Core Glossary
08 Core Glossary — Galatians (English ↔ Koine Greek ↔ Bengali)
This glossary consolidates every load-bearing term identified in 07_semantic_analysis.md, covering Galatians 1–6 in full. Terms marked REUSED carry forward the exact Bengali rendering fixed in the baseline Romans translation_memory.json / bible_term_registry.json and must not be altered. Terms marked NEW are proposed additions for theologian sign-off before Phase 2 translation begins, to be added to an extended translation memory for the Galatians curriculum.
A. Terms Reused Exactly from the Romans Baseline (No Change)
| English Term | Greek | Bengali Rendering | Risk | Doctrine (Galatians) | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gospel | εὐαγγέλιον | সুসমাচার | High | True Gospel versus False Gospels | REUSED |
| Grace | χάρις | অনুগ্রহ | High | Law and Grace | REUSED |
| Faith | πίστις | বিশ্বাস | High | Justification by Faith; Faith Working through Love | REUSED |
| Righteousness | δικαιοσύνη | ধার্মিকতা | Critical | Justification by Faith | REUSED |
| Justification | δικαίωσις / δικαιόω | ধার্মিক বলে গণ্য হওয়া | Critical | Justification by Faith | REUSED |
| Imputed righteousness | ἐλογίσθη…εἰς δικαιοσύνην | আরোপিত ধার্মিকতা | Critical | Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | REUSED |
| Salvation | σωτηρία | পরিত্রাণ | Critical | (background to Justification) | REUSED |
| Apostle | ἀπόστολος | প্রেরিত | Medium | Paul’s Apostleship | REUSED |
| Called / Calling | κλητός / κλῆσις | আহুত / আহ্বান | High | Paul’s Apostleship; Adoption and Sonship | REUSED |
| Holy | ἅγιος | পবিত্র | High | (background) | REUSED |
| Sanctification | ἁγιασμός | পবিত্রীকরণ | High | Fruit of the Spirit | REUSED |
| Adoption | υἱοθεσία | দত্তকপুত্রতা | High | Adoption and Sonship | REUSED |
| Resurrection | ἀνάστασις | পুনরুত্থান | Critical | (background to Crucified with Christ) | REUSED |
| Lord | κύριος | প্রভু | Critical | (background) | REUSED |
| Son of God | υἱὸς θεοῦ | ঈশ্বরের পুত্র | Critical | Crucified with Christ; Adoption and Sonship | REUSED |
| Peace | εἰρήνη | শান্তি | Medium | (salutations) | REUSED |
| Church | ἐκκλησία | মণ্ডলী | Medium | (background) | REUSED |
| Law | νόμος | ব্যবস্থা | High | Law and Grace; The Law’s Purpose | REUSED |
| Sin | ἁμαρτία | পাপ | High | Justification by Faith | REUSED |
| Gentiles | ἔθνη | পরজাতি | Medium | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | REUSED |
| Glory | δόξα | মহিমা | High | (background) | REUSED |
| Obedience of faith | ὑπακοὴ πίστεως | বিশ্বাসের বাধ্যতা | High | (background) | REUSED |
| Messiah / Christ | Χριστός | খ্রীষ্ট | Critical | Crucified with Christ | REUSED |
| Covenant | διαθήκη | নিয়ম | High | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | REUSED |
| Election | ἐκλογή | ঈশ্বরের মনোনয়ন | High | (background) | REUSED |
| Intercession | ἔντευξις (noun form) | মধ্যস্থতা | Medium | (distinct from “mediator,” see below) | REUSED |
| David | Δαυίδ | দায়ূদ | Low | (background) | REUSED |
| Israel | Ἰσραήλ | ইস্রায়েল | Medium | Unity of Jews and Gentiles | REUSED |
| Jesus | Ἰησοῦς | যীশু | Critical | (throughout) | REUSED |
| God | θεός | ঈশ্বর | Critical | (throughout) | REUSED |
| Holy Spirit | πνεῦμα ἅγιον | পবিত্র আত্মা | Critical | Flesh versus Spirit; Fruit of the Spirit | REUSED |
| Father | πατήρ | পিতা | Critical | Adoption and Sonship | REUSED |
| Abba | Ἀββά | আব্বা | Medium | Adoption and Sonship | REUSED |
| Exhort | παρακαλέω | উৎসাহিত করা | Low | Bearing One Another’s Burdens | REUSED |
| Seed of David | σπέρμα Δαυίδ | দায়ূদের বংশ | High | (pattern basis for “seed of Abraham,” see below) | REUSED |
B. New Terms Introduced by Galatians (Proposed Additions to Translation Memory)
| English Term | Greek | Transliteration | Bengali Rendering | Bengali Transliteration | Risk | Doctrine | Key Passages | Alternatives Rejected | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Works of the law | ἔργα νόμου | erga nomou | ব্যবস্থার কার্য | bebosthar karyo | Critical | Justification by Faith; Law and Grace | 2:16; 3:2, 5, 10 | সৎকর্ম (good deeds, too generic) | Never conflate with general “good works”; this names Mosaic ritual/identity-marker observance specifically. |
| Crucified with (Christ) | συσταυρόω | synestaurōmai | খ্রীষ্টের সাথে ক্রুশারোপিত হওয়া | Khrishtér shathe krusharopito howa | Critical | Crucified with Christ | 2:19-20; 5:24; 6:14 | নিজেকে বিসর্জন দেওয়া (self-sacrifice, too generic/voluntaristic) | Must preserve perfect-tense past-with-present-effect force; must not be read as ascetic self-mortification or mystical self-annihilation. |
| Flesh (moral-anthropological sense) | σάρξ | sarx | মাংস | mangsho | High | Flesh versus Spirit | 5:13, 16-17, 19, 24; 6:8 | দেহ (body, too neutral—loses the moral valence); শরীর (body, same issue) | Requires translator note distinguishing from literal meat and from mere physicality; established Bengali Bible term despite dietary-collision risk. |
| Flesh (all humanity / no one, idiomatic) | πᾶσα σάρξ | pasa sarx | কোনো মানুষ / সমস্ত মাংস | kono manush / somosto mangsho | High | Justification by Faith | 2:16 | — | Hebraic idiom for “no human being without exception”; prefer idiomatic “কোনো মানুষ” with a footnote over literal “মাংস” here. |
| Flesh (neutral, physical body) | σάρξ | sarx | দেহে / মাংসে | dehe / mangshe | High | Crucified with Christ | 2:20 | — | Third distinct sense of σάρξ; per-occurrence sense-checking required across the letter. |
| Works of the flesh | τὰ ἔργα τῆς σαρκός | ta erga tēs sarkos | মাংসের কার্য | mangsher karyo | Medium | Flesh versus Spirit | 5:19 | — | Grammatically plural; contrast with singular “fruit of the Spirit.” |
| Fruit of the Spirit | καρπὸς τοῦ Πνεύματος | karpos tou Pneumatos | আত্মার ফল | attar fol | Medium | Fruit of the Spirit | 5:22-23 | — | Keep grammatically singular in Bengali to preserve Paul’s organic-unity point. |
| Freedom / Liberty | ἐλευθερία | eleutheria | স্বাধীনতা | shadhinota | High | Freedom in Christ | 2:4; 5:1, 13 | মুক্তি (forbidden — Hindu moksha/rebirth-liberation association, per baseline) | Also carries Bangladeshi political-independence connotation; recommend consistent qualification “খ্রীষ্টে স্বাধীনতা.” |
| Slavery / Yoke of slavery | δουλεία / ζυγὸς δουλείας | douleia / zygos douleias | দাসত্ব / দাসত্বের যোয়াল | dasotto / dasotter joyal | Medium | Freedom in Christ; The Law’s Purpose | 2:4 (implied); 4:24-25; 5:1 | — | যোয়াল (ox-yoke) is a vivid rural Bengali image; keep for the metaphor’s force. |
| Circumcision | περιτομή | peritomē | ত্বকচ্ছেদ | twokchhed | High | Circumcision and the New Creation | 2:3; 5:2-3, 6, 11; 6:12-13, 15 | সুন্নত (rejected — Islamic-idiom term for the religious rite, carries specific Islamic legal-religious obligation connotations) | Established, religiously neutral Bengali Bible term; escalate every occurrence to theologian review. |
| Uncircumcision | ἀκροβυστία | akrobystia | অত্বকচ্ছেদ / অচ্ছিন্নত্বক | otwokchhed / ochchhinnotwok | Medium | Circumcision and the New Creation | 2:7; 5:6; 6:15 | — | Negation of ত্বকচ্ছেদ; keep paired. |
| New creation | καινὴ κτίσις | kainē ktisis | নতুন সৃষ্টি | notun srishti | Medium | Circumcision and the New Creation | 6:15 | — | Anchor to linear, once-for-all renewal, distinct from cyclical creation-dissolution (সৃষ্টি-স্থিতি-প্রলয়) cosmology. |
| Promise | ἐπαγγελία | epangelia | প্রতিশ্রুতি | protishruti | High | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | 3:14, 16-18, 21-22, 29; 4:23, 28 | চুক্তি (too transactional/contractual) | Pair with নিয়ম (covenant) in key verses for conceptual linkage. |
| Seed / Offspring (of Abraham) | σπέρμα | sperma | বংশ | bongsho | High | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | 3:16, 19, 29 | — | Bengali বংশ is naturally collective; requires translator note on Paul’s singular/plural Greek wordplay at 3:16. |
| Abraham | Ἀβραάμ | Abraam | অব্রাহাম | Abraham | Medium | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | 3:6-29; 4:22-31 | ইব্রাহিম (rejected — Qur’anic-idiom form, differing covenant-lineage framework) | Consistent with established curriculum transliteration standard already fixing this form. |
| Curse (of the law) | κατάρα | katara | অভিশাপ | obhishap | High | The Law’s Purpose; Crucified with Christ | 3:10, 13 | — | Distinguish covenantal-legal curse from folk-magical or karmic curse; context anchoring required. |
| Redeem(ed) | ἐξαγοράζω | exagorazō | মুক্ত করা (verb; ক্রয় করে মুক্ত করা preferred) | mukto kora (kroy kore mukto kora) | High | The Law’s Purpose; Adoption and Sonship | 3:13; 4:5 | মুক্তি as a noun (forbidden — see “Freedom/Salvation” notes) | Keep as a verb form only; never let this collapse into the forbidden noun মুক্তি used for salvation. |
| Mediator | μεσίτης | mesitēs | মধ্যস্থ | moddhosto | Medium | The Law’s Purpose | 3:19-20 | — | Distinct from মধ্যস্থতা (intercession, the act); this names the person. |
| Guardian / Disciplinarian | παιδαγωγός | paidagōgos | অভিভাবক | obhibhabok | Medium | The Law’s Purpose | 3:24-25 | শিক্ষক (teacher — misleading, overstates a teaching role) | Temporary custodial-disciplinary role ending at maturity, not a permanent teaching office. |
| Elements/elemental spirits of the world | στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου | stoicheia tou kosmou | জগতের প্রাথমিক নিয়মকানুন | jogoter prathomik niyomkanun | Critical | The Law’s Purpose | 4:3, 9 | শক্তি-based renderings (forbidden — high Shakta goddess-power / folk-animist spirit-force association in Bengal) | Escalate every occurrence to theologian review; contested exegesis requires an explanatory note. |
| Heir / Inheritance | κληρονόμος / κληρονομία | klēronomos / klēronomia | উত্তরাধিকারী / উত্তরাধিকার | uttarodhikari / uttarodhikar | Medium | Adoption and Sonship | 3:29; 4:1, 7 | — | Standard Bengali legal-inheritance vocabulary; low collision risk. |
| Hagar / Sarah | Ἁγάρ / Σάρρα | Hagar / Sarra | হাগার / সারা | Hagar / Sara | High (doctrinal-framing level) | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | 4:21-31 | — | Names themselves low risk; the allegory’s framing requires mandatory theologian note re: Muslim-background pastoral sensitivity (Ishmael’s lineage). |
| Jerusalem above | ἡ ἄνω Ἰερουσαλήμ | hē anō Ierousalēm | ঊর্ধ্বস্থ জেরুশালেম | urddhostho Jerushalem | Medium | The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | 4:26 | — | Eschatological/typological referent; distinguish from contemporary geopolitical Jerusalem. |
| Faith working through love | πίστις δι᾽ ἀγάπης ἐνεργουμένη | pistis di’ agapēs energoumenē | প্রেমের মাধ্যমে কার্যকর বিশ্বাস | premer madhyome karyokor bishwas | High | Faith Working through Love | 5:6 | — | Doctrinal title-phrase; render identically at every recurrence. |
| Love | ἀγάπη | agapē | প্রেম | prem | Critical (cultural-collision) | Faith Working through Love; Fruit of the Spirit | 5:6, 13-14, 22 | — | Established Bengali Christian term despite strong Vaishnava bhakti (Radha-Krishna romantic-devotional) collision; contextual glossing recommended at key occurrences. |
| Bewitched | βασκαίνω | baskainō | প্রতারিত করা (figurative; avoid literal sorcery vocabulary) | protarito kora | High | True Gospel versus False Gospels | 3:1 | বশীকরণ / তুকতাক (rejected as primary rendering — triggers literal occult associations) | Native-speaker review required; preserve rhetorical vividness without invoking real folk-magic categories. |
| Sorcery / witchcraft | φαρμακεία | pharmakeia | মায়াবিদ্যা / তুকতাক / জাদুবিদ্যা | mayabidya / tuktak / jadubidya | Medium | Flesh versus Spirit | 5:20 | — | Direct condemnation (unlike the figurative 3:1 usage); no euphemism required. |
| Another gospel (different in kind) | ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον | heteron euangelion | ভিন্ন সুসমাচার (sense: counterfeit, not-truly-gospel) | bhinno susomachar | Critical | True Gospel versus False Gospels | 1:6-7 | — | Requires explanatory clause distinguishing ἕτερος (different in kind) from ἄλλος (another of the same kind). |
| Accursed / Anathema | ἀνάθεμα | anathema | অভিশপ্ত হোক | obhishopto hok | High | True Gospel versus False Gospels | 1:8-9 | অনাথিমা (transliteration — retained only with footnote in specialist editions) | Full covenant-curse force must be retained; do not soften. |
| Revelation | ἀποκάλυψις | apokalypsis | প্রত্যাদেশ | prottadesh | High | Paul’s Apostleship | 1:12, 16 | প্রকাশ (too generic/general disclosure) | Distinguish from Islamic waḥy (scripture-dictation revelation); Paul describes personal disclosure of an already-fulfilled gospel event. |
| Persecute | διώκω | diōkō | তাড়না করা / নির্যাতন করা | tarna kora / nirjaton kora | Medium | Paul’s Apostleship; True Gospel versus False Gospels | 1:13, 23; 4:29; 5:11; 6:12 | — | Live pastoral sensitivity for converts from Hindu/Muslim backgrounds; native-speaker review for pastoral framing. |
| Pillars (church leaders) | στῦλοι | styloi | স্তম্ভ | stombho | Low | Paul’s Apostleship | 2:9 | — | Metaphorical; low doctrinal risk. |
| False brothers | ψευδάδελφοι | pseudadelphoi | ভণ্ড ভ্রাতৃবৃন্দ | bhondo bhratribrindo | Medium | True Gospel versus False Gospels | 2:4 | — | Internal, not external, threat to the gospel. |
| Judaize | Ἰουδαΐζειν | Ioudaizein | ইহুদীদের রীতিতে জীবনযাপনে বাধ্য করা | ihudider ritite jibonjapone baddho kora | High | Law and Grace; Unity of Jews and Gentiles | 2:14 | — | Names the precise practical controversy of the letter. |
| Sons of God (believers, through faith) | υἱοὶ θεοῦ | huioi theou | ঈশ্বরের সন্তান/পুত্র (বিশ্বাসের মাধ্যমে) | Ishshorer sontan/putro (bishwasher madhyome) | High | Adoption and Sonship | 3:26 | — | Distinguish believers’ adoptive sonship from Christ’s unique, eternal ঈশ্বরের পুত্র wherever both appear nearby. |
| Neither Jew nor Greek, slave nor free, male nor female | οὔτε Ἰουδαῖος οὐδὲ Ἕλλην… | oute Ioudaios oude Hellēn… | ইহুদি বা গ্রীক, দাস বা স্বাধীন, নারী বা পুরুষ কেউ নাই | ihudi ba grik, das ba shadhin, nari ba purush keu nai | High | Unity of Jews and Gentiles | 3:28 | — | Do not soften the social-leveling force; escalate to theologian review. |
| Law of Christ | νόμος τοῦ Χριστοῦ | nomos tou Christou | খ্রীষ্টের ব্যবস্থা | Khrishtér bebostha | High | Law and Grace; Fruit of the Spirit | 6:2 | — | Mandatory note: this “law” is Christ’s love-ethic, not the Mosaic law critiqued in chs. 2-5. |
| Sow and reap | σπείρω / θερίζω | speirō / therizō | বপন করা / কাটা (ফসল কাটা) | bopon kora / kata (fôshol kata) | High | Fruit of the Spirit (background) | 6:7-9 | — | Anchor to Spirit/flesh framework; risk of default reading as an impersonal karma-proverb. |
| Bear one another’s burdens | ἀλλήλων τὰ βάρη βαστάζετε | allēlōn ta barē bastazete | একে অপরের ভার বহন কর | eke opôrer bhar bohon koro | Low | Bearing One Another’s Burdens | 6:2 | — | Cross-reference baseline “mutual_edification” and “christian_fellowship” doctrines. |
| Marks of Jesus | στίγματα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ | stigmata tou Iēsou | যীশুর চিহ্ন | Jishur chinho | Medium | Crucified with Christ; Paul’s Apostleship | 6:17 | — | Persecution scars, not devotional/ritual stigmata or folk bodily-marking practice. |
| Boast (in the cross) | καυχάομαι | kauchaomai | গর্ব করা (ক্রুশ ব্যতীত নয়) | gorbo kora (krush bêtito noy) | Medium | Crucified with Christ | 6:13-14 | — | Redeems ordinarily negative গর্ব into legitimate glorying, contrasted with the Judaizers’ self-glorying. |
| Israel of God | Ἰσραὴλ τοῦ θεοῦ | Israēl tou theou | ঈশ্বরের ইস্রায়েল | Ishshorer Israel | Medium-High | Unity of Jews and Gentiles | 6:16 | — | Theological, not geopolitical, sense; flag per baseline’s existing “Israel” political-sensitivity note. |
| Gave himself for me/us | παραδίδωμι ἑαυτόν | paradidōmi heauton | (আমার/আমাদের) জন্য আপনাকে সমর্পণ করলেন | (amar/amader) jonno apnake somorpon korlen | Critical | Crucified with Christ | 1:4; 2:20 | — | Retain substitutionary “for me/us” and Christ’s voluntary agency; escalate to theologian review. |
| Nullify / set aside (grace) | ἀθετέω | atheteō | বাতিল করা / অগ্রাহ্য করা | batil kora / ograhyo kora | High | Law and Grace | 2:21 | — | Legal-covenantal “render invalid” sense, not mere disregard. |
| Righteousness through the law (rejected premise) | διὰ νόμου δικαιοσύνη | dia nomou dikaiosynē | ব্যবস্থার মাধ্যমে ধার্মিকতা | bebosthar madhyome dharmikota | Critical | Justification by Faith | 2:21 | ধর্মের মাধ্যমে ন্যায়পরায়ণতা (forbidden — ধর্ম prohibited per baseline) | Absolute prohibition on ধর্ম inherited directly from baseline; especially acute risk in this exact collocation. |
| Christ died for nothing/in vain | Χριστὸς δωρεὰν ἀπέθανεν | Christos dōrean apethanen | খ্রীষ্ট বৃথাই মরলেন | Khrishto brithai morlen | Critical | Crucified with Christ; Law and Grace | 2:21 | — | Preserve full rhetorical and logical force of Paul’s reductio ad absurdum. |
| Present evil age | ὁ αἰὼν ὁ ἐνεστὼς πονηρός | ho aiōn ho enestōs ponēros | এই বর্তমান মন্দ যুগ | ei bortoman mondo jug | Medium | (background eschatology) | 1:4 | — | যুগ carries Hindu cyclical-cosmology (Yuga) association; anchor to linear two-age framework. |
C. Doctrine-to-Term Cross-Reference (Curriculum Doctrines)
| Curriculum Doctrine | Primary Terms | Primary Passages |
|---|---|---|
| Justification by Faith | ধার্মিক বলে গণ্য হওয়া, ব্যবস্থার কার্য, বিশ্বাস, ধার্মিকতা | 2:16; 3:6, 11, 24 |
| The True Gospel versus False Gospels | সুসমাচার, ভিন্ন সুসমাচার, অভিশপ্ত হোক, প্রতারিত করা | 1:6-9; 3:1 |
| Paul’s Apostleship | প্রেরিত, প্রত্যাদেশ, তাড়না করা | 1:1, 11-24; 2:6-9 |
| Law and Grace | ব্যবস্থা, অনুগ্রহ, বাতিল করা, ইহুদীদের রীতিতে বাধ্য করা | 2:14, 21; 5:4 |
| Crucified with Christ | খ্রীষ্টের সাথে ক্রুশারোপিত হওয়া, আমার জন্য আপনাকে সমর্পণ করলেন, গর্ব করা | 2:19-20; 5:24; 6:14 |
| The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise | অব্রাহাম, প্রতিশ্রুতি, বংশ, নিয়ম, আশীর্বাদ | 3:6-29 |
| The Law’s Purpose | মধ্যস্থ, অভিভাবক, জগতের প্রাথমিক নিয়মকানুন, অভিশাপ | 3:19-25; 4:1-9 |
| Adoption and Sonship | দত্তকপুত্রতা, আব্বা পিতা, উত্তরাধিকারী, দাস…পুত্র | 3:26; 4:1-7 |
| Freedom in Christ | স্বাধীনতা, দাসত্ব, যোয়াল | 2:4; 5:1, 13 |
| Circumcision and the New Creation | ত্বকচ্ছেদ, অত্বকচ্ছেদ, নতুন সৃষ্টি | 5:2-6; 6:12-15 |
| Flesh versus Spirit | মাংস, আত্মা, মাংসের কার্য | 5:16-24 |
| Fruit of the Spirit | আত্মার ফল | 5:22-23 |
| Faith Working through Love | প্রেমের মাধ্যমে কার্যকর বিশ্বাস, প্রেম | 5:6, 14 |
| Bearing One Another’s Burdens | একে অপরের ভার বহন কর, খ্রীষ্টের ব্যবস্থা | 6:1-5 |
All Bengali renderings above are proposed for addition to an extended, Galatians-specific translation memory layer built strictly on top of the existing Romans baseline translation_memory.json, which remains authoritative and unmodified for every term it already fixes. New entries marked Critical or High require theologian sign-off before Phase 2 segment translation begins.
Critical Risk Terms
Another Gospel
Approved rendering: ভিন্ন সুসমাচার
Transliteration: bhinno susomachar
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Gospel Integrity
NEW. ἕτερον εὐαγγέλιον, Galatians 1:6-7. Bengali cannot lexically distinguish ἕτερος (different in kind) from ἄλλος (another of the same kind); require an explanatory clause (e.g. ‘যা প্রকৃতপক্ষে সুসমাচারই নয়’) so the counterfeit, not-really-gospel force is not lost.
Christ Died In Vain
Approved rendering: খ্রীষ্ট বৃথাই মরলেন
Transliteration: Khrishto brithai morlen
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Original: Χριστὸς δωρεὰν ἀπέθανεν
Category: Salvation
NEW. Χριστὸς δωρεὰν ἀπέθανεν, Galatians 2:21. Paul’s climactic reductio ad absurdum; full logical and rhetorical force must land, never softened to a regretful tone.
Crucified With Christ
Approved rendering: খ্রীষ্টের সাথে ক্রুশারোপিত হওয়া
Transliteration: Khrishtér shathe krusharopito howa
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Rejected alternatives: নিজেকে বিসর্জন দেওয়া
Original: συσταυρόω (συνεσταύρωμαι)
Category: Salvation
NEW. Built on ক্রুশ (cross, established Bengali Christian loanword) + আরোপিত (shared root with আরোপিত ধার্মিকতা). Core passage term (Galatians 2:19-20; also 5:24, 6:14). Must preserve perfect-tense past-with-present-effect force and real union with Christ’s death, not imitation; must not be read as Hindu/Jain ascetic self-mortification or Sufi fana self-annihilation mysticism.
Elemental Spirits
Approved rendering: জগতের প্রাথমিক নিয়মকানুন
Transliteration: jogoter prathomik niyomkanun
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Rejected alternatives: শক্তি-based renderings
Original: τὰ στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου
Category: Law
NEW. στοιχεῖα τοῦ κόσμου, Galatians 4:3, 9. CRITICAL: never শক্তি (already forbidden in the baseline for “power of God” due to its strong Shakta/goddess-power association in Bengal); a শক্তি-based rendering here risks being heard as naming literal folk-animist or tantric spirit-forces. Contested exegesis; escalate every occurrence to theologian review with an explanatory note.
Father
Approved rendering: পিতা
Transliteration: Pita
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Rejected alternatives: ব্রহ্মা, সৃষ্টিকর্তা
Original: πατήρ
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (original Romans doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family). Paired with আব্বা at Galatians 4:6.
Gave Himself For Me
Approved rendering: (আমার/আমাদের) জন্য আপনাকে সমর্পণ করলেন
Transliteration: (amar/amader) jonno apnake somorpon korlen
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Original: παραδόντος ἑαυτὸν ὑπὲρ ἐμοῦ
Category: Christology
NEW. παραδόντος ἑαυτὸν ὑπὲρ ἐμοῦ, Galatians 1:4; 2:20. Must retain substitutionary “for me/us” and Christ’s voluntary agency; never soften “gave himself” into a passive “was given.” Escalate to theologian review (atonement-adjacent Critical list).
God
Approved rendering: ঈশ্বর
Transliteration: Ishshor
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Rejected alternatives: ভগবান, আল্লাহ
Original: θεός / אֱלֹהִים / יהוה
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (original Romans doctrine: Deity of Christ). Established neutral Christian term; never ভগবান or আল্লাহ.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: পবিত্র আত্মা
Transliteration: Pobitro Attha
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Rejected alternatives: ব্রহ্ম, পরমাত্মা
Original: πνεῦμα ἅγιον
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (original Romans doctrine: Sanctification). CRITICAL: never ব্রহ্ম or পরমাত্মা. Central to Galatians 3-5’s flesh/Spirit argument; unadorned আত্মা in ch. 5 refers back to this fixed term and requires a first-occurrence clarifying note.
Imputed Righteousness
Approved rendering: আরোপিত ধার্মিকতা
Transliteration: aropito dharmikota
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: অর্জিত ধার্মিকতা
Original: ἐλογίσθη αὐτῷ εἰς δικαιοσύνην
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (original Romans doctrine: Justification by Faith). Righteousness credited, not earned. Directly reused at Galatians 3:6, quoting the identical Genesis 15:6 citation Paul uses in Romans 4:3; must render identically across both curricula per the theological consistency principle.
Jesus
Approved rendering: যীশু
Transliteration: Jishu
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Rejected alternatives: ঈসা
Original: Ἰησοῦς / יֵשׁוּעַ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package (original Romans doctrine: Lordship of Christ). CRITICAL: use যীশু, never ঈসা (Qur’anic name, distinct Islamic Christology). Central to the crucifixion/resurrection claims of Galatians 2:19-21.
Justification
Approved rendering: ধার্মিক বলে গণ্য হওয়া
Transliteration: dharmik bole gonyo howa
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: ক্ষমা পাওয়া, পুণ্য লাভ করা
Original: δικαίωσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (original Romans doctrine: Salvation). Compound phrase required. Occurs three times in Galatians 2:16 alone (δικαιοῦται/δικαιωθῶμεν/δικαιωθήσεται); each occurrence must retain this exact forensic-declaration force, conjugated appropriately, never abbreviated to ক্ষমা alone.
Lord
Approved rendering: প্রভু
Transliteration: provu
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Rejected alternatives: মালিক, ঈশ্বর
Original: κύριος
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package (original Romans doctrine: Lordship of Christ). Exclusive, supreme Lordship; background title throughout Galatians for খ্রীষ্ট যীশু প্রভু.
Love Agape
Approved rendering: প্রেম
Transliteration: prem
Doctrine: Faith Working through Love
Original: ἀγάπη
Category: Sanctification
NEW. ἀγάπη, Galatians 5:6, 13-14, 22. Established Bengali Christian term (cf. ঈশ্বর প্রেম), retained on that basis. CRITICAL cultural-collision flag: প্রেম is also the central devotional term of Bengal’s Vaishnava bhakti tradition (Radha-Krishna romantic-mystical love, celebrated in kirtan and Bengali devotional poetry). Require contextual glossing (e.g. ‘নিজেকে বিলিয়ে দেওয়া প্রেম’) at load-bearing occurrences to fence off the bhakti register.
Messiah
Approved rendering: খ্রীষ্ট
Transliteration: Khrishto
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Rejected alternatives: মশীহ, অবতার পুরুষ
Original: Χριστός / מָשִׁיחַ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package (original Romans doctrine: Messianic Promise). CRITICAL: use খ্রীষ্ট, never মশীহ (shared with Bengali Muslim usage, denies Christ’s divinity/crucifixion/resurrection). Central to Galatians’ Abraham/seed argument (3:16, 29).
Resurrection
Approved rendering: পুনরুত্থান
Transliteration: punorutthan
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Rejected alternatives: পুনর্জন্ম, পুনর্জীবন
Original: ἀνάστασις
Category: Eschatology
Inherited from Romans package (original Romans doctrine: Resurrection of Christ). CRITICAL: NEVER পুনর্জন্ম. Background to the letter’s crucifixion-and-life-in-Christ theology (2:20).
Righteousness Through Law Rejected
Approved rendering: ব্যবস্থার মাধ্যমে ধার্মিকতা
Transliteration: bebosthar madhyome dharmikota
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: ধর্মের মাধ্যমে ন্যায়পরায়ণতা
Original: διὰ νόμου δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
NEW. διὰ νόμου δικαιοσύνη, Galatians 2:21. The hypothetical, rejected premise. NEVER substitute ধর্ম for ধার্মিকতা here — the single collocation most capable of collapsing the letter’s central argument if mistranslated.
Righteousness
Approved rendering: ধার্মিকতা
Transliteration: dharmikota
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: ধর্ম, পুণ্য, ন্যায়
Original: δικαιοσύνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (original Romans doctrine: Salvation). CRITICAL: NEVER ধর্ম. This exact prohibition is at its most acute in Galatians 2:21’s ব্যবস্থার মাধ্যমে ধার্মিকতা (righteousness through the law) collocation, the rejected premise of the letter’s central argument.
Salvation
Approved rendering: পরিত্রাণ
Transliteration: poritran
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: মুক্তি, মোক্ষ, নাজাত
Original: σωτηρία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (original Romans doctrine: Salvation). CRITICAL: NEVER মুক্তি, মোক্ষ, or নাজাত. Background term throughout Galatians’ justification argument, though the letter’s own operative vocabulary is predominantly ধার্মিক বলে গণ্য হওয়া.
Son Of God
Approved rendering: ঈশ্বরের পুত্র
Transliteration: Ishshorer Putro
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Rejected alternatives: দেবপুত্র, ঈশ্বরের অংশ
Original: υἱὸς θεοῦ
Category: Christology
Inherited from Romans package (original Romans doctrine: Sonship of Christ). CRITICAL: full phrase required, never abbreviated. In Galatians 2:20, 4:4 refers exclusively to Christ’s unique, eternal Sonship; must be kept visibly distinct from believers’ derived sonship (see sons_of_god_believers below) wherever both appear in proximity.
Works Of The Law
Approved rendering: ব্যবস্থার কার্য
Transliteration: bebosthar karyo
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: সৎকর্ম
Original: ἔργα νόμου
Category: Salvation
NEW. Built from ব্যবস্থা (law, inherited) + কার্য (works). Reliance on Mosaic law-performance (circumcision, food laws, calendar) as a basis for right standing. Occurs at Galatians 2:16 (2x), 3:2, 3:5, 3:10. Never soften to সৎকর্ম (general good deeds), which would blunt Paul’s specific target and the parallel critique of Islamic weighed-deeds soteriology and Hindu punya-accumulation.
High Risk Terms
Accursed Anathema
Approved rendering: অভিশপ্ত হোক
Transliteration: obhishopto hok
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Rejected alternatives: অনাথিমা (transliteration, footnote-only)
Original: ἀνάθεμα
Category: Gospel Integrity
NEW. ἀνάθεμα, Galatians 1:8-9. Formal covenant-curse formula, pronounced twice; must retain full force, never softened to mild disapproval.
Adoption
Approved rendering: দত্তকপুত্রতা
Transliteration: dattaka-putrota
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Rejected alternatives: দত্তক নেওয়া, পালিত পুত্র
Original: υἱοθεσία
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (original Romans doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family). দত্তক নেওয়া and পালিত পুত্র (“foster son”) both risk implying reduced status in Bengali family custom; দত্তকপুত্রতা emphasizes full son-status with complete inheritance rights, central to Galatians 4:1-7.
Bewitched
Approved rendering: প্রতারিত করা
Transliteration: protarito kora
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Rejected alternatives: বশীকরণ, তুকতাক, কুদৃষ্টি
Original: βασκαίνω (ἐβάσκανεν)
Category: Gospel Integrity
NEW. βασκαίνω, Galatians 3:1. Render figuratively (deceived), not with literal Bengali sorcery vocabulary, which would redirect attention to real occult practice (a live category in both Hindu tantric and folk-Islamic contexts in Bengal) rather than Paul’s rhetorical point. Native-speaker review required.
Called
Approved rendering: আহুত
Transliteration: ahuto
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: আমন্ত্রিত, নিমন্ত্রিত
Original: κλητός
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (original Romans doctrine: Divine Calling). Context-sensitive; in Galatians 1:15 refers to God’s sovereign call of Paul before birth. আমন্ত্রিত/নিমন্ত্রিত understate the effectual, sovereign force.
Calling
Approved rendering: আহ্বান
Transliteration: ahban
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: κλῆσις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (original Romans doctrine: Divine Calling). Noun form for the act/state of being called by God; background to Galatians 1:15.
Circumcision
Approved rendering: ত্বকচ্ছেদ
Transliteration: twokchhed
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Rejected alternatives: সুন্নত
Original: περιτομή
Category: Covenant
NEW. Galatians 2:3; 5:2-3, 6, 11; 6:12-13, 15 (nine occurrences total). NEVER সুন্নত, the Arabic-derived colloquial term specifically tied to the Islamic religious rite and sunnah-obedience framework; using it would import an Islamic legal-religious obligation at exactly the point Paul denies any rite’s salvific necessity. Escalate every occurrence to theologian review.
Compel To Be Circumcised
Approved rendering: ত্বকচ্ছেদ করতে বাধ্য করা
Transliteration: twokchhed korte baddho kora
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
NEW. ἠναγκάσθη περιτμηθῆναι, Galatians 2:3. Titus was NOT compelled — an early precedent-setting refusal to make circumcision a condition of gospel-inclusion.
Covenant
Approved rendering: নিয়ম
Transliteration: niyom
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Rejected alternatives: চুক্তি, অঙ্গীকার
Original: διαθήκη
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package (original Romans doctrine: Davidic Covenant). Relational covenant bond. Recommend pairing with প্রতিশ্রুতি (promise) in key Galatians 3 verses for conceptual linkage.
Curse Of The Law
Approved rendering: ব্যবস্থার অভিশাপ
Transliteration: bebosthar obhishap
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: κατάρα τοῦ νόμου
Category: Covenant
NEW. Galatians 3:10, 13. অভিশাপ alone is a crowded Bengali word covering both covenantal-legal curse and folk-magical/karmic curse; always pair with ব্যবস্থার and anchor contextually to the Deuteronomy citation, never leaving the bare noun in doctrinal context.
Election
Approved rendering: ঈশ্বরের মনোনয়ন
Transliteration: Ishshorer monownoyon
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Rejected alternatives: ভাগ্য, নিয়তি, কর্মফল
Original: ἐκλογή
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (original Romans doctrine: Effectual Calling). God’s sovereign, personal choice; background to Galatians 1:15’s pre-birth calling.
Faith Working Through Love
Approved rendering: প্রেমের মাধ্যমে কার্যকর বিশ্বাস
Transliteration: premer madhyome karyokor bishwas
Doctrine: Faith Working through Love
Original: πίστις δι᾽ ἀγάπης ἐνεργουμένη
Category: Faith
NEW. Galatians 5:6. Doctrinal title-phrase; must render identically at every recurrence, per the theological consistency principle already established for Romans 1:16-17 and 8:28.
Faith
Approved rendering: বিশ্বাস
Transliteration: bishwas
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: ঈমান, শ্রদ্ধা
Original: πίστις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package (original Romans doctrine: Faith). Personal trust in Christ, object always explicit in context (e.g. খ্রীষ্ট যীশুতে বিশ্বাস, 2:16). Also core to Faith Working through Love (5:6).
Flesh All Humanity
Approved rendering: কোনো মানুষ
Transliteration: kono manush
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: সমস্ত মাংস (literal rendering)
Original: πᾶσα σάρξ
Category: Salvation
NEW. πᾶσα σάρξ (Galatians 2:16), Hebraic idiom for “every human being without exception.” Render idiomatically, not literally, to avoid a dietary/bodily misreading disconnected from the universal-humanity point.
Flesh Moral
Approved rendering: মাংস
Transliteration: mangsho
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Rejected alternatives: দেহ, শরীর
Original: σάρξ
Category: Flesh and Spirit
NEW. σάρξ in its fallen, self-oriented moral-anthropological sense (Galatians 5:13, 16-17, 19, 24; 6:8), opposed to the Spirit. Established Bengali Bible term despite everyday meaning “meat”; mandatory translator’s note at first ch.5 occurrence distinguishing this sense from literal meat and mere embodiment, given live dietary-purity categories in both Hindu vegetarian and Islamic halal frameworks.
Flesh Physical
Approved rendering: দেহে / মাংসে
Transliteration: dehe / mangshe
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Original: σάρξ
Category: Christology
NEW. σάρξ in its neutral, physical-embodiment sense (Galatians 2:20 — Paul’s ordinary bodily life lived by faith). A third distinct sense of σάρξ within Galatians requiring per-occurrence sense-checking alongside flesh_moral and flesh_all_humanity.
Freedom
Approved rendering: স্বাধীনতা
Transliteration: shadhinota
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Rejected alternatives: মুক্তি
Original: ἐλευθερία
Category: Freedom
NEW. Galatians 2:4; 5:1, 13. Never মুক্তি (forbidden per baseline, Hindu moksha/rebirth-liberation). স্বাধীনতা itself carries strong Bangladeshi 1971 political-independence resonance; require the consistent qualifying phrase ‘খ্রীষ্টে স্বাধীনতা’ at every recurrence to anchor the theological referent.
Glory
Approved rendering: মহিমা
Transliteration: mohima
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: জ্যোতি, তেজ
Original: δόξα
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (original Romans doctrine: Deity of Christ). NEVER তেজ (Shakta/goddess-radiance risk). Used at Galatians 1:24.
Gospel
Approved rendering: সুসমাচার
Transliteration: susomachar
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Rejected alternatives: খুশ খবর, ইঞ্জিল
Original: εὐαγγέλιον
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (original Romans doctrine: Gospel). Established Bengali Christian term (“good news”). ইঞ্জিল is the Qur’anic/Muslim-idiom term for a presumed lost scripture given to Isa and is rejected. Galatians sharpens this term’s stakes: the letter’s entire argument is that the Judaizing message is not a variant of সুসমাচার at all but ভিন্ন সুসমাচার (a different-in-kind message).
Grace
Approved rendering: অনুগ্রহ
Transliteration: anugroho
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: কৃপা, পুণ্য, ভাগ্য
Original: χάρις
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (original Romans doctrine: Grace). Unmerited favor apart from human merit. Galatians repeatedly sets অনুগ্রহ directly against ব্যবস্থা (law) as mutually exclusive bases of righteousness (2:21; 5:4).
Hagar Sarah
Approved rendering: হাগার / সারা
Transliteration: Hagar / Sara
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: Ἁγάρ / Σάρρα
Category: Covenant
NEW. Galatians 4:21-31. Established Bengali Bible proper-name forms; low risk in the names themselves, but Paul’s allegory (slave woman/law/flesh vs. free woman/promise/Spirit) requires a mandatory theologian’s framing note for Muslim-background readers, given Ishmael’s veneration as patriarch of the Arab peoples in Islamic tradition. Frame as two ways of relating to God, not a judgment on any lineage.
Holy
Approved rendering: পবিত্র
Transliteration: pobitro
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Rejected alternatives: শুচি, নির্মল
Original: ἅγιος
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package (original Romans doctrine: Sanctification). Set apart for God and morally pure; qualifies পবিত্র আত্মা throughout Galatians 3-5.
Israel Of God
Approved rendering: ঈশ্বরের ইস্রায়েল
Transliteration: Ishshorer Israel
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: ὁ Ἰσραὴλ τοῦ θεοῦ
Category: Church
NEW. Galatians 6:16. Flag for theologian review regarding contemporary political sensitivity around ‘ইস্রায়েল’ in the modern Israel-Palestine context; here a theological, not geopolitical, designation.
Judaize
Approved rendering: ইহুদীদের রীতিতে জীবনযাপনে বাধ্য করা
Transliteration: ihudider ritite jibonjapone baddho kora
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Original: Ἰουδαΐζειν
Category: Law
NEW. Ἰουδαΐζειν, Galatians 2:14. No single Bengali word exists; full descriptive clause required. Names the letter’s precise practical controversy: coercing Gentile believers to adopt Jewish covenant-identity practice as a condition of belonging.
Law Of Christ
Approved rendering: খ্রীষ্টের ব্যবস্থা
Transliteration: Khrishtér bebostha
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Original: ὁ νόμος τοῦ Χριστοῦ
Category: Law
NEW. νόμος τοῦ Χριστοῦ, Galatians 6:2. Reuses ব্যবস্থা in a deliberately different, positive sense (Christ’s own love-ethic), NOT a reintroduction of the Mosaic law critiqued in chs. 2-5. Mandatory translator’s note required to prevent an apparent self-contradiction.
Law
Approved rendering: ব্যবস্থা
Transliteration: bebostha
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: ধর্ম, শরিয়ত, নিয়ম
Original: νόμος
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package (original Romans doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy). NEVER ধর্ম or শরিয়ত. In Galatians the single most load-bearing background term, underlying works_of_the_law, curse_of_the_law, and the deliberately double-sensed law_of_christ (6:2).
Neither Jew Nor Greek
Approved rendering: ইহুদি বা গ্রীক, দাস বা স্বাধীন, নারী বা পুরুষ কেউ নাই
Transliteration: ihudi ba grik, das ba shadhin, nari ba purush keu nai
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: সকলে সমান (softened paraphrase, rejected)
Original: οὔτε Ἰουδαῖος οὐδὲ Ἕλλην, οὔτε δοῦλος οὐδὲ ἐλεύθερος, οὔτε ἄρσεν καὶ θῆλυ
Category: Church
NEW. Galatians 3:28. The letter’s most socially explosive unity statement; must retain full social-leveling force, especially given continuing caste-adjacent social hierarchy and gender-status structures in both Hindu-majority West Bengal and Muslim-majority Bangladesh. Escalate to theologian review.
Nullify Grace
Approved rendering: বাতিল করা / অগ্রাহ্য করা
Transliteration: batil kora / ograhyo kora
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Original: ἀθετέω (ἀθετῶ)
Category: Salvation
NEW. ἀθετέω, Galatians 2:21. Must preserve the legal-covenantal “render invalid” sense, not merely “ignore.”
Obedience Of Faith
Approved rendering: বিশ্বাসের বাধ্যতা
Transliteration: bishwasher baddhota
Doctrine: Faith Working through Love
Rejected alternatives: ধর্মীয় কর্তব্য পালন
Original: ὑπακοὴ πίστεως
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package (original Romans doctrine: Obedience of Faith). Obedience flowing from faith, not works-based religious duty; conceptually parallel to Galatians’ faith_working_through_love.
Promise
Approved rendering: প্রতিশ্রুতি
Transliteration: protishruti
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Rejected alternatives: চুক্তি
Original: ἐπαγγελία
Category: Covenant
NEW. Galatians 3:14, 16-18, 21-22, 29; 4:23, 28. God’s solemn, unilateral covenantal pledge, distinguished from a merely human/commercial contract (চুক্তি); recommend pairing with নিয়ম in key verses.
Redeemed
Approved rendering: মুক্ত করা (ক্রয় করে মুক্ত করা)
Transliteration: mukto kora (kroy kore mukto kora)
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Rejected alternatives: মুক্তি (as a noun)
Original: ἐξαγοράζω (ἐξηγόρασεν)
Category: Salvation
NEW. Galatians 3:13; 4:5. Verb form only, describing Christ’s commercial “buying-out” of believers from the law’s curse. Must never collapse into the noun মুক্তি, permanently forbidden for salvation due to its Hindu moksha/rebirth-liberation association. Pair with ক্রয় করে to retain the transactional imagery.
Revelation
Approved rendering: প্রত্যাদেশ
Transliteration: prottadesh
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: প্রকাশ
Original: ἀποκάλυψις
Category: Apostleship
NEW. ἀποκάλυψις, Galatians 1:12, 16. Distinguish from প্রকাশ (too generic) and from the Islamic doctrine of waḥy (verbatim scripture dictation, especially to Muhammad); Paul describes personal disclosure of an already-fulfilled gospel event, not new scripture-text.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: পবিত্রীকরণ
Transliteration: pobitrikoron
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Rejected alternatives: শুদ্ধিকরণ
Original: ἁγιασμός
Category: Sanctification
Inherited from Romans package (original Romans doctrine: Sanctification). The Spirit’s ongoing work; background to Fruit of the Spirit (5:22-23) and Flesh versus Spirit (5:16-24).
Seed Of Abraham
Approved rendering: বংশ
Transliteration: bongsho
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: σπέρμα
Category: Covenant
NEW. Galatians 3:16, 19, 29. Bengali বংশ is naturally collective and cannot reproduce Paul’s Greek singular/plural wordplay (σπέρμα); mandatory translator’s note required at 3:16 explaining that Paul’s argument depends on the Greek grammatical singular pointing to one individual, Christ.
Seed Of David
Approved rendering: দায়ূদের বংশ
Transliteration: Dayuder bongsho
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: σπέρμα Δαυίδ
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package (original Romans doctrine: Davidic Covenant). Pattern basis for Galatians’ seed_of_abraham (বংশ) term; requires the same Old Testament covenant-lineage background.
Sin
Approved rendering: পাপ
Transliteration: pap
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Rejected alternatives: অধর্ম, অশুচিতা
Original: ἁμαρτία
Category: Sin
Inherited from Romans package (original Romans doctrine: Universal Human Accountability). Root for পাপী (sinners, 2:15) and পাপের সেবক (minister of sin, 2:17).
Sons Of God Believers
Approved rendering: ঈশ্বরের সন্তান/পুত্র (বিশ্বাসের মাধ্যমে)
Transliteration: Ishshorer sontan/putro (bishwasher madhyome)
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: υἱοὶ θεοῦ
Category: Salvation
NEW. υἱοὶ θεοῦ, Galatians 3:26. Believers’ derived, faith-received sonship. Mandatory disambiguation note wherever this appears near ঈশ্বরের পুত্র (Christ’s unique, eternal Sonship) to prevent conflation of adoptive and eternal sonship.
Sow And Reap
Approved rendering: যা বপন করে মানুষ তাই কাটবে
Transliteration: ja bopon kore manush tai katbe
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: ὃ γὰρ ἐὰν σπείρῃ ἄνθρωπος, τοῦτο καὶ θερίσει
Category: Flesh and Spirit
NEW. Galatians 6:7. Functionally identical in surface form to the widespread Bengali/South Asian karma-proverb ‘যেমন কর্ম তেমন ফল’; mandatory translator’s note anchoring the sowing explicitly to the Spirit/flesh framework of 6:8, not an impersonal cosmic-karmic law.
Medium Risk Terms
Abba
Approved rendering: আব্বা
Transliteration: Abba
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: אַבָּא
Category: God
Inherited from Romans package (original Romans doctrine: Adoption into God’s Family). Preserve Aramaic transliteration at Galatians 4:6, identical to its Romans 8:15 rendering per the theological consistency principle.
Abraham
Approved rendering: অব্রাহাম
Transliteration: Abraham
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Rejected alternatives: ইব্রাহিম
Original: Ἀβραάμ
Category: Covenant
NEW. Galatians 3:6-29; 4:22-31. Established Bengali Christian Bible proper-name form. NEVER ইব্রাহিম, the Qur’anic-idiom form venerated as patriarch of the Arab peoples through Ishmael; Galatians’ argument runs specifically through the Isaac line, typologically fulfilled in Christ.
Apostle
Approved rendering: প্রেরিত
Transliteration: prerito
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Rejected alternatives: দূত, বার্তাবাহক
Original: ἀπόστολος
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package (original Romans doctrine: Apostleship). Paul opens Galatians (1:1) asserting his apostleship is directly from Christ, not human appointment; distinguish from a generic guru/pir spiritual-guide role in Bengali comparative-religious framing.
Blessing Of Abraham
Approved rendering: অব্রাহামের আশীর্বাদ
Transliteration: Abrahamer ashirbad
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
NEW. ἡ εὐλογία τοῦ Ἀβραάμ, Galatians 3:14. Covenantal blessing extended to Gentile believers through Christ, not ethnically restricted; আশীর্বাদ itself is low-risk general Bengali vocabulary but here is specifically covenantal.
Boast In The Cross
Approved rendering: গর্ব করা (ক্রুশ ব্যতীত নয়)
Transliteration: gorbo kora (krush bêtito noy)
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Original: καυχάομαι…εἰ μὴ ἐν τῷ σταυρῷ
Category: Salvation
NEW. καυχάομαι, Galatians 6:13-14. গর্ব ordinarily carries a negative connotation (pride/arrogance) in Bengali; translator’s note recommended clarifying this positive redirection into legitimate glorying exclusively in the cross.
Certainly Not
Approved rendering: কখনোই না! / এমন যেন কখনো না হয়!
Transliteration: kokhonoi na / emon jeno kokhono na hoy
Doctrine: Justification by Faith
Original: μὴ γένοιτο
Category: Faith
NEW. μὴ γένοιτο, Galatians 2:17. Strongest possible Pauline negation; must render with equivalent emphatic force to how the identical idiom would be rendered in the Romans curriculum, for cross-document consistency.
Church
Approved rendering: মণ্ডলী
Transliteration: mondoli
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: মন্দির, গির্জা
Original: ἐκκλησία
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package (original Romans doctrine: Church as God’s People). Background term for the congregations addressed throughout Galatians (1:2, 22; 2:2).
Circumcision Party
Approved rendering: ত্বকচ্ছেদপন্থীরা
Transliteration: twokchhedponthira
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
NEW. οἱ περιτεμνόμενοι, Galatians 6:13. Built on ত্বকচ্ছেদ; names the Judaizing faction accused of hypocrisy and persecution-avoidance.
David
Approved rendering: দায়ূদ
Transliteration: Dayud
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: דָּוִד
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package (original Romans doctrine: Davidic Covenant). Established proper-name form; pattern basis for দায়ূদের বংশ, itself the model for Galatians’ seed_of_abraham term.
False Brothers
Approved rendering: ভণ্ড ভ্রাতৃবৃন্দ
Transliteration: bhondo bhratribrindo
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
Original: ψευδάδελφοι
Category: Church
NEW. ψευδάδελφοι, Galatians 2:4. Names an internal, not merely external, threat to gospel fidelity.
Fruit Of The Spirit
Approved rendering: আত্মার ফল
Transliteration: attar fol
Doctrine: Fruit of the Spirit
Original: ὁ καρπὸς τοῦ Πνεύματος
Category: Flesh and Spirit
NEW. Galatians 5:22-23. Keep grammatically singular in Bengali (never ফলগুলি) to preserve Paul’s point that the nine qualities are facets of one unified organic fruit, not a checklist of separately achieved virtues.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: পরজাতি
Transliteration: porojati
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: বিদেশী
Original: ἔθνη
Category: Church
Inherited from Romans package (original Romans doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles). Non-Jewish peoples; kept distinct from ইহুদি (Jews) throughout Galatians’ Jew/Gentile argument (2:15; 3:8, 14).
Guardian Paidagogos
Approved rendering: অভিভাবক
Transliteration: obhibhabok
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Rejected alternatives: শিক্ষক
Original: παιδαγωγός
Category: Law
NEW. Galatians 3:24-25. A temporary custodial-disciplinary role ending at maturity, not a permanent teaching office (শিক্ষক overstates a teacher role). Recommend qualifying as সাময়িক অভিভাবক (temporary guardian) at first occurrence.
Heir
Approved rendering: উত্তরাধিকারী
Transliteration: uttarodhikari
Doctrine: Adoption and Sonship
Original: κληρονόμος
Category: Salvation
NEW. Galatians 3:29; 4:1, 7. Standard Bengali legal-inheritance vocabulary; must be read together with দত্তকপুত্রতা to retain full-inheritance-rights sense against Bengali joint-family custom assumptions of reduced adoptive standing.
Hypocrisy
Approved rendering: ভণ্ডামি / কপটতা
Transliteration: bhondami / kopotota
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: ὑπόκρισις
Category: Church
NEW. ὑπόκρισις, Galatians 2:13. Names a failure of gospel-consistency (Peter’s withdrawal from Gentile table fellowship), not merely a social lapse.
Intercession
Approved rendering: মধ্যস্থতা
Transliteration: moddhosthota
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Rejected alternatives: সুপারিশ
Original: ἔντευξις
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package (original Romans doctrine: Prayer and Intercession). Names the act of interceding; kept explicitly distinct in Galatians from মধ্যস্থ (mediator, the person, Galatians 3:19-20).
Israel
Approved rendering: ইস্রায়েল
Transliteration: Israel
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Original: יִשְׂרָאֵל
Category: Covenant
Inherited from Romans package (original Romans doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles). Established proper-name form; root of Galatians 6:16’s ঈশ্বরের ইস্রায়েল (Israel of God), flagged there as a theological, not contemporary-geopolitical, designation.
Jerusalem Above
Approved rendering: ঊর্ধ্বস্থ জেরুশালেম
Transliteration: urddhostho Jerushalem
Doctrine: The Abrahamic Covenant and Promise
Original: ἡ ἄνω Ἰερουσαλήμ
Category: Covenant
NEW. Galatians 4:26. Eschatological/typological referent; distinguish via brief note from the contemporary geopolitical Jerusalem given ongoing political sensitivity.
Marks Of Jesus
Approved rendering: যীশুর চিহ্ন
Transliteration: Jishur chinho
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Original: τὰ στίγματα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ
Category: Christology
NEW. στίγματα τοῦ Ἰησοῦ, Galatians 6:17. Paul’s persecution-scars; must not be conflated with Catholic devotional “stigmata” tradition or Hindu/folk ritual bodily-marking practices.
Mediator
Approved rendering: মধ্যস্থ
Transliteration: moddhosto
Doctrine: The Law’s Purpose
Original: μεσίτης
Category: Law
NEW. Galatians 3:19-20. Names the person who mediates (traditionally Moses); kept explicitly distinct from মধ্যস্থতা (intercession, the act, inherited term).
Minister Of Sin
Approved rendering: পাপের সেবক
Transliteration: paper sebok
Doctrine: Crucified with Christ
Rejected alternatives: পাপের দাস
Original: ἁμαρτίας διάκονος
Category: Christology
NEW. ἁμαρτίας διάκονος, Galatians 2:17. সেবক (servant/agent) preferred over দাস (slave) here to preserve Paul’s rhetorical range; দাস reserved for the more forceful slavery sense in the freedom passages.
New Creation
Approved rendering: নতুন সৃষ্টি
Transliteration: notun srishti
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Original: καινὴ κτίσις
Category: Salvation
NEW. Galatians 6:15. Bengali সৃষ্টি carries Hindu cyclical-cosmology (সৃষ্টি-স্থিতি-প্রলয়) resonance; anchor to a once-for-all, linear renewal inaugurated in Christ via a light translator’s note.
Not Straightforward Gospel Truth
Approved rendering: সুসমাচারের সত্যের সাথে সঙ্গতিপূর্ণভাবে চলা
Transliteration: susomacharer sotter sathe sôngotipurnobhabe chola
Doctrine: Law and Grace
NEW. οὐκ ὀρθοποδοῦσιν πρὸς τὴν ἀλήθειαν τοῦ εὐαγγελίου, Galatians 2:14. Peter and Barnabas’s conduct judged by consistency with gospel truth, not mere personal sincerity.
Peace
Approved rendering: শান্তি
Transliteration: shanti
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: সুখ, স্বস্তি
Original: εἰρήνη
Category: Salvation
Inherited from Romans package (original Romans doctrine: Peace with God). Part of the standard Pauline salutation pairing অনুগ্রহ ও শান্তি (Galatians 1:3; 6:16).
Persecute
Approved rendering: তাড়না করা / নির্যাতন করা
Transliteration: tarna kora / nirjaton kora
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: διώκω
Category: Apostleship
NEW. διώκω, Galatians 1:13, 23; 4:29; 5:11; 6:12. Live pastoral weight for Bengali converts from Hindu or Muslim backgrounds who may face family/social persecution after conversion; native-speaker review recommended for pastoral framing.
Pervert Distort
Approved rendering: বিকৃত করা
Transliteration: bikrito kora
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
NEW. μεταστρέψαι, Galatians 1:7. Active reversal/twisting of true meaning, not merely offering a competing message.
Present Evil Age
Approved rendering: এই বর্তমান মন্দ যুগ
Transliteration: ei bortoman mondo jug
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Original: ὁ αἰὼν ὁ ἐνεστὼς πονηρός
Category: Eschatology
NEW. ὁ αἰὼν ὁ ἐνεστὼς πονηρός, Galatians 1:4. যুগ carries strong Hindu cyclical-cosmology (Yuga cycle) freight; flag for native-speaker review to keep Paul’s linear two-age eschatology distinct.
Slavery Yoke
Approved rendering: দাসত্ব / দাসত্বের যোয়াল
Transliteration: dasotto / dasotter joyal
Doctrine: Freedom in Christ
Original: δουλεία / ζυγὸς δουλείας
Category: Freedom
NEW. Galatians 5:1 (also implied 4:24-25; 2:4). যোয়াল (ox-yoke) is a vivid, agriculturally rooted rural Bengali image well suited to the metaphor; low syncretism risk.
Sorcery
Approved rendering: মায়াবিদ্যা / তুকতাক / জাদুবিদ্যা
Transliteration: mayabidya / tuktak / jadubidya
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: φαρμακεία
Category: Flesh and Spirit
NEW. φαρμακεία, Galatians 5:20. Direct condemnation (unlike the figurative 3:1 usage), so no euphemism is required; names practices with real, contemporary Bengali folk-religious currency.
Transgressor
Approved rendering: ব্যবস্থা-লঙ্ঘনকারী
Transliteration: bebostha-longhonkari
Doctrine: Law and Grace
Rejected alternatives: অপরাধী
Original: παραβάτης
Category: Law
NEW. παραβάτης, Galatians 2:18. Prefer the specific covenantal-legal compound over generic অপরাধী (criminal), which carries a purely criminal-code connotation.
Uncircumcision
Approved rendering: অত্বকচ্ছেদ / অচ্ছিন্নত্বক
Transliteration: otwokchhed / ochchhinnotwok
Doctrine: Circumcision and the New Creation
Original: ἀκροβυστία
Category: Covenant
NEW. Galatians 2:7; 5:6; 6:15. Negation of circumcision; keep paired consistently throughout.
Walk By The Spirit
Approved rendering: আত্মার দ্বারা চল
Transliteration: attar dara chol
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
NEW. Πνεύματι περιπατεῖτε, Galatians 5:16, 25. Refers to পবিত্র আত্মা (inherited term); require a translator’s note at first ch.5 occurrence clarifying that unadorned আত্মা here means the Holy Spirit, not a generic “spirit/soul.”
Works Of The Flesh
Approved rendering: মাংসের কার্য
Transliteration: mangsher karyo
Doctrine: Flesh versus Spirit
Original: τὰ ἔργα τῆς σαρκός
Category: Flesh and Spirit
NEW. The vice-list flowing from flesh-orientation (Galatians 5:19-21), grammatically plural; keep plural in contrast to the grammatically singular fruit_of_the_spirit.
Low Risk Terms
Bear One Anothers Burdens
Approved rendering: একে অপরের ভার বহন কর
Transliteration: eke opôrer bhar bohon koro
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: ἀλλήλων τὰ βάρη βαστάζετε
Category: Church
NEW. Galatians 6:2. Uses ভার (βάρος, a shareable burden); keep distinct from নিজের বোঝা (φορτίον, one’s own load, 6:5) to preserve Paul’s communal-vs-individual contrast.
Exhort
Approved rendering: উৎসাহিত করা
Transliteration: utshahito kora
Doctrine: Bearing One Another’s Burdens
Original: παρακαλέω
Category: Faith
Inherited from Romans package (original Romans doctrine: Mutual Edification). Context-sensitive encourage/entreat verb; relevant to Galatians 6’s mutual-care exhortations.
Pillars
Approved rendering: স্তম্ভ
Transliteration: stombho
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
Original: στῦλοι
Category: Apostleship
NEW. στῦλοι, Galatians 2:9. Standard architectural metaphor for foundational leaders (James, Peter, John); low doctrinal risk.
Tore Down Rebuild
Approved rendering: ভেঙে ফেলেছি / পুনরায় গড়ে তুলি
Transliteration: bhenge felechi / punorai gore tuli
Doctrine: Law and Grace
NEW. κατέλυσα / οἰκοδομῶ, Galatians 2:18. Building-demolition/rebuilding metaphor for returning to law-works as the ground of righteousness; keep the architectural metaphor consistent across both verbs.
Traditions Of Fathers
Approved rendering: পিতৃপুরুষদের রীতিনীতি
Transliteration: pitripurushder ritiniti
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
NEW. τὴν πατρικήν μου παράδοσιν, Galatians 1:14. Paul’s former inherited Jewish ancestral religious custom, contrasted with post-conversion reliance on revelation and grace.
Trouble Confuse
Approved rendering: তোমাদের বিভ্রান্তকারীরা
Transliteration: tomader bibhrantokarira
Doctrine: The True Gospel versus False Gospels
NEW. οἱ ταράσσοντες ὑμᾶς, Galatians 1:7. Names the false teachers as disturbers of settled faith.
Zealous
Approved rendering: উদ্যমী / অতি উৎসাহী
Transliteration: udyomi / oti utshahi
Doctrine: Paul’s Apostleship
NEW. ζηλωτής, Galatians 1:14. Paul’s pre-conversion religious fervor, including persecuting the church.
Referenced passages