Core Glossary
Core Glossary: Exodus
English → Bengali | Per-Term Translation Risk Table
Curriculum: Exodus
Core passage: Exodus 12:1–14
Destination language: Bengali (বাংলা)
Governing authority: This glossary extends, and never contradicts, the Romans baseline translation_memory.json and bible_term_registry.json. Section A lists terms reused verbatim from that baseline. Section B proposes new terms required by Exodus’s distinct doctrinal content, in the same risk framework (Critical / High / Medium / Low).
Section A — Terms Reused Exactly from the Romans Baseline
These renderings are fixed by the baseline and MUST NOT be altered for the Exodus curriculum.
| Term | Bengali | Risk | Exodus chapters where load-bearing |
|---|---|---|---|
| God (Elohim) | ঈশ্বর | Critical | throughout |
| Lord (generic address/Adonai) | প্রভু | Critical | occasional, distinguished from YHWH — see সদাপ্রভু below |
| Holy Spirit / Spirit of God | পবিত্র আত্মা | Critical | 31, 35 |
| Holy | পবিত্র | High | 3, 13, 19, 20, 28, 29, 40 |
| Sanctification / consecrate | পবিত্রীকরণ / পবিত্র করা | High | 13, 19, 28, 29, 40 |
| Sin | পাপ | High | 32 |
| Covenant | নিয়ম | High | 2, 6, 19, 24, 34 |
| Law (Mosaic) | ব্যবস্থা | High | 20–23 |
| Glory | মহিমা | High | 16, 24, 33, 40 |
| Called / calling | আহুত / আহ্বান | High | 3 (Moses’ call) |
| Intercession | মধ্যস্থতা | Medium | 32 |
| Election (God’s sovereign choice, conceptually parallel to Israel’s election) | ঈশ্বরের মনোনয়ন | High | 19 (background doctrine) |
| Providence | ঈশ্বরের পরিচালনা | High | throughout (God’s guiding hand) |
| Israel | ইস্রায়েল | Medium | throughout |
| Gentiles (non-Israelite peoples generally, NT category) | পরজাতি | Medium | contrast term only — see প্রবাসী/জাতি in Section B for OT-specific categories |
| Kingdom of God | ঈশ্বরের রাজ্য | Medium | 15 (conceptual echo, “the LORD shall reign”) |
| Fellowship | সহভাগিতা | Low | 12 (shared household meal, background sense) |
Section B — New Terms Introduced for Exodus
B.1 — The Name and Character of God (Critical cluster)
| Term | Hebrew | LXX Greek | Transliteration | Literal meaning | English variants | Bengali rendering | Risk | Chapters | Collision / notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LORD (YHWH, the covenant name) | יהוה | κύριος | Yahweh / kyrios | the self-existent covenant name, from “to be” | LORD, Yahweh, Jehovah | সদাপ্রভু | Critical | throughout | Must be kept distinct from ঈশ্বর (Elohim) and প্রভু (Adonai/generic Lord). Established Bengali OT convention; new to this curriculum but required to avoid collapsing three distinct Hebrew categories into one Bengali word. |
| I AM WHO I AM | אֶהְיֶה אֲשֶׁר אֶהְיֶה | ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ὤν | Ehyeh Asher Ehyeh / egō eimi ho ōn | self-existent self-declaration | I AM, I AM THAT I AM | আমি যে আছি সেই আমি | Critical | 3 | Risk of being heard through Vedantic “sat” (Being) or Islamic Al-Ḥaqq/Al-Qayyūm self-existence categories. Requires translator note anchoring this in personal, covenant-historical self-revelation, not abstract ontology. |
| God Almighty / El Shaddai | אֵל שַׁדַּי | (θεός, LXX flattens) | El Shaddai | God, the Mighty/Sufficient One | God Almighty | সর্বশক্তিমান ঈশ্বর | Medium | 6 | Contains শক্তি root the baseline forbids for Romans 1:16’s “power of God,” but is a distinct, fixed liturgical compound (cf. Bengali Apostles’ Creed) — not the same collocation risk. Flag for reviewer awareness only. |
| Compassionate and gracious | רַחוּם וְחַנּוּן | οἰκτίρμων καὶ ἐλεήμων | rachum v’chanun | merciful and gracious in character | compassionate, merciful, gracious | করুণাময় ও কৃপাময় | High | 34 | কৃপা permitted here per baseline’s own carve-out for “general compassion/mercy in non-soteriological contexts.” Must never substitute for অনুগ্রহ (grace) where salvation-doctrine is the specific referent. |
| Steadfast love / lovingkindness | חֶסֶד | ἔλεος | chesed / eleos | covenant-loyal, unwavering love | steadfast love, lovingkindness, mercy | দয়া / নিয়মের বিশ্বস্ত প্রেম | High | 20, 34 | Bare দয়া risks reducing to occasional kindness; prefer the fuller phrase where covenant-loyalty is the point. |
| Jealous (God) | קַנָּא | ζηλωτής | qanna / zēlōtēs | zealously exclusive | jealous | ঈর্ষাপরায়ণ (ঈশ্বর) | High | 20, 34 | ঈর্ষা primarily connotes petty envy in everyday Bengali; requires note distinguishing covenant-exclusive zeal from human jealousy. |
| Wrath of God | חָרוֹן / אַף | ὀργή | charon/aph / orgē | burning anger, judicial anger | wrath, anger, fury | ঈশ্বরের ক্রোধ | High | 32 | Must convey righteous judicial anger, not capricious temper or appeasement-requiring folk-deity wrath. |
B.2 — Passover and Substitutionary Atonement (Critical cluster — core passage)
| Term | Hebrew | LXX Greek | Transliteration | Literal meaning | English variants | Bengali rendering | Risk | Chapters | Collision / notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Passover | פֶּסַח | πάσχα | pesach / pascha | to pass over / spare | Passover, the Lord’s Passover | নিস্তারপর্ব | Critical | 12 | Established Bengali Bible term; fix permanently for this curriculum. |
| Lamb (paschal) | שֶׂה | πρόβατον / ἀρνίον | seh / probaton | young sheep/goat | lamb | মেষশাবক | Critical | 12 | Same term used for “Lamb of God” (John 1:29); preserves typology. |
| Without blemish | תָּמִים | ἄμωμον | tamim / amōmon | complete, unblemished | without blemish, unblemished, spotless | নির্দোষ / নিখুঁত | Critical | 12 | Root of 1 Peter 1:19 typology; must be moral/ritual perfection, not mere health. |
| Blood | דָּם | αἷμα | dam / haima | blood, life-substance given in place of another | blood | রক্ত | Critical | 12, 24 | Direct link to NT atonement-blood language; keep identical across curricula. |
| Slaughter (sacrificial) | שָׁחַט | σφάζω | shachat / sphazō | to kill ritually | kill, slaughter, sacrifice | বলি করা | High | 12 | Prefer over জবাই করা, which carries a halal/culinary register that could obscure the cultic-substitution sense. |
| Unleavened bread | מַצָּה | ἄζυμα | matzah / azyma | bread without yeast | unleavened bread | খামিরবিহীন রুটি | High | 12, 13, 23, 34 | Transparent Bengali compound; no major collision. |
| Bitter herbs | מְרֹרִים | πικρίδες | merorim / pikrides | bitter plants | bitter herbs | তিক্ত শাক/লতাপাতা | Low | 12 | Needs cultural gloss (bitterness of slavery), not lexical risk. |
| ”Pass over” (protective) | פָּסַח | (σκεπάσω / παρελεύσομαι) | pasach | to pass over, spare, shield | pass over, spare | রক্ষা করে চলে যাওয়া | Critical | 12 | Must be distinguished from “pass through” (avar) — judgment vs. protective sparing. |
| ”Pass through” (judgment) | עָבַר | διέρχομαι | avar / dierchomai | to pass through | pass through, go through | ভেতর দিয়ে যাওয়া (judgment sense) | High | 12 | See note above; the avar/pasach distinction is the theological hinge of the passage. |
| Firstborn | בְּכוֹר | πρωτότοκος | bekhor / prōtotokos | eldest son/offspring | firstborn | প্রথমজাত | Critical | 4, 11–13, 22, 34 | Foundational to both Passover and covenant-identity doctrine. |
| Sign | אוֹת | σημεῖον | ot / sēmeion | authenticating token | sign, token | চিহ্ন | Medium | 4, 7–11, 12, 13, 31 | Must read as divine authentication, not folk-magic charm (তাবিজ). |
| Plague | נֶגֶף / נֶגַע / מַגֵּפָה | πληγή | negeph/nega/makkah / plēgē | judicial striking blow | plague, blow | আঘাত / মহামারী | High | 7–12 | Deliberate judicial act, not impersonal disaster. |
| Memorial | זִכָּרוֹן | μνημόσυνον | zikkaron / mnēmosynon | a remembrance-trigger | memorial | স্মরণার্থক দিন / স্মৃতিচিহ্ন | Medium | 12, 13 | Low collision; ensure covenantal-statute sense, not mere nostalgia. |
| Feast | חַג | ἑορτή | chag / heortē | pilgrimage festival | feast, festival | পর্ব | Medium | 12, 13, 23, 34 | Standard, established. |
| Atonement | כִּפֻּרִים | ἐξιλασμός | kippurim / exilasmos | ritual covering/expiation, divinely provided | atonement | প্রায়শ্চিত্ত | Critical | 29, 30, 32 | Collides with Hindu self-effort penance/expiation (prayaschitta); mandatory note that biblical atonement is God’s provision via a substitute, not human merit. |
| Mercy seat / atonement cover | כַּפֹּרֶת | ἱλαστήριον | kapporet / hilastērion | the covering over the ark where blood is applied | mercy seat, atonement cover, propitiation | পাপাবরণ | Critical | 25, 30, 37 | Same Greek word (ἱλαστήριον) Paul uses in Romans 3:25; recommend adopting পাপাবরণ into the shared cross-curriculum glossary. |
| Sin offering | חַטָּאת | (ἁμαρτίας-offering) | chattat | offering that deals with sin | sin offering | পাপার্থক বলি | High | 29 | |
| Burnt offering | עֹלָה | ὁλοκαύτωμα | olah / holokautōma | wholly ascending/consumed offering | burnt offering, whole burnt offering | সম্পূর্ণ দগ্ধ বলি | High | 27, 29, 38 | Avoid হোমবলি (Vedic homa-ritual association); descriptive phrase is safer. |
| Altar | מִזְבֵּח | θυσιαστήριον | mizbeach / thysiastērion | place of sacrificial slaughter | altar | বলিদানের বেদি | High | 17, 20, 24–30, 38 | Avoid যজ্ঞবেদি (Vedic yajna-fire-ritual association). |
B.3 — Exodus as Redemption; Moses as Mediator and Deliverer (Critical cluster)
| Term | Hebrew | LXX Greek | Transliteration | Literal meaning | English variants | Bengali rendering | Risk | Chapters | Collision / notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Redeem / redemption | גָּאַל | ῥύομαι / λυτρόω | ga’al / rhyomai/lytroō | to buy back as a kinsman, ransom | redeem, redemption | উদ্ধার / উদ্ধার করা | Critical | 6, 15 | NEVER মুক্তি — collides both with baseline’s Hindu-moksha concern AND with Bangladesh’s 1971 মুক্তিযুদ্ধ (Liberation War) national-political register, a collision unique to this curriculum. |
| Deliverer / Savior (typological, of Moses) | מוֹשִׁיעַ (participle of יָשַׁע) | σωτήρ / ῥύομαι | moshia / sōtēr | one who rescues/saves | deliverer, savior | উদ্ধারকর্তা | Critical | 3, 14 | Distinguish carefully from ত্রাণকর্তা (established Christian title reserved for Christ as ultimate Savior); Moses is a type, not the antitype — flag for theologian review wherever the two could be conflated. |
| Salvation (of the Red Sea deliverance) | יְשׁוּעָה | σωτηρία | yeshuah / sōtēria | deliverance, rescue | salvation | পরিত্রাণ | Critical | 14 | Reuse baseline’s Critical-risk term exactly; this passage is the OT typological anchor for the whole NT salvation doctrine — do not introduce a separate word that would sever the link. |
| Bondage / slavery | עֲבֹדָה | δουλεία | avodah / douleia | forced servitude | bondage, slavery, servitude | দাসত্ব | High | 1–6, 13, 20 | Reused metaphorically for “bondage to sin” doctrine — flag the literal-to-spiritual shift explicitly in teaching notes. |
| Hardened heart | קָשָׁה/חִזֵּק לֵב | σκληρύνω/βαρύνω καρδίαν | qashah/chizzeq lev / sklērynō/barynō kardian | to make the heart stubborn/unresponsive | hardened heart | হৃদয় কঠিন করা | High | 4, 7–14 | Avoid deterministic-fatalism framing that could map onto karma/kismet; render literally. |
| Mediator | (no single Heb. noun; role-narrative) | μεσίτης (NT retrospective) | mesitēs | one who stands between two parties | mediator | মধ্যস্থ | Critical | 20, 24, 32–34 | Built on same root as baseline’s মধ্যস্থতা (intercession); anchors the Moses-as-mediator doctrine and its Christ-typology. |
| Judge / judging | שָׁפַט | κρίνω | shaphat / krinō | to render judicial verdict, govern | judge, judging | বিচার করা (বিচারক, the office) | Medium | 18 | Avoid কাজী (Islamic-associated judicial title); বিচারক is neutral. |
| Ordinances / judgments (case law) | מִשְׁפָּטִים | δικαιώματα/κρίματα | mishpatim | civil/covenant regulations | ordinances, judgments, statutes | বিধি | Medium | 21–23 | Keep distinct from ব্যবস্থা (the Law as a whole) and from শরিয়ত (forbidden Islamic-idiom term per baseline). |
| Called (Moses’ commission) | קָרָא | καλέω | qara / kaleō | summoned by name | called | আহুত (reuse baseline) | High | 3 | See Section A. |
B.4 — The Tabernacle and God’s Presence; Holiness (Critical/High cluster)
| Term | Hebrew | LXX Greek | Transliteration | Literal meaning | English variants | Bengali rendering | Risk | Chapters | Collision / notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tabernacle / Tent of Meeting | מִשְׁכָּן / אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד | σκηνή | mishkan/ohel moed / skēnē | dwelling place / tent of meeting | tabernacle, tent of meeting | সমাগম তাম্বু | Critical | 25–40 | NEVER মন্দির (Hindu temple, also forbidden by baseline for “church”). |
| Ark of the Covenant | אֲרוֹן הָעֵדֻת/הַבְּרִית | κιβωτὸς τῆς διαθήκης | aron ha’edut/habrit / kibōtos tēs diathēkēs | covenant chest | ark of the covenant | নিয়ম-সিন্দুক | Critical | 25, 37, 40 | Established Bengali Bible term. |
| Testimony (tablets/witness) | עֵדוּת | μαρτύριον | edut / martyrion | witness, testimony | testimony | সাক্ষ্য-ফলক | High | 25, 31, 32, 34 | |
| Priest | כֹּהֵן | ἱερεύς | kohen / hiereus | one who ministers before God | priest | যাজক | High | 19, 28, 29, 40 | |
| High priest | כֹּהֵן הַגָּדוֹל | ἀρχιερεύς | kohen ha-gadol / archiereus | chief/great priest | high priest | মহাযাজক | High | 28, 29 | |
| Anoint | מָשַׁח | χρίω | mashach / chriō | to pour oil on, consecrate | anoint | অভিষেক করা | Medium | 28–30, 40 | Also standard Hindu deity-consecration/coronation term; retained as established Bengali Christian usage, comparable to baseline’s ঈশ্বর precedent. Note: shares root with “Messiah/Christ” (খ্রীষ্ট, “the Anointed One”) — a productive typological link. |
| Holy nation | גּוֹי קָדוֹשׁ | ἔθνος ἅγιον | goy qadosh / ethnos hagion | a set-apart people-nation | holy nation | পবিত্র জাতি | High | 19 | জাতি here = Israel-as-nation, explicitly distinct from baseline’s পরজাতি (gentiles/other nations). |
| Kingdom of priests | מַמְלְכֶת כֹּהֲנִים | βασίλειον ἱεράτευμα | mamlekhet kohanim / basileion hierateuma | a royal priesthood | kingdom of priests, royal priesthood | যাজকীয় রাজ্য | High | 19 | Cf. 1 Peter 2:9; keep non-political. |
| Presence / Face of God | פָּנִים | πρόσωπον | panim / prosōpon | God’s personal nearness | presence, face | ঈশ্বরের মুখ / ঈশ্বরের উপস্থিতি | Critical | 33 | Not generic omnipresence; not Hindu darshan (image-viewing); unmediated approach is fatal apart from mediation. |
| Glory of the LORD | כָּבוֹד | δόξα | kavod / doxa | radiant honor and presence | glory | মহিমা (reuse baseline) | High | 16, 24, 33, 40 | See Section A. |
| Pillar of cloud and fire | עַמּוּד עָנָן/אֵשׁ | στῦλος νεφέλης/πυρός | ammud anan/esh | guiding visible presence-token | pillar of cloud/fire | মেঘস্তম্ভ ও আগুনস্তম্ভ | Medium | 13, 14, 40 | |
| Sabbath | שַׁבָּת | σάββατον | shabbat / sabbaton | rest-day, covenant sign | Sabbath | বিশ্রামবার | Medium | 16, 20, 31, 35 | Distinct from Islamic Jumu’ah framing; rooted in creation-rest and redemption-rest. |
| Fear of the LORD | יִרְאָה | φόβος | yir’ah / phobos | reverent, relational awe | fear of the LORD | সদাপ্রভুর ভয় | High | 1, 14, 19, 20 | Distinguish from terror and from folk-religious appeasement-dread (Shakta or taqwa-style framing); reverent awe producing obedience, not placation of an unpredictable power. |
| Congregation / assembly | עֵדָה | συναγωγή | edah / synagōgē | the assembled covenant community | congregation, assembly | সমাজ | Medium | 12, 16, 35 | NEVER জামাত (Bangladeshi political-party name collision: Jamaat-e-Islami); NOT মণ্ডলী (baseline’s reserved NT ekklēsia term). |
| Sojourner / resident alien | גֵּר | προσήλυτος | ger / prosēlytos | a non-Israelite living among Israel under covenant provision | sojourner, resident alien | প্রবাসী | Medium | 12, 22, 23 | Distinct OT legal category from baseline’s পরজাতি (NT “gentiles”). |
| Manna | מָן | μάννα | man / manna | ”what is it?” — the wilderness bread | manna | মান্না | Low | 16 | Transliteration; established. |
| Idol / golden calf | עֵגֶל / פֶּסֶל | μόσχος | egel / moschos | molten calf-image | golden calf, idol | সোনার বাছুর / প্রতিমা | High | 32 | প্রতিমা (Hindu deity-image term) is unavoidable but sharpens rather than dulls the text’s anti-idolatry polemic; retain with clarifying note. |
| Veil (Moses’ face) | מַסְוֶה | κάλυμμα | masveh | face-covering | veil | আচ্ছাদন | Medium | 34 | Flag for 2 Corinthians 3 typological cross-reference. |
Risk Summary (New Terms, Section B)
| Risk Tier | Count | Review Routing (per baseline framework) |
|---|---|---|
| Critical | 15 | Human theologian review — every occurrence |
| High | 20 | Human theologian review |
| Medium | 12 | Native speaker review |
| Low | 3 | Automated review sufficient |
Total new terms proposed for the Exodus curriculum: 50, in addition to the 15 terms reused verbatim from the Romans baseline (Section A).
This glossary must be loaded, alongside analysis/07_semantic_analysis.md, before any Phase 1 Step 2+ doctrine-risk registry extension or Phase 2 translation-memory build for the Exodus curriculum. No rendering listed here may be altered without a version-incremented update to this document and to the eventual Exodus translation_memory.json.
Critical Risk Terms
God
Approved rendering: ঈশ্বর
Transliteration: Ishshor
Doctrine: Deity of Christ / The Character and Name of God
Rejected alternatives: ভগবান, আল্লাহ
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. In Exodus renders אֱלֹהִים (Elohim), the generic divine title, and must be kept lexically distinct from সদাপ্রভু (YHWH, the covenant name) and প্রভু (Adonai, generic address). Load-bearing throughout the book, especially Exodus 3, 6, 20:2.
Lord
Approved rendering: প্রভু
Transliteration: provu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: মালিক, ঈশ্বর
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged; reserved there for Christ’s exclusive Lordship (রোমীয় ১০:৯). See separate entry lord_adonai for this same Bengali word’s distinct OT usage rendering אֲדֹנָי in Exodus (e.g. 4:10, 34:9), which carries a different, lower confessional register and must not be read with Romans 10:9’s salvation-confession weight.
Holy Spirit
Approved rendering: পবিত্র আত্মা
Transliteration: Pobitro Attha
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: ব্রহ্ম, পরমাত্মা
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. In Exodus, connect via translator note to ঈশ্বরের আত্মা (Spirit of God enabling Bezalel/Oholiab, chs. 31, 35) as the same divine Spirit, while noting Exodus itself does not draw the full NT Trinitarian distinctions.
Salvation
Approved rendering: পরিত্রাণ
Transliteration: poritran
Doctrine: Salvation
Rejected alternatives: মুক্তি, মোক্ষ, নাজাত
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Exodus 14:13 (Red Sea deliverance) is the Old Testament historical type from which this whole NT category is drawn; use পরিত্রাণ there and at comparable summary statements, not as a substitute for উদ্ধার/উদ্ধার করা throughout the narrative verb usage.
Jesus
Approved rendering: যীশু
Transliteration: Jishu
Doctrine: Lordship of Christ
Rejected alternatives: ঈসা
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Not present in the Exodus text itself but load-bearing in teaching material for the typological cross-references this curriculum requires (Passover lamb, tabernacle, mercy seat, mediator, anointing).
Messiah
Approved rendering: খ্রীষ্ট
Transliteration: Khrishto
Doctrine: Messianic Promise
Rejected alternatives: মশীহ, অবতার পুরুষ
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Shares a Hebrew root (מָשַׁח/mashach) with Exodus’s অভিষেক করা (anoint, chs. 28-30, 40); teaching material may note this productive typological link.
Yhwh
Approved rendering: সদাপ্রভু
Transliteration: shodaprobhu
Doctrine: The Covenant Name YHWH
Rejected alternatives: ঈশ্বর, প্রভু
New term. The personal, self-existent covenant name of God, revealed fully at the burning bush. Must be kept lexically distinct from ঈশ্বর (Elohim) and প্রভু (Adonai); established Bengali OT tradition (Bangladesh Bible Society / Bible Society of India). Load-bearing throughout Exodus.
I Am
Approved rendering: আমি যে আছি সেই আমি
Transliteration: ami je achi shei ami
Doctrine: The Character and Name of God (I AM)
New term (Exodus 3:14). Mandatory translator note required at every occurrence anchoring this as the personal, historical, covenant-specific self-revelation of the God already active with Abraham/Isaac/Jacob, NOT an abstract philosophical claim about Being-in-general (risk of absorption into Vedantic ‘sat’/Brahman or Islamic Al-Haqq/Al-Qayyum categories).
Lord Adonai
Approved rendering: প্রভু
Transliteration: provu
Doctrine: The Covenant Name YHWH
Rejected alternatives: মালিক
New term. Generic honorific ‘Lord/Master’ (Adonai) used of God, distinct from the covenant name YHWH (Exodus 4:10, 34:9). Uses the same Bengali word as the baseline’s Christ-Lordship term (see entry ‘lord’), but this Exodus/Adonai usage does not carry Romans 10:9’s exclusive confessional weight; a translator note should mark this contextual distinction.
Presence Of God
Approved rendering: ঈশ্বরের মুখ / ঈশ্বরের উপস্থিতি
Transliteration: Ishshorer mukh / Ishshorer uposthiti
Doctrine: Glory and Presence of God
New term (Exodus 33:11,14-15,20). Must communicate personal, relational nearness together with overwhelming, fatal holiness apart from mediation — sharply distinct from Hindu darshan (viewing a deity’s image, generally safe/desirable). Unmediated sight of God’s face kills (33:20).
Redeem
Approved rendering: উদ্ধার / উদ্ধার করা
Transliteration: uddhar / uddhar kora
Doctrine: The Exodus as Redemption
Rejected alternatives: মুক্তি
New term (ga’al, Exodus 6:6; 15:13). NEVER মুক্তি: collides both with the baseline’s Hindu-moksha concern and, uniquely in Bangladesh, with মুক্তিযুদ্ধ/মুক্তিযোদ্ধা (1971 Liberation War register). Where the ransom/price-paid nuance of গা’al must be explicit, extend to মূল্য দিয়ে উদ্ধার করা.
Deliverer
Approved rendering: উদ্ধারকর্তা
Transliteration: uddharkorta
Doctrine: Moses as Mediator and Deliverer
Rejected alternatives: ত্রাণকর্তা (reserved for Christ)
New term, applied typologically to Moses (Exodus 3, 14). Must never be rendered ত্রাণকর্তা, the established Christian title reserved specifically for Christ as ultimate Savior; Moses is a type, not the antitype.
Passover
Approved rendering: নিস্তারপর্ব
Transliteration: nistarparbo
Doctrine: Passover and Substitutionary Atonement
Rejected alternatives: পেসাখ (transliteration)
New term, CORE PASSAGE (Exodus 12:1-14). Established Bengali Bible term; fixed permanently, no variation permitted, exactly as নিয়ম is fixed for covenant in the Romans baseline.
Lamb Paschal
Approved rendering: মেষশাবক
Transliteration: meshshabok
Doctrine: Passover and Substitutionary Atonement
Rejected alternatives: ভেড়া
New term (seh, Exodus 12:3-5). Same word used for ‘Lamb of God’ (John 1:29), preserving the typology; never a generic ভেড়া, which carries no sacrificial resonance.
Without Blemish
Approved rendering: নির্দোষ / নিখুঁত
Transliteration: nirdosh / nikhunto
Doctrine: Passover and Substitutionary Atonement
Rejected alternatives: সুস্থ (health-only sense rejected)
New term (tamim, Exodus 12:5). Root of the 1 Peter 1:19 typology; must convey moral/ritual perfection qualifying the substitute, not mere animal health.
Blood
Approved rendering: রক্ত
Transliteration: rokto
Doctrine: Passover and Substitutionary Atonement
New term (dam, Exodus 12:7,13). Standard, unambiguous word; low lexical risk but high doctrinal weight. Must consistently connect, via translator notes, to the same word used for Christ’s blood in NT materials.
Pass Over Protective
Approved rendering: রক্ষা করে চলে যাওয়া
Transliteration: rokkha kore chole jaowa
Doctrine: Passover and Substitutionary Atonement
Rejected alternatives: এড়িয়ে যাওয়া (bare, lacks protective sense)
New term (pasach, Exodus 12:13,23,27). Must be rendered distinctly from ‘pass through’ (avar, judgment). A translator note distinguishing the two is required wherever both appear.
Firstborn
Approved rendering: প্রথমজাত
Transliteration: prothomjato
Doctrine: Firstborn Consecration and Redemption
New term (bekhor, chs. 4, 11-13, 22, 34). Foundational to both Passover judgment/substitution logic and Israel’s covenant self-identity as God’s firstborn son (4:22); must render identically at every occurrence.
Atonement
Approved rendering: প্রায়শ্চিত্ত
Transliteration: prayashchitto
Doctrine: Atonement and the Mercy Seat
New term (kippurim, chs. 29, 30, 32). Also the standard Hindu term for self-effort ritual expiation/penance to remove sin or bad karma. Mandatory translator note: biblical atonement is God’s own provision via a substitute’s blood, not human penitential achievement.
Mercy Seat
Approved rendering: পাপাবরণ
Transliteration: papaboron
Doctrine: Atonement and the Mercy Seat
Rejected alternatives: কাপ্পোরেৎ (transliteration)
New term (kapporet, chs. 25, 30, 37). Same Greek word (hilasterion) Paul uses in Romans 3:25; recommended for adoption into the shared cross-curriculum glossary.
Blood Of The Covenant
Approved rendering: নিয়মের রক্ত
Transliteration: niyomer rokto
Doctrine: Covenant Ratification in Blood
New term (dam habrit, Exodus 24:8). Must combine only the two baseline-fixed lexemes নিয়ম and রক্ত exactly; direct OT source for the Last Supper words and Hebrews 9.
Mediator
Approved rendering: মধ্যস্থ
Transliteration: moddhostho
Doctrine: Moses as Mediator and Deliverer
New term (no single Heb. noun; NT retrospective mesitēs). Built on the same root as the baseline’s মধ্যস্থতা; Moses is a type, never collapsed into Christ’s own mediatorial role.
Tabernacle
Approved rendering: সমাগম তাম্বু
Transliteration: shomagom tambu
Doctrine: The Tabernacle and God’s Presence
Rejected alternatives: মন্দির
New term (mishkan / ohel moed, chs. 25-40). NEVER মন্দির (Hindu temple; also baseline-forbidden for ‘church’). A constructed but transparent compound naming a mobile tent of mediated meeting, not a fixed shrine.
Ark Of The Covenant
Approved rendering: নিয়ম-সিন্দুক
Transliteration: niyom-sinduk
Doctrine: The Tabernacle and God’s Presence
New term (aron ha’edut/habrit, chs. 25, 37, 40). Established Bengali Bible term.
High Risk Terms
Holy
Approved rendering: পবিত্র
Transliteration: pobitro
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: শুচি, নির্মল
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. First OT narrative anchor at Exodus 3:5 (holy ground); reused chs. 13, 19, 20, 28, 29, 40.
Sanctification
Approved rendering: পবিত্রীকরণ
Transliteration: pobitrikoron
Doctrine: Sanctification
Rejected alternatives: শুদ্ধিকরণ
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Applies in Exodus to consecration of the firstborn (13:2), priests (28-29), and the tabernacle (40); must be a redemption-response, not ritual-merit action.
Sin
Approved rendering: পাপ
Transliteration: pap
Doctrine: Universal Human Accountability
Rejected alternatives: অধর্ম, অশুচিতা
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Decisive Exodus occurrence: the golden calf (ch. 32); distinct from ritual impurity or accumulated karma.
Covenant
Approved rendering: নিয়ম
Transliteration: niyom
Doctrine: Davidic Covenant
Rejected alternatives: চুক্তি, অঙ্গীকার
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. In Exodus applies to the Abrahamic covenant remembered (2:24), the Sinai/Mosaic covenant (19, 24, 34), established via পুরাতন নিয়ম tradition.
Law
Approved rendering: ব্যবস্থা
Transliteration: bebostha
Doctrine: Fulfillment of Prophecy
Rejected alternatives: ধর্ম, শরিয়ত, নিয়ম
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. In Exodus names the whole Sinai legislation (chs. 20-23); never ধর্ম (dharma/religion) or শরিয়ত. Must be kept lexically distinguishable in teaching material from আজ্ঞা (individual commandment) and বিধি (case-law ordinance).
Glory
Approved rendering: মহিমা
Transliteration: mohima
Doctrine: Deity of Christ
Rejected alternatives: জ্যোতি, তেজ
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. In Exodus, the climactic doctrinal term for God’s radiant presence filling the tabernacle (16:7,10; 24:16-17; 33:18-23; 40:34-35).
Called
Approved rendering: আহুত
Transliteration: ahuto
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Rejected alternatives: আমন্ত্রিত, নিমন্ত্রিত
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Exodus 3:4 (Moses’ call at the burning bush) is the concrete narrative anchor illustrating the sovereign, effectual, resistible-in-feeling-but-not-in-fact summons this term must convey.
Calling
Approved rendering: আহ্বান
Transliteration: ahban
Doctrine: Divine Calling
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Noun form for Moses’ summons at the burning bush (Exodus 3).
Election
Approved rendering: ঈশ্বরের মনোনয়ন
Transliteration: Ishshorer monownoyon
Doctrine: Effectual Calling
Rejected alternatives: ভাগ্য, নিয়তি, কর্মফল
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Background doctrine for Israel’s corporate election at Sinai (ch. 19).
Providence
Approved rendering: ঈশ্বরের পরিচালনা
Transliteration: Ishshorer porichalona
Doctrine: Providence
Rejected alternatives: ভাগ্য, নিয়তি
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Describes God’s guiding hand throughout Israel’s journey from Egypt to Sinai; never fate or impersonal destiny.
Grace
Approved rendering: অনুগ্রহ
Transliteration: anugroho
Doctrine: Grace
Rejected alternatives: কৃপা, পুণ্য, ভাগ্য
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Boundary term for Exodus 34:6’s করুণাময় ও কৃপাময়: কৃপা may describe God’s general compassionate character there (per the baseline’s own carve-out), but must never substitute for অনুগ্রহ where saving grace apart from merit is the specific doctrinal referent.
Compassionate And Gracious
Approved rendering: করুণাময় ও কৃপাময়
Transliteration: korunamoy o kripamoy
Doctrine: Wrath and Compassion of God
New term (Exodus 34:6). কৃপা here describes God’s general compassionate character per the baseline’s own carve-out; mandatory boundary note that this never substitutes for অনুগ্রহ where saving grace is the specific referent elsewhere in the curriculum.
Steadfast Love
Approved rendering: দয়া / নিয়মের বিশ্বস্ত প্রেম
Transliteration: doya / niyomer bishwasto prem
Doctrine: Wrath and Compassion of God
New term (chesed, Exodus 20:6; 34:7). A bare দয়া risks reducing covenant-loyal love to occasional kindness; use নিয়মের বিশ্বস্ত প্রেম where the covenant-loyalty dimension is the specific teaching point.
Jealous God
Approved rendering: ঈর্ষাপরায়ণ (ঈশ্বর)
Transliteration: irshaporayon (Ishshor)
Doctrine: Wrath and Compassion of God
New term (Exodus 20:5; 34:14). ঈর্ষা primarily connotes petty human envy/marital jealousy in everyday Bengali; mandatory note distinguishing exclusive, zealous covenant-love provoked by idolatry from insecure human envy.
Wrath Of God
Approved rendering: ঈশ্বরের ক্রোধ
Transliteration: Ishshorer krodh
Doctrine: Wrath and Compassion of God
New term (Exodus 32:9-14). Must communicate righteous, judicial anger provoked by covenant-breaking, not capricious temper requiring ritual appeasement, as in Bengali Shakta-folk practice around Kali’s wrath.
Spirit Of God
Approved rendering: ঈশ্বরের আত্মা / পবিত্র আত্মা
Transliteration: Ishshorer attha / Pobitro Attha
Doctrine: Spirit of God and Empowerment for Service
Rejected alternatives: ব্রহ্ম, পরমাত্মা
New term (Exodus 31:3; 35:30-31, Bezalel and Oholiab filled for craftsmanship). Connect via translator note to পবিত্র আত্মা (baseline’s Critical-risk term) without anachronistically importing full NT Trinitarian distinctions into the Exodus narrative.
Fear Of The Lord
Approved rendering: সদাপ্রভুর ভয়
Transliteration: shodaprobhur bhoy
Doctrine: Holiness and the Fear of the Lord
Rejected alternatives: তাকওয়া (Islamic taqwa, not imported)
New term. Mandatory translator note at every load-bearing occurrence (1:17,21; 14:31; 19:16; 20:20) distinguishing reverent, relational, obedience-producing awe from (a) generic tyrant-terror (fear of Pharaoh, ch. 1) and (b) Shakta appeasement-dread of an unpredictable deity.
Bondage
Approved rendering: দাসত্ব
Transliteration: dashotto
Doctrine: Deliverance from Bondage to Sin
New term (avodah, chs. 1-6, 13, 20). Literal sense (Israel’s slavery under Pharaoh) reused metaphorically for spiritual bondage to sin; teaching notes must flag this literal-to-spiritual shift explicitly.
Slaughter
Approved rendering: বলি করা
Transliteration: boli kora
Doctrine: Passover and Substitutionary Atonement
Rejected alternatives: জবাই করা
New term (shachat, Exodus 12:6). Prefer বলি করা over জবাই করা, which carries a halal/culinary-butchery register that flattens the cultic-substitution sense into food preparation.
Unleavened Bread
Approved rendering: খামিরবিহীন রুটি
Transliteration: khamirbihin ruti
Doctrine: Passover and Substitutionary Atonement
New term (matzah, Exodus 12:8; also 13, 23, 34). Transparent Bengali compound (খামির = everyday word for yeast/leaven); avoid a bare transliterated loanword.
Pass Through Judgment
Approved rendering: ভেতর দিয়ে যাওয়া
Transliteration: bhetor diye jaowa
Doctrine: Passover and Substitutionary Atonement
New term (avar, Exodus 12:12). Judicial movement through Egypt striking the firstborn; must be kept lexically distinct from pasach (protective sparing, v.13) — the theological hinge of the passage.
Plague
Approved rendering: আঘাত / মহামারী
Transliteration: aghat / mohamari
Doctrine: Judgment on Egypt and Its Gods
New term (negeph/nega/makkah, chs. 7-12). Must communicate deliberate judicial verdict against named rival deities, not impersonal disaster or village folk-magic curse.
Sin Offering
Approved rendering: পাপার্থক বলি
Transliteration: paparthok boli
Doctrine: Atonement and the Mercy Seat
New term (chattat, ch. 29). Transparent descriptive compound built on the baseline’s পাপ.
Burnt Offering
Approved rendering: সম্পূর্ণ দগ্ধ বলি
Transliteration: shompurno dogdho boli
Doctrine: Atonement and the Mercy Seat
Rejected alternatives: হোমবলি
New term (olah, chs. 27, 29, 38). Avoid হোমবলি, since হোম specifically names the Vedic/Hindu fire-ritual (homa).
Altar
Approved rendering: বলিদানের বেদি
Transliteration: bolidaner bedi
Doctrine: Atonement and the Mercy Seat
Rejected alternatives: যজ্ঞবেদি
New term (mizbeach, chs. 17, 20, 24-30, 38). Avoid যজ্ঞবেদি, the Vedic yajna fire-sacrifice-specific term.
Ten Commandments
Approved rendering: দশ আজ্ঞা
Transliteration: dosh agya
Doctrine: The Ten Commandments
New term (Exodus 20:1-17; 34:28). Foundational to the Mosaic Covenant doctrine; must remain stable across all curriculum references.
Holy Nation
Approved rendering: পবিত্র জাতি
Transliteration: pobitro jati
Doctrine: Holy Nation and Kingdom of Priests
New term (goy qadosh, Exodus 19:6). জাতি here = Israel-as-nation, explicitly distinct from the baseline’s পরজাতি (gentiles).
Kingdom Of Priests
Approved rendering: যাজকীয় রাজ্য
Transliteration: jajokio rajyo
Doctrine: Holy Nation and Kingdom of Priests
New term (mamlekhet kohanim, Exodus 19:6; cf. 1 Peter 2:9). Must not be flattened to a merely political ‘kingdom’.
Testimony
Approved rendering: সাক্ষ্য-ফলক
Transliteration: shakkho-foluk
Doctrine: The Tabernacle and God’s Presence
New term (edut, chs. 25, 31, 32, 34). The witness-tablets of the covenant law.
Priest
Approved rendering: যাজক
Transliteration: jajok
Doctrine: Priesthood and Mediated Access to God
Rejected alternatives: পুরোহিত, ইমাম
New term (kohen, chs. 19, 28, 29, 40). Must convey an authorized, divinely appointed mediating office distinct from a Hindu pujari or Islamic imam.
High Priest
Approved rendering: মহাযাজক
Transliteration: mohajajok
Doctrine: Priesthood and Mediated Access to God
New term (kohen ha-gadol, chs. 28, 29). Foundational to the typology of Christ’s priesthood in Hebrews.
Hardened Heart
Approved rendering: হৃদয় কঠিন করা
Transliteration: hridoy kothin kora
Doctrine: Hardening of Pharaoh’s Heart
New term (qashah/chizzeq lev, chs. 4-14). Render literally, preserving the text’s own deliberate ambiguity over agency, without smoothing into karma or Islamic predetermined-fate (কিসমত/তকদির) frameworks.
Idol Golden Calf
Approved rendering: সোনার বাছুর / প্রতিমা
Transliteration: shonar bachur / protima
Doctrine: Idolatry and the Golden Calf
New term (egel/pesel, ch. 32). প্রতিমা, the everyday Bengali word for a Hindu deity-image, is unavoidable but deliberately retained, since it sharpens rather than dulls the text’s own anti-idolatry polemic.
Jehovah Rapha
Approved rendering: সদাপ্রভু, আমার আরোগ্যকারী
Transliteration: shodaprobhu, amar arogyokari
Doctrine: The Covenant Name YHWH
Rejected alternatives: যিহোবা-রাফা (transliteration)
New term, forward-gap item (Exodus 15:26, ‘the LORD who heals you’). Built on the fixed সদাপ্রভু base for consistency with the YHWH/I AM name-cluster rather than a competing transliterated substitute-name.
Jehovah Nissi
Approved rendering: সদাপ্রভু, আমার বিজয়-পতাকা
Transliteration: shodaprobhu, amar bijoy-pataka
Doctrine: The Covenant Name YHWH
Rejected alternatives: যিহোবা-নিসি (transliteration)
New term, forward-gap item (Exodus 17:15, ‘the LORD is my Banner’, the altar Moses names after defeating Amalek). Built on the fixed সদাপ্রভু base for the same reason as jehovah_rapha.
Medium Risk Terms
Intercession
Approved rendering: মধ্যস্থতা
Transliteration: moddhosthota
Doctrine: Prayer and Intercession
Rejected alternatives: সুপারিশ
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Doctrinal weight is elevated in Exodus 32:11-14, 31-32 and 33:12-17 (Moses averts national judgment, prefiguring Christ’s intercession, Rom 8:34); must not be presented as comparable to seeking a pir’s or shrine’s intercession.
Israel
Approved rendering: ইস্রায়েল
Transliteration: Israel
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Established proper-name form; the covenant people redeemed from Egypt throughout Exodus.
Gentiles
Approved rendering: পরজাতি
Transliteration: porojati
Doctrine: Unity of Jews and Gentiles
Rejected alternatives: বিদেশী
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Used in Exodus teaching material only by contrast; kept distinct from the OT-specific categories জাতি (Israel-as-nation, ch.19) and প্রবাসী (ger, resident alien).
Kingdom Of God
Approved rendering: ঈশ্বরের রাজ্য
Transliteration: Ishshorer Rajyo
Doctrine: Kingdom Mission
Rejected alternatives: ঈশ্বরের দেশ
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Conceptual echo at Exodus 15:18 (‘the LORD shall reign forever’); noun ‘kingdom’ itself not yet used in Exodus.
El Shaddai
Approved rendering: সর্বশক্তিমান ঈশ্বর
Transliteration: sarbashaktiman Ishshor
Doctrine: The Character and Name of God (I AM)
New term (Exodus 6:3). Contains the শক্তি root the baseline forbids for Romans 1:16’s ‘power of God’, but functions as a single frozen, liturgically fixed Bengali Christian compound (Apostles’ Creed, Lord’s Prayer tradition), not an active soteriological collocation. Flagged for reviewer awareness only; not a forbidden-substitution violation.
Sign
Approved rendering: চিহ্ন
Transliteration: chihno
Doctrine: Judgment on Egypt and Its Gods
Rejected alternatives: তাবিজ, মন্ত্র
New term (ot, chs. 4, 7-11, 12, 13, 31). Must read as divine authentication, not a folk-magic charm/amulet.
Memorial
Approved rendering: স্মরণার্থক দিন / স্মৃতিচিহ্ন
Transliteration: shoronarthok din / smritichihno
Doctrine: Passover and Substitutionary Atonement
New term (zikkaron, Exodus 12:14; 13). Must communicate an ongoing covenantal statute, not vague nostalgia.
Feast
Approved rendering: পর্ব
Transliteration: porbo
Doctrine: Passover and Substitutionary Atonement
New term (chag, Exodus 12:14; 13; 23; 34). Standard, established; reuse consistently for Passover and later pilgrimage feasts.
Book Of The Covenant
Approved rendering: নিয়মের পুস্তক
Transliteration: niyomer pustok
Doctrine: Covenant Ratification in Blood
New term (sepher habrit, Exodus 24:7). Transparent compound on নিয়ম.
Commandment
Approved rendering: আজ্ঞা
Transliteration: agya
Doctrine: The Mosaic Covenant and Law
New term (mitzvah). An individual covenant precept, kept lexically distinguishable from ব্যবস্থা (the whole body of Mosaic Law).
Ordinances
Approved rendering: বিধি
Transliteration: bidhi
Doctrine: The Mosaic Covenant and Law
Rejected alternatives: শরিয়ত
New term (mishpatim, chs. 21-23). Neutral legal-register word; kept distinct from ব্যবস্থা and from শরিয়ত, forbidden per baseline.
Judge
Approved rendering: বিচার করা / বিচারক
Transliteration: bichar kora / bicharok
Doctrine: Moses as Mediator and Deliverer
Rejected alternatives: কাজী
New term (shaphat, Exodus 18:13-26). Avoid কাজী, the Islamic-associated judicial-religious title common in Bengali usage.
Anoint
Approved rendering: অভিষেক করা
Transliteration: obhishek kora
Doctrine: Priesthood and Mediated Access to God
New term (mashach, chs. 28-30, 40). Also the standard word for Hindu deity-consecration and royal coronation; retained per baseline precedent (cf. ঈশ্বর). Positive typological link to খ্রীষ্ট (‘Anointed One’).
Pillar Of Cloud And Fire
Approved rendering: মেঘস্তম্ভ ও আগুনস্তম্ভ
Transliteration: meghostombho o agunstombho
Doctrine: The Tabernacle and God’s Presence
New term (ammud anan/esh, chs. 13, 14, 40). Visible, guiding token of God’s presence traveling with Israel.
Sanctuary
Approved rendering: পবিত্র নিবাস
Transliteration: pobitro nibash
Doctrine: The Tabernacle and God’s Presence
Rejected alternatives: ধর্মধাম
New term (miqdash, Exodus 15:17). Early seed-concept of the tabernacle; avoid ধর্মধাম-style constructions carrying Hindu pilgrimage-shrine register.
Veil
Approved rendering: আচ্ছাদন
Transliteration: achchhadon
Doctrine: Moses as Mediator and Deliverer
New term (masveh, Exodus 34:33-35). Flag for consistency with the 2 Corinthians 3:13-18 typological cross-reference in later curricula.
Sabbath
Approved rendering: বিশ্রামবার
Transliteration: bishrambar
Doctrine: Sabbath as Covenant Sign
New term (shabbat, chs. 16, 20, 31, 35). Must not be presented as parallel to the Islamic Jumu’ah observance, which rests on a different theological rationale.
Congregation
Approved rendering: সমাজ
Transliteration: shomaj
Doctrine: Sojourners and the Covenant Community
Rejected alternatives: জামাত, মণ্ডলী
New term (edah, chs. 12, 16, 35). NEVER জামাত (Bangladesh’s Jamaat-e-Islami political-party collision); NOT মণ্ডলী (baseline-reserved for the NT ekklēsia/church).
Sojourner
Approved rendering: প্রবাসী
Transliteration: probashi
Doctrine: Sojourners and the Covenant Community
New term (ger, Exodus 12:19,48-49; 22:21; 23:9). A resident non-Israelite under covenant provision; kept distinct from the baseline’s পরজাতি (NT gentiles).
Testing
Approved rendering: পরীক্ষা করা
Transliteration: porikkha kora
Doctrine: Moses as Mediator and Deliverer
New term (nasah, Exodus 17:2,7, Massah/Meribah). Distinguish Israel’s sinful testing of God from God’s own testing of his people elsewhere.
Relenting Of God
Approved rendering: মন পরিবর্তন করা
Transliteration: mon poriborton kora
Doctrine: Intercession of Moses
New term (nicham, Exodus 32:14). Describes God’s relational responsiveness within the fixed bounds of his covenant character, not moral repentance from sin (impossible per the baseline’s পাপ doctrine).
Low Risk Terms
Fellowship
Approved rendering: সহভাগিতা
Transliteration: shohobhagita
Doctrine: Christian Fellowship
Rejected alternatives: বন্ধুত্ব
Inherited from Romans package, unchanged. Background sense only in Exodus: shared participation in the household Passover meal (ch. 12).
Bitter Herbs
Approved rendering: তিক্ত শাক / লতাপাতা
Transliteration: tikto shak / latapata
Doctrine: Passover and Substitutionary Atonement
New term (merorim, Exodus 12:8). Low lexical risk; needs a cultural gloss connecting the bitterness to the memory of bondage.
Manna
Approved rendering: মান্না
Transliteration: manna
Doctrine: Providence
New term (man, ch. 16). Transliteration; already the standard Bengali Bible form.
Referenced passages