Core Glossary

Core Glossary: Hosea

A. Baseline Terms Reused Exactly (from translation_memory.json)

Term (English)	Bengali (baseline)	Risk	Hosea Occurrences	Note for Hosea Usage
God	ঈশ্বর	Critical	throughout	Reuse exactly. Hosea 11:9 “I am God and not a man” is the sharpest single deployment in this book.
covenant	নিয়ম	High	2:18; 6:7; 8:1	Reuse exactly. Central to “Spiritual Adultery and Idolatry as Covenant Breaking.”
sin	পাপ	High	4:8; 8:11; 9:9; 10:8; 12:8; 13:12	Reuse exactly.
law	ব্যবস্থা	High	4:6; 8:1, 12	Reuse exactly; note Hosea’s “law” references are to the Mosaic Torah, consistent with baseline definition.
prophet	ভাববাদী	Low	4:5; 6:5; 9:7-8; 12:10, 13	Reuse exactly. Hosea 9:7 requires care: the phrase is the people’s scornful accusation against a true prophet, not a narratorial claim.
prophecy	ভাববাণী	Low	12:10	Reuse exactly.
israel	ইস্রায়েল	Medium	throughout	Reuse exactly. Often used interchangeably with “Ephraim” (new term, see below) for the Northern Kingdom specifically.
david	দায়ূদ	Medium	3:5	Reuse exactly; ties to baseline “davidic_covenant” doctrine.
holy	পবিত্র	High	11:9 (“the Holy One”); (root also embedded ironically in “qedeshah,” see below)	Reuse exactly for the direct adjective/title use at 11:9.
lord (generic/kyrios-type)	প্রভু	Critical	not directly present as a title for YHWH in Hosea (Hosea prefers the divine name יהוה, see সদাপ্রভু below)	Reserve প্রভু for any NT-style generic “Lord” references in accompanying teaching material; do not use it to translate the Tetragrammaton itself.
salvation	পরিত্রাণ	Critical	conceptually behind 13:4’s “savior” and 13:14’s “ransom/redeem”	Reuse exactly wherever the abstract noun “salvation” itself is needed in teaching material; the concrete Hosea vocabulary (see ত্রাণকর্তা, উদ্ধার করা below) supplies the verse-level renderings.
righteousness	ধার্মিকতা	Critical	2:19; 10:12	Reuse exactly. NEVER substitute ধর্ম, per baseline rule — equally critical in Hosea’s hub verses (2:19-20; 10:12).

B. New Terms Introduced for Hosea (Proposed Additions to translation_memory.json)

Term (English)	Original (Hebrew)	Transliteration	Bengali Rendering	Risk	Doctrine	Chapters	Alternatives Rejected	Notes
the LORD (divine name, YHWH)	יהוה	YHWH / Adonai	সদাপ্রভু	Critical	Steadfast Love; foundational to all doctrines	throughout	প্রভু (reserved for generic kyrios/“Lord” title, not the Tetragrammaton)	Established Bengali OT convention for YHWH specifically, distinct from baseline’s প্রভু. Introduce this distinction explicitly since the Romans baseline never needed it.
word of the LORD	דְּבַר־יְהוָה	devar YHWH	সদাপ্রভুর বাক্য	Critical	Inspiration of Scripture (cross-curriculum)	1:1	ঈশ্বরের বার্তা (too generic)	Opening formula establishing prophetic authority.
steadfast love	חֶסֶד	chesed	অবিচল প্রেম	Critical	God’s Steadfast Love despite Israel’s Unfaithfulness	2:19; 4:1; 6:4; 6:6; 10:12; 12:6	দয়া (too weak/generic kindness); অনুগ্রহ (baseline, reserved for unmerited saving grace/charis, not covenant-loyalty love)	The book’s central positive term. Must be theologian-reviewed at every occurrence.
compassion / mercy	רַחַם / רַחֲמִים (racham / rachamim)	racham / rachamim	করুণা	High	Judgment and Compassion Held Together	1:6; 2:1, 23; 11:8; 14:3	দয়া (reserved as a lighter general-kindness word); মমতা (motherly tenderness, acceptable as a secondary gloss noting the root’s connection to רֶחֶם rechem, “womb”)	Established Bengali Christian usage despite Buddhist/Hindu karuna resonance; retain per established Christian register, same logic as baseline’s ঈশ্বর.
return / repent	שׁוּב (shuv)	shuv	ফিরে আসা	High	The Call to Return and Repentance	3:5; 5:4, 15; 6:1; 7:10; 11:5, 7; 12:6; 14:1-2	তওবা করা (Islamic ritual-legal repentance formula — rejected, since shuv is relational/covenantal turning to a Person, not a prescribed acquittal ritual)	The book’s single most pervasive verbal root; must be rendered with the same Bengali verb at every occurrence, including ironic reversed uses (5:15, 11:7) — flag those for translator notes.
harlotry / whoredom	זְנוּנִים / זָנָה (zenunim / zanah)	zenunim / zanah	ব্যভিচার	Critical	Spiritual Adultery and Idolatry as Covenant Breaking	1:2; 2:2, 4-5; 3:3; 4:10-15; 5:3-4; 6:10; 9:1	পতিতাবৃত্তি (acceptable secondary gloss when the literal, non-metaphorical sense is in view)	Foundational metaphor-term for the whole book; distinguish contextually from na’aph (adultery, marriage-specific) where the Hebrew text does.
adultery	נִאֻפִים / נָאַף (ni’uphim / na’aph)	ni’uphim / na’aph	ব্যভিচার (marriage-specific sense; note in context)	Critical	Spiritual Adultery and Idolatry as Covenant Breaking; The Marriage Metaphor	2:2; 3:1; 4:2, 13-14	পরকীয়া (colloquial, too casual/modern for the covenantal register)	Same Bengali headword as zanah but flagged for reviewer attention when the marriage-specific nuance (as opposed to general harlotry) is doctrinally load-bearing.
idols / carved images	פְּסִלִים / עֲצַבִּים (pesilim / atsabbim)	pesilim / atsabbim	প্রতিমা	Critical	Spiritual Adultery and Idolatry as Covenant Breaking	4:17; 8:4; 11:2; 13:2; 14:8	মূর্তি (near-synonym, acceptable secondary term)	Direct cultural collision with Hindu image-worship vocabulary; doctrinally correct and intentional, requires pastoral framing per doctrine risk notes below.
Baal / the Baals	בַּעַל / בְּעָלִים (Ba’al / Ba’alim)	Ba’al / Ba’alim	বাল	Critical	Spiritual Adultery and Idolatry; The Marriage Metaphor	2:8, 13, 16-17; 9:10; 11:2; 13:1	(proper noun; no acceptable substitution)	Foundational wordplay: Baal also means “husband/master/lord” in Hebrew, directly feeding the marriage metaphor (2:16). Requires translator note at first occurrence.
calf idol(s)	עֵגֶל / עֶגְלֵי (egel / egley)	egel / egley	গো-বৎস প্রতিমা	High	Spiritual Adultery and Idolatry as Covenant Breaking	8:5-6; 10:5; 13:2	(bare “বাছুর/গরু,” calf/cow, without প্রতিমা — rejected as it risks positive Hindu sacred-cow resonance if the idol-sense is not made explicit)	Requires footnote at first occurrence (8:5) distinguishing from Hindu go-mata reverence.
cult prostitute	קְדֵשָׁה (qedeshah)	qedeshah	মন্দিরের বেশ্যা	Critical	Spiritual Adultery and Idolatry as Covenant Breaking	4:14	দেবদাসী (rejected — names a real, sensitive historical/contemporary South Asian institution; using it risks implying direct equivalence to a living community)	Requires explanatory footnote confined to ancient Canaanite context; theologian AND native-speaker review required.
knowledge of God	דַּעַת אֱלֹהִים (da’at Elohim)	da’at Elohim	ঈশ্বরের জ্ঞান	Critical	(undergirds all five core doctrines)	4:1, 6; 6:3, 6	ঈশ্বরের বোধ (too weak, lacks relational depth)	জ্ঞান risks a Hindu/Buddhist jnana-enlightenment reading if not anchored relationally; pair with “personally/relationally knowing” language in surrounding text.
justice	מִשְׁפָּט (mishpat)	mishpat	ন্যায়বিচার	High	The Call to Return and Repentance (paired with chesed)	2:19; 5:1, 11; 6:5; 10:4; 12:6	ন্যায় (too close to baseline’s rejected alternative for righteousness; risk of terminological confusion)	Must remain visibly distinct from ধार्मिकতা (righteousness) even though thematically adjacent.
betroth	אֵרַשׂ (aras)	aras	বাগদান করা	High	The Marriage Metaphor for God and His People	2:19-20	বিবাহ করা (too generic; loses the “engagement/covenant re-initiation” nuance)	Hub verse (2:19-20) also containing chesed, mishpat, and ধार्मिकতা; requires theologian review as a set.
husband / master (the Baal pun)	אִישׁ (ish) vs. בַּעְלִי (ba’ali)	ish / ba’ali	স্বামী (for ish)	Critical	The Marriage Metaphor for God and His People	2:16	(retain বাল transliterated for ba’ali; do not translate ba’ali as a common noun here)	Bengali স্বামী independently carries a “lord/master” sense, creating a fortuitous but theologically apt echo of the Hebrew pun; flag for translator note rather than leaving implicit.
Ephraim	אֶפְרַיִם	Ephrayim	ইফ্রয়িম	Medium	(synecdoche for Israel throughout)	37 occurrences, first at 4:17	(none; proper name)	Standing convention: gloss at first occurrence as “the Northern Kingdom of Israel.”
Jezreel	יִזְרְעֶאל	Yizre’el	যিষ্রিয়েল	Critical	Judgment and Compassion Held Together	1:4-5; 2:22-23	(none; proper name)	Dual-meaning name (“God sows/scatters”) pivots from judgment (1:4-5) to restoration (2:22-23); gloss required at both occurrences, consistently.
Lo-ruhamah / Ruhamah	לֹא רֻחָמָה / רֻחָמָה	Lo Ruchamah / Ruchamah	লো-রূহামা / রূহামা	Critical	Judgment and Compassion Held Together	1:6; 2:1, 23	(none; proper name)	Gloss root must match করুণা (compassion) established above for the reversal to register in Bengali.
Lo-ammi / Ammi	לֹא עַמִּי / עַמִּי	Lo Ammi / Ammi	লো-আম্মি / আম্মি	Critical	Judgment and Compassion Held Together; Unity of Jews/Gentiles (cross-curriculum, Romans 9:25-26)	1:9-10; 2:1, 23	(none; proper name)	Cross-reference the exact Bengali gloss used here if/when Romans 9:25-26 material is produced, for consistency across curricula.
Gomer	גֹּמֶר	Gomer	গোমর	Low	The Marriage Metaphor for God and His People	1:3	(none; proper name)
savior	מוֹשִׁיעַ (moshia)	moshia	ত্রাণকর্তা	Critical	God’s Steadfast Love; cross-curriculum Christological bridge	13:4	উদ্ধারকর্তা (acceptable near-synonym; ত্রাণকর্তা preferred as the established title also applied to Christ)	Creates a deliberate OT-NT bridge; requires theologian framing as continuity (Father and Son), not competition.
ransom / redeem	פָּדָה / גָּאַל (padah / ga’al)	padah / ga’al	উদ্ধার করা (verb); উদ্ধারকর্তা (agent noun)	Critical	God’s Steadfast Love; cross-reference 1 Corinthians 15:55	13:14; (enacted narratively at 3:2)	মুক্ত করা / মুক্তি (FORBIDDEN — Hindu moksha/liberation-from-rebirth association, especially dangerous given this verse’s NT afterlife in 1 Cor 15:55)	Do not deviate from উদ্ধার করা under any circumstance in this semantic slot.
Sheol	שְׁאוֹל	Sheol	শিওল	High	(undergirds Judgment and Compassion; cross-reference redeem/ransom)	13:14	পাতাল (FORBIDDEN — imports specific Hindu Puranic netherworld cosmology)	Transliterate and gloss as “the realm of the dead,” not a developed afterlife doctrine.
covenant-breaking / treachery	בָּגַד (bagad)	bagad	বিশ্বাসঘাতকতা	High	Spiritual Adultery and Idolatry as Covenant Breaking	5:7; 6:7	(none proposed)
pride / arrogance	גָּאוֹן (ga’on)	ga’on	অহংকার	Medium	The Call to Return and Repentance	5:5; 7:10
spirit of harlotry	רוּחַ זְנוּנִים (ruach zenunim)	ruach zenunim	ব্যভিচারের আত্মা	High	Spiritual Adultery and Idolatry as Covenant Breaking	4:12; 5:4		Must not be confused with পবিত্র আত্মা (Holy Spirit, baseline term); আত্মা here = disposition, not a personal being.
high places	בָּמוֹת (bamot)	bamot	উচ্চস্থান	Medium	Spiritual Adultery and Idolatry as Covenant Breaking	4:13; 10:8
Beth-aven (vs. Beth-el)	בֵּית אָוֶן / בֵּית־אֵל	Beth Aven / Beth El	বেথ-আবন (vs. established বেথেল)	Medium-High	Spiritual Adultery and Idolatry as Covenant Breaking	4:15; 5:8; 10:5, 8		Wordplay-name requiring mandatory footnote.
yoke	עֹל (ol)	ol	জোয়াল	Medium	God’s Steadfast Love (11:4’s tender-care image)	10:11; 11:4
lion (judgment/pursuit image)	אַרְיֵה (aryeh)	aryeh	সিংহ	Medium	Judgment and Compassion Held Together	5:14; 11:10; 13:7-8		Dual image: predator of judgment (5:14; 13:7-8) and roaring call to return (11:10) — context determines valence; flag for reviewer.
dove (naivety image)	יוֹנָה (yonah)	yonah	কপোত / ঘুঘু	Low-Medium	The Call to Return and Repentance	7:11; 11:11		11:11 reverses 7:11’s negative sense into a positive image of Israel’s trembling return.
justice/love/faithfulness covenant-renewal cluster	see 2:19-20 hub verse	—	(see individual entries: ধার্মিকতা, অবিচল প্রেম, ন্যায়বিচার, বাগদান করা)	Critical	The Marriage Metaphor; God’s Steadfast Love	2:19-20		Treat as a single reviewer unit, not term-by-term.
freely / without inducement (grace-adjacent)	נְדָבָה (nedavah)	nedavah	স্বেচ্ছায় (prem)	Critical	God’s Steadfast Love despite Israel’s Unfaithfulness	14:4	মুক্তভাবে (avoided — risk of accidental মুক্তি resonance)	Closest OT lexical parallel in Hosea to NT grace (baseline অনুগ্রহ), but a distinct Hebrew word; do not merge terminology with the baseline’s charis-based term.
heal (apostasy/covenant breach)	רָפָא (rapha)	rapha	সুস্থ করা / আরোগ্য করা	High	God’s Steadfast Love; The Call to Return and Repentance	11:3; 14:4		Must carry spiritual-restoration sense at 14:4 (object = apostasy itself), not only physical healing.
Admah, Zeboiim (allusion)	אַדְמָה, צְבֹאיִם	Admah, Tseboyim	অদমা, সবোয়িম	Medium	Judgment and Compassion Held Together	11:8		Requires Genesis 19 cross-reference footnote given low OT narrative literacy in target audience.
Jacob (typological allusion)	יַעֲקֹב	Ya’akov	যাকোব	Low	The Call to Return and Repentance	12:3-4, 12
deceitful scales	מֹאזְנֵי מִרְמָה (mo’zney mirmah)	mo’zney mirmah	প্রতারণার দাঁড়িপাল্লা	Medium	Spiritual Adultery and Idolatry as Covenant Breaking	12:7
olive tree (restoration image)	זַיִת (zayit)	zayit	জয়তুন গাছ	Medium	God’s Steadfast Love (restoration); cross-curriculum link to Romans 11	14:6		Flag for consistency with any future Romans 11 olive-tree material.

C. Doctrine-to-Term Cross-Reference Index

Doctrine	Primary Terms (Bengali)	Primary Passages
God’s Steadfast Love despite Israel’s Unfaithfulness	অবিচল প্রেম, করুণা, সুস্থ করা, স্বেচ্ছায় (prem)	2:19-20; 6:6; 10:12; 11:1-4, 8-9; 12:6; 14:4
Spiritual Adultery and Idolatry as Covenant Breaking	ব্যভিচার, প্রতিমা, বাল, গো-বৎস প্রতিমা, মন্দিরের বেশ্যা, বিশ্বাসঘাতকতা	1:2; 2:2-17; 4:10-17; 8:4-6; 10:5; 13:1-2
The Marriage Metaphor for God and His People	স্বামী/বাল pun, বাগদান করা, গোমর, লো-আম্মি/আম্মি, লো-রূহামা/রূহামা	1:2-2:23; 3:1-5; 11:1-4
Judgment and Compassion Held Together	যিষ্রিয়েল, লো-রূহামা/রূহামা, করুণা, আমার প্রচণ্ড ক্রোধ, সিংহ (dual image)	1:4-2:1; 11:5-9; 13:7-8
The Call to Return and Repentance	ফিরে আসা, ন্যায়বিচার, অহংকার, সুস্থ করা	3:5; 5:4, 15; 6:1; 11:5, 7; 12:6; 14:1-4

D. Special Pastoral-Sensitivity Flags for Bengali Destination Context

প্রতিমা (idols) — This term names the exact devotional object of mainstream Bengali Hindu practice (murti/protima worship, especially prominent in Durga Puja culture). Hosea’s condemnation must be preserved undiluted (per the baseline’s rule against softening doctrinal statements) while framing it explicitly as a covenant-specific charge against Israel’s historical unfaithfulness to a particular relationship, not a general polemic against the destination culture’s neighbors. Human theologian review required for every teaching unit built on idolatry passages.
গো-বৎস প্রতিমা (calf idols) — Requires a footnote distinguishing the condemned idol from the unrelated positive cultural/religious status of cows in Hinduism, to prevent an unintended and unhelpful collision.
মন্দিরের বেশ্যা (cult prostitute, 4:14) — Deliberately avoids দেবদাসী to prevent implying a direct equivalence with a real historical/contemporary South Asian institution; confine all explanatory material to the ancient Canaanite fertility-cult context.
ফিরে আসা (return/repent) — Distinguish carefully from Islamic তওবা (tawbah) in any comparative teaching material; Hosea’s shuv is relational turning to a Person, not a ritual-legal formula of acquittal.
সদাপ্রভু vs. প্রভু — This is a new distinction not required by the Romans baseline (an NT epistle that does not transliterate the Tetragrammaton); Hosea’s heavy use of the divine name requires the pipeline to formally introduce and consistently apply সদাপ্রভু for YHWH specifically.
যিশু-typology at 11:1 — Any teaching material connecting Hosea 11:1 to Matthew 2:15 must keep পুত্র (plain “son,” of corporate Israel) terminologically distinct from ঈশ্বরের পুত্র (baseline’s Critical-risk title for Christ’s unique divine Sonship), to avoid diluting the deity_of_christ / sonship_of_christ doctrines already flagged Critical in the baseline registry.

This glossary must be merged into translation_memory.json (with version increment) before Phase 2 segment translation of Hosea begins, per the procedure in 12_ai_translation_requirements.md.

Critical Risk Terms

God

Approved rendering: ঈশ্বর
Transliteration: Ishshor
Doctrine: Deity of Christ / Holiness and the Otherness of God
Rejected alternatives: ভগবান, আল্লাহ
Original: אֱלֹהִים / אֵל
Category: God

ঈশ্বর is the settled Bengali Christian standard; never ভগবান (Hindu bhakti devotional address) or আল্লাহ (Islamic-idiom). Hosea 11:9’s ‘I am God and not a man’ is this book’s sharpest single deployment; must not be softened into a generic ‘a god’ reading. Inherited from Romans package for Hosea curriculum.

Lord

Approved rendering: প্রভু
Transliteration: provu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: মালিক, ঈশ্বর

Established Bengali Christian term for exclusive, supreme Lordship. In Hosea, প্রভু is NOT used to translate the Tetragrammaton (יהוה) — reserve প্রভু strictly for generic NT-style ‘Lord’ references in accompanying teaching material connecting Hosea to Christ; use সদাপ্রভু (new Hosea-specific entry below) for YHWH itself. Confusing the two collapses a meaningful OT covenant-name/NT-title distinction. Inherited from Romans package for Hosea curriculum.

Salvation

Approved rendering: পরিত্রাণ
Transliteration: poritran
Doctrine: Exclusive Lordship and Savior Identity of YHWH
Rejected alternatives: মুক্তি, মোক্ষ, নাজাত

CRITICAL: NEVER মুক্তি or মোক্ষ (Hindu liberation-from-rebirth) or নাজাত (Islamic-idiom). Reuse exactly wherever the abstract noun ‘salvation’ itself is needed in Hosea teaching material; verse-level concrete Hosea vocabulary (ত্রাণকর্তা ‘savior’, উদ্ধার করা ‘ransom/redeem’) supplies the specific renderings at 13:4 and 13:14. Inherited from Romans package for Hosea curriculum.

Righteousness

Approved rendering: ধার্মিকতা
Transliteration: dharmikota
Doctrine: Justice and Covenant Ethics Paired with Steadfast Love
Rejected alternatives: ধর্ম, পুণ্য, ন্যায়
Original: צְדָקָה
Category: Salvation

CRITICAL: NEVER ধর্ম. Right standing before God / right covenant conduct. In Hosea, appears in hub verses 2:19 and 10:12 directly alongside chesed (অবিচল প্রেম) and mishpat (ন্যায়বিচার); must remain visibly distinct from both, or Hosea’s specific ethical pairing collapses into one blurred concept. Inherited from Romans package for Hosea curriculum.

Yhwh Divine Name

Approved rendering: সদাপ্রভু
Transliteration: Sadaprobhu
Doctrine: Divine Revelation through the Prophetic Word
Rejected alternatives: প্রভু (reserved for generic NT-style ‘Lord’, not the Tetragrammaton), আল্লাহ, ভগবান
Original: יהוה
Category: God

The personal covenant name יהוה, used throughout Hosea far more densely than in the Romans-only baseline. New term required for this curriculum: established Bengali OT convention, kept strictly distinct from the baseline’s প্রভু. Collapsing the two erases a meaningful OT covenant-name/NT-title distinction the Romans-only baseline never had to address.

Word Of The Lord

Approved rendering: সদাপ্রভুর বাক্য
Transliteration: Sadaprobhur bakyo
Doctrine: Divine Revelation through the Prophetic Word
Rejected alternatives: ঈশ্বরের বার্তা (too generic)
Original: דְּבַר־יְהוָה
Category: Revelation

Hosea 1:1’s opening prophetic-revelation formula, establishing Hosea’s message as divine speech, not personal opinion. Must be built on the YHWH-specific সদাপ্রভু term. Risk: Bengali readers may conflate this with the Islamic doctrine of the Qur’an’s verbal dictation or the Hindu concept of shruti heard by sages; both must be distinguished in teaching notes.

Holy One In Your Midst

Approved rendering: তোমার মধ্যবর্তী পবিত্রতম জন
Transliteration: tomar moddhoborti pobitrotomo jon
Doctrine: Holiness and the Otherness of God
Original: קָדוֹשׁ בְּקִרְבְּךָ
Category: God

Hosea 11:9’s self-title combining transcendent holiness with immanent presence among his people. Must reuse পবিত্র exactly as its root. Risk: Bengali devotional idiom for a deity ‘dwelling among’ devotees (common in bhakti and Sufi shrine piety) could be misheard as the same kind of localized divine presence rather than the unique, transcendent-yet-near God of Israel.

God Not Man

Approved rendering: আমি ঈশ্বর, মানুষ নই
Transliteration: Ami Ishshor, manush noi
Doctrine: Holiness and the Otherness of God
Original: אֵל אָנֹכִי וְלֹא־אִישׁ
Category: God

Hosea 11:9’s ontological ground for God’s restrained wrath and unfailing compassion. Must reuse baseline ঈশ্বর exactly. Must be taught without contradicting the later doctrine of Christ’s Incarnation (দেহধারণ, baseline Critical term) — Hosea speaks of the un-incarnate divine nature. Especially sensitive for Muslim-background readers, for whom this God/man boundary is already a live apologetic frontier regarding Christ.

Steadfast Love

Approved rendering: অবিচল প্রেম
Transliteration: obichol prem
Doctrine: God’s Steadfast Love despite Israel’s Unfaithfulness
Rejected alternatives: দয়া (too weak/generic kindness), অনুগ্রহ (baseline’s charis-based grace term, reserved for unmerited saving favor, never merged with this OT covenant-loyalty concept)
Original: חֶסֶד
Category: Love

Renders חֶסֶד (chesed), the book’s central positive term (2:19; 4:1; 6:4, 6; 10:12; 12:6). Quoted by Jesus at Matthew 9:13 and 12:7 (Hosea 6:6), creating a direct cross-curriculum bridge. Requires human theologian review at every occurrence. New compound coined for this curriculum; not previously claimed by another tradition.

Compassion Grows Warm

Approved rendering: আমার করুণা উদ্দীপ্ত হয়ে ওঠে
Transliteration: amar koruna uddipto hoye othe
Doctrine: Judgment and Compassion Held Together
Original: נִכְמְרוּ נִחוּמָי
Category: Compassion

Renders נִכְמְרוּ נִחוּמָי (nichmeru nichumai), Hosea 11:8 — the single most theologically load-bearing clause in the core passage. Must communicate genuine divine compassion without implying divine emotional instability, given 11:9’s immediately following claim that God is unlike a changeable human. Requires human theologian review and back-translation check at every occurrence.

Heart Recoils

Approved rendering: আমার হৃদয় আমার মধ্যে উলটে যায়
Transliteration: amar hridoy amar moddhe ulte jay
Doctrine: Judgment and Compassion Held Together
Original: נֶהְפַּךְ עָלַי לִבִּי
Category: Compassion

Renders נֶהְפַּךְ עָלַי לִבִּי (nehpakh alai libi), Hosea 11:8. Startling anthropomorphic language of divine inner turmoil; must be paired contextually with 11:9’s ontological God/man distinction so Bengali readers do not conclude God is merely emotionally volatile like a human. Theologian review required.

Son Corporate Israel

Approved rendering: পুত্র
Transliteration: putro
Doctrine: Divine Calling and Corporate Sonship of Israel
Rejected alternatives: ঈশ্বরের পুত্র (FORBIDDEN in this slot — reserved exclusively for Christ’s unique, eternal, co-equal divine Sonship per the baseline)
Original: בֵּן / לִבְנִי
Category: Christology

Renders בֵּן/לִבְנִי (ben/li-beni), Hosea 11:1 — Israel called God’s ‘son’ corporately and historically, applied typologically to Jesus’s return from Egypt at Matthew 2:15. Must be rendered plain পুত্র and NEVER ঈশ্বরের পুত্র. Translator note required at every occurrence flagging the Matthew 2:15 typological link without merging the two referents.

Savior

Approved rendering: ত্রাণকর্তা
Transliteration: tranokorta
Doctrine: Exclusive Lordship and Savior Identity of YHWH
Rejected alternatives: উদ্ধারকর্তা (acceptable near-synonym; ত্রাণকর্তা preferred as the established title also applied to Christ)
Original: מוֹשִׁיעַ
Category: Salvation

Renders מוֹשִׁיעַ (moshia), Hosea 13:4 — ‘besides me there is no savior.’ Deliberately reuses the established Bengali Christian title also applied to Christ, creating a theological bridge from Hosea’s OT exclusivity claim to the NT identification of Jesus as Savior. Requires theologian review to frame this as continuity between Father and Son, not competition.

Ransom Redeem

Approved rendering: উদ্ধার করা / উদ্ধারকর্তা
Transliteration: uddhar kora / uddharkorta
Doctrine: Ransom and Redemption from Death and Sheol
Rejected alternatives: মুক্ত করা / মুক্তি (FORBIDDEN — Hindu moksha/liberation-from-rebirth association, especially dangerous given this verse’s NT afterlife in 1 Corinthians 15:55)
Original: פָּדָה / גָּאַל
Category: Salvation

Renders פָּדָה/גָּאַל (padah/ga’al), Hosea 13:14, directly quoted in 1 Corinthians 15:55 regarding Christ’s resurrection victory. Do not deviate from উদ্ধার করা under any circumstance in this semantic slot. Also enacted narratively (without this abstract vocabulary) at 3:2, Hosea buying back Gomer.

Harlotry Whoredom

Approved rendering: ব্যভিচার
Transliteration: bebhichar
Doctrine: Spiritual Adultery and Idolatry as Covenant Breaking
Original: זְנוּנִים / זָנָה
Category: Idolatry

Renders זְנוּנִים/זָנָה (zenunim/zanah), the book’s controlling metaphor for Israel’s idolatry as marital/national prostitution (1:2; 2:2, 4-5; 3:3; 4:10-15; 5:3-4; 6:10; 9:1). পতিতাবৃত্তি is an acceptable secondary gloss only when the literal, non-metaphorical sense is specifically in view.

Adultery Marriage Specific

Approved rendering: ব্যভিচার
Transliteration: bebhichar
Doctrine: The Marriage Metaphor for God and His People
Rejected alternatives: পরকীয়া (rejected — too casual/modern for the covenantal register)
Original: נִאֻפִים / נָאַף
Category: Idolatry

Renders נִאֻפִים/נָאַף (ni’uphim/na’aph), the marriage-specific adultery vocabulary (2:2; 3:1; 4:2, 13-14), narrower than the general zanah-family term. Shares the same Bengali headword as harlotry_whoredom but must be flagged for reviewer attention wherever the marriage-specific nuance is doctrinally load-bearing.

Idols Carved Images

Approved rendering: প্রতিমা
Transliteration: protima
Doctrine: Spiritual Adultery and Idolatry as Covenant Breaking
Rejected alternatives: মূর্তি (acceptable secondary near-synonym)
Original: פְּסִלִים / עֲצַבִּים
Category: Idolatry

Renders פְּסִלִים/עֲצַבִּים (pesilim/atsabbim), physical carved/cast images of worship (4:17; 8:4; 11:2; 13:2; 14:8). প্রতিমা is the everyday Bengali word for a worshiped image, especially prominent in Durga Puja culture — this is doctrinally correct and intentional per the baseline’s no-softening rule, but requires pastoral framing confining the charge to a covenant-specific historical charge against Israel, never a blanket communal accusation. Human theologian review required for every idolatry teaching unit.

Baal

Approved rendering: বাল
Transliteration: Ba’al / Ba’alim
Doctrine: The Marriage Metaphor for God and His People
Rejected alternatives: any generic ‘god/deity’ word (rejected — risks being mistaken for ঈশ্বর)
Original: בַּעַל / בְּעָלִים
Category: Idolatry

Canaanite storm-and-fertility deity/deities (2:8, 13, 16-17; 9:10; 11:2; 13:1), whose name also means ‘lord/master/husband,’ creating the pun underlying the Marriage Metaphor (2:16). Transliterated proper noun with no acceptable substitution. Mandatory translator note at first occurrence explaining the husband/lord pun.

Cult Prostitute

Approved rendering: মন্দিরের বেশ্যা
Transliteration: mondirer beshya
Doctrine: Spiritual Adultery and Idolatry as Covenant Breaking
Rejected alternatives: দেবদাসী (REJECTED — names a real, sensitive historical/contemporary South Asian institution; using it risks implying direct equivalence to a living community)
Original: קְדֵשָׁה
Category: Idolatry

Renders קְדֵשָׁה (qedeshah), Hosea 4:14 — a woman ‘set apart’ for Canaanite temple/cultic ritual sexual service, sharing the same Hebrew root as ‘holy’ (qadosh), a bitter irony. Rendered as a descriptive phrase, not a single loanword. Requires an explanatory footnote confining the term strictly to the ancient Canaanite context. Human theologian AND native-speaker review required.

Knowledge Of God

Approved rendering: ঈশ্বরের জ্ঞান
Transliteration: Ishshorer gyan
Doctrine: Covenantal Knowledge of God
Rejected alternatives: ঈশ্বরের বোধ (too weak, lacks relational depth)
Original: דַּעַת אֱלֹהִים
Category: Covenant

Renders דַּעַת אֱלֹהִים (da’at Elohim), Hosea 4:1, 6; 6:3, 6 — intimate, covenantal, experiential knowing, sharing its root with the marital ‘to know’ used throughout Hosea. Bengali জ্ঞান carries strong Hindu/Buddhist philosophical connotations (jnana-marga, the path of knowledge toward liberation/enlightenment); must be anchored with relational modifiers (e.g. ‘ঈশ্বরকে ব্যক্তিগতভাবে জানা’) in every occurrence.

Husband Master Pun

Approved rendering: স্বামী
Transliteration: shami
Doctrine: The Marriage Metaphor for God and His People
Rejected alternatives: translating ba’ali as a common noun (rejected — বাল remains transliterated, not translated, for this half of the pun)
Original: אִישִׁי … בַּעְלִי
Category: Marriage Metaphor

Renders אִישִׁי (ishi) in the pairing with בַּעְלִי (ba’ali) at Hosea 2:16 — God’s promise that Israel will call him ‘my husband’ and no longer ‘my Baal/master.’ Bengali স্বামী independently carries an everyday ‘lord/master’ sense (cf. গৃহস্বামী), fortuitously echoing the Hebrew pun; this resonance must be flagged for the reviewer in a mandatory translator note rather than left implicit.

Jezreel

Approved rendering: যিষ্রিয়েল
Transliteration: Yizre’el
Doctrine: Symbolic Prophetic Sign-Acts
Original: יִזְרְעֶאל
Category: Symbolic Names

Deliberately double-edged symbolic name (‘God sows’/‘God scatters’) given to Hosea’s firstborn, pivoting from judgment (1:4-5) to restoration (2:22-23). Mandatory identical gloss required at both occurrences (‘ঈশ্বর বপন করেন / ছড়িয়ে দেন’) or the sign-act’s double meaning is destroyed. Human theologian review required at both occurrences.

Lo Ruhamah Ruhamah

Approved rendering: লো-রূহামা / রূহামা
Transliteration: Lo Ruchamah / Ruchamah
Doctrine: Judgment and Compassion Held Together
Original: לֹא רֻחָמָה / רֻחָמָה
Category: Symbolic Names

‘Not shown compassion’ / ‘shown compassion’ — symbolic name of Hosea’s daughter, reversed at 2:1, 2:23. The gloss root must match করুণা exactly, or the chapter-1-to-chapter-2 reversal will fail to register theologically for the Bengali reader.

Lo Ammi Ammi

Approved rendering: লো-আম্মি / আম্মি
Transliteration: Lo Ammi / Ammi
Doctrine: Symbolic Prophetic Sign-Acts
Original: לֹא עַמִּי / עַמִּי
Category: Symbolic Names

‘Not my people’ / ‘my people’ — symbolic name of Hosea’s second son, reversed at 1:10 and 2:23, and quoted in Romans 9:25-26 regarding Gentile inclusion. The Bengali gloss established here must be reused identically for consistency if/when Romans 9 material is produced for this curriculum family.

Freely Nedavah

Approved rendering: স্বেচ্ছায় (প্রেম)
Transliteration: sveccha-y (prem)
Doctrine: God’s Steadfast Love despite Israel’s Unfaithfulness
Rejected alternatives: মুক্তভাবে (avoided — risk of accidental মুক্তি/moksha resonance)
Original: נְדָבָה
Category: Love

Renders נְדָבָה (nedavah), Hosea 14:4 — God’s promise to ‘love them freely,’ without prior inducement or merit; the closest Hebrew lexical parallel in Hosea to the NT concept of grace. Must NOT be merged terminologically with the baseline’s charis-based অনুগ্রহ, even though flagged for cross-reference as this curriculum’s clearest OT witness to unmerited divine love. This verse (14:4) is also this curriculum’s key comparative-theology bridge to the baseline’s grace doctrine.

High Risk Terms

Covenant

Approved rendering: নিয়ম
Transliteration: niyom
Doctrine: Covenant Breaking by Israel’s Leaders and People
Rejected alternatives: চুক্তি, অঙ্গীকার
Original: בְּרִית
Category: Covenant

Relational covenant bond, more than a legal contract (চুক্তি). Hosea 6:7 (‘like Adam, they transgressed the covenant’) and 8:1 depend on নিয়ম carrying full relational-bond weight, not commercial contract-breach weight. Inherited from Romans package for Hosea curriculum.

Sin

Approved rendering: পাপ
Transliteration: pap
Doctrine: Covenant Breaking by Israel’s Leaders and People
Rejected alternatives: অধর্ম, অশুচিতা
Original: פֶּשַׁע / חֵטְא
Category: Sin

Moral transgression before a personal God, distinct from ritual impurity or impersonal bad karma. Used throughout Hosea (4:8; 8:11; 9:9; 10:8; 12:8; 13:12). Inherited from Romans package for Hosea curriculum.

Law

Approved rendering: ব্যবস্থা
Transliteration: bebostha
Doctrine: Covenant Breaking by Israel’s Leaders and People
Rejected alternatives: ধর্ম, শরিয়ত, নিয়ম
Original: תּוֹרָה
Category: Covenant

The Mosaic law/Torah, referenced in Hosea 4:6; 8:1, 12. NEVER use ধর্ম (dharma/religion) or শরিয়ত (Islamic legal-idiom). Inherited from Romans package for Hosea curriculum.

Holy

Approved rendering: পবিত্র
Transliteration: pobitro
Doctrine: Holiness and the Otherness of God
Rejected alternatives: শুচি, নির্মল
Original: קָדוֹשׁ
Category: God

Set apart for God and morally pure. Used as a divine title at Hosea 11:9 (‘the Holy One’). Note the bitter irony at 4:14 where the same Hebrew root (qdsh) produces קְדֵשָׁה (qedeshah, ‘cult prostitute’) — flag this wordplay for the reviewer without letting it affect the rendering of পবিত্র itself. Inherited from Romans package for Hosea curriculum.

Love Electing

Approved rendering: স্নেহ করলাম / প্রেম করলাম
Transliteration: sneho korlam / prem korlam
Doctrine: God’s Steadfast Love despite Israel’s Unfaithfulness
Rejected alternatives: বন্ধুত্ব-level generic love
Original: אָהַב
Category: Love

Hosea 11:1 (ahav) — God’s initiating, unearned parental/electing love for corporate Israel. Distinct from baseline অনুগ্রহ (grace, reserved for unmerited saving favor in Christ, individual/soteriological); this is corporate, parental, electing love. Also distinct from the স্বামী-pun marital love of chapter 2 — flag both registers for reviewer so they are not merged.

Compassion

Approved rendering: করুণা
Transliteration: koruna
Doctrine: Judgment and Compassion Held Together
Rejected alternatives: দয়া (reserved as a lighter general-kindness word), মমতা (acceptable secondary gloss noting the root’s connection to rechem, ‘womb’)
Original: רַחַם / רַחֲמִים
Category: Compassion

Renders רַחַם/רַחֲמִים (racham/rachamim), embedded in the name Lo-ruhamah/Ruhamah and climaxing at 11:8 and 14:3. Retained per established Bengali Christian usage despite an existing Buddhist/Hindu karuna resonance, following the same precedent as the baseline’s retention of ঈশ্বর despite its Vedantic roots.

Burning Anger

Approved rendering: আমার প্রচণ্ড ক্রোধ
Transliteration: amar prochondo krodh
Doctrine: Divine Wrath and Historical Judgment
Original: חֲרוֹן אַפִּי
Category: Judgment

Renders חֲרוֹן אַפִּי (charon appi), Hosea 11:9. Must not be flattened into mild displeasure; the doctrine of Judgment and Compassion Held Together requires both poles genuinely present, not one erasing the other.

Will Not Come In Wrath

Approved rendering: আমি ক্রোধে আসব না / আমি নগরে প্রবেশ করব না
Transliteration: ami krodhe asbo na / ami nogore probesh korbo na
Doctrine: Judgment and Compassion Held Together
Original: וְלֹא אָבוֹא בְּעִיר
Category: Judgment

Renders the textually debated final clause of Hosea 11:9 (וְלֹא אָבוֹא בְּעִיר). Footnote required flagging the textual ambiguity for reviewers; do not silently resolve it in favor of either reading.

Called Nation

Approved rendering: ডেকেছিলাম / আহ্বান করেছিলাম
Transliteration: dekechilam / ahban korechilam
Doctrine: Divine Calling and Corporate Sonship of Israel
Original: קָרָאתִי
Category: Divine Calling

Renders קָרָאתִי (qarati), Hosea 11:1 — God’s summons of the nation Israel out of Egypt. Reuse the baseline আহ্বান root, but here the object is a whole nation, not an individual apostle or believer as in the Romans baseline’s divine_calling doctrine.

Cords Of Love

Approved rendering: প্রেমের বন্ধন
Transliteration: premer bondhon
Doctrine: God’s Steadfast Love despite Israel’s Unfaithfulness
Rejected alternatives: মানবিক দয়ার রশি (secondary gloss acceptable)
Original: חַבְלֵי אָדָם … עֲבֹתוֹת אַהֲבָה
Category: Love

Renders חַבְלֵי אָדָם … עֲבֹתוֹת אַהֲבָה (chavley adam, avotot ahavah), Hosea 11:4. God’s tender, human-shaped, loving restraint contrasted with coercive force. Must not read as coercive control; distinguish carefully from any bondage-imagery association.

Healed Restored

Approved rendering: সুস্থ করা / আরোগ্য করা
Transliteration: sustho kora / arogyo kora
Doctrine: God’s Steadfast Love despite Israel’s Unfaithfulness
Original: רָפָא
Category: Restoration

Renders רָפָא (rapha), Hosea 11:3 and 14:4. Must carry both physical-healing and spiritual-restoration senses; at 14:4 the direct object is apostasy itself, not a bodily ailment, so the rendering must be capable of both registers.

Return Repent

Approved rendering: ফিরে আসা
Transliteration: phire asha
Doctrine: The Call to Return and Repentance
Rejected alternatives: তওবা করা (Islamic ritual-legal repentance/acquittal formula — REJECTED; shuv is relational turning to a Person, not a prescribed acquittal ritual)
Original: שׁוּב
Category: Repentance

Renders שׁוּב (shuv), the book’s single most pervasive verbal root (3:5; 5:4, 15; 6:1; 7:10; 11:5, 7; 12:6; 14:1-2). Must be rendered with the identical Bengali verb at every occurrence, including ironic reversed uses (5:15, God’s own withdrawal; 11:7, Israel ‘bent on turning away’) — flag those for translator notes so the wordplay is not lost.

My People

Approved rendering: আমার প্রজা
Transliteration: amar proja
Doctrine: Judgment and Compassion Held Together
Original: עַמִּי
Category: Covenant

Renders עַמִּי (ammi), Hosea 11:7 — direct echo of the Ammi/Lo-ammi naming pattern from chapters 1-2. Must be kept terminologically consistent with the Ammi/Lo-ammi glossary entries so the reversal registers for the Bengali reader.

Bent On Turning Away

Approved rendering: আমার কাছ থেকে ফিরে যাওয়ার দিকে ঝুঁকে আছে
Transliteration: amar kachh theke phire jaoyar dike jhuke achhe
Doctrine: The Call to Return and Repentance
Original: נְטוּיִים לְשׁוּבָה מִמֶּנִּי
Category: Repentance

Renders נְטוּיִים לְשׁוּבָה מִמֶּנִּי (netuyim lashuvah mimenni), Hosea 11:7 — an ironic use of the shuv root for turning in the wrong direction. Translator note required flagging the wordplay against 11:5’s ‘refused to return’; the irony must not be lost.

Sheol

Approved rendering: শিওল
Transliteration: Sheol
Doctrine: Ransom and Redemption from Death and Sheol
Rejected alternatives: পাতাল (FORBIDDEN — imports specific Hindu Puranic netherworld cosmology, home of nagas and other beings)
Original: שְׁאוֹל
Category: Eschatology

The realm/place of the dead, paired with ‘Death’ at Hosea 13:14. Transliterate and gloss as ‘the realm of the dead,’ deliberately non-committal, to avoid importing an entire unrelated mythology.

Calf Idol

Approved rendering: গো-বৎস প্রতিমা
Transliteration: go-botso protima
Doctrine: Spiritual Adultery and Idolatry as Covenant Breaking
Rejected alternatives: bare বাছুর/গরু (calf/cow) without প্রতিমা — REJECTED, risks positive Hindu sacred-cow resonance if the idol-sense is not made explicit
Original: עֵגֶל / עֶגְלֵי
Category: Idolatry

Bull-calf idol images associated with the royal shrines at Bethel and Dan (8:5-6; 10:5; 13:2). Because cows/calves hold sacred, protected status in mainstream Hinduism (go-mata), Bengali readers may reflexively read positive connotations into a bare animal reference — the opposite of Hosea’s point. Footnote required at first occurrence (8:5).

Justice

Approved rendering: ন্যায়বিচার
Transliteration: nyay-bichar
Doctrine: Justice and Covenant Ethics Paired with Steadfast Love
Rejected alternatives: ন্যায় (rejected — too close to the baseline’s own rejected righteousness-alternative, risking cross-curriculum terminological confusion)
Original: מִשְׁפָּט
Category: Ethics

Renders מִשְׁפָּט (mishpat), repeatedly paired with chesed as twin covenant virtues (2:19; 5:1, 11; 6:5; 10:4; 12:6). Must be kept visibly distinct from ধার্মিকতা (baseline righteousness) even though thematically adjacent in Hosea’s hub verses.

Betroth

Approved rendering: বাগদান করা
Transliteration: bagdan kora
Doctrine: The Marriage Metaphor for God and His People
Rejected alternatives: বিবাহ করা (rejected — too generic, loses the engagement/covenant re-initiation nuance)
Original: אֵרַשׂ
Category: Marriage Metaphor

Renders אֵרַשׂ (aras), Hosea 2:19-20 — God’s promise to formally re-establish the covenant marriage bond ‘in righteousness, justice, steadfast love, mercy, and faithfulness.’ This is a hub verse bundling ধার্মিকতা, ন্যায়বিচার, and অবিচল প্রেম together and must be theologian-reviewed as a set-piece, not term-by-term.

Covenant Breaking Treachery

Approved rendering: বিশ্বাসঘাতকতা
Transliteration: bishwasghatokota
Doctrine: Covenant Breaking by Israel’s Leaders and People
Original: בָּגַד
Category: Covenant

Renders בָּגַד (bagad), Hosea 5:7; 6:7 — treacherous, faithless dealing against the covenant bond. Distinct from, but closely related to, ব্যভিচার (harlotry); this term names the treachery itself rather than the sexual-metaphor imagery.

Spirit Of Harlotry

Approved rendering: ব্যভিচারের আত্মা
Transliteration: bebhichar-er attha
Doctrine: Spiritual Adultery and Idolatry as Covenant Breaking
Original: רוּחַ זְנוּנִים
Category: Idolatry

Renders רוּחַ זְנוּנִים (ruach zenunim), Hosea 4:12; 5:4 — unfaithfulness as an internalized, pervasive disposition. আত্মা here names a controlling disposition/orientation, NOT a personal spiritual being, and must not be confused with পবিত্র আত্মা (the baseline’s Critical-risk Holy Spirit term). Translator note required at every occurrence.

Beth Aven

Approved rendering: বেথ-আবন
Transliteration: Beth Aven
Doctrine: Spiritual Adultery and Idolatry as Covenant Breaking
Rejected alternatives: silently normalizing to ‘Bethel’ (REJECTED — destroys the deliberate pun)
Original: בֵּית אָוֶן
Category: Symbolic Names

‘House of Iniquity/Wickedness,’ a deliberate derogatory pun on Beth-el (‘House of God’), applied to the calf-idol shrine city (4:15; 5:8; 10:5, 8). The pun is entirely lost without an explicit footnote explaining the wordplay against বেথেল.

Medium Risk Terms

Israel

Approved rendering: ইস্রায়েল
Transliteration: Israel
Doctrine: Covenant Breaking by Israel’s Leaders and People
Original: יִשְׂרָאֵל
Category: Covenant

Established proper-name form. In Hosea, often used interchangeably with ‘Ephraim’ (see new entry below) specifically for the Northern Kingdom. Inherited from Romans package for Hosea curriculum.

David

Approved rendering: দায়ূদ
Transliteration: Dayud
Doctrine: Restoration and Future Covenant Blessing
Original: דָּוִד
Category: Covenant

Established Bengali Bible proper-name form. Hosea 3:5 anticipates a future Davidic restoration (‘David their king’). Inherited from Romans package for Hosea curriculum.

Sword Judgment

Approved rendering: তরবারি
Transliteration: torobari
Doctrine: Divine Wrath and Historical Judgment
Original: חֶרֶב
Category: Judgment

Renders חֶרֶב (cherev), Hosea 11:6 — concrete historical judgment (Assyrian invasion). Must sit alongside the compassion of 11:8-9 without either canceling the other.

Child Israel

Approved rendering: শিশু
Transliteration: shishu
Doctrine: Divine Calling and Corporate Sonship of Israel
Original: נַעַר
Category: Divine Calling

Renders נַעַר (na’ar), Hosea 11:1 — Israel’s national infancy in Egypt, helpless and dependent, chosen before any merit. Must be read as covenant infancy/dependency, not merely biological age.

Yoke

Approved rendering: জোয়াল
Transliteration: joyal
Doctrine: God’s Steadfast Love despite Israel’s Unfaithfulness
Original: עֹל
Category: Covenant

Renders עֹל (ol), Hosea 10:11 and 11:4 — a wooden crossbar of servitude, pictured as lifted by God rather than imposed. Context must make clear God is easing, not laying, the burden — a reversal of yoke-as-punishment imagery elsewhere in the prophets.

Admah Zeboiim

Approved rendering: অদমা, সবোয়িম
Transliteration: Admah, Tseboyim
Doctrine: Judgment and Compassion Held Together
Original: אַדְמָה, צְבֹאיִם
Category: Judgment

Cities destroyed alongside Sodom and Gomorrah, alluded to at Hosea 11:8. Requires a translator footnote pointing to Genesis 19, given explicitly low OT narrative literacy anticipated in both West Bengal and Bangladesh audiences.

Ephraim

Approved rendering: ইফ্রয়িম
Transliteration: Ephrayim
Doctrine: Covenant Breaking by Israel’s Leaders and People
Original: אֶפְרַיִם
Category: Covenant

A tribal name used throughout Hosea (~37 occurrences) as synecdoche for the whole Northern Kingdom of Israel. Requires a standing translator/footnote convention introduced at first occurrence (4:17): ‘Ephraim = the Northern Kingdom of Israel,’ reused consistently through chapters 4-14 without repeating the full gloss every time.

Pride

Approved rendering: অহংকার
Transliteration: ohongkar
Doctrine: The Call to Return and Repentance
Original: גָּאוֹן
Category: Ethics

Renders גָּאוֹן (ga’on), Hosea 5:5; 7:10 — national arrogance/self-exaltation that blocks the very ‘return’ (shuv) the book calls for.

High Places

Approved rendering: উচ্চস্থান
Transliteration: uchosthan
Doctrine: Spiritual Adultery and Idolatry as Covenant Breaking
Original: בָּמוֹת
Category: Idolatry

Renders בָּמוֹת (bamot), Hosea 4:13; 10:8 — elevated cultic worship sites, as opposed to the Jerusalem temple. Descriptive geographic/cultic term; low ambiguity beyond consistent use.

Lion Image

Approved rendering: সিংহ
Transliteration: shingho
Doctrine: Divine Wrath and Historical Judgment
Original: אַרְיֵה
Category: Judgment

Renders אַרְיֵה (aryeh) — dual image: a predator of judgment/pursuit (5:14; 13:7-8) and, at 11:10, God’s roaring call summoning Israel’s return. Context determines valence; flag both uses for reviewer awareness.

Deceitful Scales

Approved rendering: প্রতারণার দাঁড়িপাল্লা
Transliteration: protarona-r dari-palla
Doctrine: Covenant Breaking by Israel’s Leaders and People
Original: מֹאזְנֵי מִרְמָה
Category: Ethics

Renders מֹאזְנֵי מִרְמָה (mo’zney mirmah), Hosea 12:7 — commercial fraud as a metaphor for covenant unfaithfulness. Standard descriptive metaphor; low ambiguity.

Olive Tree

Approved rendering: জয়তুন গাছ
Transliteration: joyton gachh
Doctrine: Restoration and Future Covenant Blessing
Original: זַיִת
Category: Restoration

Renders זַיִת (zayit), Hosea 14:6 — agricultural blessing image pointing to full covenant restoration. Flag for consistency with any future Romans 11 olive-tree material in this curriculum family, since the same image anticipates the New Testament olive-tree metaphor for Israel/the Church.

Low Risk Terms

Prophet

Approved rendering: ভাববাদী
Transliteration: bhabbadi
Doctrine: Divine Revelation through the Prophetic Word
Rejected alternatives: জ্যোতিষী
Original: נָבִיא
Category: Revelation

God’s spokesperson; established Bengali Christian term. Hosea 9:7’s ‘the prophet is a fool’ is the PEOPLE’S scornful accusation against a true prophet, not the narrator’s assessment — must be framed accordingly in surrounding material. Inherited from Romans package for Hosea curriculum.

Prophecy

Approved rendering: ভাববাণী
Transliteration: bhabbani
Doctrine: Divine Revelation through the Prophetic Word
Rejected alternatives: গণনা
Original: חָזוֹן / נְבוּאָה
Category: Revelation

God-inspired declaration, distinct from astrological prediction. Hosea 12:10. Inherited from Romans package for Hosea curriculum.

Taught To Walk

Approved rendering: হাঁটতে শিখিয়েছিলাম
Transliteration: hate shikhiyechilam
Doctrine: God’s Steadfast Love despite Israel’s Unfaithfulness
Original: תִרְגַּלְתִּי
Category: Love

Renders תִרְגַּלְתִּי (tirgalti), Hosea 11:3 — God as parent teaching toddler-Israel/Ephraim to walk. Vivid but doctrinally safe parental imagery; low ambiguity.

Gomer

Approved rendering: গোমর
Transliteration: Gomer
Doctrine: The Marriage Metaphor for God and His People
Original: גֹּמֶר
Category: Symbolic Names

Hosea’s wife, the human party in the enacted marriage-metaphor sign-act (1:3). Proper name only; transliterate.

Dove Image

Approved rendering: কপোত / ঘুঘু
Transliteration: kopot / ghughu
Doctrine: The Call to Return and Repentance
Original: יוֹנָה
Category: Repentance

Renders יוֹנָה (yonah) — a naive, aimlessly wavering dove at 7:11 (Ephraim flitting between Egypt and Assyria), reversed into a positive image of trembling return at 11:11. Note the deliberate reversal in valence between the two occurrences; both must use the same headword.

Jacob Typology

Approved rendering: যাকোব
Transliteration: Ya’akov
Doctrine: The Call to Return and Repentance
Original: יַעֲקֹב
Category: Covenant

The patriarch Jacob, recalled at Hosea 12:3-4, 12 as a pattern of struggling-yet-persisting relationship with God, applied to the nation named for him. Requires a light OT-background gloss given low narrative literacy in the target audience.

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