendering: আত্মা
Transliteration: attha
Doctrine: Sanctity of the Prophetic Office
Rejected alternatives: পবিত্র আত্মা (would collapse this narrowly-scoped enabling into the Trinitarian Holy Spirit), guru-transmitted শক্তি framing
NEW TERM. Renders רוּחַ in the narrow sense of God’s prophetic enabling resting on Elijah/Elisha (2:9,15), granted sovereignly by God and never transmitted by Elijah’s personal will or touch. Must be explicitly distinguished from the guru-shishya paradigm in which a master’s spiritual power is transmitted directly to a disciple by the master’s own choice.
Taken Up To Heaven
Approved rendering: স্বর্গে উত্তীর্ণ হওয়া
Transliteration: shorge uttirno howa
Doctrine: Temporary Revival vs. Resurrection Distinction
Rejected alternatives: মুক্তি/মোক্ষ-adjacent liberated-soul-ascent vocabulary, পুনরুত্থান (reserved for bodily rising from death)
NEW TERM. Renders עָלָה הַשָּׁמַיְמָה, Elijah’s unique bodily removal from earthly life without death (2:11). Elijah does not die; categorically distinct from resurrection.
Hand Of The Lord
Approved rendering: সদাপ্রভুর হাত তাঁর ওপর এল
Transliteration: Shodaprobhur hat tãr opor elo
Doctrine: Prophetic Ministry and Miraculous Power
NEW TERM. Idiom (יַד־יהוה) for direct divine empowerment enabling prophetic speech (3:15). Must be distinguished from trance-induction practices in regional folk religion (kirtan/bhajan ecstatic states, Sufi qawwali); the music at 3:15 accompanies but does not cause God’s sovereign action.
Angel Of The Lord
Approved rendering: সদাপ্রভুর দূত
Transliteration: Shodaprobhur doot
Doctrine: Power of God over Nations and Nature
Rejected alternatives: দূত alone (ambiguous with baseline’s rejected ‘apostle’ alternative), দেবতা-adjacent lesser-deity framing
NEW TERM. Renders מַלְאַךְ יהוה, the created, personal spiritual being sent to strike the Assyrian camp (19:35). Must be kept distinct from প্রেরিত (baseline’s human ‘apostle’ office) and from a Hindu deva/lesser-deity category; an angel is a created servant, never an object of worship.
Revived
Approved rendering: পুনর্জীবিত হওয়া
Transliteration: punorjibito howa
Doctrine: Temporary Revival vs. Resurrection Distinction
Rejected alternatives: পুনরুত্থান — FORBIDDEN in this OT context, reserved exclusively by baseline for Christ’s/the final bodily resurrection
NEW TERM. Renders חָיָה, temporary restoration of a dead body to ordinary mortal life (4:35; 13:21). Both individuals die again later. Mandatory translator note required at every occurrence distinguishing this from resurrection doctrine.
High Place
Approved rendering: উচ্চস্থান
Transliteration: uchosthan
Doctrine: Idolatry as Covenant Breach
Rejected alternatives: মন্দির (too narrow — implies a formal temple structure, not an open-air shrine)
NEW TERM. Renders בָּמָה/בָּמוֹת, the book’s recurring measure of incomplete royal reform (12:3; 14:4; 15:4,35; 16:4; 17:9,11; 18:4; 21:3; 23:5,8,13,15). Culturally near (hilltop/roadside shrines, Shakta pithas, local thans) but not identical; requires a note that the critique targets unauthorized worship location/means, not shrine architecture as such.
Golden Calves
Approved rendering: স্বর্ণ বাছুর-মূর্তি
Transliteration: shorno bachur-murti
Doctrine: The Fall of Israel and Judah as Covenant Consequence
Rejected alternatives: generic প্রতিমা alone (loses the specific ‘calf’ referent identifying the precise historical/covenantal indictment)
NEW TERM. Renders עֶגְלֵי הַזָּהָב, the state-sponsored cult images at Bethel and Dan (10:29; referenced 17:16,21-22). Must always retain the calf referent; linked to the recurring ‘sins of Jeroboam’ idiom.
Divination Sorcery
Approved rendering: ভাগ্য গণনা ও মায়াবিদ্যা
Transliteration: bhagyo gonona o mayabidya
Doctrine: Child Sacrifice and Occult Practices Condemned
Rejected alternatives: জ্যোতিষ alone (too narrowly ‘astrology’; the Hebrew term is broader)
NEW TERM. Renders קֶסֶם וָנַחַשׁ, occult means of divining the future/manipulating unseen powers (17:17; 21:6). Direct collision with widespread regional astrology and folk-occult consultation (জ্যোতিষী, পীর/ফকির); a note is required distinguishing the text’s target practice-category from any living community.
Bronze Serpent
Approved rendering: পিতলের সাপ (নহুশতন)
Transliteration: pittoler shap (Nehushtan)
Doctrine: Idolatry as Covenant Breach
NEW TERM. Renders נְחֻשְׁתָּן, a legitimate God-commanded object (Numbers 21) later venerated as an idol and destroyed by Hezekiah (18:4). Valuable self-critical teaching illustration: even an originally legitimate religious object can become idolatry when venerated as an image in its own right.
Turn Repent
Approved rendering: ফিরে আসা
Transliteration: fire asha
Doctrine: God’s Patience through Repeated Prophetic Warning
Rejected alternatives: অনুতাপ (regret — too emotional/internal), মন পরিবর্তন (change of mind — loses covenantal-loyalty force)
NEW TERM. Renders שׁוּב, the call every prophet issued and Israel refused (17:13; 23:25). Denotes covenantal reorientation of loyalty and conduct, not mere emotional regret. Flag for future harmonization with any NT μετάνοια term set.
Wrath
Approved rendering: ক্রোধ
Transliteration: krodh
Doctrine: Divine Judicial Wrath
Rejected alternatives: তেজ (already reserved by the baseline for radiance/aura associations, wrong register besides)
NEW TERM. Renders חָרוֹן אַף (17:18; 22:13; 23:26; 24:20). ক্রোধ is also standard vocabulary for the wrath of Hindu deities (Kali’s/Shiva’s krodh), often capricious in folk narrative. Mandatory translator note required clarifying YHWH’s wrath here is righteous, judicial, and provoked by extensively documented, repeated covenant violation (17:13) — never arbitrary divine temper, and never something appeasable by ritual offering.
Lifted Up Head
Approved rendering: তাঁর মাথা তুলে দেওয়া
Transliteration: tãr matha tule deoa
Doctrine: Hope amid Judgment
Rejected alternatives: ‘রাজ্য পুনরুদ্ধার করলেন’ / ‘restored the kingdom’ — rejected as overstated; the text does not claim political restoration
NEW TERM. Renders נָשָׂא רֹאשׁוֹ / דִּבֶּר אִתּוֹ טוֹבָה, the book’s capstone hope-term: Jehoiachin’s unexpected royal favor at the Babylonian court (25:27-28). Render with restrained hope — real but modest, non-triumphalist — never a resolved happy ending.
Did Evil In Sight Of Lord
Approved rendering: সদাপ্রভুর দৃষ্টিতে যা মন্দ তাই করলেন
Transliteration: Shodaprobhur drishtite ja mondo tai korlen
Doctrine: Kingship and Royal Covenant Accountability
Rejected alternatives: any paraphrase varying verse-to-verse for stylistic smoothness — rejected because it would obscure the deliberate refrain structure
NEW TERM. Fixed regnal-evaluation formula (עָשָׂה הָרַע בְּעֵינֵי יהוה) recurring 14+ times in 2 Kings alone. MUST be rendered with fixed, identical wording at every occurrence — this is the book’s structural spine, building cumulatively toward chs. 17 and 24-25.
Medium Risk Terms
Israel
Approved rendering: ইস্রায়েল
Transliteration: Israel
Doctrine: The Fall of Israel and Judah as Covenant Consequence
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly, both for the northern kingdom specifically (the core passage’s subject) and the covenant people generally.
David
Approved rendering: দায়ূদ
Transliteration: Dayud
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant Continuity
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly. The ‘for David’s sake’ refrain (8:19; 13:23) and Jehoiachin’s closing favor (25:27-30) both depend on this proper name’s consistent rendering.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: পরজাতি
Transliteration: porojati
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles (NT frame — cross-reference caution only)
Rejected alternatives: বিদেশী
Inherited from Romans package but NOT used for 2 Kings’ own OT references to dispossessed Canaanite nations (גּוֹיִם), which instead use the new term জাতিগণ (Section B) to avoid anachronistically importing the NT Jew/Gentile theological frame into this OT historical referent. Retained here strictly as a cross-reference caution for Phase 2 workers.
Mantle
Approved rendering: আলখাল্লা
Transliteration: alkhalla
Doctrine: Sanctity of the Prophetic Office
NEW TERM. Renders אַדֶּרֶת, the prophet’s outer garment (2:8,13-14). Guard against a reading that treats the cloak as possessing independent relic-power; it symbolizes but does not confer the prophetic office.
Inquire Of God
Approved rendering: সন্ধান করা
Transliteration: shondhan kora
Doctrine: Deity of YHWH and Exclusive Worship
NEW TERM. Renders דָּרַשׁ, neutral in itself; context must always specify the object consulted (YHWH vs. Baal-zebub vs. an idol), since the book’s polemic turns exactly on this contrast (1:2-3; 8:8; 22:13).
Leprosy
Approved rendering: কুষ্ঠরোগ
Transliteration: kushtho rog
Doctrine: Prophetic Ministry and Miraculous Power
NEW TERM. Renders צָרַעַת (ch. 5; 15:5). Clarify in notes that the biblical category is broader than modern Hansen’s disease and carries ritual-uncleanness significance.
Host Of Heaven
Approved rendering: আকাশের বাহিনী
Transliteration: akasher bahini
Doctrine: Idolatry as Covenant Breach
Rejected alternatives: স্বর্গীয় সেনা alone (risks confusion with righteous angelic hosts, e.g., Luke 2:13)
NEW TERM. Renders צְבָא הַשָּׁמַיִם, astral bodies worshiped idolatrously (17:16; 21:3,5; 23:4,5). Must be disambiguated by context from a good-sense angelic ‘heavenly host.‘
Asherah
Approved rendering: আশেরা-স্তম্ভ
Transliteration: Ashera-stombho
Doctrine: Idolatry as Covenant Breach
Rejected alternatives: bare transliteration আশেরা alone (opaque without the descriptive gloss)
NEW TERM. Renders אֲשֵׁרָה, sacred cult poles associated with the Canaanite fertility-goddess Asherah (17:10; 21:3,7; 23:4,6-7,15). Low direct name-collision, but pair with a footnote identifying it as a foreign fertility-goddess cult object, since Bengal’s own goddess traditions make the category culturally near.
Pillars Matzevot
Approved rendering: স্তম্ভ
Transliteration: stombho
Doctrine: Idolatry as Covenant Breach
NEW TERM. Renders מַצֵּבוֹת, standing cultic stones erected for idol worship (17:10; 18:4; 23:14). Distinct from a neutral memorial standing stone.
Worthless Things
Approved rendering: অসার বস্তু
Transliteration: oshar bostu
Doctrine: Idolatry as Covenant Breach
NEW TERM. Renders הֶבֶל, the Bible’s verdict that idols are empty and powerless (17:15). Preserve, where feasible, the wordplay (‘went after empty things and became empty’) via a translator note.
Altar
Approved rendering: বেদি
Transliteration: bedi
Doctrine: Temple Worship and Its Desecration
Rejected alternatives: যজ্ঞবেদি as default (carries strong Vedic ritual-sacrifice connotations; reserved only where a fuller descriptive gloss is contextually necessary)
NEW TERM. Renders מִזְבֵּחַ. Ahaz’s Damascus-pattern altar (16:10-16) is the sharpest institutional-syncretism case; use বেদি as the safe default rendering throughout.
Humbled Himself
Approved rendering: নিজেকে নত করা
Transliteration: nijeke noto kora
Doctrine: Repentance and Covenant Renewal
NEW TERM. Renders נִכְנַע, Josiah’s contrite response to the law’s curses (22:19), deliberately contrasted with the ‘stiffened neck’ of 17:14.
Measuring Line Plummet
Approved rendering: পরিমাপ-রেখা ও ওজন-দাঁড়ি
Transliteration: porimap-rekha o ojon-dãŗi
Doctrine: The Fall of Israel and Judah as Covenant Consequence
NEW TERM. Renders קַו וּמִשְׁקֹלֶת, the idiom for exact, consistent judgment applied identically to Jerusalem as to Samaria (21:13). Idiom-handling rule: preserve theological meaning (exactness/consistency) over literal construction-tool imagery.
Vassal Tribute
Approved rendering: বশ্যতা স্বীকার করা
Transliteration: boshyota shikar kora
Doctrine: Covenant Judgment and the Exile
NEW TERM. Renders עֶבֶד/מִנְחָה, political vassalage and forced tribute to Assyria, an early-stage covenant-curse pattern (15:19-20; 17:3-4). Must not imply only literal chattel slavery.
House Of The Lord
Approved rendering: সদাপ্রভুর গৃহ
Transliteration: Shodaprobhur griho
Doctrine: Temple Worship and Its Desecration
NEW TERM. Renders בֵּית יהוה, the physical Jerusalem temple structure (11:3-4; 12:4-15; 18:16; 22:3-9; 23:4; 25:9,13-17). মন্দির is an acceptable contextual synonym for the literal building here — IMPORTANT: this differs from the baseline’s rejection of মন্দির for the NT ‘church’ (মণ্ডলী) doctrine, since here the referent genuinely is a physical building, not the assembled people of God. Keep the two usages distinct across the whole curriculum set.
Trust
Approved rendering: নির্ভর করা
Transliteration: nirbhor kora
Doctrine: Kingship and Royal Covenant Accountability
Rejected alternatives: বিশ্বাস (baseline’s NT saving-faith-in-Christ term; would overclaim christological content not present in this OT context)
NEW TERM. Renders בָּטַח, Hezekiah’s covenant reliance on YHWH, commended ‘as none before or after him’ (18:5) — the positive counter-example to 17:14’s ‘did not believe.‘
Prayer
Approved rendering: প্রার্থনা
Transliteration: prarthona
Doctrine: Direct Access to God in Prayer
NEW TERM. Renders תְּפִלָּה/הִתְפַּלֵּל, Hezekiah’s direct personal petition (19:15-19; 20:2-3). Distinct from the baseline’s মধ্যস্থতা (intercession on behalf of others). Models direct covenant access to God without shrine, saint, or pir mediation.
Nations Goyim
Approved rendering: জাতিগণ
Transliteration: jatigon
Doctrine: The Fall of Israel and Judah as Covenant Consequence
Rejected alternatives: পরজাতি (baseline’s NT ‘Gentiles’ term — avoided here to prevent anachronistic import of the NT Jew/Gentile frame into this OT historical referent)
NEW TERM. Renders גּוֹיִם, the dispossessed Canaanite nations whose cultic customs Israel wrongly adopted (17:8,11,15).
Walked In Way Of Kings Of Israel
Approved rendering: ইস্রায়েলের রাজাদের পথে চলা
Transliteration: Israeler rajader pothe chola
Doctrine: The Fall of Israel and Judah as Covenant Consequence
NEW TERM. Renders וַיֵּלֶךְ בְּדֶרֶךְ מַלְכֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל (8:18,27; 16:3; 17:8). Must render consistently across all occurrences; functions as a structural marker linking Judah’s apostasy to Israel’s.
Sins Of Jeroboam
Approved rendering: যারবিয়ামের পাপ
Transliteration: Jaroboyamer pap
Doctrine: The Fall of Israel and Judah as Covenant Consequence
NEW TERM. Renders חַטֹּאות יָרָבְעָם, idiomatic shorthand for the institutionalized golden-calf cult (10:29; 13:2,11; 14:24; 15:9,18,24,28; 17:21-22). Consistent rendering required across all occurrences to preserve the recurring indictment culminating in 17:21-22.
Low Risk Terms
Prophet
Approved rendering: ভাববাদী
Transliteration: bhabbadi
Doctrine: Prophetic Ministry and Miraculous Power
Rejected alternatives: জ্যোতিষী
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for נָבִיא. Applies to Elijah, Elisha, Isaiah, and the prophetess Huldah (22:14) without a separate feminine-marked form unless native-speaker review settles otherwise.
Prophecy
Approved rendering: ভাববাণী
Transliteration: bhabbani
Doctrine: Reliability and Fulfillment of the Prophetic Word
Rejected alternatives: গণনা
Inherited from Romans package; reused exactly for נְבוּאָה. Distinguished from גণনা (astrological prediction) throughout.
Sons Of The Prophets
Approved rendering: ভাববাদীদের দল
Transliteration: bhabbadider dol
Doctrine: Sanctity of the Prophetic Office
NEW TERM. Renders בְּנֵי הַנְּבִיאִים, the organized guild of prophetic disciples (chs. 2, 4, 6, 9). Descriptive compound retained deliberately; no ashram/guru-lineage vocabulary borrowed.
Sign
Approved rendering: চিহ্ন
Transliteration: chihno
Doctrine: Reliability and Fulfillment of the Prophetic Word
NEW TERM. Renders אוֹת, a confirming, verifiable act validating a prophetic word (20:8-11).
Conspiracy Treachery
Approved rendering: বিশ্বাসঘাতকতা
Transliteration: bishwasghatokota
Doctrine: Kingship and Royal Covenant Accountability
NEW TERM. Renders קֶשֶׁר, Hoshea’s political treachery against Assyria (17:4). Low doctrinal collision; preserve in study notes the narrative irony that Hoshea’s political duplicity mirrors Israel’s spiritual duplicity toward YHWH.
Passover
Approved rendering: নিস্তারপর্ব
Transliteration: nistarporbo
Doctrine: Josiah’s Reforms and the Rediscovered Law
NEW TERM. Renders פֶּסַח, the covenant-memorial feast restored under Josiah after long neglect (23:21-23). Established Bengali Christian term.
To This Day
Approved rendering: আজও
Transliteration: ajo
Doctrine: Historiographic Reliability (‘to this day’ Formula)
NEW TERM. Renders עַד הַיּוֹם הַזֶּה (8:22; 10:27; 17:23), a standard historiographic formula marking the exile and other events as documented, still-verifiable history rather than legend.
Referenced passages